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empreinte. 

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et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'imagas  nteessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


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4 

5 

6 

THE   WORKS 


OF 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


THE    A\^OPvKS 


or 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


VOLUME  XXVI. 


HISTORY    OF    UTAH. 

1540-1886. 


SAN  FRANCISCO : 
THE  HISTORY  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS 

1889 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress  in  the  year  1889,  by 

HUBERT  H.  BANCROFT, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


All  RijhU   Re/icn-cd, 


PREFACE. 


In  the  history  of  Utah  we  come  upon  a  new  series 
of  social  phenomena,  whose  multiformity  and  uncon- 
ventionality  awaken  the  liveliest  interest.     We  find 
ourselves  at  once  outside  the  beaten  track  of  conquest 
for  gold  and  glory;  of  wholesale  robberies  and  human 
slaughters  for  the  love  of  Christ;  of  encomiendas,  re- 
partiimentos,  serfdoms,  or  other  species  of  civilized 
imposition;  of  missionary  invasion  resulting  in  cer- 
tain death  to  the  aborigines,  but  in  broad  acres  and 
well  filled  storehouses  for  the  men  of  practical  piety 
of  emigration  for  rich  and  cheap  lands,  or  for  coloni- 
zation and  empire  alone;  nor  have  we  here  a  hurried 
scramble  for  wealth,  or  a  corporation  for  the  manage- 
ment of  a  game  preserve.     There  is  the  charm  of 
novelty  about  the  present  subject,  if  no  other;  for  in 
our  analyses  of  human  progress  we  never  tire  of  watch- 
ing the  behavior  of  various  elements  under  various 
conditions. 

There  is  only  one  example  in  the  annals  of  Amer- 
ica of  the  organization  of  a  commonwealth  upon  prin- 
ciples of  pure  theocracy.  There  is  here  one  example 
only  where  the  founding  of  a  state  grew  out  of  the 
founding  of  a  new  religion.  Other  instances  there 
have  been  of  the  occupation  of  wild  tracts  on  this  con- 
tinent by  people  flying  before  persecution,  or  desirous 


(▼) 


▼I  PREFACE. 

of  greater  religious  liberty;  there  were  the  quakers, 
the  huguenots,  and  the  pilgrim  fathers,  though  their 
spiritual  interests  were  so  soon  subordinated  to  politi- 
cal necessities;  religion  has  often  played  a  conspicu- 
ous part  in  the  settlement  of  the  New  World,  and 
there  has  at  times  been  present  in  some  degree  the 
theocratic,  if  not  indeed  the  hierarchal,  idea;  but  it 
has  been  long  since  the  world,  the  old  continent  or  the 
new,  has  witnessed  anything  like  a  new  religion  suc- 
cessfully established  and  set  in  prosperous  running  or- 
der upon  the  fullest  and  combined  principles  of  theoc- 
racy, hierarchy,  and  patriarchy. 

With  this  new  series  of  phenomena,  a  new  series 
of  difficulties  arises  m  :*ttempting  their  elucidation: 
not  alone  the  perplexities  always  attending  unexplored 
fields,  but  formidable  embarrassments  which  render 
the  task  at  once  delicate  and  dangerous. 

If  the  writer  is  fortunate  enough  to  escape  the 
many  pitfalls  of  fallacy  and  illusion  which  beset  his 
wa}'^;  if  he  is  wise  and  successful  enough  to  find  and 
follow  the  exact  line  of  equity  which  should  be  drawn 
between  the  hotly  contending  factions ;  in  a  word,  if  he 
is  honest  and  capable,  and  speaks  honestly  and  openly 
in  the  treatment  of  such  a  subject,  he  is  pretty  sure 
to  offend,  and  bring  upon  himself  condemnation  from 
all  parties.  But  where  there  are  palpable  faults  on 
both  sides  of  a  case,  the  judge  who  unites  equity  with 
due  discrimination  may  be  sure  he  is  not  in  the  main 
far  from  risfht  if  he  succeeds  in  offending  both  sides. 
Therefore,  amidst  the  multiformity  of  conflicting  ideas 
and  evidence,  having  abandoned  all  hope  of  satisfying 
others,  I  fall  back  upon  the  next  most  reasonable  prop- 
osition left — that  of  satisfying  myself. 


PREFACE. 


ttt 


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prop- 


In  regard  to  the  quahty  of  evidence  I  here  encoun- 
ter, I  will  say  that  never  before  has  it  been  my  lot  to 
meet  with  such  a  mass  of  mendacity.  The  attempts 
of  almost  all  who  have  written  upon  the  subject  seem 
to  have  been  to  make  out  a  case  rather  than  to  state 
the  facts.  Of  course,  by  any  religious  sect  dealing 
largely  in  the  supernatural,  fancying  itself  under  the 
direct  guidance  of  God,  its  daily  doings  a  standing 
miracle,  commingling  in  all  the  ordinary  affairs  of  life 
prophecies,  special  interpositions,  and  revelations  with 
agriculture,  commerce,  and  manufactures,  we  must  ex- 
pect to  find  much  written  which  none  but  that  sect 
can  accept  as  true. 

And  in  relation  to  opposing  evidence,  almost  every 
book  that  has  been  put  forth  respecting  the  people 
of  Utah  by  one  not  a  Mormon  is  full  of  calumny, 
each  author  apparently  endeavoring  to  surpasr  his 
predecessor  in  the  libertinism  of  abuse.  Most  of 
these  are  written  in  a  sensational  style,  and  for  the 
purpose  of  deriving  profit  by  pandering  to  a  vitiated 
public  taste,  and  are  wholly  unreliable  as  to  facts. 
Some  few,  more  especially  among  those  first  appear- 
ing, whose  data  were  gathered  by  men  upon  the 
spot,  and  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  what  they 
regarded  as  a  sacrilegious  and  pernicious  fanaticism, 
though  as  vehement  in  their  opposition  as  any,  make 
some  pretensions  to  honesty  and  sincerity,  and  are 
more  worthy  of  credit.  There  is  much  in  govern- 
ment reports,  and  in  the  writings  of  the  later  resi- 
dents in  Utah,  dictated  by  honest  patriotism,  and  to 
which  the  historian  should  give  careful  attention. 
In  using  my  authorities,  I  distinguish  between  these 
classes,  as  it  is  not  profitable  either  to  pass  by  any- 
thing illustrating  principles  or  aifccting  progress,  or 


vlU 


PREFACE. 


to  print  pajjcs  of  pure  invention,  palpable  lies,  even 
ior  the  purpose  of  proving  them  such.  Every  work 
upon  the  subject,  however,  receives  proper  bibliograph- 
ical notice. 

Tlie  materials  for  Mormon  church  history  are 
exceptionally  full.  Early  in  his  career  the  first  presi- 
dent appointed  a  historiographer,  whose  office  has 
been  continuous  ever  since.  To  his  people  he  himseU 
gave  their  early  history,  both  the  inner  and  intangi- 
ble and  the  outer  and  material  portions  of  it.  Then 
missionaries  to  different  posts  were  instructed  to  make 
a  record  of  all  pertinent  doings,  and  lodge  the  same 
in  the  church  archives.  A  sacred  obligation  seems  to 
have  been  implied  in  this  respect  from  the  beginning, 
the  Booh  of  Mormon  itself  being  largely  descriptive  of 
such  migrations  and  actions  as  usually  constitute  the 
history  of  a  people.  And  save  in  the  matters  of  spir- 
itual manifestations,  which  the  merely  secular  histo- 
rian cannot  follow,  and  in  speaking  of  their  enemies, 
whose  treatment  we  must  admit  in  too  many  instances 
lias  been  severe,  the  church  record?  ire  truthful  and 
reliable.  In  addition  to  this,  concerning  the  settle- 
ment of  the  country,  I  have  here,  as  in  other  sections 
of  my  historical  field,  visited  the  people  in  person,  and 
gathered  from  them  no  inconsiderable  stores  of  orig- 
inal and  interesting  information. 


Tjpon  due  consideration,  and  with  the  problem 
fairly  before  me,  three  methods  of  treatment  pre- 
sented themselves  from  which  to  choose:  first,  to 
follow  the  beaten  track  of  calumny  and  vituperation, 
heaping  upon  the  Mormons  every  species  of  abuse, 
from  the  lofty  sarcasm  employed  by  some  to  the  vul- 
gar scurrility  applied  by  others;  second,  to  espouse 


PREFACE.  Is 

the  cause  of  tlio  Mormons  as  the  weaker  party,  and 
tiefcnd  them  from  the  seeminjnr  injustice  to  whicli  from 
the  first  they  have  been  subjected;  third,  in  a  spirit  of 
equity  to  present  both  sides,  leaving  the  reader  to 
draw  his  own  conclusions.  The  first  course,  however 
popular,  would  bo  beyond  my  power  to  follow;  the 
second  method,  likewise,  is  not  to  be  considered;  I 
therefore  adopt  the  third  course,  and  while  giving 
the  new  sect  a  full  and  respectful  hearing,  withhold 
nothing  that  their  most  violent  opposers  have  to  tjiiy 
against  them. 

Anything  written  at  the  present  day  which  may 
properly  be  called  a  history  of  Utah  must  be  iargely 
a  history  of  ^ho  Mormons,  these  being  the  first  wliiir 
people  to  settle  in  the  country,  antl  at  present  Inigely 
occupying  it.  As  others  with  opposing  interests  and 
influences  appear,  they  and  the  great  principles  tliortiby 
brought  to  an  issue  receive  the  most  careful  considera- 
tion. And  I  have  deemed  it  but  fair,  in  presenting  tiie 
early  history  of  the  church,  to  give  respectful  consid- 
eration to  and  a  sober  recital  of  Mormon  faith  and 
experiences,  common  and  miraculous.  Tiie  story  of 
Mormonism,  thevefore,  beginning  with  chapter  iii.,  as 
told  in  the  text,  is  from  the  Mormon  standpoint,  and 
based  entirely  on  Mormon  authorities;  while  in  the 
notes,  and  running  side  by  side  with  the  subject- 
matter  in  the  text,  I  give  in  full  all  anti-Mormon 
arguments  and  counter-statements,  thus  enabling  the 
reader  to  carry  along  both  sides  at  once,  instead  of 
having  to  consider  first  all  that  is  to  be  said  on  one 
side,  and  then  all  that  is  to  bo  said  on  the  other. 

In  following  this  plan,  I  only  apply  t-.i  the  history 
of  Utah  the  same  principles  employed  in  all  my  his- 
torical efforts,  namely,  to  give  all  the  facts  on  every 


\7~ 


II 


X  PREFACE. 

side  pertinent  to  the  subject.  In  givinj^  the  history 
of  the  invasion  and  occupation  of  the  several  sections 
of  the  Pacific  States  from  Panama  to  Alaska,  I  have 
been  obliged  to  treat  of  the  idiosyncrasies,  motives, 
and  actions  of  Roman  catholics,  methodists,  presby- 
terians,  episcopalians,  and  members  of  the  Greek 
church:  not  of  the  nature  or  validity  of  their  re- 
spective creeds,  but  of  their  doings,  praising  or  blam- 
ing as  praise  or  blame  were  due,  judged  purely  from 
a  standpi  int  of  morals  and  humanity  according  to 
the  hiorhest  standards  of  the  foremost  civilization  of 
the  world.  It  was  not  necessary — it  was  wholly 
outside  the  province  of  the  historian,  and  contrary  to 
my  method  as  practised  elsewhere — to  discuss  the 
truth  or  falsity  of  their  convictions,  any  more  than 
when  writing  the  history  of  Mexico,  California,  or 
Oregon  to  advance  my  opinions  regarding  the  in- 
spiration of  the  scriptures,  the  divinity  of  Christ, 
prophecies,  miracles,  or  the  immaculate  conception. 
On  all  these  questions,  as  on  the  doctrines  of  the 
Mormons  and  of  other  sects,  I  have  of  course  my 
opinions,  which  it  were  not  only  out  of  place  but 
odious  to  be  constantly  thrusting  upon  the  attention 
of  the  reader,  who  is  seeking  for  facts  only. 

In  one  respect  only  I  deem  it  necessary  to  go  a  little 
further  here:  inasmuch  as  doctrines  and  beliefs  enter 
more  influentially  than  elsewhere  into  the  origin  and 
evolution  of  this  society,  I  give  the  history  of  the  rise 
and  progress  of  those  doctrines.  Theirs  was  not  an 
old  faith,  the  tenets  of  which  have  been  fought  for 
and  discu.ssed  for  centuries,  but  professedly  a  new  reve- 
lation, whose  principles  are  for  the  most  part  unknown 
to  the  outside  world,  where  their  purity  is  severely 
questioned.     The  settlement  of  this  section  sprung 


PREFACE.  3ji 

primarily  from  the  evolution  of  a  new  religion,  with 
all  its  attendant  trials  and  persecutions.  To  give 
their  actions  without  their  motives  would  leave  the 
work  obviously  imperfect;  to  give  their  motives  with- 
out the  origin  and  nature  of  their  belief  would  be 
impossible. 

In  conclusion,  I  will  say  that  those  who  desire  a 
knowledge  of  people  and  events  impartially  viewed, 
a  statement  of  facts  fairly  and  dispassionately  pre- 
sented, I  am  confident  wiU  find  them  here  as  else- 
where in  my  writings. 


d 


COOTEOTS  OF  THIS  YOLUME. 


CHAPTEB  I. 

DISCOVEEUS  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 

1540-1777. 


^«trF^r"^  ^"  ^r""''°  ^'  Cxbola-Expedition  of  Pedro  de  Tobar"" 
and  Fa  her  Juan  de  PadiUa-They  Hear  of  a  Large  River-^rcU 
Lopez  de  Cirdenaa  Sent  in  Search  of  Tf    Ti.»  v-    *^'  «'^— ^a«la 

Approach  Utah-Route  of  c:;a:L-S;;^t:/u:^:!:7t^^ 

Northern  Mystery-Journey  of    Dominguez    and  S^^e-Th! 
Course  They  Followed-The  Rivers  They  Crossed-ThT^^t^eht, 

Tl^'Z  Oth^et  X'  p^^'^^^-^--  ^-P^-eos.  San  Bur.e: 
tura  and  Others-The  Country  of  the  Yutas-Route  from  Santa  F^ 
to  Monterey    The  Friars  Talk  of  the  Lake  Couutry-Sa^oTthe 
Spaniards  to  Zuiii  and  March  to  Santa  F6 .^.  °.  j 

CHAPTER  II. 

ADVENT  OF  TEAPPERS  AND  TRAVWXEES. 
177S-1846. 

'"trc'^I^;:;""?,""^""'  '^  ^°°*^"  ^^  ^^^  FaWes-The  Popa. 
kr  Geograpbc  Idea-Discovery  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake-Jamei. 
Br  dger  Deciding  a  Bet-He  Determines  the  Course  of  BeaTRlve^ 
and  Comes  upon  the  Great  Lake-Henry.  Ashley,  Green   and  fiTk 
vrourth  on  the  Ground-Fort  Built  at  Utah  Lak'e -P  L;  Skeef  ot 

W  l~  ,^  '"•  ^°""*'  ^"^  ^"^t°"  Traverse  the  Country^ 
Walker's  Imt  to  California-Some  Old  Maps-The  lUrtleson  Sn- 
pany-Statements  of  Bidwell  and  Belden  Co.npured-Whitol 
^Lovejoy  Fremont-Pacific  Coast  Immigrations  of  moZl 
iWe— Ongm  of  the  Name  Utah , . 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE  STOKY  OF  MORMONISM. 

1820-1830. 


^  ^^Tn  J"*?t"^~?:  '''''"'  '^*^^  ^'^*^  ^^^  Ago-Birth  and 
Parentage  of  Joseph  Smith-Spiritual  ManifcsUtions-Joseph  Tells 

(xlli) 


xiv 


CONTENTS. 


PAOB 


his  Vision — And  is  Reviled — Moroni  Appears— Persecutions — Copy- 
ing the  Plates — Martin  Harris — Oliver  Cowdei-y — Translation — The 
Book  of  Mormon — Aaroiiic  Priesthood  Conferred — Conversions — The 
Whitmer  Family — The  Witnesses — Spaulding  Theory — Printing  of 
the  Book — Melchisedec  Priesthood  Conferred — Duties  of  Elders  an' I 
Others — Church  of  Latter-day  Saints  Organized — First  Miracle-  - 
First  Conference — Oliver  Cowdery  Ordered  to  the  West 36 


CHAPTER  IV. 

THE  BTOBT  OF  MORMOMSM. 

1830-1835. 
Parley  Pratt's  Conversion — Mission  to  the  Lamaiiites — ^The  Missionaries 
at  Kirtland — Conversion  of  Sidney  Rigdon — Mormon  Success  at  Kirt- 
land — The  Missionaries  in  Missouri — Rigdon  Visits  Smith — Edward 
Partridge — The  Melchisedec  Priesthood  Given — Smith  and  Rigdon 
Journey  to  Missouri — Bible  Translation — Smith's  Second  Visit  to 
Missouri — Unexampled  Prosperity — Causes  of  Persecutions — Mob- 
ocracy — The  Saints  are  Driven  from  Jackson  County — Treachery  of 
Boggs — Military  Organization  at  Kirtland — The  Name  Latter-day 
Saints — March  to  Missouri 71 

CHAPTER  V. 

TH£  STORT  OF  MORMONISH. 

1835-1840. 
President  Smith  at  Kirtland — First  Quorum  of  Twelve  Apostles — The 
Kirtland  Temple  Completed — Kirtland  Safety  Society  Bank — La 
Zion  Again — The  Saints  in  Missouri — Apostasy — Zeal  and  Indis- 
cretion— Military  Organization — The  War  Opens — Depredations  on 
Both  Sides — Movements  of  Atchison,  Parks,  and  Doniphan — Atti- 
tude of  BoggB — Wight  and  Gilliam — Death  of  Patten — Danite  Or- 
ganization— Order  Lodge — Haun  Mill  Tragedy — Mobs  and  Militia — 
The  Tables  Turned — Boggs'  Exterminating  Order — Lucas  and  Clark 
at  Far  West — Surrender  of  tlie  Mormons — Prisoners — Petitions  and 
Memorials — Expulsion — Gathering  at  Quiucy — Opinions Ill 


CHAPTER  VI. 

THE  STORY  OF  M0RM0NI8H. 

1840-1844. 

The  City  of  Nanvoo — Its  Temple  and  University — The  Nauvoo  Legion— 
The  Mormons  in  Illinois — Evil  Reports — Revelation  on  Polygamy — • 
Its  Reception  and  Practice — The  Propliet  a  Candidate  for  the  Presi- 
dency— The  Nauvoo  Expositor— Joseph  Arrested — Governor  Ford 
and  his  Measures — Joseph  and  Hyrum  Proceed  to  Carthage — Their 
Imprisonment — The  Governor's  Pledge — Assassination  of  the  Prophet 


CONTENTS. 


and  his  Brother-Character  of  Joseph  Smith-A  Panic  at  Carthage- 
Addresses  of  Richards  and  Taylor-Peaceful  Attitude  of  the  Mor 


XT 


PAOK 


mons 


CHAPTER  VII. 

BRIOHAM    YOr.NO  SUCCEEDS  JOSEPH. 

1844-1845. 
rhe  Question  of  Succession-Biography  of  Brigham  Young-His  Early 
l^ife-Conversion-Missionary  Work-Made  President  of  the  Twelve 
-His  Dev-otion  to  the  Prophet-Sidney  Kigdon  and  Brigham  Young 
Rival  Aspirants  for  the  Presidency-Rigdon's  Clain.s-Public  Meet 
rngs  B,,gl.a,n  Elected  President  of  the  Church-His  Character- 
lunplo.b.ulding-Fresh  Disastcrs-The  Affair  at  Morley-The  Men 
of  Qu.„cy  and  the  Men  of  Carthage-The  Mormons  Cons.^t  to 
Abandon  their  City 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

EXPULSION    FROM   NACVuO. 

1845-1846. 
A  Busy  City-Meeting  in  the  Temple-Sacrifice  of  Property-Detach- 
ments  Move  Forward-A  Singular  Exodus-The  First  Encampment 
-Cool  Propos^il  from  Brother  Brannan-The  Journey-Counige  and 
Good  t  heer-^welhng  of  their  Numbers-The  Remnant  of  the  Saints 
m  Nauvoo-Attitude  of  the  Gentiles-The  Mormons  Attacked- 
^f^!'::':::''!:^'::]  Bepartures-The  PoorCamp-A 


143 


193 


214 


CHAPTER  IX. 

AT     TlIE     MIHSOCKI. 

184G-1S47. 
Native  Races  of  the  Missouri-The  Pottawattamies  and  the  Omahas- 
The  Mormons  W elcon.e.l  as  nrethren-\Var  Mith  Mexico-California 
lerntory-Moxican  Boundaries-Application  to  the  United  States 
Government  for  Aid-An  Oiler  t..  Serve  ...  Soldiers  Accepted-Or- 
gamzation  of  M,.  ,„on  Battalion-Departure  of  the  liattalion- 

Bounty  Money-Murch  across  the  Continent-The  Battalion  in  Cal- 
itornia— Matters  on  the  Missouri. . . 


CHAPTER  X. 

MIGRATION    TO    UTAH. 
1847. 

Camp  Near  the  Missouri -Preparations  at  Winter  Quarters-Departure 
of  the  lioneer  Band-Elkhorn  Ren.lezvous-Route  and  Routine- 
Incidents  of  Journey-Approach  to  Zion-In  the  Cafion -Hosannal 


XVI 


CONTENTS. 


PAOB 

Hallelujah!— Entry  into  the  Valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake— Plough- 
ing and  I'lanting — Praying  and  Praising — Site  for  a  City  Chosen — 
Temple  liluuk  Selected — Kuturn  of  Companies  to  Winter  Quarters— 
Tlieir  Meeting  with  the  Westward-bound — General  Epistle  of  the 
Twelve 252 

CHAPTEE  XI. 

IK  THE  VALLKY   OF  THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 

1848. 
Food  and  Raiment— Houses — Home  Manufactures — The  Fort — Wild 
Beasts — Cannon  from  Sutter's  Fort — Indian  Children  for  Sale — 
Measles — Population — Mills  and  Farming  Machinery — The  Plague 
of  Crickets — They  are  Destroyed  by  Gulls — Scarcity  of  Provisions — 
The  Harvest  Feast — Immigration — Five  Thousand  Saints  Gathered 
in  the  Valley — Fencing  and  Farming  — Distribution  of  Lots — Organ- 
ization of  County  Government — Association  for  the  Extermination 
of  Wild  Beasts 275 

CHAPTER  XII. 

IN   THE  VALLEY   OF  THE   GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 
1849. 

Food  Supply  and  Shelter — Luilding  Lots — Currency  Issue — Bank  Notes 
and  Coinage — Private  and  Public  Buildings — Wide  Area  of  the  City 
— Secoufl  Anniversary  of  the  Pioneers — Festivals  and  Amusements 
— Ljibcra  Duty  among  the  Saints — Effect  of  the  California  Gold  Dis- 
covery— Inimigratiuu — Currying  Company — California-bound  Emi- 
grants— Their  Traffic  with  the  Mormons — Products  and  Prices — 
Gold-hunting  Frow  ned  upon  by  the  Church 288 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

SETTLEMENT   AND   OC'UITI'ATION   OF  THE  COnSTRT. 

KS47-1852. 
Founding  of  Centre ville — Bountiful — Ogden — Lynne — Easton — Marriots- 
ville — San  Pete — Provo — Indian  War — Walled  Cities — Evansville — 
Lehi— Battle  Creek — Pleasant  Grove — American  Fork — Payson — 
Xephi— Mauti — Chief  Walker — Fillmore — Site  Chosen  for  the  Capi- 
tal— Tooele — Grantsville— Kaysville — Little  Salt  Lake — Parowan — ■ 
Cedar  City — Paragoonah — Forts  Walker  and  Harmony — Box  Elder 
Creek — Brigham  City — Willard  City — San  Bernardino  in  California.  305 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

EDUCATION,    MANCFACTURE.S,    COMMERCE,   AQRICDLTURE,    SOCIETY. 

lSr»0-18o2. 
Boundaries  and  Extent  of  Utah — Configuration  and  Physical  Features  of 
the  Country — Its  Lands  and  Waters — Fk.  \  and  Fauna — State  Uni- 


CONTENTS. 


XVll 


igh- 

311 

ra- 
the 


PAOB 


252 


tVild 
lie- 
ague 

lUB 

lered 
rgaa- 
atloa 


275 


Notes 
iCity 
menta 
il  Dis- 
Enii- 
ices — 


288 


rriots- 
i^ille — 
,fson — 
I  Capi- 
waii — 
Elder 
bruia.  305 


[ETT. 

iires  of 
;e  Uni- 


veraity-CurricuIum-Educational  Ideaa- Library-Periodicals- 
Tabernacle  and  Temple-New  Fort-Progresa  of  the  Useful  Arta- 
Milla,  Factories,  and  Manufactarca-Farm  Products— Traffic-Popu- 
lation-Revenue-MortaUty-Healtbful  Aira  and  Medicinal  Springs.  321 

CHAPTER  XV. 

MORMONISM  AND  POLYOAMT. 

What  ia  MonnoniamT-Teneta  of  the  Church-Sacred  Books  and  Person- 
ages— Organization— Priesthood— First  Presidency  —  The  Twelve 
Apostles-Patriarchs-Elders,  Bishops,  Priests,  Teachers,  and  Dea- 
cona-The  Seventiea-Stakea  and  Wards-Marriage-Temple-build- 
ing-Tabernacle-Political  Aspect-Polygamy  as  a  Church  Teuet- 
Celestial  Marriage-Attitude  and  Arguments  of  Civilization-PolyK- 
amy  s  E^ply-Ethics  and  Law-The  Charge  of  Disloyalty-Proposed 


Bemedies , 


333 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 

1830-1883. 
Mormon  Miasionariea-Parley  Pratt  and  bis  Colleagues-Missionary 
Labor  m  Canada-In  Great  Britoin-Missiouaries  in  Europe-And  ia 
Other  Parts  of  the  VVorld-The  Perpetual  Emigration  Fund-A  Gen- 
eral  Epistle  of  the  Twelve-From  Liverpool  to  Salt  Lake  City  for 
Fifty  Dollars-Emigrant  Ships-Report  of  a  Liverpool  Manager- 
Ibe  Passage  to  New  Orleans-Overland  Travel-Classes  of  Emi- 
grants-George A.  Smith's  Companies  at  South  Pass-The  Hand- 
cart Emigration— Biographical gn-r 

CHAPTER  XVII. 

UTAH    AS    A    TERRITORY. 

1849-1858. 
Need  of  Civil  Goyemment-The  State  of  Deseret  Organized-Memorials 
for  Admission  into  the  Union-Proposed  Consolidation  with  Califor- 
nia-Administration of  Justice-Proceedings  of  the  Legislature- 
Babbit's  Reception  at  Washington-The  State  of  Deseiet  before 
Congress-Act  to  Establish  a  lerritorial  Government-Appointment 
of  Officials-Ill  Feeling  between  Them  and  the  Mormous-Tho  Offi- 
cials Depart  for  Washington-Measures  of  the  Legislative  Assembly 
-Stansbury's  Survey-The Gunnison  Massacre-Indian  Outbieaks- 
The  Walker  War— Mexican  Slave-traders 439 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 

THE  GOVERNMENT  IN  ARMS. 

1853-1857. 
Brigham  as  Dictator-Utah  Seeks  Admission  as  a  State- Dissatisfaction 
among  the  Saints-Conflicting  Judiciaries-The  New  Federal  Offi- 
Hut.  Utah,    b 


zviii 


CONTENTS. 


VAOI 


ciala — Disputes  with  Judge  Drummond — Colonel  Steptoe— An  Expe- 
dition Ordere<l  to  Utah— Official  Blunders — The  Troops  Assemble  at 
Fort  Leavenworth — Hockaday  and  Magraw's  Mail  Contract — Tho 
Brigham  Young  Express — Celebration  of  the  Pioneer  Anniversary — 
News  of  the  Coining  Invasion — Its  Effect  on  the  Mormons — Arrival 
of  Major  Van  Vliet — The  Nauvoo  Legion — Mormon  Tactics 481 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

THE  CTAH  WAR. 

1857-1858. 
Opening  of  the  Cnmpaign — Burning  of  Supply  Trains — Strategic  Move- 
ment of  Colonel  Alexander — His  lietreat — Arrival  of  Albert  Sidney 
Johnston — The  March  to  Fort  Bridger — Winter  at  Camp  Scott — 
Mission  of  Colonel  Kane — Governor  Cumming  at  Salt  Lake  City — 
Pardon  Proclaimed — The  Peace  Commissioners — The  Army  of  Utah 
Advances  on  Zioa — The  City  Deserted — The  Mormons  Return  to 
Their  Homes — The  Troops  Cantoned  at  Camp  Floyd — Conduct  of 
tho  Soldiery  and  Camp  Followers — Judges  Sinclair  and  Cradlebaugti 
— The  Reformation  in  Utah 512 


\i 


CHAPTER  XX. 

THE  tfODNTAIN   MEADOWS  MASSACBE. 

1857. 
An  Arkansas  Emigrant  Party  Arrives  at  Salt  Lake  City — Assassination 
of  Parley  P.  Pratt — 111  Feeling  against  the  Emigrants — Alleged  Out- 
rages— Their  Arrival  at  Mountain  Meadows — They  are  Attacked  by 
Indians— A  Flag  of  Truce — Plan  of  the  Massacre — Surrender  of  the 
Emigrants— Tlio  Butchery — Burial  of  the  Slain — The  Survivors — 
Judge  Cradlebaugh's  Investigation — The  Aiken  Massacre — John  D. 
Lee  on  Trial— Tljp  Jury  Disagree — The  Second  Trial — Lee  Convicted, 
and  Sentenced — His  Confession  and  Execution 543 

CHAPTER  XXI. 

POLJTICAt,  SOCIAL,  AXD  INSTTTCTIONAL. 

1859-1862. 
Brigham  Threatened  with  Arrest — The  Fetleral  Judges  Reproved — De- 
parture of  Governor  Cumming —  And  of  the  Army  of  Utah — Popu- 
lation of  the  Territory — Mortality — Wealth — Industries— Prices — 
AVages — Trade — Salt  Lake  City  in  18C0 — The  Temple  Block — Social 
Gatherings — Theatricals — Scientific  and  Other  Institutions — Char- 
acter of  tiie  Population — Carson  Valley — San  Bernardino — Summit 
County  and  Its  Settlements— Purchase  of  Fort  Bridger— Wasatch 
County — Morgan  County — Cache  VaHey — Settlements  in  Southern 
Utah 572 


CONTENTS. 


Sis 


PAOK 


G04 


CHAPTER  XXn. 

PROORESS    OF    EVENTS. 

1861-1869. 
Governor  Dawson's  Gallantry-Utah  Refused  Admission  as  a  State- 
Passage  of  a  Bill  against  Polygamy-Measures  of  the  Legislaturc- 
Arriva  of  Governor  Harding-Disputes  between  Brigham  and  the 
Federal  OflScals-Arrival  of  the  California  Volunteers-A  False 
Alarm-The  Morrisite  Troubles-Governors  Doty  and  Durkee-The 
Limits  of  Utah  Curteiled-Celebration  of  Lincoln's  Second  Inaugu- 
,ITZ  1  ^'■^^fi*''^  «»d  Robinson  Murders-Indian  Outbreaks 
-The  Battle  of  Baar  River-Disturbances  in  Southern  Utah-Trea- 
ties  with  Indian  Tribes-The  Uintah  Valley  lieservation-Biblio- 
graphical 

CHAPTER  XXIII 

SCHISMS    AND    AP08TA8IR8. 

1844-1869. 
The  Strangites— The  Gatherers-Brannan's  Followers-The  Gladdenites 
-The  Reorganized  Church  of  Utter-day  Saints-AIexan.ler  and 
David  Hyrum  Smith-The  Utali  Magazine-Trial  of  Godbe  and  Hur- 
nson-Success  of  the  Godbeite  Movement-The  Strugcle  for  Commer- 
cial Control-Persecution  of  Gentile  Merchants-Zion's  Cooperative 
Mercantile  Institution-Extent  of  its  Operations-Disastrous  Effect 
on  GentUe  Ti-ade-Reaction  in  Favor  of  the  Reformers g4i 

CHAPTER  XXIV. 

THE   LAST  DAYS  OF  BRIGHAM   YOUNO. 

1869-1877. 
Visit  of  Schuyler  Colfax-Godbe's  Interview  with  President  Grant- 
Governor  ShaflFer-Military  Riot  at  Provo-Governor  Woods-.Iud-e 
McKean-Burlesyue  of  Justice-Arrest  of  Brigham  Young  and 
Others-George  Q.  Camion  Chosen  Delegatc-Axtell's  Administra- 
tion-Governor Emery-Death  of    Brigham-His  Obsequies-His 

Character— His  Will *  \.^ 

6o6 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

CHURCH   AND  STATE. 

1877-1885. 
Conference  of  the  Church-Reorganization  of  the  First  Presidency- 
John  Taylor  Appointed  President-His  Appearance  and  Mien-Tho 
Edmunds  Bill-Its  Penalties-An  Ex  Post  Facto  Law-Polvgan.ists 
Disfranchised-Utah  again  Refused  Admission  as  a  State-Opera- 
tions of  the  Utah  Commission-Governor  Murray's  Messa-'e-His 
Administration... 

6<7 


CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER  XXVI. 

BRTtBKEHT,  SOCIETY,   AMD  EDUCATIOIT. 
18C2-I886. 


VAOB 


Population  and  Statistics— Salt  Lake  City— The  Temple— The  New  Tab- 
ernacle— The  Museum — Co.idition  of  the  Inhabitants — Distinctive 
I<  catures — Salt  Lake  County — Davis  County— Ogden — Cache  County 
— Rich  County — Summit  County — Brigham  City — Nephi — Provo— 
Uintah,  Emery,  San  Juan,  Garfield,  and  Piuto  Counties—  Sanpete 
and  Sevier  Counties — Iron,  Kane,  and  Washington  Counties — 
Schools — The  University  of  Deseret — The  Deseret  Alphabet— Libra- 
ries—Journals  and  Journalism 691 


I, 


CHAPTER  XXVn. 

AORICULTDRE,   STOCK-BAISINO,    HANUFACTUaSS,   AND  MINING. 

1852-1886. 

Agricultural  Products  and  Yield  per  Acre — Irrigation — Character  of  the 
Soil — Fruit  Culture — Viticulture — Sericulture — Timber  and  Timber- 
lands  —  Bunch-grass  —  Cattle-raising  —  Dairy  Proilucts — Horses — 
Sheep — Woollen  Manufactures  —  Leatiier — Other  Manufactures — 
Iron-mining — Coal-mining — Copper — Sulphur — Gypsum  and  Mica — 
Other  Minerals — Building  Stone — Gold  and  Silver — The  West 
Mountain  District — The  Rush  Valley  District — The  Cottonwood 
District— The  American  Fork  District — Tlie  Tintic  District— The 
Ontario  Mine — Other  Mining  Districts — Mining  Products — Milling, 
Smelting,  and  Reduction-works 7*20 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

OOUMEBCE  AND  COMMUNICATION. 

1852-1885. 
Common  Roadways — ^Railroads — The  Union  and  Central  Pacific — The 
Utah  Central— The  Utah  Southern— The  Utah  and  Northern— The 
Utah  Eastern— The  Salt  Lake  and  Western— The  Utah  and  Nevada 
— The  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Western — Imports  and  Exports — 
Commerce  and  Trade — Banking— Insurance — Taxation  and  Revenue 
— Mails  and  Mail  Services — The  First  Telegraphic  Message — The. 
Deseret  Telegraph  Company 751 


Index. 


785 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED 

IM  TBI 

HISTORY    OF    UTAH. 


Adams  (G.  J.),  A  Few  Plain  Facts,  etc.    Bedford  (Eng.).  1841;  Letter  to 

President  John  Tyler.     New  York,  1844. 
Address  by  a  Minister  of  the  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter-day  Saints  to 

the  People  of  the  United  States.     Printed  while  the  Mormons  were  at 

NauTOO.     Philadelphia,  n.d. 
A  Friendly  Warning  to  the  Latter-day  Saints.    London,  1860. 
Albany  (Or. ),  Jouiiial. 

Aldrich  (Hazen),  The  Olive  Branch,  monthly.    Kirtlaud  (O.),  1851-2. 
Alegre,  Hist.  Comp.  Jesus,  i.  233-8. 
Alexander  (W.  C),  Princ  Mag.,  xxiv.  6PT, 
Alta  (Utah),  Times. 

Amberley,  in  Fortnightly  Rev.,  xii.  SIL 
American  Almanac.     Boston  and  New  York,  1830  et  seq. 
American  Geog.  and  Statis.  Soc.  Mag.     New  York,  18i30  et  seq. 
American  Quarterly  Register  and  Magazine.    PhiUulelphia,  1848  et  seq. 
American  Whig  Review.    New  York,  1845-51.  13  vols. 
Among  tlie  Mormons,  in  All  the  Year  Round,    x.  18G3. 
Among  the  Mormons,  in  Gent.  Mag.,  new  ser.,  vii. 
Ampere  (J.  J. ),  Promenade  en  Am^rique,  etc.     Paris,  1855.  2  vols.    Paris, 

1860.  2  vols. 
Ancient  American  Records.    n.d. 
Ancient  and  Modem  Michilimackinao.    (History  of  James  J.  Strang's  Move- 

ment.)    n.d. 
Anderson  (R.  R.),  Salt  Lake  City  Street-Railroad.    MS. 
Andouard,  Far  West. 

Andree  (Karl),  Die  Mormonen  und  ihr  Land.     Dresden,  1859. 
An  Exposure  of  Mormonism.     Dunstable  (Eng.),  u.d. 
Anti-Mormon  Almanac.    New  York,  1S42. 
Antiooh  (Cal. ),  Ledger. 

A  Plan  to  Solve  the  Utah  Problem.    Salt  Lake  City,  1880. 
Apples  of  Sodom.    Cleveknd  (0.),  1883. 

Appleton  (D.  &  Co.),  Amer.  Cycloped.,  N.  Y.,  1873,  1875;  Journal,  N.  Y. 
Appleton'a  Illustrated  Hand-book  of  Amer.  Travel.     New  York,  1856  et  seq. 
Arch.  Cal.,  Prov.  Rec.    MS.,  i.  47-8,  vi.  69. 
Archives  du  Christianisme  (1852-3). 
Ashland  (Or.),  Tidings. 
Astoria  (Or. ),  Astorian. 
Athrawiaeth  a  Chyfammodau  (Wales),    n.d. 
Atlantic  Monthly.     Boston,  1858  et  seq. 

,XXl) 


zxii 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


Austin  (Nev.).  Reese  River  Reveille. 

Authentic  History  of  Remarkable  Persons,  etc.     New  York,  1849. 

A  ViHit  to  the  Monnous,  in  VVestm.  Rev.,  Ixxvi.  1801. 

A  Voice  from  the  Mountains.     Salt  Lake  City,  1881. 

Dnlch  (W.  R.),  Mines  of  the  U.  S.     Philadelphia,  1882. 

Ballantyno  (Richard),  Proclamation  of  the  Gospel.     Madras  (Hind.),  185?1; 

Only  Way  to  be  Kavcd.     Madras  (Hind.),  1853;  Replies  to  Rev.  J.  Rich- 
ards.    Madras  (Hind.),  1853;  Millennial  Star.     Madras  (Hind.),  1854. 
Bancroft  (H.  H.),  History  of  California;  History  of  Nevada;  History  of 

New  Mex.;  History  of  North  Mex.  States;  Hutory  of  Northwest  Coast; 

Native  Races,  etc. 
Barber  (F.  C),  in  De  Bow,  Comml.  Rev.,  xvi.  368. 
Barber  (J.  \V. ),  History  of  the  Westeiii  States,  etc.    Cincinnati,  18G7. 
liarclay  (Jas  VV.),  Mormonism  Exposed.     London,  1884. 
Barfoot  (J.  L.),  Brief  History  of  the  Deseret  Museum.     MS.;  Hand-book 

Guide  to  the  Salt  Lake  Museum.     Salt  Lake  City,  1880. 
Bamcby  (W.  H. ),  Life  and  Labor  in  the  Far,  Far  West.     London,  Paris,  and 

New  York,  1884. 
Bamea  (D.),  From  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  Overland.     New  York,  18C6. 
}Sarr,  Treatise  on  the  Atonement,  etc. 
Bates  (Geo.  C),  Argument  on  Jurisdiction  of  Probate  Courts,  etc.    Salt  Lake 

City,  n.d. 
Battle  of  Bear  River,  1863. 

Bays  (Joseph),  The  Blood  of  Christ.     Chatteris  (En^;.),  1849. 
Beadle  (J.  H.),  Bill  Hickman,  Brisham's  Destroying  AngeL    New  York, 

1872;  Life  in  Utah.     Philadelphia,  1870;  Undevel.  West.     Philadelphia, 

1873;  Western  Wilds.     Cincinnati,  1879;  in  Harper's  Mag,,  liii.  641;  Pop. 

Sci.  Monthly,  ix.  479;  Scribner's  Monthly,  xiv.  397. 
Beatio  (A.  S.),  The  First  in  Nevada.     MS. 
Beaumont,  Hist.  Mich.     MS.,  407-22,  etc. 
Beaver  City  (Utah)  Chronicle;  Enterprise. 
Beckwith  (£.  G.),  Report  on  Route,  etc.    Washington,  1855;  Washington, 

1856. 
Beldcn  (J.),  Statement.     MS. 

Bell  (J.  F.),  Reply  to  John  Theobald.    Liverpool,  n.d. 
Belmont  (Nev.),  Courier. 

Bennett  (J.  C),  History  of  the  Saints,  or  Mormonism  Exposed.    Boston,  1842. 
Benton  (Thos  H.),  Speech  in  U.  S.  Senate,  1861. 
Benzoni,  Hist.  Mundo  Nuevo,  107. 
Bernal  Diaz,  Hist.  Verdad.,  235. 
Bertraud  (L.  A.),  Autoritd  Divine,  ou  R^ponse,  etc     Paris,  1853;  M^moires 

d'an  Mormon.     Paris,  1862. 
Bidwell,  Cal.,  184-8.    MS. 
Bigamy  and  Polygamy,  Review  of  th-  Opinion  of  the  Supreme  ..""-ourt  of  the 

U.  S.,  Oct.  1878. 
Bigler  (Henry  W.),  Diary  of  a  Mormc 
Bill  to  Establish  a  Territorial  Govern  ( 
Bingham  (Utah),  Pioneer. 
Bird  (Isabella  L.),  Lady's  Life  in  tht 
Bishop  (Gladden),  Address  to  the  Sons  i 

(O.),  1851. 
Black  (Judge),  Argument  on  Federal 

Lake  City,  1883. 
Bliss  (C.  H. ),  Is  Baptism  Essential  f    B-  ^tism  for  the  Remission  of  Sins. 

Lake  City,  n.d. 
Blodget  (L.),  Meteorological  Report.     Washington,  1855. 
Boadicea,  The  Mormon  Wife.    New  York,  etc.,  1855. 
Bois^  (Idaho),  News;  Statesman. 
Boiler  (H.  A.),  Among  the  Indians.    Philadelphia,  1868. 


.    MS.,  passim. 

<nt  for  Utah.    Liverpool,  1852. 

*.ocky  Mountains.     New  York,  1881. 
.1  Daughters  of  Zion,  etc.     Kirtland, 

irisdiction  in  the  Territories.    Salt 


Salt 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


zxiU 


IVinnnzn  City  (Mnlio),  Yankee  Fork  Herald. 

lUiiiiKT  (T.  I).),  Life  and  Advent,  of  Jauics  P.  Beckwourth,  71-3. 

Itonwick  (J.),  Tlio  Mormous  and  tho  Silver  Mines.     London,  1872. 

Ibiok  of  Commandmcnta.     Independence,  Missouri,  183.1. 

Book  of  Mormon.  Kirtland,  18.37;  Liverpool,  1841,  18.)2,  1854.  1883;  New 
York,  n.d.  Salt  Lake  City  (First  Utah  ed.).  1871;  Salt  Lake  City, 
1870,  and  many  othera. 

]k>ok  of  Mormon  Examined,  etc.  (Anon.)    n.d. 

liook  of  Mormon;  Littell'a  Museum  of  For.  Lit.,  xlii. 

Buston  Christ.  Exam.,  6tb  sen  ii.,  1858. 

lioHton  Journal. 

ISowes  ( Jolin),  in  Christian  Magazine,  nos.  1.3-18;  Mormonism.  London,  Man- 
chester, Glasgow,  and  Edinburgh,  1848;  Mormonism  Exposed,  1851. 

liowlcs  (S.),  Across  the  Continent.  Springtield  (Mass.),  180G;  Our  New 
West.     Hartford,  1869. 

liownc,  Jr.  (A.  O.),  in  Atlantic  Monthly,  Hi.,  301,  474,  570. 

l>oyer  (Lanson),  From  Orient  to  Occident.    New  V'-  \,  1878. 

Hrackett  (A.  G.),  Histoiy  of  the  U.  S.  Cavalry.     New  York,  1805. 

Bradford  (VV.  J.  A.),  Origin  and  Fate  of  Mormonism,  in  Christ.  Exam.,  liii. 
201. 

Brewster  (James  C),  Address  to  tho  Church  of  Latter-day  Saints.  Spring- 
tield (111.),  1848;  Very  Important  to  tho  Mormon  Money-diggers. 
Springfield  (111.),  1843. 

Briggs  (E.  C),  and  Attwood  (R.  M.),  Address  to  tlie  Saints  in  Utah  and  Cali- 
fornia.   Piano  (111.),  1809. 

Brigham  (C.  H.),  in  No.  Amcr.  Rev.,  xcv.  189;  Old  and  New,  i.  028,  ii.  320. 

Brighain  (Wm  J.),  The  Church  of  Latter-day  Saints,  iu  Old  and  New.  Sept 
and  Oct.  1870. 

Brigham  Young  Academy — Circulars. 

lirigham  Young  and  his  Women,  in  Qalaxy,  Dec.  1866. 

Brigham  Young's  Will. 

iSrighainism;  Its  Promises  and  Failure.     Piano  (111.) 

British  and  American  Commercial  Joint-stock  Company,  Deed  of  SettlemeuL 
Liverpool,  1840. 

Brit.  Quat.  Rev.,  xxxv.  175. 

Bronifield  (Edward  T.),  Picturesque  Journeys,  etc.    New  York,  1883. 

Brotlier  Bcrtrand's  Conversion,  in  All  the  Year  Round,  ix.  68. 

Brotherton  (Edward),  Mormonism,  etc.     Manchester  (Eng.),  n.d. 

Brown  (AlbertO.),  The  Utah  Expedition,  in  Atlantic  Monthly,  March,  April, 
and  May,  1859. 

Brown  (Benjamin),  Testimonies  for  the  Truth,  etc.    Liverpool,  1853. 

Brown  (Joseph  E. ),  Speech  in  U.  S.  Senate.    Washington,  1884. 

Brown  (Mrs  M.),  Letter.     MS. 

Brown's  Statement.     MS. 

Brown  (Thos  D.),  Utah!    Its  Silver  Mines,  etc. 

Browne  (Charles  F.),  Artemus  Ward's  Lecture.    London,  1882. 

Browne  (J.  K.),  Report  upon  the  Mineral  Resources  of  the  States  and  Terri- 
tories west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Washington,  1807,  18G8.  San 
Francisco,  1868;  Resources  of  the  Pacific  Slope.    San  Francisco,  1869. 

Budge  (Wm),  Views  of  the  Latter-day  3aint8  on  Marriage.  Liverpool,  1879; 
The  Gospel  Message.  Liverpool,  1879;  The  Only  True  Gospel.  Liver- 
pool, 1878. 

Bulfinch  (S.  G.).  The  Mormons,  in  Christ.  Exam.,  Ixiv.  421. 

Burchard  (H.  C),  Director,  Report  upon  tho  Statistics  of  the  Production 
of  the  Precious  Metals  in  the  U.  S.     Washington,  1881. 

Burgess  (J.  M.),  The  Book  of  Mormon.     Liverpool,  1850. 

Burnett  (Peter  H. ),  Recollections,  etc.,  of  an  Old  Pioneer.     New  York,  1880. 

Burton  (R.  F.),  The  City  of  tlio  Saints.     London,  1801.    New  Y'ork,  1862. 

Burton's  City  of  the  Saints,  Review  of,  Edinb.  Rev.,  cxv.  185;  Littell'a  Liy. 
Age,  Ixxi.  630. 


niT 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


Hi  •    ., 


BuBcb  (M.)i  Die  Mormonen.    Leipzig,   1855;    Geacbichte  der  Monnoneii. 

Liepzig,  1870. 
Bush  (Cf.  S.),  Plain  Facts.    MaccIesBeld  (Eng.),  1840. 
Byers  (W.  N.),  The  Mormona  at  the  Miaaoun.    MS. 

California:  Its  Past  History,  etc.     London,  1850. 

California  Journals  of  Assembly  and  Senate,  1860-1881. 

Califomian.    San  Francisco,  1880  et  'cq. 

Call  (Anson),  and  Others,  Fragments  of  Experience.    Salt  Lake  Citf. 

Call  to  the  Unconverted,  etc.    Liverpool,  n.d. 

(Jamp  (D.  W.)>  The  American  Ycar-Book,  1869  et  seq.     Hartford. 

Campbell  (A. ),  Analysis  of  the  Book  of  Mormon.  Boston,  1832;  Mormoniam 
Weighed  in  the  Balances.  London,  Edinbnrgh,  and  Nottingham,  n.d. 
The  Millennial  Harbinger.     Bethany,  Va. 

Campbell  (A.),  and  Hines  (J.  V.),  Delusions,  and  Mormon  Monstrosities. 
Boston,  1842. 

Campbell  (J.  H. ),  My  Circular  Notes.    London,  1876. 

Campbell  (J.  L.),  Idaho;  Six  Months  in  the  New  Qold-digginga.  Chicago^ 
1864. 

Campbell  (Robt),  in  Fac.  R.  Rept,  xi.  35. 

Cannon  (Geo.  Q.j,  >Speeches  in  the  IT.  S.  House  of  Rep.  for  his  admission  to  a 
seat.  Salt  Lake  City,  1882;  ^le  Western  Standard.  San  Francisco, 
Cal.,  1856  et  seq;  Sunday  Schools  in  Utah.  MS.;  Juvenile  Instructor, 
Ills.  Salt  Lake  City,  186iS  ct  seq.;  Review  of  Decision  of  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court  in  the  case  of  Geo.  Reynolds.  Salt  Lake  City,  1879;  Speech  in 
U.  S.  House  of  Rep.  Washington,  1882;  Utah  and  its  People  in  No. 
Amer.  Rev.,  cxxxii.  451;  George  Q.  Pukuniahi  He  Olelo  Hoolaha,  etc 
San  Francisco,  1855;  My  First  Mission.  Salt  Lake  City,  1879;  The  Life 
of  Nephi.  Salt  Lake  City,  18S3;  Writings  from  the  Western  Standard. 
Liverpool,  1864. 

Carson  (Nov.).  Appeal;  State  Register. 

Carvalho  (S.  N.),  Incidenta  of  Travel  and  Adventure  in  the  Far  West.  New 
York,  1858. 

Carver  (J.),  Travels  through  the  interior  parts  of  North  America.  London, 
1778. 

Caswall  (Henry),  The  City  of  the  Mormons,  etc.  London,  1843;  The  Prophet 
of  the  19th  Century,  etc.  London,  1843;  Joseph  Smith  and  the  Mor- 
mons, etc.   London,  1851 ;  Mormoniam  and  its  Author,  etc   London,  1852. 

Catechism  Cards.    Salt  Lake  City. 

Cavo,  Tres  Sigloe,  i.  127-9. 

ChalmpTd,  Jr  (E.  B.),  Mormonism  a  Delusion.    London,  1852. 

Chambers,  History  of  the  Mormons.  Edinburgh  and  London,  n.d.;  History 
and  Ideas  of  the  Mormons,  in  Weatm.  Rev.,  Jan.  1853;  Religious  Im< 
posters.     Edinburgh,  n.d. 

Champagnac  (J.  B.  L. ),  Le  Jeune  Voyageur  en  Califomie.    Paria,  n.d. 

Chandless  ( W. ),  A  Visit  to  Salt  Lake.    London,  1857. 

Cherry  Creek  (Nev.),  White  Pino  News. 

Chicago  (III.),  Inter-Ocean;  JoumaL 

Christ  or  BarabbasT    Weston — super  mare.    London  and  Bristol,  D.d. 

Cincinnati  (O.),  Commercial  Advertiser;  Gazette;  Inquirer. 

Circular  of  the  First  Presidency.     Salt  Lake  City,  July  11,  1877. 

Circular  from  the  Twelve  Apostles.    Salt  Lake  City,  1880. 

Clagett  (\Vm  H.),  Speech  m  House  of  Rep.,  Jan.  28,  29,  1873.  Washing, 
ton,  1873. 

Clark  (John  A.),  Gleanings  by  the  Way.    New  York  and  Philadelphia,  1842. 

Clarke  (F.  W.),  The  Mormon  Widow's  liunent,  in  Galaxy,  May  1871. 

Clarke  ( Mrs  H.  T. ),  The  F.migrant  Trail.    MS. 

Clarke,  The  Mormons  in  a  Fix.     London,  n.d, 

Clarke  (R  ),  Mormonism  Unmasked.    n.d. 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


mnoiMni 


onnouism 
ham,  n.d. 

■troaitiea. 


ChicaffOk 


ission  to  a 
Francisco, 
[nstractor, 
}.  Supreme 
Speech  in 
plo  in  No. 
lolaha,  stc 
I;  The  Life 
I  Standard. 


eat.    New 

,    London, 

he  Propliet 

the  Mor- 

adon,  1852. 


History 
ligious  Im- 


Clavigero,  StoriaCal.,  153. 

Clay  (Edmund),  Tracta  on  Mormonisni.  London,  Leamington,  and  Liver* 
pool,  1851,  1852. 

Clayton  (W.),  Journal.     MS. 

Clemens  (S,  L.),  (Mark  Twain),  Ronghing  It     Hartford,  etc.,  1874. 

Coast  Review.     San  Francisco,  1871-80.  15  vols. 

Cobb  (J.  J.),  The  Mormon  Froblem.     US. 

Codman  (J.),  in  Intern.  Rer.,  xi.  1S8I;  The  Round  Trip.  New  York,  1879; 
Through  Utah,  in  The  Galaxy,  xx.  1875,  in  IntL  Rev.,  ii.  227;  The  Mor- 
mon Country.    New  York,  1874. 

Coffin  (C.  C. ),  Our  New  Way  ronnd  the  World.    Boston,  1869. 

Colbum's  United  Service  Mag.,  etc     Ix>n'luo,  1829  et  aeq. 

Colo  (Wm  L.).  California,  etc.    New  York,  1871. 

Colfax  (Schuyler),  Speech  at  Salt  Ldie  City.  Oct.  5, 1866;  Letter  in  New  York 
Independent,  Dec  2,  1860. 

Col.  Doc,  xiv.  321-3. 

Comettant  (0. ).  Lea  CivOiaations  Incoonnea.     Paria,  1863. 

Como  (Nev.),  Lyon  County  SentineL 

Concordance  and  Reference  Ooide  to  the  Book  of  Doctrine  and  Covcnanta. 
Piano  (111.),  1870. 

Congressional  Globe.    Waahington,  1836  ei  aeq. 

Constitution  of  State  of  DcscrcC  and  Memorial  to  Congress.    S.  L  City,  1872. 

C^onstitution  of  the  State  of  Utah.     Salt  Lake  City,  1882. 

Contested  Election.    Maxwell  va  Cannon.     Argument,     n.d. 

Contributor.     Salt  Lake  City,  1879  et  seq. 

Conybeare  (J.  W.),  Mormoniam.     London,  1854. 

Conycr  (Josiah  B.),  The  Leading  Causes  of  the  Hancock  Mob,  etc  Quincy 
(111.),  1846. 

Cook  (Joseph),  Speechea,  etc    a.d. 

Cooko  (Mrs  S.  A.),  Theatrical  and  Socisl  ASaira  in  Ut;Ui.    MS. 

Cooper  (A.  R.),  Polygamy  and  Prostitution.     MS. 

Copenhagen  Skandinavisk  Stjemc     Ungdommena  Raadgiver.    n.d. 

Copperopolis  (Cal.),  Courier. 

Coriuno  (Utah),  Enterprise;  Reporter. 

Cornaby  (H.),  Autobiography  and  Poema.    Salt  Lake  City,  1881. 

Correspondence  between  Joseph  Smith  and  Col  John  Wentworth,  Oen.  Jas 
A.  Bennett,  and  Hon.  John  C.  Calhoun.     New  York,  1814. 

Correspondence,  Orders,  etc,  in  Relaticrt  to  tbe  Disturbaiices  with  the  Mor- 
mons.   Fayette  (Mo.),  1841. 

Corrill  (John),  Brief  History  of  tbe  Church,  etc..     SL  Louia,  1839. 

C^ortez  (J.),  Report  on  Indian  Tribes.     Waahington,  185G. 

Country  Clergyman's  Warning  to  his  Parishioaens.     London,  n.d. 

Coynor  (J.  M.),  Letters  to  Bost.  Educ.  Jonr  Salt  lake  City,  1878-9;  Hand- 
book of  Mormonism.     Salt  Lake  (Sty,  i8S2. 

Cradlcbaugh  (John),  Mormonism.     S.  L  City. 
MS.;  Speech  in  House  of  Rep.,  Feb.  7.  18(>3. 

Cragin  (Aaron  H.),  Sneech  in  U.  S.  Senate,  May 
Laws  in  Utah.     Washington,  1870. 

Cram  (Capt  T.  J.),  Topog.  Memoir  on  the  Department  of  the  Pacific  Wash- 
ington. 1859;  35th  cong.  2d  aeaa.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  114. 

Crawford  (P.  W.),  Narrative,     MS.;  Overland  to  Oregon,  2  vols.  MS. 

Crimes  of  Latter-day  Saints.    San  Franciaco.  ISS4. 

Crocheron  (A.  J  ),  Representative  Women  of  I>a«rct.  Salt  Lake  City,  1884; 
Wild  Flowers  of  Deseret     Salt  Lake  City.  1881. 

Crofutt  (G.  A.),  New  Overland  Tonrist    Chicago.  1879. 

Crouiso  (T.  F.),  Nat.  Wealth  of  Cal.     San  Fianrisco.  1808. 

Culmer  (H.  L.  A.),  TourisU'  Guidebook  to  Salt  Lake  City.  Salt  Lake  City, 
1870;  Utah  Directory  and  Gazetteer.    Salt  Lake  City,  1870. 

Curtis  (W.  E.),  in  Amer.  Christ  Rev..  viiL  367. 


1877:  Nevada  Biography. 
Wiishington.  18G3. 
IS,   1870,  on  Execution  of 


uvl 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


Dall  (Caroline  U.),  My  First  Holiday.    Boston,  1881. 

Dallas  (Tex.).  Herald. 

Dalles  (Or.)i  Mountaineer. 

Dalton  (Mrs  L.  L.),  Autobiography.     MS. 

Damon  (S.  C),  The  Friend.    Honolnln,  1843-7. 

Daua  (C.  VV.),  The  Great  West.     Boston,  1861. 

Daniels  (Wm  N.),  A  Correct  Account  of  the  Murder  of  Generals  Joseph  and 

Hyrum  Smith.    Nauvoo,  1844. 
Das  Buch  Mormon,     n.d. 
Davies  (John),  Yr  hyu  sydd  o  ran,  etc.;  Epistol  Gyffiredinol  Cyntaf;  Trae- 

thawd  ar  Wyrthian;   Etto  Adolygiad,  eto.;  Chwech  Bhifyn;  Pregethu 

i'r  Ysbrydion  yn  Ngharchar,  eto.;  Ewch  a  Dysgwch;  Darlithiaa  ar 

Ffydd;    ¥    Doniau    Ysbrydol  yn  Mrawdlys  y  Gelyn;    Traethawd  ar 

Fedydd;  CorflF  Crist;  neu  yr  Eglwys;   Ffordd  y  Bywyd  Tragywyddol; 

Yr  Aches    Mawr   Cyntaf,   gan  0.   Pratt;    Protivch    Bob   Peth,  eto.; 

Athraniaeth  lachus;  Ymddyddanion  yn  Gymraeg  a  Saesonaeg;  Llythv- 

ron  Capt.  Jones  o  Ddyfiryn  y  li.    H.  Mawr,  yn  desgrifio  arderchawgrwydd 

Seion:  no  dates  (pub.  in  Wales). 
Davis  (E.  J.),  Manufacture  and  Sale  of  Intoxicating  Liquors.    MS. 
Davis  (Geo.  T.  M. ),  Massacre  of  Joseph  Smith,  eto.    St  Louis,  1844. 
Davis  (John  E.),  Mormonism  Unveiled.    Bristol  (Eng.),  1856,  second  edition. 
Dawson's  Hist.  Mag.,  new  series,  vL  1869. 
Dajrton  (Nev.),  Lyoa  County  Sentinel. 
De  Bow  ( J.  D.  B. ),  De  Bow's  Review  and  Industrial  Resources.    New  Orleans, 

eto.,  1854-7.    7  vols. 
Declarations  of  Principles  of  Utah  Territorial  Qgnvention,  People's  Party. 

Salt  Lake  City,  1882. 
Deek  (J.  G.),  The  Mormons,  eto.    Bombay,  1853. 
Deer  Lodge  (Mont.),  New  Northwest. 
Defence  of  the  Constitutional  and  Religious  Rights  of  the  People  of  Utah, 

1882. 
De  Groot  (Henry),  Report  on  Mineral  Deposits,  eto.    San  Francisco,  1871; 

Sketches  of  Washoe  Silver  Mines.     San  Francisco,  1860. 
Delano  (A.),  Life  on  the  Plains.    New  York,  1861. 
Democrat,  Bear  River,  1880  et  seq. 
Democratic  Review. 
Demoralizing  Doctrines  and  Disloyal  Teachings  of  the  Mormon  Hierarchy. 

New  York,  1866. 

Derby  (E.  H.j,  The  Overland  Route  to  the  Pacific.    Boston,  1869. 

Der  Mormonismus.    Bern  (Switz.),  1872. 

De  Rupert  (A.  E.  D.),  Calif omians  and  Mormons.    New  York,  1881. 

Description  of  Huntsvill?,  Weber  Co.,  Utah.    MS. 

Deseret  Agric.  and  Manufac.  Soc.  Reports.    Salt  Lake  City,  1867  et  seq. ; 

List  of  Premiums.    Salt  Lake  City,  1878. 
Deseret  Alphabet:  The  following  works  printed  in — Deseret  First  Book,  b^ 

the  Regents  of  the  Deseret  University,  1868;  Book  of  Mormon,  part  i. 

New  York,  1869;  Book  of  Mormon.    New  York,  1869. 
Deseret  and  Nauvoo,  NatL  Mag.,  iv.  481,  v.  343. 
Deseret  Home,  A  Monthly  Journal.    Salt  Lake  City,  Jan.  1882  et  seq. 
Deseret  News.    Salt  Lake  Citv,  1850  et  seq.;  Extra,  Sept.  14,  1852. 
Deseret  Sunday-school:  Catecnism,  no.  i.,  Joseph  the  Prophet.    Salt  Lake 

City,  1882;  Reader,  First  and  Second  Books.    Salt  Lake  City,  1880,  .1881, 

and  1883;  Union  Music  Book.    Salt  Lake  City,  1884. 
Deseret  Telegraph  Company.    Memoranda.    MS. 
De  Smet  (P.  J.),  Western  Missions  and  Missionaries.    New  York,  1868. 
D'Hanssonville,  One  Day  in  Utah.    Salt  Lake  City,  1883. 
Dialogues:  Between  Joseph  Smith  and  the  Devil.    Salt  Lake  City  and 

New  York,  1844;  between  Tradition,  Reason,  and  Scriptus.    n.d.  (Liver- 
pool). 


AUTHOSmES  CONSULTED. 


snril 


Diamond  (Utah),  Rocky  Monntain  Husbandman. 

Diario,  in  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  ser.  iL  torn.  i.  378,  392. 

Dickeson  (M.  W.),  The  American  Namiamatio  ManoaL     Philadelpbiat  1860. 

Dickinson  (E.  £.),  in  Scribner's  Monthly,  xx.  613. 

Diehl  (C),  Histoiy  of  the  Masonic  Fraternity  in  Utah.    MS. 

Dilke  (C.  W.),  Greater  Britain.     Philadelphia,  1869.    2  vols. 

Directories:  Utah,  Pacific  Ckiast,  San  Francisco,  Nevada. 

Disconrses  delivered  by  Joseph  Smith  (30th  June,  1843)  and  Brigham  Young 

(18th  Febmaiy,  1855)  on  Ihe  Relation  of  the  Monnona  to  the  Qovem- 

ment  of  the  U.  S.    Salt  Lake  City. 
Dixon,  in  All  the  Year  Round.    No.  17,252. 
Dixon  (W.  H.),  New  America.    London  and  New  York,  1867;  White  Con- 

quest.    London,  1876.    2  vols. 
Doctrine  and  Covenants,  etc.    Nanvoo,  1846;  Liverpool,  1854;  Liverpool,  n.  d. ; 

Liverpool,  1882;  Salt  Lake  City,  1876. 
Doctrines  of  Mormonism.     London,  n.d. 

Documentos  Historicos  Mexicanos,  three  ser.    Mexico,  1853,  1854,  1856. 
Documentos  Historicos  Mexicanos.     MS. 
Domenech  (Abb4  Em.),  Seven  Years'  Residence  in  the  Great  Deserts  of  North 

America.    London,  1860. 
Dooly  (J.  E.),  Histoty  of  the  Express  and  Banking  Business  in  Utah.    MS. 
D'Orbigny  (A.),  Voyage  dans  les  deux  Am^ques.     Paris,  1859. 
Douglas'  Private  Papers.     MS.    2d  ser.,  i. 
Drummond  (P. ),  Mormonism  an  Imposture.    n.d. ;  The  Mormons'  Only  Way 

to  be  Saved  not  the  Way  to  be  Saved.    Stirling  (Scot.),  1854. 
Dufiiis-Hardy  (Lady),  Through  Cities  and  Prairie  Lands.     London,  1881. 
Dunbar  (E.  £. ),  The  Romance  of  the  Age.    New  York,  1867. 
Dunn  (B.  S.),  How  to  Solve  the  Mormon  Problem.    New  York,  1877. 
Dutton  (J.  R.),  in  Gent.  Mag.,  new  ser.,  viL  675. 

Early  Scenes  in  Church  History.    Salt  Lake  City,  1882L 

East  Portland  (Or.),  Democratic  Era, 

Eaton  (Mrs),  Origin  of  Mormonism. 

Ebey's  JournaL    MS. 

Eckman  (E.),  Medicinal  Herbs  and  their  Use.    MS. 

Edinburgh  Review.    Edinburgh,  1850  et  seq. 

Eine  Gottliche  Offenbarung;  nnd  Belehrong  uber  den  Chestand.    n.d. 

Elder's  Journal,  Kirtland,  Ohio,  and  Far  West,  Missouri,  1838>9. 

Elko  (Nev.)  Independent. 

Engelmann  (H.),  Geolog.  Survey  of  Utah.    Washington,  1860l 

Enoch's  Advocate,  1874. 

Epistle  of  the  Twelve  Apostles,  etc.    Salt  Lake  City,  1877. 

Epitome  of  the  Faith  and  Doctrines  of  the  Reoiganized  Church  of  Jesua 

Christ  of  Latter-day  Saints.    Phuio  (111. ) 
Epitre  du  President  de  la  Mission  Fnmpaiae  h,  I'Eglise  des  Saints  des  Der- 

niers-jours  en  France  et  dans  les  Ues  de  la  Mauche.    n.d. 
Erb  (G.  S.),  EecoUections.    MS. 
Escalante,  Carta  de  28  Oct.  ,1775.    MS. 
Etoumeau  (M.),  Les  Mormons.    Paris,  1856. 
Eureka  (Nev.),  Leader;  Sentinel. 

Eustis  (W.  T.),  Rev.  of  Ferris,  Utah,  etc.,  in  New  Englander,  xii.  553. 
Evidence  Taken  on  the  Trial  of  Mr  Smith,  before  the  MunicipiJ  Court  of 

Nanvoo,  on  Saturday,  July  1,  1843.    Nauvoo. 
Exposures  of  a  Rotten  Priesthood.    Salt  Lake  City,  1878. 
Eyring  (Henry),  Ein  Wort  der  Vertherdigung,  etc.     Bern  (Switu.),  1876. 

F.  (W.  B.),  The  Mormons,  the  Dream  and  the  Reality,  etc.    Londtui,  1857. 

Fabian  (B.),  Statistics  concemin;?  Utah.     Salt  Lake  City,  1874. 

Farmer  (E.  J.),  The  Resources  of  the  Uocky  Mountains. 

Famham  (A.),  The  Zion's  Watchman.    Sidney  (N.  S.  W.),  Aug.  1853  et  seq. 


xxviU 


AUTHORITIES  (X)NSULTED. 


Farnham  (T.  J. ),  Travels  in  the  Great  Western  Prairies.  Pougbkeepsie,  1841  f 
New  York   1843. 

Far  West  (Mo.),  Elder's  Jonmal. 

Faulconer  (M.  A.),  Falness  of  the  Atonement.  Piano  (IlL);  Questions  for 
the  Use  of  Sdiolan  in  the  Latter-day  Saints  Stinday-schoola.  Fiano 
(IlL),  1869. 

Favez,  Fragments  sor  J.  Smith  et  les  Mormons,    n.d. 

Female  Life  among  the  Mormons.     New  York,  1855. 

Ferris  (B.  6.),  Utah  and  the  Mormons.    New  York,  1854,  1866. 

Ferris  (Mrs  6.  B. ),  The  Mormons  at  Home.    New  York,  1856. 

Fiftieth  Annual  Conference  of  the  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter-day 
Saints.    Salt  Lake  City,  1880. 

Findlay  (Hugh),  The  Mormons,  or  Latter-day  Saints.  Bombay  (India), 
1853. 

Fire  Department,  Report  of  Chief  Engineer.    Salt  Lake  City,  1880. 

Fisher  (L.  P.),  Advertiser's  Guide.    &ui  Francisco,  1870. 

Fiaher  (R.  S. )  and  Colby  (C),  American  Statistical  AnnuaL    N.  T.,  1854. 

Fitch  (Mrs  Thos),  in  OverUnd  Monthly,  vii.  235. 

Fitch  (Thos),  Speeches  in  House  of  Rep.,  Feb.  23,  1870,  and  April  29,  1870. 
Washington,  1870;  Speech  in  Utah  Constitutional  Convention,  Feb.  20, 
1872.  Salt  Lake  City,  1872;  Argument  before  House  Judiciary  Com- 
mittee, Feb.  10,  1873.    Washington,  1873. 

Flanigan  (J.  H.),  Reply  to  Palmer's  Internal  Evidence  against  the  Book  of 
Mormon.    Liverpool,  1849. 

Font's  Journal.    MS. 

Forbes'  Hist.  Cal.,  157-62. 

Ford  (Thomas),  Message,  Dec.  23,  1844,  to  Illinois  Senate,  etc.  Springfield, 
1844;  History  of  Illinois.    Chicago,  1854. 

Fort  Jones  (Utah),  Scott  Valley  News. 

Foster  (J.  E.),  Prehistoric  Races  of  U.  S.  of  America.    Chicago,  1873. 

Eraser's  Magazine.    London,  1830  et  seq. 

Fremont  (J.  C),  Narrative  of  Exploring  Expedition.  New  York,  1849;  Re- 
port of  Exploring  Expedition.    Washington,  1845. 

Friendly  Wanungs  on  the  Subject  of  Mormoniam.    L<mdon,  1850. 

Frignet,  La  Califomie,  58-60. 

Frisco  (Utah),  Times. 

Froiseth  (Jennie  Anderson),  Women  of  Mormanism.    Detroit  ^Midu).  1882. 

Frost  ( W. ),  Dialogne  between  a  Latter-day  Saint  and  a  Methodist.  Aylsham 
(Eng.),  1849. 

Fry  (F.),  Traveler's  Guide,  etc.    Cincinnati,  1865. 

Fuller  (Metta  Victoria),  (M.  F.  Victor),  Lives  of  Female  Mormona.  Phila- 
delphia, 1860;  Mormon  Wives,  etc.    New  York,  1856. 

Fullmer  (John  S.),  Assassination  of  Joseph  and  Hyrum  Smith,  etc.  Liver- 
pool, 1855;  Expulsion  from  Naavoo.    Liverpool,  n.d. 

Garc^  Diario,  24A-348. 

Garden  of  the  World.    Boston,  1856. 

Gardener  (A.),  Mormonism  Unmasked.    Rochdale  (Eng.),  1841. 

Gardner  (J.  G. ),  Iron  Ore  and  Iron  Manufacture.    MS. 

Geese  of  Ganderica.    Salt  Lake  City,  1883. 

Geikie  (A.),  in  Nature,  zxiL  324. 

Gems  for  the  Young  Folks.    Salt  Lake  City,  1881. 

General  Epistle  from  the  Council  of  the  Twelve  Apostl3s,  etc.,  dated  at  Win- 
ter Quarters,  Omaha  Nation  (now  Florence,  Neb.),  Deo.  23, 1847. 

Geneva,  (SwitserLmd),  Le  Reflect«ur. 

Genoa  (Carson  Valley),  Territorial  Enterprise,  1858  et  seq. 

Gerstiicker  (Freidricn),  Adventures  d'une  Colonic  d'^migrants  en  AmMque, 
Paris,  1855;  Travels,  London,  1854;  Western  Lands  and  Western  Waters. 
London,  1864. 

Gibbon  (J.  G.),  in  Phila.  Oath.  Quart  Rev.,  iv.  664. 


i    : 


AUTHOEITIES  CONSULTED. 


zxiz 


Gibson  (Wm),  Three  Nights'  Public  Discnssion,  eto.    Liverpool,  1851. 

Glad  Tidings  of  Great  Joy.     Salt  Lake  City. 

Goddard  (F.  B.),  Where  to  Emigrate,  and  Why.    New  York,  1869. 

Gold  Hill  (Nev.),  News. 

Gomara,  Hist.  Ind.,  272-4. 

Gooch  (Daniel  W.),  Speech  in  the  U.  S.  Hoose  of  Rep.  April  4,  1860,  on 

Polygamy  in  Utah.    Washington. 
Goodrich  (£.  S.),  Mormonism  Unveiled;  The  Other  Side.    Salt  Lake  City, 

1884. 
Goodrich  (L.  D.),  Rocky  Mountain  Rovings.    MS. 
Good  Tidings,  eto.    Liverpool,  n.d. 

Goodwin  (C.  C.),  in  Harper's  Mag.,  Ixiii.  756;  No.  Amer.  Rev.,  cxxxii.  276. 
Gordon  (J.  B.),  Historical  and  Geographical  Memoir  of  the  N.  A.  Continent. 

Dublin,  1820. 
Gospel,  The  [broadsheet].     Piano  (111.) 
Gospel  Witness  (Anon.)    Liverpool,  1848. 
Graham  (J.  C),  Utah  Directory.    Salt  Lake  City,  1883-4 
Grant  (J.  M. ),  A  Collection  of  Facts  Relative  to  the  Course  of  Sidney  Rigdon. 

Philadelphia,  1844,  1884;  Three  Letters  to  the  "  N.  Y.  Herald,"  etc., 

1852;  Letter  to  the  President  (of  the  U.  S.),  May  1,  1852. 
Grass  Valley  (Cal.),  Republican. 
Gray  (J.  H.),  Principles  and  Practices  of  the  Mormons.    Douglaa  (Isle  of 

Man),  1853. 
Gray  (W.  H.),  History  of  Oregon.    Portland,  S.  F.,  and  N.  Y.,  1870. 
Great  Contrast,  etc    Liverpool,  n.d. 
Great  Proclamation,  etc.     Liverpool,  n.d. 
Greeley  (H.)>  Overland  Journey.    New  York,  1860. 
Green  (N.  W.),  Fifteen  Years  among  the  Mormons.    New  York,  1858;  Mor- 

monism,  etc.    Hartford,  1870;  Narrative  of  Mrs  Mary  Ettie  V.  Smith. 

New  York,  1860. 
Greene  (John  P.),  Facts  Relative  to  the  Ebcpulsion  of  the  Mormons  from 

Missouri.    Cincinnati,  1839. 
Greenhow  (R.),  History  of  Oregon  and  California.    Boston  and  London,  1844; 

New  York,  1845;  Boston,  1845;  Boston,  1847. 
Greenlagh  (James),  Narrative,  To  Nauvoo  and  Back.    Liverpool,  1842. 
Greenwood  (Grace),  New  Life  in  New  Lands.     New  York,  1873. 
Guers,  L'lrviogisme  et  le  Mormonisme  jug^s  par  la  parole  de  Dieu.    n.d. 
Gunnison  (J.  W.),  The  Mormons,  or  Latter-day  Saints.    Philadelphia,  1852; 

1857,  1860. 
Gnrley  (Z.  H.),  The  Polygamic  Revelation.    Lamoni  (Iowa),  1882. 
Gurley  (Z.  H.)  and  Kelley  (E.  L.),  The  Utah  Problem  and  the  Solution. 

Washington,  1882. 
Gwin  (W.  M),  Memoirs  on  History.    MS. 

Haefeli  (L.),  One  Day  in  Utah.    Ogden,  1883. 

Haefeli  (L.)  and  Cannon  (F.  J.),  Directory  of  Ogden  City  and  Weber  County. 

Ogden  City,  1883. 
Haefer,  Biographic  Gto^rale.     1858. 

Haining  (Samuel),  Mormonism  Weighed,  etc.    Douglas  (Isle  of  Man),  1840. 
Hakluyfs  Voy.,  iii.  373-9. 

Hall  (E.  H.),  Guide  to  the  Great  West.    New  York,  1865;  New  York,  1866. 
Hall  (William),  Abominations  of  Mormonism.    Cincinnati,  1852. 
Hand-book  Guide  to  Salt  Lake  Museum.    Salt  Lake  City,  1881. 
Hand-book  on  Mormonism.    Salt  Lake  City,  Chicago,  and  Cincinnati,  1882, 
Hand-book  of  Reference.    Salt  Lake  City,  1884. 
Hardy  (J.  D.),  in  Gent.  Mag.,  xxv.  233. 
Harper  (C),  Agricultural  Products  of  Utah.    MS. 
Harper's  New  Month.  Masr.     New  York,  1856  et  seq. 
Hanis  (W.),  Mormonism  Portrayed,  etc.     Warsaw  (III),  1841. 
Hai-tley  (R.)  and  Rich  (B.  E.),  Public  Discussion.     Salt  Lake  City,  1881 


XXX 


AX7TH0R1TIES  CONSULTED. 


I:  ,  f 


i  :  ! 


Hasaard  (J.  R  O.),  in  Cath.  World,  xxvi.  227. 

Ilustin^'B  (L.  W.),  Emigrants'  Guido  to  Oregon  and  California.    Cin.  1845. 

Have  You  Bead  the  Book  of  Mormon  7    n.d. 

Uavilah  (Cal.)«  Courier. 

Hawthorn  waite,  Adventures  among  the  Mormons.    Manchester  (Eng.),  18.57. 

Hay  (John),  The  Mormon  Prophet's  Tragedy,  in  Atlantic  Monthly,  xxiv.  669. 

Hayden  (F.  V.),  Survey.  Meteor.  Obaver.,  by  Gannett.     Washington,  1872; 

Report.     Washington,  1872. 

Hayden  ( ),  Early  History  of  the  Disciples  in  the  Western  Reserve. 

Hayes  (Benjamin),  Diary  of  a  Jonmejr  Overland,  1849-50.    MS.;  Emigrant 

Notes.     MS.,  and  Scraps;  California  Politics  (Scraps);  Utah  (Scraps). 
Haynes  (John),  "The  Book  of  Mormon  Examined.     Brighton  and  Liondon, 

1853;  Refutation  of  the  Mormon  Doctrines.     Brighton  and  London,  1853. 
Hays  (Kev.),  Addresses  on  Mormonism.     Douglas  (Isle  of  Man),  1839. 
Head  (F.  H.),  in  Overland  Monthly,  v.  270;  Chamb.  Jour.,  xxxvii.  29. 
Healdsburg  (Cal.)  Enterprise;  Russian  River  Flag. 
Heap  (G.  11.),  Central  Route  to  the  Pacific.    Philadelphia,  1864. 
Helena  (Mont.),  Independent. 

Hepburn  (A.  B.),  Mormonism  Exposed.    London  and  Swansea,  1855. 
Herrera,  dec.  vi.  lib.  ix.  cap.  xi.-xii. 
Hewitt  (W.),  Exposure  of  the  Errors  and  Fallacies  of  the  Self-named  Latter^ 

day  Saints.    Staffordahire,  n.d. 
Hewlett  (Alfred),  One  Wife,  or  Many  Wives.    Manchester  and  London,  n.d. 
Hickmau  (EdwaJrd  B.),  Mormonism  Sifted.    London,  Norwich,  and  Brandon, 

1850. 
Higbie  (Rev.  A.),  Polygamy  vs  Christianity.    San  Francisco,  1857« 
Hill  (H.  A.),  in  Penn.  Monthly,  ii.  129. 
Hill  (H.  C),  Remarks  on  Mines  and  Mining  in  Utah.    MS. 
Hines  (G.),  Voyage  round  the  World.     Buffalo,  1850. 
Hist.  Nevada.    Oakland  (Cal.),  1881. 

Historical  Magazine,  and  Notes  and  Queries.    Boston,  etc.,  18.57-69.  15  vols. 
Hittell  (John  S.),  Comm.  and  Lidus.  of  the  Pac.  Coast.    San  Fnmcisco,  1882. 

Scraps. 
Holllster  (0.  J.),  Resources  and  Attractions  of  Utah.    Salt  Lake  City,  1882. 
Holman  (J.),  The  Peoria  Party.     MS. 

'  Homespun,'  Lydia  Knight's  History.    Salt  Lake  City,  1883. 
Honolulu  Friend.    Polynesian,  1845  et  seq. 
Hooper  (W.  H.),  Speeches  in  House  of  Rep.,  Feb.  25,  1869,  March  23,  I'^'^O; 

and  28th  and  29th  Jan.,  1873.     Washington,  1870,  1873. 
Hopper,  Narrative.     MS. 

Horn  (H.  B.),  The  Overland  Guide.    New  York,  1862. 
Home  (Mrs  J.),  Migration  and  Settlement  of  the  Latter-day  Sunts. 
Hours  at  Home.     New  York,  1865  et  seq. 

Howe  (E.  D.),  Mormonism  Unvailcd.     Painesville  (0.),  1834,  1841. 
Howe  (Mrs  J. ),  Migration  and  Settlement  of  the  Latter-day  Saints. 
Howitt  (Mary),  History  of  the  U.  S.    New  York,  1860. 
Hoyt  (J.  P.),  Arizona  Events.     MS. 

Hubner  (Le  Baron  de),  A  Ramble  round  the  World.    New  York,  1874. 
Huflaker's  Early  Cattle  Trade.     MS. 
Hughes  (Elizabeth),  Voice  from  the  West  to  the  Scattered  People  of  the 

Twelve,  and  all  the  Seed  of  Abraham.    San  Francisco,  1879, 
Hunt  (J.  H.),  Mormonism:  Origin,  Rise,  and  Progress.    St  Louis,  1844. 
Hunt's  Merchants'  Magazine.     New  York,  1839  et  seq. 
Huntington  (D.  B. ),  Vocabulary  of  the  Utah  and  Shoshone  Dialeota.    Salt 

Salt  Lake  City,  1872. 
Hurlburt,  Mormonism  Unveiled,    n.d. 
Hatchings'  lUus.  Cal.  Ma^.    San  Francisco,  18.57-61. 
7jty>l(;,  Jr  (John),  Mormonism:  Its  Leaders  and  Designs.    York,  1867 
HyUe  (Mrs  M.  A.  P.),  Autobiograhpy.    MS. 


MS. 


MS. 


AUTHOBITIES  OONSULTED. 


xxzl 


in. 


184S. 


Sng.).  ^^^^• 
■xxiv.669. 

igton,  18725 

•serve. 
,;  Emigrant 
(Scraps), 
nd  London, 
ondon,  1853. 
1839. 
ii.29. 

1855. 
lamcd  Latter. 

[  London,  n.tl. 
and  Brandon, 

1857. 


57-69.  15  vols. 
j<t^cisco,  188-. 

Ake  City,  1882. 


March  23, 1P"0; 


Saints.    MS. 
Saints.    Mo. 


Louis,  1844- 
Dialects.    Salt 


fork,  1857 


Hyde  (Orson),  Address  to  the  Hebrews.  Rotterdam  (Holland),  1S41;  Cry 
out  of  the  Wilderness,  1842  (first  published  in  Germany  and  in  Ger- 
man); News  from  the  Old  World;  Sketch  of  Travels  and  Miuistiy. 
Salt  Lake  City,  1869;  Speech  on  Sidney  Bigdon.    Nauvoo,  1844. 

Hyde  (Mrs  Orson),  Workings  of  Mormonism.    AIS. 

Hygiene  of  U.  S.  Army,  etc.    Washington,  1875. 

Hymns,  A  Collection  of  Sacred.  Voree  (Wis.),  1850,  second  edition;  New 
York,  1838;  The  Saints'  Harp,  etc.  Piano  (111.),  1870;  Of  Latter-day 
Saints.  Liverpool.  1841,  1881;  London,  1851;  Salt  Lake  City,  Ist  Utah 
ed.  (14th  ed.),  1871. 

Idaho  City,  Idaho  World. 

Idolatry.    Plamo  (111.) 

L'lllustration.    Journal  Universe!,  1858  et  seq. 

Important  Documents  Bearing  on  Political  Questions  in  Utah.    Logan,  1882. 

Independence  (Mo.),  Elder's  Journal;  Evening  and  Morning  Star,  1832  et 

seq. ;  Upper  Missouri  Advertiser,  1832. 
Indian  Hostilities:  Letter  Sec.  of  War.    41st  cong.  2d  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  44; 

Memorial  Leg.  Assemb.  Utah.    41st  cong.  Ist  sess.,  H.  Misc.  Doo.  19. 

1869. 
Indictment  for  the  Murder  of  James  Monroe,  etc.    Liverpool,  I85I. 
Insane  Ayslum  of  Utah,  Report  of  Board  of  Directors.    &ilt  Lake  City,  1884. 
Intemperance.    Salt  Lake  City,  1881. 
Internat.  Rev.    New  York,  1870  et  seq. 
Interview  between  Prcs.  John  Taylor  and  U.  S.  Int.  Rev.  Col.  0.  J.  HoUis- 

tcr.     Salt  Lake  City,  Jan.  13,  1879. 
Investigation  into  the  Murder  of  Dr  J.  K.  Robinson.    Salt  Lake  City,  1866. 
Irving  ( Edward),  and  the  Catholic  and  Apostolic  Church.    London  and  Liver* 

pool,  1856. 
Irving  (Wash.),  Bonneville's  Adven.,  186. 

Is  Mormonism  True  or  Not  ?    (Religious  Tract  Society.)    London,  n.d. 
Items  of  Church  History.    Salt  Lake  City,  1884. 

J.  (H.  S.),  The  Latter-day  Saints,  and  their  Spiritual  Views.    n.d. 

Jackson  (D.  J.),  Early  Overland  Emigration.    MS. 

Jackson  (Helen  H.),  (H.  H.),  Bits  ofTravel  at  Home.    Boston,  1878. 

Jacksonville  (Or.),  Dem.  Times. 

Jacob  (May),  Peace-maker.    Nauvoo  (HI.),  1842. 

Jacob  (U.  H.),  Extract  from  a  Manuscript  Entitled  The  Peace-maker.  Nan. 
voo,  n.d. 

Jaques  (John),  Der  Katechismns  fUr  Kinder.  Bern  (Switz.),  1872;  Catechism 
for  Children.  Salt  Lake  City,  1870,  1877;  Exclusive  Salvation;  Salva- 
tion: A  Dialogue  in  Two  Parts,  n.d.;  The  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of 
Latter-day  Saints,  etc.    Salt  Lake  City,  1882. 

Jenkins  (H.  D.),  The  Mormon  Hymn-book,  in  Our  Monthly,  Dec.  1870. 

Jennings  (Wm),  Carson  Valley.     MS.    Material  Progress  of  Utah.    MS. 

Jcpson  (Ring),  Among  the  Mormons.    San  Francisco,  1879. 

Johnson  (Benjamin  F.),  Why  the  Latter-day  Saints  Marry  a  Plurality  of 
Wives,  etc.    San  Francisco,  1854. 

Johnson  (J.  H.),  Voice  from  the  Mountains.    Salt  Lake  City,  1881. 

Johnston  (James  F.  W.),  Joe  Smith  and  the  Mormons,  in  Harper's  Mac.. 
June  1851.  * 

Jones  (Dan.),  Yr  Eurgrawn  Ysgrythyrol;  Pwy  yw  Duw  y  Saint;  Yr  Hen 
Grefvdd  Newydd;  Annerchiad  i'r  Peirch,  etc. ;  Gwrthbrofion  i'r  SpauUl- 
ing  Story  am  Lyfr  Mormon;  Anmhoblogrwydd  Mornioniaeth;  Arweinydd 
1  Seion;  Pa  beth  yw  Monnoniaeth?  Pa  beth  yw  gras  Cadwedigol?  DaAl 
ar  Monnoniaeth?  Anflfyddiaeth  Sectyddiaeth;  Amddiffyniad  rhag  Cam- 
gyhuddiadau;  Y  Lleidr  ar  y  Groes;  "Peidiwcha'uGwrando;"Egwyddor- 
lon  Cyntaf  a  Gwahoddiaclau;  Ai  duw  a  Ddanfono«Ul  Joseph  Smith; 
LlofroddiaJ  Joseph  a  Ilyrum  Smith;  Trtrddi.id  Llfyr  Mormon;  Dammcg 
y  Pren  Ffrwythtawn;  Darlun  o'r  Byd  Crefyddol.     n.d.     (Pub.  in  Wales. ) 


xxxU 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


,   ! 


!  I 


i 


I  i 


Jones  (Nathaniel  V.).  Reply  to  'Mormonism  Unveiled.'    Calcutta,  1853. 
Jones  (Wm  A.),  Reconnousance  of  Northwestern  Wyoming.     1873.     VVaah* 

ington,  1875. 
Jonveaux  L'Am^rique  Aotaelle.    Paris,  1869. 

Kane  (Thos  L.),  The  Mormons:  Discourse  before  ffist.  See.  of  Penn.,  March 

20.  1850.     Philadelphia. 
Kanesville  (Iowa),  Frontier  Guardian. 

KcUey  (E.  L.)  and  Braden  (C),  Public  Diacussioo.    St  Louis,  1884. 
Kelly  (Wm.),  An  Excursion  to  Cal.    London,  1851.  2  vols.;  The  Pretensions 

of  Mormonism.    Onemsey  (Chan.  Isles),  1848. 
Kelson  (J.  H.),  Seth's  Work  is  Done.     Salt  Lake  aty,  1883. 
Kendall  (H.).  A  Week  in  Great  Salt  Lake  Gty,  in  Hours  at  Home,  L  63. 
Kidder  (Dan'l  P.),  Mormonism  and  the  Monnona.     New  York,  184^. 
Kimball  (David  C.),  Fireside  Visitor.     Liverpool,  n.d. 
KimbaU  (H.  C),  Journal    Salt  Lake  City,  1882;  JonmaL    MS. 
Kimball  (H.  C.)  and  Woodruff  (W.),  The  Word  of  our  Lord  to  the  Citizens 

of  London.     1839. 
King  (Hannah  Taptield),  An  Epic  Poem.    Salt  Lake  City,  1884;  Brief  Memoir 

of  Early  Mormon  Life  of.    MS.;  Songs  of  the  Heart.     Salt  Lake  City, 

1876;  Women  of  the  Scriptures.     Salt  Lake  City,  1874. 
Kinney  (John  F.),  Speech  in  House  of  Rep.,  Jan.  27,  1864,  on  Loyalty  of 

Utah  to  U.  S. ;  Speech  on  March  17, 1864,  on  Territories  and  Settlement 

of  Utah.     Washington,  1864. 
Kirchhoff  (Theodor),  Reisebilder  and  skisaen  ana  Amerika.    New  York, 

1875-6.  2  vols. 
Kirtland  (Ohio),  Latter-day  Saints  Messenger  and  Advocate;  Northern  Times. 
Kneeland  (8.),  The  Wonders  of  Yosemite.    Boston,  1871. 

Labors  in  the  Vineyard.    Salt  Lake  City,  1884. 

Lapham  (F.),  in  Dawson's  Hist.  Mag.,  2d  ser.,  vil.  1870. 

Latter-day  Saints.    Cape  Town  (Africa). 

Latter-day  Saints  in  Utah.     Opinion  of  Judge  Snow,  etc.    n.d. 

Lausanne  (Switzerland)  Reflecteur. 

Lawrence  (C.  W.),  A  Few  Words  from  a  Past)r.    n.d. 

Laws  concerning  Naturalization,  etc.,  quoted  from  statutes,  etc. 

Lee  (Jolm  D. ),  Trial.     Salt  Lake  City,  1875. 

Leslie  (Mrs  Frank),  California:  A  Pleasure  Trip  firom  Gotham  to  the  Golden 

Gate.    New  York,  1877. 
L'^toile  du  D^seret    Paris,  1851-2. 
Lewis  (M.  G.),  Cooperation  in  Theory  and  Practice.    MS. 
Liberty  (Mo.),  Missouri  Enquirer. 

Libro  de  Mormon,  Trozos  Selectos.    Salt  Lake  Gty,  1875. 
Libro  di  Mormon,    n.d. 
Lieber  (F.),  in  Putnam's  Monthly,  v.  225. 

Life  among  the  Mormons,  in  Putnam's  Monthly,  Aug.  to  Dec.  1855. 
Life  among  the  Mormons.     By  an  Officer  of  the  U.  S.  A.     New  York,  1868. 
Life  of  Bill  Hickman,  Brighara  Young's  Destroying  AngeL    New  York,  1872. 
Liuforth  (James),  Reply  to  "Few  Vnirds  from  a  Pastor,"  etc.     Liverpool, 

n.d. ;  Route  from  Liverpool  to  Great  Salt  Lake  Valley.    Liverpool,  1855. 
Lippincott's  Magazine,  etc.     Philadelphia,  1868  et  seq. 
Littell's  Living  Age.    Boston,  1844  et  scq. 
Little  (F.),  Mail  Service  across  the  Plains.    MS. 
Little  ( J.  A. ),  Jacob  Hamlin.    Salt  Lake  Gty,  1881. 
Littlefield  (L.  O.),  Narrative  of  the  Massacre  of  Joseph  and  Hymm  Smith, 

Nauvoo,  1844;  The  Martyrs.    Salt  Lake  City,  1882. 
Liverpool  Mormon. 

Livesey  (Richard),  An  Exposure  of  Mormonism.    Ftcaton  (Eng.),  1838. 
Livre  de  Mormon.    n.d. 
Llyfr  Hymnau  (Wales).     n.d. 
Llyfr  Mormon  (Wales).     n.d. 


I:  lit 


IMT 


1:1 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


xzziii 


iretenaiona 


o  the  Golden 


Logan  (Utah),  Journal;  Leader. 

London  Monthly  Rev.,  new.  sen,  Hi.  1842,  v..  1852. 

Lorcuzona,  in  Cortds,  Hist  Mex.,  325. 

Los  Angeles  Herald;  News;  Star. 

Lossing  (B.  J.),  The  Mormons,  in  Harper's  Mag.,  vi.  OOS. 

Louisville  Courier-Journal. 

Lovejoy  (A.  L.),  Founding  of  Portland.     MS. 

Lowe  (J.  B.),  Monnonisin  Exposed.    Liverpool,  1852. 

Lndlow  (F.  H.),  Among  the  Mormons,  in  Atlantic  Monthly,  xiii.  479;  The 

Heart  of  the  Continent.    New  York,  1870. 
Lynn  (Catherine  Lewis),  Narrative  of  Some  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Mor< 

mons,  etc.     1848. 
Lyon  (J.),  The  Harp  of  Zion.    London  and  Liverpool,  1853. 

Mao  (R.  W.),  Monnonism  in  Hlinois,  in  Amer.  Whig  Review,  April,  June, 


London,  1851;  Lon- 
London.     2  vols.  n. 


and  Dec.  1852. 
Mackay  (Chas),  The  Mormons,  or  Latter-day  Saints. 

don,  1852;  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  1853;  London,  1854. 

impr. 

Madan  (M.),  Theljrphthora;  or,  A  Treatise  on  Federal  Ruin.    Loudon,  1781. 
Magasin  Pittoresque.     Paris,  1859  ct  seq. 

Marcy  (Col  K.  B.),  Thirty  Years  of  Army  Life  on  the  Border.    N.  Y.,  1866. 
Mariposa  (Cal. ),  Gazette. 

Marsh  (R.  K.),  Cotton  Growing  and  Manufacture.     MS. 
Marshall  (C),  Characteristics  of  Mormonism,  in  Transatlantic  Mag.,  Aug. 

1871 ;  Id.,  in  Frazer'a  Mag.,  no.  83, 692;  no.  84,  97. 
Marshall  (W.  G.),  Through  America.    London,  1881. 
Martin  (Moses),  A  Treatise  on  the  Fulness  of  the  Everlasting  GospeL    New 

York,  1842. 
Martin  (T.  S.),  Narrative  of  Fremont's  Expedition.     1845-7.    MS. 
Marurier  (X.),  Les  Voyageurs  Nouveaux.     Paris,  1860. 
Marysville  (Cal.),  Appeal. 
Mather  (F.  G.),  Early  Days  of  Mormonism,  in  Lippincott's  Mag.    August, 

1880. 
Mayer  (B.),  Mexico,  Aztec,  Spanish,  and  Republican.    Hartford,  1852. 
Mayhew  (H. ),  The  Mormons.    London,  1851,  1852. 
McBride  (J.  R.),  The  Route  by  Which  the  Mormons  Entered  Salt  Lake  Val- 

ley  in  1847.     MS. ;  Utah  and  Mormonism,  in  Intemat.  Rev.     New  York, 

February,  1882. 
McCabe,  Jr  (J.  D.),  A  Comprehensive  View  of  our  Country  and  its  Re- 
sources.    Philadelphia,  1876. 
McCarthy  (Justin),  Brigham  Young,  in  Galaxy,  Feb.  1870. 
McCauley  (I.  H. ),  History  of  Franklin  County,  Pennsylvania. 
McChesney  (James),  An  Antidote  to  Mormonism.    New  York,  1838. 
McClcllan  (R.  G.),  The  Golden  SUte.    San  Francisco,  1872. 
McClure  (A.  K.),  Three  Thousand  Miles  through  the  Ilocky  Monntains. 

Philadelphia,  1869. 
McGiaahan  (C.  F.),  History  of  the  Donner  Party.    Truckee,   1879;  San 

Francisco,  1880.  • 

McGiwty  vs  Hooper;  40th  cong.  2d  seas.,  H.  Com.  Rept,  79. 
McKinley  (Henry  J.),  Brigham  Young,  etc.     San  Francisco,  1870. 
McLaughlin  (A.  C),  Monnonism  Measured  by  the  Gospel  Rule.    Covington 

(Ky.),  1842. 
McNierce  (R.  G.),  in  Presb.  Rev.,  ii.  331. 
Memoir  of  the  Mormons.    South.  lit.  Messenger,  Nov.  1848. 
Memorial  of  Citizens  of  Salt  Lake  City,  March  31,  1870.  against  "Cullom" 

Bill.     Washington,  1870. 
Memorial  of  Legislative  Assembly  of  Utah.    Salt  Lake  City.  1882:  Waahins* 

ton(D.  C),  1884.  '  * 

Memorial  to  Congress.    Piano  (HI.),  1870.  ; 

Hist.  Utab.  « 


TT 


\\ 


ii ' 


'.       I 


zxxiT 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


Mendocino  (Cal.)*  Democrat. 

Mercwether  (H.  A.),  By  Sea  and  by  Land.    London,  1874. 

Mcrrish  (W.  J.),  The  Latter-day  Saints,  etc.     Ledbury,  n.d. 

Meteor.  Obserrations.     Washington,  1828. 

Meteor.  Register.     Washington,  1851. 

Mexico,  Anules  del  Ministerio  de  Foniento.     Mex.  1854,  vol.  1,  1855,  vol.  2. 

Miles  (J.)  VB  The  U.S. 

Millennial  Star.     Manchester,  1841;  Liverpool,  1842-54;  Liverpool  and  Lon* 

don,  1855  et  seq. 
Miller  (Joaquin),  Danites  in  the  Sierras.    Chicago,  1881;  First  Families  of  the 

Sierras.     Chicago,  1876. 
Miller  (N.  K.),  Federal  Affairs  in  Utah.     MS. 
Miller  (Reuben),  James  J.  Strang  Weighed  in  the  Balances,  etc.     Burlington 

(Iowa),  I84G. 
Mines  of  Utah,  List  of.     Salt  Lake  City,  1882. 
Missions,  Reports  of  the  Scandinavian,  Italian,  and  Prussian.     Liverpool, 

1853. 
Mokclumne  Hill  (Cal.),  Calaveras  Chronicle. 
Mullliauacn  (B.),  Tagcbauch  ciner  llcise  vom  Mississippi,  etc.    Liepzig,  1858; 

Der  Halbindianes.    Leipzig,  18C1;    Das  Mormonmiidchfin.     Jena  and 

Leipzig,  1864. 
Monogamy  and  Polygamy.     Boston,  1882. 
Montonu3(A.),  De  Nienwe  Weereld.     Amsterdam,  1671. 
Moore  (Aug.),  Pioneer  Experience.     MS. 

M  organ  (J. ),  Doctrines  of  the  Church;  Plan  of  Salvation.     Salt  Lake  City,  n.d. 
Morgan  (Martha  M.),  A  Trip  across  the  Plains.     San  Francisco,  1864. 
Morgan  (Wm  B.),  Mormonism  and  the  Bible.     London  and  Bristol,  n.d. 
Mornion  Battalion,  Repoit  of  the  Firat  General  Festival  of  the  Renowned. 

Salt  Luke  City,  n.d. 
Mormon  Doctrine.    Salt  Lake  City. 
Mormon  Hymn-book.     Liverpool  and  London,  1851. 
Mormonism:  Additional  Articles  on  in  the  following  magazines:  All  the  Year 

Round,  X.  247;  Amer.  Bib.  Repos.,  2d  sen,  ix.;  Amer.  Ch.   Rev.,  viii. ; 

Amcr.  Natun,  ix.;  Bentley,  Miscel.,  xxxviii.  61;  Brit.  Quart.   Rev., 

xxiii.  62,  XXXV.,  cxxii.  450;  Chamb.   Jour.,  xxxvii.,  liii.    193;  Christ. 

Exam.,  liii.;  Christ.  Obser.,  Ixii.  183;  Christ.  Rememb.,  iv.  278,  xxxiii. 

257,  xlv.  185;  Colbum  Monthly,  cxiv.  239,  cxxi.  253,  cxxxvi.  369;  Cong. 

Mag.,  xxvii.  641;  De  Bow,  Com.  Rev.,  xvi.;  Dem.  Rev.,  xl.  184,  xliii. 

294;  Dub.  Rev.  xxxiii.  77;  Dub.  Univ.  Mag.,  xxi.  288,  Iviii.;  Eclec. 

Mag.,  xxi.  400,  xcvii.  773;  Eclec.  Rev.,  xcvi.  669,  xcviii.  479;  Edinb. 

Rev,,  xcix. ;  Evan.  Rev.,  x. ;  Every  Sat.  xi.  291, 541 ;  Eraser  Mag. ,  Ixxxiii., 

Ixxxiv.;  Galaxy,  ii.,  iv.,  xiv.  677,  822;  Gent.  Mag.,  newser.,  vii.  xxv.; 

Hogg,  Instruc,  viii.  107,  321;  Hours  at  Home,  i. ;  Lakeside  Monthly,  i.; 

Lippincott,  Mag.,  vi.  41;  Littell,  Liv.  Age,  xxx.  429,  xlii.  99,  147,  xlix. 

602,  1.  429,  Ivi.  494,  Ixxviii.  124,  2d  ser.,  xx.;  Id.,  Mus.  For.  Lit.,  xlii., 

xlv.;  Lond.  Quart.  Rev.,  ii.  95,  xviii.  .351;  Meth.  Quart.,  iii.;  Monthly 

Rev.,  clix.  190;  Museum  For.  Lit.,  xlii.  370;  Natl.  Mag.,  iv.,  v.;  Natl. 

Quart.  Rev.,  xxxix.;  New  Englander,  xii.;  New  Quart.  Rev.,iv.;No. 

Brit.  Rev.,  xxxix.  207,  485;  Penn.  Monthly,  ii.;  Potter,  Amer.  Monthly, 

xvii.  298;  Presbt.  Rev.,  ii. ;  Princeton  Rev.,  xxiv.;  Putnam  Mag.,  v.  641, 

vi.  144,  602;  Sharpe,  London  Mag.,  xx.  55,  1.  29;  South.  Lit.  Messen., 

X.  526,  xiv.  641,  xvii.  170;  South.  Rev.,  new  ser.,  xx.  438;  Tait,  Edinb. 

Alag.,  xxiv.  763;  Temp.  Bar,  iv.  181;  U.  S.  Cath.  Mag.,  iv.  354;  U.  S. 

Wcstm.  Ixxxvii.  401;  Westminst.  Rev.,  lix.,  Ixxvi.  360,  Ixxxvii. 
Mormonism.     Cuttack  (Ind.),  1855. 
Mormonism  Examined,  etc.    Birmingham,  1855. 
Mormonism,  Its  Character,  Origin,  and  Tendency,    n.d. 
Mormonism.     London,  n.d. 

Mormonism  or  the  Bible,  etc.     Cambridge  and  London,  1852. 
Mormonism,  Past  and  Present.    Nor.  Brit.  Review,  Aug.  1863. 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


1855,  vol.  2. 
)ol  and  Lon* 
milies  of  the 

Burlington 

,    Liverpool, 

Ldepzig,  1858; 
1.    Jena  and 


ake  City,  n.d. 
.,  1864. 
istol,  n.d. 
ho  Renowned. 


i  All  the  Year 
h.   Rev.,  viii.; 
Quart.  Rev., 
L   193;  Christ. 
V.  278,  xxxiii. 
vi.  369;  Cong. 
,  xl.  184,  xliii. 
,  Iviii.;  Eclec. 
li.  479;  Edinb. 
■Mag.,lxxxiii., 
ser.,  vii.  xxv.; 
do  Monthly,  i. ; 
i.  99,  147,  xlix. 
For.  Lit.,  xlii., 
,  iii.;  Monthly 
,  iv.,  v.;  Natl. 
■  Rev.,iv.;No. 
>mer.  Monthly, 
m  Mag.,  v.  641, 
1.  Lit.  Messen., 
8;  Tait,  Edinb. 
,  iv.  354;  U.  S. 
Ixxxvii. 


m 


Mormonism  Self-refuted  (by  D.  K.)    London,  n.d. 

Mormoniain  Unveiled.     Calcutta,  1852. 

Monnoniam  Unveilou,  etc.     Loudon,  1855. 

Mormonism  Unveiled,  Life  and  Confessions  of  John  D.  Jjee.     St  Louis,  1877. 

Mormonismcn  och  Swedenborgianismen.     Upsala,  1854. 

Mormon  Pamphlets.     A  collection  of  thirteen  brochures  referred  to  by  titles. 

Mormon  Politics  and  Policy  in  San  Bernardino  Co.,  CaL     Los  Angeles,  1856. 

Mormons  Bog.    n.d. 

Mormons  (Tlie),  History  of  their  Leading  Men,  in  Phren.  Jour.,  Nov.  1866. 

Mormons  (The),  in  Utah.     Bentley's  Miscel,  Jan.  1855. 

Mormons  (The).     London,  1851,  1852. 

Mormons:  their  Politics  and  Policy.     Los  Angeles,  1856. 

Mormon's  Wife  (The),  in  Putnam's  Monthly,  June  1855. 

Mormon  Women  in  Mass  Meeting.    Salt  Lake  City,  Nov.  16,  1878. 

Morris  (Annie),  A  Week  among  the  Mormons.     Lipp.  Mag.,  July  1870. 

Morrish  (W.  J.),  Latter-day  Saints  and  Book  of  Mormon.  Ledbury  (Eng.), 
1840. 

Morse,  Washington  Territory.     MS. 

Mota-Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  ui.  14,  158-69. 

Mountain  Meadows  Massacre.     Trial  of  John  D.  Lee.     Salt  Lake  City,  1875. 

Mountain  of  the  Lord's  House.     Piano  (111. ) 

Muhlenpfordt  (E.),  Versuch  einer  getreuen  Schilder.  Repub.  Mex.  Hano- 
ver, 1844.  3  vols. 

MulhoUand  (James),  An  Address  to  Americans.     Nauvoo,  1841. 

Murdock  (John),  Persecutions  of  the  Latter-day  Saints,  etc.;  Sydney  (Aus- 
tralia), 1852;  Zion's  Watchman.    Sydney,  1852. 

Murphy  (J.  R.),  Mineral  Resour.  of  Utah.     San  Francisco,  1872. 

Murray  (Eli  H.),  Message  to  the  Legislative  Assembly,  1884;  Remarks  on  tha 
Way  out  of  the  Difficulty.     MS. 

Musser(A.  M.),  Defence  of  our  People.  Philadelphia,  1877;  Fruits  of  Mor> 
Salt  Lake  City,  1878. 


monism. 


Napa  County  Reporter. 

Narrative  of  Some  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Mormons,    n.d. 

Narrative  of  the  Massacre  of  Joseph  and  Hyrum  Smith.     (Anon.)  n.d. 

Natl.  Almanac.     Phila.,  San  Francisco,  Loudon,  and  Paris,  1863  et  seq. 

Natl.  Democ.  Quart.  Rev.     Washington,  1859  et  seq., 

Nauvoo  (111.).  Ensign  and  Zaralicmla  Standard;  LEtoile  du  Deseret;  Ex- 
positor; Neighbor;  Patriot;  Wasp. 

Nebeker  (John),  Early  Justice.     MS. 

NeUl  (E.  D.),  in  Hist.  Mag.,  xvi.  68. 

NclBon's  Picture  Guide  Books.     New  York,  n.d. 

Nevada  (CaL),  Journal 

Nevada,  Journals  of  Assembly  and  Senate,  1864  et  seq 

Nevers,  Nevada  Pioneers.     MS. 

New  Amer.,  in  All  the  Year  Round,  xvii.  1867. 

New  Amer.  Religions,  in  Lond.  Quart.  Rev.,  cxxii.  1867. 

Newman  (J.  P.),  A  Sermon  with  an  Answer  by  0.  Pratt  Salt  Lake  City, 
1870. 

New  Orleans  Picayune. 

Newspapers  of  Utah  and  other  territories  of  the  Pacific  U.  S.,  etc.  The 
most  important  are  cited  under  the  name  of  the  town  where  published, 
and  many  of  them  named  in  this  list. 

New  York  Courier  and  Enquirer;  Herald;  Mail;  Mormon  Intelligence;  Ob- 
server; Prophet;  Sun;  Times;  Wall  St  Journal. 

Nioholay  (C.  G.),  Oregon  Territory.    London,  1846. 

Nicholson  (John),  Comprehensive  Salvation.     Liverpool,  1880;  The  Latter- 
day  Prophet.    Salt  Lake  City,  n.d.;  The  Means  of  Escape.     Liverpool, 
1878;  The  Modem  Prophet:  The  Preceptor.    Salt  Lake  City,  1883. 
Nickerson  (Freeman),  Death  of  the  Prophet.     Boston,  1844. 


izxvl 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


Nulever,  Life  and  Adv.    MS. 

Niles'  Iteguter,  Baltimore,  eto.,  1847  et  leq. 

Minetountu  Century.     London,  1884. 

MordofF  (Chas),  California  for  Health,  Pleasure,  etc.    New  York,  1873. 

North  American  Review.     Boston,  1850  et  seq. 

Noticiaa,  in  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  671-2. 

Nouvclles  Annalcs  des  Voyap;e8.     Paris,  1847  et  ueq. 

Oakland  Monthly  Review;  Tribune. 

O'Bit  O  TcLuk  between  Two  Berry  Chaps  obeawt  th'  Latter-day  Saints,  et& 

BurylEng.),  1848. 
Observations  in  Utah.     MS. 

Ogden(Utuh),   Freeman;  Herald;  Junction;  Times. 
Olive  Branch.     Kirtland  {0.),  and  Springfield  (111.),  184^.  JO. 
Obliausen  (Theodor),  Geschichte  dcr  Mormoncii,  etc.     Gottingen,  1856. 
Olympia  (Wash. ),  Pioneer  and  Democrat;  Puget  Sound  Courier;  Puget  Sound 

Ilerald;   VVashinston  Standard. 
Omaha  (Neb.),  New  West,  Republican. 
Onderdonk  (J.  L.),  in  Nat.  Quart.  Rev.,  xxxix.  80. 
Ontario  Mining  Company,  Report,  1881-3. 

Origin  and  History  of  the  Mormonitcs,  in  Eclectic  Mag.,  Nov.  1850L 
Origin  of  the  Morm.  Imposture,  in  Littell's  Liv.  Age,  xxx.  1851. 
OiT  (Adrian),  Mormonism  Dissected.     Bothania  (Pa.),  1841. 
Overland  Monthly.     San  Francisco,  1868  et  seq. 
Oviedo,  iv.  19. 
Oxford,  Idaho  Enterprise. 


13  vols. 

New  York,  1881;  In  the 


Pacific  Railroad  Reports.     Washington,  1855-60, 
Paddock  (Cornelia),  Fate  of  Madame  La  Tour. 

Toils,  etc.    Chicago,  1879. 
Page  (John  E.),  Tho  Spaulding  Story,  etc..  Exposed.     Pkno  (HI.),  1866. 
Palmer  (Joel),  Journal  of  Travels  over  tho  Rocky  Mountains,  1845-6.     Cin* 

cinnati.  1852. 
Palmer  (W.),  Mormonism  Briefly  Examined.    London,  n.d. 
Palou,  Not.,  ii.  281-2. 
Panama,  Star  and  Herald. 
Park  (J.  R.),  Educational  Afiairs  in  Utah.    MS. 
Parker  (Samuel),  Journey  beyond  the  Rocky  Monntains.    Ithaca  (N.  Y.), 

etc.,  1840,  1842,  184G. 
Parry  (C.  C),  in  Amer.  Natural.,  ix.  14-346. 
Parry  (J.  H.),  The  Mormon  Metropolis.     Salt  Lake  City,  1883. 
Parsons  (T.),  Mormon  Fanaticism  Exposed.    Boston,  1841. 
Patterson  (R.),  History  of  Washington  County,  Pa.    Phikdelphia,  1882. 
Patterson  (Robt),  Who  Wrote  the  Book  of  Mormon?    Philadelphia,  1882. 
Pearl  of  Great  Price.    Salt  Lake  City,  1878. 
Peck  (G.),  in  Meth.  Quart.,  ill.  HI. 
Penrose  (C.  W.),  Mormon  Doctrine.    Salt  Lake  City,  1832. 
t'erpetual  Emigrating  Fund.     MS. 
Petaluma  (Cal.),  Argus;  Crescent;  Journal  and  Argus. 
Peters  (De  W.  C. ),  Life  and  Adventures  of  Kit  Carson.    Nev  York,  1859. 
Phelps  (W.  W.),  Deseret  Almanac,  1851  et  seq. 
Philadelphia  (Pa),  Gospel  Reflector. 
Philip  Horry,  in  Simpson's  Explor.,  490. 

Pierrepont  (Edward),  Fifth  Avenue  to  Alaska.    N.  Y.  and  Lond.  1884. 
Pioche  (Nflv.),  Record. 

Pittsburg  (Pa),  Baptist  Witness;  Latter-day  Saints  Messenger  and  Ad70oat«. 
t*lacer  (Cal.),  Herald;  Times. 

Placerville  (CaL),  Tri-weeklv  R<>glster,  June  24,  1858. 
Plain  Questions  for  Mormonites.   By  One  Who  Knows  They  «re  not  Sunti. 

Loudon,  1852. 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


SSXTli 


Piano  (IlL),  True  Latter-day  Saints'  llurald;  Saints'  Advocate. 

Player-Frowd  (J.  O.),  Six  Months  iu  Cttlifornia.     Loudon,  1872. 

rontical  I'amphlets.  A  collection  of  twenty  brochures  referred  to  by  titls 
and  number.    Salt  Lako  City,  1870. 

Polygamy  and  Monogamy  Compared.  Tbe  History  and  Fbilonophy  of  Mar- 
riage.    Boston,  1873. 

Popukr  .Science  Monthly.     New  York,  1872  ctscq. 

Porthind  (Or.),  Bee;  Duutsch  Zeitung;  Herald;  Lantern;  Oregonian;  Stand- 
ard. 

Port  Townsend  (Wash.),  Dumocratio  Press. 

Powell  (.J.  W.),  Explor.  of  the  Colorado  River  of  the  West.  Washington, 
1875;  Geol.  of  East.  Uinta  Mountains.  Wash.,  1870;  Gcol.  Surv.  of 
Rocky  Mountains.  Wash.,  1877;  Rept  on  Lauds  of  Arid  Ilegion.  Wash., 
1879. 

Pratt  (Belinda  Mardeu),  Defence  of  Polygamy  by  a  Lady  of  Utah.  Salt  Lake 
City,  1854.     Republished  in  Millennial  Star  of  July  20,  1851. 

Pratt  (Orson),  Remarkable  Visions.  Edinburgh,  1840;  Liverpool,  1848;  Ac- 
count of  Several  Remarkable  Visions.  Now  York,  1811,  1842;  Was 
Joseph  Smith  .Scut  of  God  ?  Liverpool,  1848;  Kingdom  of  God,  iu  4  parts. 
Liverpool,  1848-9;  New  Jerusalem,  etc.  Liverpool,  1849;  Divine  Autlicn- 
ticity  of  the  Book  of  Mormon.  0  nos.  Liverpool,  IS.iO-l ;  Reply  to  "  Re- 
marks on  Mormonism,"  etc.  Liverpool,  1849;  Reply  to  T.  W.  P.  Taylder. 
Liverpool,  1849;  Great  First  Cause,  etc.  Liverpool,  Ifij/ :  Twenty-four 
Miracles.  Liverpool,  1857;  Spiritual  Gifts.  Liverpiwl  and  London,  1357? 
Universal  Apostacy,  etc.  Liverpool,  lo57;  The  Se«r,  vol.  i.  12  numbers, 
ii.  8  numbers.  Washington,  1853  ct  seq. ;  A  Sji  .es  of  '  'amphleta  on  Faith, 
Repentance,  Baptism,  Holy  Spirit,  Spiritual  Gift?i,  etc.  Liverpool.  1851, 
1857;  Reply  to  Newman's  Sermon.  Salt  Lake  City,  lti70;  Bible  and 
Polygamy.  Salt  Lako  City,  1877;  Cubic  and  Biquadratic  Equations. 
London  and  Liverpool,  18(JU;  Key  to  the  Universe.  London  and  Liver- 
pool, j );  Salt  Lake  City,  1879;  Works,  A  Series  of  Pamphlets  on  the 

Doctnues  of  the  Gospel.    Salt  Lake  City,  18S4. 

Pratt  (Orson)  and  Newman  (J.  P.),  Discussion  on  Polygamy.  Suit  L.ake 
City,  Aug.  12-14,  1870. 

Pratt  (Orson),  Smith  (G.  A.),  and  Cannon  (G.  Q.),  Discourses  on  Celestial 
Marriage.    Salt  Lake  City,  Oct.  7,  1SG9. 

Pratt  (Parley  P.),  Journal  of  the  Elders  and  their  Missions.  Liverpool, 
1837-8;  The  Millennium  and  Other  Poems,  etc.  New  York,  1840;  Late 
Persecution.  New  York,  1840;  Appeal  to  the  Inhabitants  of  New  York 
State.  Nauvoo  (111.),  1841;  Letter  to  Queen  Victoria.  Man-jhostcr, 
1841;  Heaven  on  Earth.  Liverpool,  1841;  Voice  of  Warning  and  In- 
struction.    New  York,  1837;  Liverpool  ( );  London,  1854;  Salt  Lake 

City,  1874;  Mormon  Herald.  San  Francisco  (Cal.),  1855  et  seq.;  Voix 
d'Avcrtissement.  n.d.;  Fountain  of  Knowledge,  n.d.;  Intelligence  and 
Affection,  n.d.;  Immortality  of  the  Body,  n.d.;  Priodas  a  Moesau  yu 
Utali  (Wales),  n.d.;  Key  to  the  Science  of  Theology.  Liverpool  and 
London,  18."i5;  Salt  Lake  City,  1874;  Marriage  and  Morals  in  Utah. 
Liverpool,  1850;  Autobiography.  New  York,  1874;  An  Addresa  to  tlie 
People  of  England,  etc.  Manchester,  1840;  Mormonism  Unveiled,  etc. 
New  York,  18.18;  Prochvmation,  etc.  Sydney  (N.  S.  W.),  1852;  Repent, 
Ye  People  of  California.  San  Francisco,  1854;  Scriptural  Evidences  in 
Favor  of  Polygamy.  San  Francisco,  1850;  The  Angel  of  the  Prairies. 
Salt  Lake  City,  1880;  Treatise  on  the  Regeneration  and  Eternal  Duration 
of  Matter.    New  York,  1840. 

Prescott  (Ariz.),  Miner. 

Price  (R.  L.),  The  Two  Americas.    Philadelphia,  1877. 
Prichard  ( Jas  C. ),  Researches  into  the  Physical  History  of  Mankind.     Lon- 
don, 1830;  London,  1847.  5  vols. 
Prieto  (G.),  Viajo  ii  los  Estados  Uni'os.     Mexico,  1877-9.  3  vola. 
Prime  (E.  D.  G.),  Around  the  World.    New  York,  1872. 


i.i 


UCXTUl 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


Pioclamation  of  the  Twelve  Apostles,  etc.     N.  Y.  and  Liverpool,  1845. 

Prophwjtl  y  Jubili.     Merthyr  TydvU,  South  Wales. 

Provo  (Utftli),  Enr|uirer;  Times. 

Putnam's  Mattazin  .     New  York,  i863  et  seq. 

Quigley  (Hugh),  The  Irish  Race  in  California,  etc.    San  Francisco,  I87S. 

Rae  (W.  F.),  Westward  by  Rail.     London,  1870. 

Itaircuapcrger  (Mrs),  in  Scribuer'a-Monthly,  iii.  072. 

Rainusio,  Viaggi,  iii.  359-63. 

liaiulolph's  Oration,  31.3-14. 

Riiymoud  ( Rossi ter  W.),  Mining  Industry  of  the  States  and  Territories  of 

the  Rocky  Mountains.    New  York,  1874;  Silver  and  Gold.    New  York, 

1S73;  Statistics  of  Mines  and  Mining.     Washington,  1873. 
Reasons  Why  I  cannot  Become  a  Mormonite.     London,  n.d. 
Red  Blutr(Cal.),  Independent;  Sentinel, 
lleeso  (J. ),  Mormon  Station.     MS. 

Rt'id  (Maync),  The  Mormon  Monsters,  in  Onward,  Nov.  1869. 
Rojoctiou  of  tlio  Church.     Planu  (III.) 

Relaeion  <lc  Castafieda.     Teniaux-Compans,  sorie  i.  torn.  ix.  61-5. 
IiLligioua  PaiTiphlets.     A  collection  of  "25  pamphlets.     S.  L.  City,  1879. 
Remarks  on  Moruionism.     Glasgow  (Scot.),  n.d. 
Remo,  Orlentale  et  Araericanc.     n.d. 
Reinunstrancc  and  Resolutions  adopted  by  a  mass  meeting  of  the  citizens  of 

Utah  against  the  Culloni  Bill.     Salt  Lake  City,  1S70. 
IU;my  (.Jules),  Voyage  au  pays  des  Mormons.     Paris,  1860.  2  vols. 
Roiny  (.Jules)  and  Julius  Brenchley,  A  Journey  to  Great  Salt  Lake  City. 

London,  ISGl.  2  vols. 
Reno  (Nov.),  Gazette;  State  Journal. 
Reorjiauization  of  the  Legislative  Power  of  Utah  Territory.     Minority  Report 

of  Committee  on  Territories.     Washington,  1884. 
Report  of  the  First  General  Festival  of  the  Renowned  Mormon  Battalion. 

Salt  LiikeCity,  1S55. 
Report  of  the  Grand  Jury,  1878. 
Report  of  Tliree  Nights'  Public  Discussion  in  Bolton  (Eng.),  etc,     Liverpool, 

1851. 
Report  of  Utah  Commission.     Washington,  1884. 
Report  on  Covemor's  Message.     Salt  Lake  City,  1882. 
Review  of  the  Opinion  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  in  Reynolds  vs  U.  S. 

Salt  Uke  City,  1878. 
Revised  Laws  of  the  Nauvoo  Legion.     Nauvoo,  1844. 
Reviscil  Ordinances  of  Provo  City.     Salt  Lake  City,  1877. 
Rovoil,  Les  Ilai-ems  du  Nouveau  Monde.     Paris,  1856. 
Revue  des  Deux  Mondcs.     Paris,  1839  et  seq. 
Revue  Orientalo  et  Americame.     Paris,  1859  et  seq. 
Reynolds  (George).  Are  We  of  Israel?    Salt  Lake  City,  1883;  Myth  of  tho 

Manuscript  Found.     Salt  Lako  City,  18S3;  The  Book  of  Abraham.    Salt 

Lake  City,  1879;  Plaintiff  in  Error  vs  U.  S.    n.d. 
Rhinehart  Memoranda.     M.S. 
Ribas,  Hist.  Triuuiphos,  20-7. 

Richards  (Franklin  D.),  Bibliography  of  Utah.     MS.;   European   Emigra- 
tion to  Utah.     Ms.;  Compendium  of  tho  Faith  and  Doctrines  of  tho 

Church,  etc.    Liverpool,  1857.    Narrative.    MS. ;  Private  Journal.    M.S. ; 

The  Book  of  Mormon.     MS. ;  Tho  Pearl  of  Great  Price.     Liverpool,  1851 ; 

Revised.     Salt  Lake  City,  1878;  Tracts. 
Richards  (F.  D.)  and  Little  (Janes  A.),  Compendium  of  the  Doctrines  of  the 

Gospel.     Salt  Lako  City,  1882,  1884. 
Richards  (Franklin  S.),  Bennett,  Uavkucss,  and  Kirkpatrick,  Argument  on 

the  Elections  in  Utali.     Salt  Lake  City,  1884. 
Richards  (J.),  What  is  Monuuuism?    Madras  (Uiud.),  1853. 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


XWIX 


[,  1845. 


»,  187S. 


'erritoriea  of 
New  York, 


5. 

jr.  1879. 

le  citizens  of 

>ls. 

:  Lake  City. 

:iority  Report 
)n  Battalion. 

Liverpool, 
)l(lfl  V3  U.  S. 


Myth  of  the 
rahoiu.    Salt 


ean  Emigra- 
rines  of  tho 
urniil.  MS.; 
erpool,  ISol ; 

itrinea  of  tlie 

Lrgumeut  oa 


Eicharda  (.Mrs  F.  I).).  Reminiscences.  MS.;  The  Inner  Facts  of  Social  Life 
in  Utah.     MS. 

Richards  (Willard),  Address  to  Chancellor  and  Regents  of  Deseret  University. 
Great  Salt  Lake  City,  April  17,  iJviO. 

Richardson  (A.  D.),  IJeyond  the  MiiaisaippL     Hartford,  1867. 

Richardson  (D.),  Preexisteuce  of  Man,  etc.  n.d.;  Faith  of  the  Latter-day 
Saints. 

Richardson  (David  M.),  Address  to  Congresi     Detroit  (Mich.),  1882. 

Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Mormon  Faith  and  People,  in  South.  Lit.  Messenger, 
Sept.  1844. 

Roberts  (C.  M.),  Politics  and  Religion.     MS. 

Rf)biiison  (Phil.),  Sinners  and  Saints.     Boston,  1883. 

Rockwell  (O.  P.),  The  Destroying  Angels,  etc.     San  Francisco,  1878. 

Rockwiiod  (A.  P.),  Report  on  Zion  Coop.  Fish  A»ociation.    S.  L.  City,  1878. 

Rodeubough  (Theo.  F.),  From  £vei;glade  to  Canon  with  the  Second  Dragoons. 
New  York,  1875. 

RoUo  (J.  B.),  Mormonism  Exposed.     Edinl<nrf;h,  1S41. 

Ross  (James)  and  George  Gary,  From  Wisconsin  to  CaL  and  Return.  Madi- 
son, 1SG9. 

Ruby  City  (Idaho),  Avalanche. 

Ruby  Hill  (Nev.),  Miring  News. 

Rutlncr  (K.  11.),  Report  of  Reconnais.  in  the  TTtc  Country.     Wash.,  1876. 

Rules  and  Practice  of  the  District  Court,  etc.     .Salt  Lake  City,  18G8. 

Rusling  (Jas  F.),  Across  America.     New  York,  1S74. 

Ruxton  (Geo.  F.),  Life  in  the  Far  West.     New  York,  1835. 

Sacramento  (Cal.),  Bee;  Record-Union;  Union. 

Sall'ord  (A.  K.  P.),  Narrative.     MS. 

Saint  Abe  and  his  Seven  Wives.  A  Tale  of  Salt 'Lake  City.  (Poem.)  Lon- 
don, 1872. 

Sala  (George  A. ),  America  Revisited.     London,  ISS'2.  2  vols. 

Saloni  (Or.),  Oregon  Argus;  Oregon  Statesman. 

Saluiuron,  in  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  .'kl  ser.,  pt  iv.  7-9. 

Salt  Lake  City  (Utah),  Newspapers:  Anti-Polygamy  Standard;  Birknben 
(Scandinavian);  Christian  Advocate;  City  Review;  College  Lantern;  Con- 
tributor; Deseret  News;  Educational  Journal;  Footlights;  Grocer;  Hur- 
nld;  Independent;  Journal;  Juvenile  Instructor;  Leader;  Mail;  Miner; 
Monthly  Ilocurd;  Mormon  Expositor;  Mormon  Tribune;  Mountiiincer; 
Nnw  Endowment;  News;  Peep  o'  Dtoy;  Press;  Real  Estiito  Circular; 
Rocky  Mountain  Christian  Advocate:  Skandinav;  Telegraph;  Tribune; 
Union  Vidotte;  Utah  Commercial;  Utah  Ma^^azinc;  Utah  Mining  Ga- 
zcttc;  Utah  Mining  Journal;  Utah  Muaical  Times;  Utah  Postcu  (Danish); 
Utah  Reporter;  Utah  Review;  Valley  Tan;  Western  Magazine  (Utah 
c(l.);  Woman's  Exponent. 

Salt  Lako  Fruit.     Boston,  1884. 

Sauisou  (G.  W.),  in  Scribner's  Monthly,  iii.  1872. 

San  IJeiiKuUno  Guardian. 

Sau  liuonaventura  Ventura  Free  Press. 

Saa  Diego  News;  Union. 

Sun  Francisco  (Cal.),  Newspap-rs:  Abend  P<»t:  Alta  California;  Cal.  Chris- 
tian Atlvocatc;  Cal.  Courier;  Cal.  Farmer;  Cal.  Mercantile  Journal;  Cal. 
Star;  Cal.  Teacher;  Call;  Chronicle;  Commercial  Herald  an<l  Market  Re- 
view; Despatch  and  Vanguard;  Echo  du  Pacifiqne;  Evening  Bulletin; 
Examiner;  Golden  Era;  Herald;  Mercantile  (fJazettc;  Mercantile  Journal; 
Milling  Review,  etc.;  Mining  ami  Scientific  Pre**;  .Monitor;  News  Letter; 
Occident;  Pacific  B.iptist;  Pacific  < 'burchtnan;  Pacific  News;  Pacific 
Observer;  Pacific  Rural  Press-  "'  »>Tine;  Pioneer;  Post;  Scientific  Press; 
Stock  Exchange;  Stock  Rt,  ,  Timeit;  Town  Talk;  Visitor;  Western 
Standard,  1850-8;  Wide  West. 

San  Jusii  (CaL ),  Argus;  Mercury:  Pioneer;  Timea. 


ttmmMWBOBBi 


I    I 


Washington,  1870L 
Philadelphia,  18»H. 


«  AUTHORITIES  CONSULTEDl 

San  Luis  Obispo  Tribune. 

Santa  liarbara  Index. 

Santa  Cruz  Sentinel. 

Santa  Gosa  Times. 

Sargent  (A.  A.),  Speech  in  House  of  Rep.,  Feb.  23,  1870. 

Saxon  (Isabella),  Five  Years  within  the  Golden  State. 

Scenes  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.     Philadelphia,  1846. 

Schiel  (Doct.  J.),  Reise  durch  die  Felsengebirge  SchaflToausen.     1859. 

Schott  (Chas  A.),  Tables  of  Temperature,  etc.  Washington,  1876;  Tables  of 
Rain  and  Snow,  etc.     Washington,  1872. 

Scribner's  Monthly  Magazine  (later  the  Century).    New  York,  1871  et  seq. 

Seattle  (Wash.),  Intelligencer;  Pacific  Tribune;  Puget  Sound  Despatch. 

Second  General  Epistle  of  the  Presidency  of  the  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of 
Latter-day  Saints.  Salt  Lake  City,  1849;  Third  ditto.  Salt  Lake  City, 
1850. 

Seeley  (11.  H.),  The  Mormons  and  their  Religion,  in  Scribner's  Monthly,  iii. 
396. 

Seer  (The).    Washington  and  LiverpooL 

Serra,  Memorial,  March  1873.    MS, 

Sexton  (Geo.),  A  Portraiture  of  Mormonisni.     London,  1849. 

Shearer  (Joel),  Mysteries  Revealed.     Council  Bluffs  (Iowa),  1854. 

Shearer  (Joel)  and  Swett  (Wm),  Comments  on  the  Kingdom  of  God.  Cotm- 
cil  Blutfs  (Iowa),  1854. 

Shearer,  Journal  of  a  Trip  to  California.     1849.     MS. 

Sheen  ( Isaac),  The  Narrow  Way.  Piano  (111. );  The  Plan  of  Salvation.  Piano 
(111.) 

Sliephcrd  (M.  L.),  Colonizing  of  San  Bernardino.    MS. 

Shuck  (0.  T.),  Cal.  Scrap-book.  San  Francisco,  1869;  Rep.  Men.  San  Fran- 
cisco, 1870,  1875. 

Silliinau  (Benjamin),  Amer.  Jour,  of  Science  and  Art.  New  Haven,  1846 
et  scq. 

Silver  City  (Idaho),  Avalanche. 

Silver  Koef  (Utah),  Echo;  Miner. 

Simonin  (L.),  Lo  Grand-Ouest  des  Etats-Unis.  Paris,  1869;  Les  Mines  d'Or 
et  d'.lrgent  aux  Etats-Unis,  in  Reveue  des  Deux  Mondes.     Nov.  1875. 

Simons  (John),  A  Few  More  Facts,  etc.     Dymock  (Eng.),  1840. 

Simpson  (J.  H.),  On  the  Change  of  Route  West  from  Omaha,  proposed  by 
the  U.  P.  Railroad.  Washington,  1865;  Rept.  on  U.  P.  Railroad  ana 
Branches.  Washington,  1 805;  Shortest  Route  to  Cal.  Philadelphia, 
ISO!);  Report  of  Explorations  across  the  Great  Basin,  etc.  Washuigton, 
1870. 

Simpson  (S.),  Mormonism:  Its  History,  Doctrine,  etc.    London,  u.d. 

Siskiyou  County  Affairs.     MS. 

Skelton  (Robt)  and  Meik  (J.  P.),  Defence  of  Mormonism.    Calcutta,  1855. 

Sketches  of  Mormonism,  as  Drawn  by  Brigham  Young  and  the  Eiders,  in 
Western  Lit.  Messenger,  July  1856. 

Slater  (N.),  Fniits  of  Mormonism.     Coloma  (Cal.),  1851. 

Sloan  (E.  L.),  Gazetteer  of  Utah.     Salt  Lake  City,  1874. 

Sloan  (R.  W.),  Utah  Gazetteer.     Salt  Lake  City,  1884. 

Sloan  (Robt  W.),  and  Others,  Utah,  Her  Attractions  and  ResourcetL.  S.  L. 
City,  1881. 

Smith  (Alexander  H.),  Polygamy,  etc.     Piano  (111.) 

Smith  (Charles  H.),  The  Monnonites.  Bristol  (Kng.),  1849. 

Smith  (Clark),  Mystery  and  Crime  in  the  Land  of  the  Ute.  Cornelius  (Or.), 
1878. 

Smith  (David  H.),  The  Bible  versus  Polygamy.     Piano  (111.) 

Smith  (blmma),  Selection  '  f  Hymns.     Independence  (Mo.),  1832. 

Smith  (Geo.  A.),  Plea  on  Trial  of  Howard  Egan.  Liverpool,  1852;  Rise, 
Progress,  etc.,  of  Latter-day  Saints.  Salt  Lake  City,  1809,  1872;  Liver- 
pool and  Loudon,  1873;  Discourse  on  Celestial  Marriage.    Oct.  8,  1809. 


;      i' 


I' '  ! 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


sit 


Zarich 


4. 

God.    CJoun- 

■ition.    Piano 

-1 

1.     San  Fran- 

Haven,  1846 

-'^-'i^^H 

3  Mines  d'Or 
Nov.  1875. 

IH 

proposed  by 
Railroad  and 
Philadelphia, 

Washington, 

u.d. 

^m 

ilcntta,  1855. 
he  ElU!crs,  in 

Smith  (J.),  Items  of  Church  History,  etc.    Salt  Lake  City,  1884. 
Smith   (J.   L.),   Einige   Worte  on  die  Heiligen  der  Lezten  Tage. 

(Switz.),  1861.  ..^       .  . 

Smith  (Joseph),  Reply  to  Orson  Pratt.    Piano  (111.);  ''Who  then  can  be 

Saved?"    Piano  (111.)  ^        ,      , 

Smith,  Jr  (Joseph),  Book  of  Mormon.     Palmyra  (N.  Y.),  1830;  Completely 
Revised  by  the  Translator.    Nauvoo  (111.),  1840;  Liverpool,  1852;  New 

York,  ( );  Salt  Lake  City,  1871,  1879;  The  Holy  Scriptures  Translated 

and  Corrected  by  the  Spirit  of  Revelation.     Piano  (111.),  1807;  Book  of 
Doctrine  and  Covenants,  etc.     Nauvoo,  1846;   Liverpool,  1854;   Liver- 
pool, n.d.:  Liverpool,  1882;  Salt  Lake  City,  1876;  Views  of  the  Powers 
and  Policy  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States.     Nauvoo,  1844. 
Smith,  Jr  (Joseph),  Correspondence  between,  and  John  Wentworth,  James 
A.  Bennett,  and  John  C.  Callioun.     New  York,  1844;  and  Young  (Brig- 
ham),  Discourses  on  the  Relation  of  the  Mormons  to  the  Government. 
Salt  Lake  City,  1855. 
Smith  (Lucy),  Biog.  Sketches  of  Joseph  Smith,  etc.    Liverpool,  1853. 
Smith  (Mary  Ettie  V.),  Fifteen  Years  among  the  Mormons.     N.  Y.,  1858. 
Smith,  Narrative  of  the  Assassination  of  Joseph  and  Hymm.     By  an  Eye- 
witness. 
Smith  (The  Prophet  Joseph),  Questions  and  Answers.     Salt  Lake  City,  1882. 
Smith  (T.  W.).  Spir  itualism  Viewed  from  a  Scriptural  Standpoint.    Piano  (111. ); 
The  " '  me  Ba  Usm, "  etc.     Piano  (111. )    The  "  One  Body. "    Piano  (111. ) 
Smith  '\\  r;,  E-    ('  'ion  Given  to.     Philadelphia,  1848;  Slanders  Refuted, 

etc.,  o  d 
Smithsonij-n  ^ristitul ion,  Annual  Reports.     Washington,  1853  et  scq. 
Smoot  (Marga'  .;C  .j>.).  Experience  of  a,  Mormon  Wife.     MS. 
Smucker  (Sam'l  H.),  The  Rcli^'ious,  Social,  and  Political  History  of  the 

Mormons.     N.  Y.,  1850,  1800. 
.Smyth  (John  H.),  Homestead  Law,  etc. 

.Snow  (Eliza  R.),  Hymns  and  Songs.     Salt  Lake  City,  1880;  Poems,  Religious, 
Historical,  and  Political.     Liverpool  and  London,  1856.  vol.  i.;  Salt  Lake 
City,  1877.  vol.  ii.;  Women's  Organizations  in  Utah.     MS.;  Bible  Ques- 
tions and  Answers.     Salt  Lake  City,  1S81  and  1884;  Brief  Ske:ch.    ilS.; 
Biography  of  Lorenzo  Snow.     Salt  Lake  City,  18S4;  Children's  Primary 
Hymn  Book.     Salt  Lake  City,  1880  and  1882;  Correspondence  of  Pales- 
tine Tourists.     Salt  Lake  City,  1875;  Reoiuitions  for  the  Primai-y  Asso- 
ciations, Books  nos.  1  and  2.     Salt  I^kn  City,  1882;  Sketch  of  my  Life. 
MS.;  Time  Book.    Salt  Lake  City,  1880. 
Snow  (Eraatus),  En  rost  friin  landct  Zion.     Copenhagen  (Den.),  1852;  One 
Year  in  Scandinavia,  etc.     n.d.;  Skandinabieua  Stieme.    Copenliagen, 
1851. 
Snow  (E.)  and  Winchester  (B.)  Ai'.  -'  e;"  to  the  Citizens  of  Salem  (Mass.),  1841. 
Snow  (Lorenzo),  Voice  of  Josof  >,  do      Liverpool  and  Lond.  IS.VJ;  Only  Way 
to  be  Saved.     Lindou.  !;<")[;  M  ,iJra3,  1S53;  Italian  Mission,     n.d.;  La 
Voix  do  Joseph,  e><:.     Tiir'a  (icdly),  1851;  Exposition  des  Premier  I'rin- 
cipes  de  la  Doctrine  vK  1'}.  !•<.  <,.<  .Icsu^  Christ,  etc.     Turin  (Italy),  1851. 
Snow  (Z.)  ( Atty-iJinl. ),  Co.ninu   u-At:o«is  to  Uta'>    Legislature.     Salt   I^ake 
City,   1872;  Salt  Lake  C:*\,    '374-   i >jrrespondeiice  with  Wm  Clayton 
(Auditor,  etc.)    Salt  Lake  Cu,,   1672;  Opinion  oa  Brighani  Young. 
Liverpool,  1852. 
Sonoma  (Cal.),  Democrat. 

Southern  Quarterly  Review.     New  Orleans,  etc.,  1842  et  scq. 
Spauldiug  (Samuel  J.),  Spaulding  Memoiial;  A  Genealogical  History,  etc. 

Boston,  1872. 
Spenco  (Tlios),  Settlers'  Guide.     New  York,  1862. 

Spencer  (Orson),  Letters  E.vhibiting  the  Most  Prominent  Doctrines  of  the 
Churcli,  etc.  Liverpool,  1848;  London,  18.VJ;  Patriarchal  Order,  or 
Plurality  of  Wive**,  .•  ■.  Liverpool,  18.'>3;  Rejiort  to  President  Young 
oil  the  Prussian  Mi."  .  .T.ivi  rjiool  ami  London,  18.")3;  Most  Prominent 
Doctrines  of  the  La;  c-    Uv  SainU.     Salt  Lake  City,  1874. 


i 


!*.-tl  ■    »il 


^11 


!i 


xlU 


AUTHOEITIES  CO>;SULTED. 


Life  among  the  Mormons, 
^'owcastle  (Eng.),  1839. 
.    Boston,  1884. 

The  Saints  at  Pueblo.    MS, 


New 


Spiritual  Courtship  and  Marriage  of  the  Mormons.    London,  n.d. 
Spiritual-Wife  Doctrine  of  the  Mormons,     Report  of  the  Judges  of  Utah 

Tenitory.     Chcltenliam  (Eng.).  1852, 
Spring  Lake  Villa  (Utah),  Farmer's  Oracle. 

Stanford  (Jos),  Sketch  of  Weber  County.     MS.:  Ogden  City.     MS. 
Stansbury  ( Howard),  Die  Mormonen,  etc.     Stuttgart,  1854;  Exped.  to  Valley 

of  Great  Salt  Lake.     Philadelphia,  1855.  2  vols. 
Staples  (Dav.  J.),  Incidents  and  Information,     MS. 
Statistical  Report  of  Stakes  of  Zion.     MS, 
Stayncr  (Arthur),  Report  on  the  Manufacture  of  Sugar.    Salt  Lake  City, 

1SS4. 
Stayner  (C.  W.),  Farmers'  and  Miners'  Manual.    Salt  Lake  City,  1883. 
St  Clair  (D,  L.),  To  the  Fdlowers  of  the  Latter-day  Saints,     Cheltenham 

(Eng.),  1840, 
Stenhouse  (T,  B.  H.),  Expose  of  Polygamy.     New  York,  1872;  Les  Mormons. 

etc.     Lausanne,  1854;  The  Rocky  Mountain  Saints.     New  York,  1873. 
Stenhouse  (Mrs  T.  B.  H.),  Tell  it  All,  etc.    Hartford,  1879;  An  Englishwoman 

in  Utali.     London,  1880;  A  Lady's  ""  -     -- 

York,  1S72. 
Stevenson  (II.),  Lecture  on  Mormonism. 
St  George  (L'tah),  Pomologist  and  Gardt'. 
Stillnian  (Jas  W.),  Speech  on  the  Mormon  0 
St  Louis  Democrat;  Luminary. 
Stockton  (Cal.),  Herald;  Independent. 
Stouc  (W.  v.),  The  Mormon  Problem.     MS.; 
Sturtevant  (J.  M. ),  Review  of  Mormonism  in  All  Ages,  in  Amer.  Bib.  Repos., 

2d8cr.,  ix.  109. 
Successor  in  the  Prophet's  Office,  etc.     Piano  (111.) 
Suisun  (Cal.),  Hcpublican. 

Sunday-school  Dialogues  and  Recitations,  Book  no.  1.     Salt  Lake  City,  1884. 
Sunderland  (L. ),  Mormonism  Exposed,  1841;  New  York,  1842. 
Sutter  Co.  Hist.  17. 
Sweet  (J.  B.),  The  Book  of  Mormon  and  the  Latter-day  Saints.    London, 

1857. 

Talmage  (De  Witt),  Speeches,  etc. 

Tanner  (Mury  J.),  Fugitive  Poems.     Salt  Lake  City,  1880. 

Taylder  ( T.  W.  1'.),  Monnon's  Own  Book,  etc.  London,  1845, 1857;  Material' 
ism  of  tho  Mormons,  etc.     W^oolwich  (Eng.),  1849. 

Taylor  (B.  F. ),  Summer  Savory,  etc.     Chicago,  1879. 

Taylor  (John),  Three  Nights'  Public  Discussion,  at  Boulogne -sur-mer, 
Liverixjol,  1S50;  Aux  .i^anis  de  la  Vtritii  lleligieuse.  n.d.;  Do  la  Xc- 
ccssittS  de  NouvcUcs  Ruvelations  prouvt5e  par  la  Bible,  n.d.;  Trait<5  sur 
Ic  liapteme.  n.d;  Buch  der  Mormonen.  Hamburg,  1851;  Zion's  Panier. 
Hamburg,  1851;  Govemmentof  God.  Liverpool  and  London,  1852;  Re- 
plies to  Viee-Presidcnt  Colfax.  Salt  Lake  City,  1870;  On  the  decision  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  U.  S.  in  the  case  of  Geo.  Reynolds,  Jan,  13, 
1879,  Salt  Lake  City;  Discourse  at  the  General  Conference.  Salt  Lake 
City,  April  9, 1882;  Early  Recollections.  MS. ;  Epistle  to  the  Presiilents 
of  Stakes,  etc.  Salt  Lake  City,  1882;  Items  on  Priesthood,  Salt  Lake 
City,  1881,  1882;  On  Marriage  and  Succession  in  tlio  Priesthood,  Salt 
Lake  City,  1882;  Reminiscences  of  the  First  Year's  Journey  across  the 
Plains.  MS.;  The  Mediation  and  Atonement  of  Our  Lord  and  Savior 
Jesus  Clirist.  Salt  Lake  City,  1882;  Trutli  Defended,  etc.  Liverpool, 
1840, 

Taylor  (John)  and  Others,  Epistle  of  the  Twelve  Apostles,  etc.  S.  L.  City, 
1877;  Circular  from  tho  Twelve  Apostles.  S.  L.  City,  April  16,  1S30; 
A  String  of  Pearls.    Salt  Lake  City,  1882. 

T.  C.  R.,  What  I  Saw  in  Utah.     MS. 

Testimony  of  the  Great  Prophet,  etc.    Liverpool,  n.  impt. 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


zliii 


es  of  Utah 


;s. 

1.  to  VaUey 


Lake  City, 

,  1883. 
Cbeltenham 

es  Mormons. 

York,  1873. 

aglishwoman 

mons.    Kew 

19. 

8&4. 


eblo.    MS. 
.Bib.  Repos., 


Jte  City,  1884. 
ata.    Loudon« 

S57;  Material- 


ogne-sur-mer. 
L\.;  Do  laNc- 
,d.;  Trait6  sur 

Zion'a  Panier. 
Idou,  1S5-2;  Ue- 
Itbo  decision  of 

jlds.  Jan.  l^. 
Salt  Lake 
fthe  Presidunta 
Id.  Salt  Lake 
lesthood.  Salt 
Iney  across  the 
Lrd  and  Savior 
Itc.    Liverpool, 

Itc.    S.  L.  City. 
Lpra  16,  1S30; 


f 


.: 


The  Book  of  Mormon  a  Forgery.     London  and  Leamington,  1850. 

The  Ikjok  of  Mormon,  History  and  Contents.     Loudon  and  Leamington,  1850. 

Tlie  C:iurch  of  Latter-day  Saints,  in  Old  and  Now,  ii.  1870. 

T!io  City  of  the  Saints,  in  Littell's  Liv.  .i^ge,  Ixxi.  1861. 

Tlio  Delegate  from  Utah  (Geo.  Q.  Cannon),     n.d. 

The  Diamond.     Voree  (Wis.),  1848. 

The  Doctrine  of  the  Latter-day  Saints.     London,  n.d. 

The  Doctrines  of  Mormonism.     London,  n.d. 

The  Emigrant  Caravan,  in  Chambers's  Jour.,  liii.  1876. 

The  External  Evidences  of  the  Book  of  Mormon  Examined.    London,  n.d. 

The  Fowlers'' Snare.     London,  18G0. 

The  Cakxy.     New  York,  18liG  et  seq. 

The  Gates  of  the  Mormon  Hell  Opened.     London,  n.d. 

The  Hand-book  of  Reference  to  History,  etc.,  of  Latter  day  Saints.    Salt 

Lake  City,  1884. 
The  Latter-day  Saints,  in  Fortnightly  Rev.,  xii.  1869. 
The  Life  and  Character  of  Joseph  Smith.    Loudon  and  Leamington,  1850. 
The  Mining  Industry.     Denver  (Col.),  1881. 
The  Mormon  Doctrine  of  Polygamy.     London,  1853. 
The  Mormon  Imposture,  etc.     London,  1851. 
The  Mori   ^n  Metropolis.     Salt  Lake  City,  1 883. 
The  Miirmon  Problem,  in  Old  and  New,  i.  1870. 
The  Mormonites,  in  Lond.  Month.  Rev.,  new  sen.,  iii.   1842. 
The  Mormons  in  Utah,  in  Littell's  Liv.  Age,  xlvi.  1855. 
Tlie  Mormons  or  Latter-day  Saints,  with  Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  Joseph 

Smith,  the  American  Mahomet.     London  ( ), 

The  Mormons,  or  Life  in  Utah.     Birmingham,  n.d. 

The  Mysteries  of  Mormonism      New  York,  1882. 

The  Restorer  (in  English  and  Welsh),  Monthly;  Merthyr  Tydfil.     Wales, 

1804. 
The  Spiritual-Wife  Doctrine  of  the  Mormons.     Manchester  (Eng.),  n.d. 
The  Two  Prophets  of  Mormonism,  in  Cath.  World,  xxvi.  1878. 
The  Utah  Magazine,  1868-69. 
The  Voice  of  Truth,  etc.     Nauvoo,  1844. 
The  Yankee  Mahomet,  in  Am.  Whig  Rev.,  new  ser.,  vii.  1851. 
Theobald  (J. ),  Mormonism  Dissected. 
Thomas  (E.  A.),  in  No.  Amor.  Rev.,  1884.     Fortnightly  Rev.,  xxxvi.  414; 

Potter's  Amer.  Monthly,  x-ii.  298. 
Thomas  (John),  Rise,  Progress,  and  Dispersion  of  tLe  Mormons.     London, 

Edinburgh,  and  Nottingham. 
Thompson  (Charles),  Evidences  in  Proof  of  the  Book  of  Mormon;  Batavia 

(N.  Y.)  and  New  York,  1841;  Proclamation  and  Warning  to  the  Inhab- 
itants of  America. 
Thornton  (J.  Q.),  Oregon  and  California  in  1848.     N.  Y.,  1849.     2  vols. 
Three  Nights'  Public  Discourse  at  Boulogne-snr-mer,  etc.    Liverpool,  1850. 
Tice  (J.  H.),  Over  the  Plains,  etc.    St  Louis,  1872. 
Times  and  Seasons.    Commerce  (HI.),  1830;  Nauvoo  (IlL),  1840-46.    6  vols. 

in  2. 
Tithing.    Piano  (111.) 

Tod.l  (John),  The  Sunset  Land.     Boston,  1870. 
Torquemada,  i.  609-10. 

Towusend  (G.  A.),  The  Mormon  Trials  at  Salt  Lake  City.    New  York,  1871. 
Townseud  (J.  K.),  Narrative  of  a  Journey,  etc.     Philadelphia,  1839. 
Towusond,  Mormon  Trials,    n.d. 

Townshend  (P.  T.),  Ten  Thousand  Miles  of  Travel,  etc.     London,  1869. 
Tracy  (Mrs  N.  N.),  Narrative.    MS. 
Trial  of  Jos  Smith,  Jr,  and  Others,  for  High  Treason  and  Other  Crimes 

against  the  State  of  Missouri.    26th  cong.  2d  sess.,  Sen.  Doc.  189,  Feb. 

15,  1841. 
Trial  of  the  Witnesses  to  the  Resurrection  of  Jesus.    Piano  (III.),  1870. 


^4 


zUr 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


it 


m 


iiji 


Tribune  Almanac.     N.  Y.,  1S38  et  seq. 

Triplett  (Frank),  Conquering  the  WilJeniess.     New  York  and  St  Louis,  1883. 

True  Latter-day  Saints"  Herald.     Cincinnati  (O.)  and  Piano  (111.),  1860-72. 

Truth  Ly  Three  Witnesses:  A  Warniim  Voice.     Piano  (111.) 

Truth  made  Manifest:  A  Dialogue.     Piano  (111.) 

Tucker  (Pomeroy),  Origin,  Rise,  etc.,  of  Monnouit>m.     New  York,  1807. 

TuUidgc  (E<lward  W.),  Life  of  lirigham  Young.  N.  Y.,  1870;  Life  of  Jo- 
seph the  Prophet.  Salt  Lake  City,  1878;  Women  of  Mormondom.  N.  Y., 
1877;  Quarterly  Magazine.  S.  L.  City,  1880  et  seq.;  Mornj.  Conmiou- 
wealth,  in  Galaxy,  ii.  350.  Morm.  Theoc.,  in  Id.,  ii.  209,  iv.  541 ;  Refor- 
mation, etc.,  Ilarper's  Mag.,  xliii.  CO'2;  Autobiograhpy.  MS.;  IJrigham 
Young  and  Mormonism,  in  Galaxy,  Sept.  1807;  Views  of  MormorLsin,  in 
Id.,  Oct.  1,  180C;  Leaders  in  the  Mormon  Reform  Movement,  in  Phren. 
Jour.,  July  1871;  The  Mormons,  etc.,  in  Id.,  Jan.  1870;  The  Utah  Gen- 
tiles, etc.,  in  Id.,  May  1871;  Wm  H.  Hooper,  of  Utah,  in  Id.,  Nov.  1870; 
History  of  Salt  Lake  City. 

Tullidge's  Quarterly  Magazine.     Salt  Lake  City,  1880  et  seq. 

TurnbuU  ( W.),  A  Call  to  the  Unconverted.     Liverpool,  u.d. 

Turner  (J.  B.),  Mormonism  in  All  Ages.     New  York,  1842. 

Turner  (O.),  Origin  of  tlie  Mormon  Imposture,  in  Littcll's  Liv.  Age,  Aug.  30, 
1S51, 

Tuscarora  (Nev.),  Times;  Review. 

Tuthill,  Colorado. 

Tuthill,  Hist.  Cal.     San  Francisco,  18G0. 

Tyler  (Daniel),  History  of  the  Mormon  llattalion.     Salt  Lake  City,  1881. 

Tyson  (Thomas),  Joseph  Smith,  the  Great  American  Impostor.  Loudon, 
1852. 

Udgom  Scion.    Wales. 

Unionville  (Nev.),  Silver  State. 

United  .States  Geolog.  Explor.  of  40th  Parallel,  by  Clarence  King.     Wash- 

ini;ton,  1870. 
United  States  Geolog.  Surv.  West  of   100th  Merid.    (Geo.    W.    W'heeler); 

liulletius;  Reports  and  Various  Publications.     Washington,  1874  et  seq. 

4 to.     Atlas  sheets.     Maps. 
United  States  Government  Documents:  Accounts;  Agriculture;  Army  Reg- 
ulations;  Army  Meteorological  Register;  Banks;  Bureau  of  .Siatistics; 

Census;  Commerce,  Foreign  and  Domestic;  Commerce  and  Naviu'ation; 

Commercial  Relations;  Congressional  Directory;  Education;  Enjiiueers; 

Finance;  Indian  AtFairs;  Interior;  Land  OHice;  Meteorological  Reports; 

Mint;  Ordnance;  Pacific  Railroad;  Patent  OlHce;   Postma8ter-(jrt;neral; 

Post-ofBces;  Quartermaster-general;  Revenue;  U.  S.  Official  Register — 

cited  by  their  dates. 
United  States  Government  Documents:  House  Exec.  Doc;  House  Journal; 

House  Miscel.  Doc;   House  Com.  Reports;   Message  and   Documents; 

Senate  Exec.  Doc;  Journal;  Miscel.  Doc;  Com.  Repts — cited  by  cou- 

gri'ss  and  session.     Many  of  these  documents  have,  however,  separate 

titles,  for  which  see  author  or  topic 
L'^niversity  of  Deseret.    Annual  Catalogues,  1808  et  seq.;  Circulars;  Bien- 
nial Reports, 
tapper  Missouri  Advertiser.     1838. 
U.  P.  R.  R.,  Report  of  Saml  B.  Reed. 

L' .  S.  Charters  and  Constitutions.     Washington,  1877.    2  vols. 
Utah:  A  liill  to  Establish  a  Territorial  Government.    Washington.  ISoO. 
Utah  Almanac. 

Utah  and  its  People.     New  York,  1882. 
Utah  and  the  Morimins,  in  The  New  Euglander,  vi.  1854. 
Utah  Iwiar.l  of  Trade,  Resources  and  Attractions,  etc.     Salt  Lake  City,  1879. 
Utah  Ctiitial  R.  R.  Company,  Grants,  Rights  and  Privileges,  etc.     Salt  Lake 

City,  IS7I. 
Utah  Coumiission,  Special  Report.     W^ashington,  1884. 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


x\r 


lOuia,  1883. 
),  1800-72. 


,  18G7. 
Life  of  Jo- 
,m.  N.Y., 
I.  Common- 
5-11 ;  Refer- 
5.;  llriglmm 
imorusrii,  in 
,t,  ill  I'hren. 
B  Utah  Cien- 
,  Nov.  1870; 


Lge,  Aug.  30, 


;ity,  1881. 
;or.    Loudon, 


Cing. 


Wash- 


tV.   Wheeler); 
,  1874  et  8C(i. 

;  Army  Reg- 
of  Slatibtics; 

^l  Na vitiation; 

m;  EiiHJucers; 

keal  Reports; 

^stcr-Cieueral; 

|ial  Register— 

[ouse  Journal; 
Documents; 
l-cited  by  con- 
lever,  separate 

Irculars;  Bien- 


ztoru  1850. 


ike  City,  1879. 
ftc.    Salt  Lako 


■-.It 

■M 


Utah  Commission,  the  Edmunds  Act,  Reports  of  the  Commissioners  Rules, 
Regulations,  etc.     Salt  Lake  City,  1884. 

Utah,  Constitution  of  the  State  of.     Salt  Lake  City,  1882, 

Utah,  County  Sketches  by  various  authors.    MS. 

Utah,  Election  Laws.    Salt  Lake  City.     n.d. 

Utah,  in  Beadle's  Monthly,  July  1860. 

Utah:  Its  Silver  Mines  and  Other  Resources,    n.d. 

Utah  Journals  of  Council  and  House,  18ol  et  seq.,  together  with  the  other 
Public  Documents  printed  by  the  territory,  which  are  cited  in  my  notes 
by  their  titles  and  dates,  the  title  consisting  of  'Utah,'  followed  by  one 
of  the  following  headings:  Act;  Adjutant  General's  Report;  Agricul- 
tural; Chancellor  of  Univeraity  Reports;  Corporations;  Council  and 
House  Bills,  County  Financial  Reports,  Deseret  Agric.  and  Manufac. 
Socio  ty ;  S  tat.  Reports ;  Domestic  Relations ;  Elections,  Fisheries ;  I  naugural 
Addresses  of  Governors,  Messages  and  Documents;  Joint  Resolutions; 
Land  Acts;  Laws;  Memorials;  Militia;  Mines  and  Mining;  Political  Code; 
Revenue  Laws;  School  Law;  Secretary  of  Territory  Reports;  Superin- 
tendent of  District  Schools  Reports;  Territorial  Auditor  Reports;  Ter- 
ritorial Librarian  Reports;  Transportation;  Warden  of  Penitentiary 
Reports. 

Utah  Miscellany.    MS. 

Utah  Notes.     MS. 

Utah  Pamphlets,  Political,  containing  the  following:  Argument  before  Commr 
of  Intl  Revenue,  etc.;  Bates  (George  C),  Argument  in  Baker  habeas  cor- 
pus case;  Cannon  (Geo.  Q.),  Review  of  decision  of  U.  S.  Supremo  Court; 
Clagett  ( Wm  H.),  Speech  against  admission  of  Utah  as  a  state;  Consti- 
tution of  State  of  Deseret  ajid  Memorial;  Cragin  (A.  H. ),  Speech  on 
execution  of  laws  in  Utah;  Fitch  (Thos),  Speech  on  Utah  Bill;  Speech 
on  Laud  Grants  and  Indian  Policy;  Speech  on  the  Utah  Probhnn;  Re- 
ply to  Memorial  of  Salt  Lake  Bar;  Hooper  (W.  H.),  Speech  against  the 
"CuUom  Bill;"  Reply  to  Clagett;  Kinney  (Jno.  F.),  Reply  to  Fernando 
Wood;  Laws  concerning  Naturalization,  etc.;  Memorial  of  Citizens  of 
Salt  Lake  City;  Musser  (A.  M.),  Fruits  of  Mormonism;  Paine  (U.  E.), 
Argument  in  Contested  Election,  etc. ;  Review  of  Opinion  of  U.  S.  Su- 
premo Court  by  an  old  Lawyer;  Reynolds  (Geo.),  vs  U.  S.;  Snow  (Z.), 
(Tcrrtl  Atty.-Genl.),  Communication  to  Legislative  Assembly;  Commu- 
nication to  Terr.  House  of  Rep.;  Taylor  (John),  Interview  with  O.  J. 
Holliirter,  etc. 

Utah  Pamphlets,  Religious,  containing  the  following:  Minutes  of  Special 
Conference  of  August  28,  1852,  at  Salt  Lake  City;  Extract  from  a  MS. 
entitled  Tho  Peace-maker;  Skelton  (Robt)  and  Meik(J.  P.),  A  Defence 
of  Mormonism;  Pratt  (O.),  Smith  (Geo.  A.),  and  Cannon  (Geo.  Q.),  Dis- 
courses on  Celestial  Marriage;  Hyde  (O.),  Sketch  of  Travels  and  Minis- 
try; Colfax  (S.),  Tho  Mormim  Question;  Taylor  (John),  Reply  to  Colfax; 
Newman  (Rev.  Dr.),  A  Sermon  on  Plural  Maniage;  Pratt  (O.),  Reply 
to  Newman;  Zion's  Cooperative  Mercantile  Institution,  Constitution  and 
By-laws;  Utah  Central  R.  R.  Grants,  Rights  and  Privileges;  Smith 
(Geo.  A.),  Rise,  Progress,  and  Travels  of  the  Church,  etc.;  Young  (B.), 
Tho  Resurrection;  Circular  of  the  First  Piesidency;  Death  and  Funeral 
of  Brigham  Young;  Young,  Sen.  (Joseph),  History  of  tho  Organization 
of  the  Seventies;  Gibbs  (G.  F.),  Report  of  Convention  of  Mormon 
Women,  etc. ;  The  Great  Proclamation,  etc. ;  Good  Tidings,  etc. ;  The 
Testimony  of  the  Great  Prophet;  The  Great  Contrast;  Death  of  the 
Prophets  Joseph  and  Hyrum  iSmith;  Smith  (Jos),  Pearl  of  Great  Price; 
Reynolds  (Geo. ),  Book  of  Abraham. 

Utah.     Perpetual  Emigration  Fund.     MS. 

Utah  Pioneers,  Anniversary  Meetings;  Proceedings  33d  Anniversary.  Salt 
Lake  City,  1880. 

Utah,  Speeches  on  the  Edmunds  Bill. 

Utah  Tracts,  A  collection  of  eleven  pamphlets  cited  by  titles  and  dates. 
Salt  Lake  City,  1879. 


^ 


xlvl 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


li    ^' 


. 


•'J 


Vancouver  (Wash.),  Register. 

Van  Dciiscti  (Increase  and  Maria),  Hidden  Orgies  of  Mormonism.  Notting- 
ham (Eng. ),  n.d.;  Spiritual  Delusions.  New  York,  1S5.'>;  Startling 
Disclosures  of  tlio  Great  Mormon  Conspiracy.  New  York,  1S49;  Sub- 
lime and  Ridiculous  Blended.     New  York,  IMS. 

Van  Dyke  (Walter),  Recollections  of  Utah.     MS. 

Van  Sickles  (H.),  Utaii  Desperadoes. 

Van  Tramp  (John  C),  Prairies  and  Rocky  Monntains.    St  Loais,  1860. 

Vencgas,  Not.  Cal.,  i.  1G7-9. 

Vest,  Morgan,  Call,  Brown,  Pendleton,  and  Lamar,  in  U.  S.  Senate.  Salt 
Lako  City,  1882. 

Vctroinilo  (Eugene),  Tour  in  Both  Hemispheres.     New  York,  etc.,  1880. 

Victor  (Frances  F. ),  All  Over  Oregon  and  Washington.  San  Francisco,  1872; 
River  of  tho  West.     Hartford,  1870. 

"  Vidette  "  (The  Union).    Camp  Douglas  and  Salt  lake  City,  1864  to  1867. 

Villagra,  Hist.  N.  Mex.,  lOctseq. 

Virginia  (Mont.),  Madisonian. 

Virginia  and  Helena  (Mont.),  Post. 

Virginia  City  (Nov.),  Chronicle;  Territorial  Enterprise. 

Visit  of  tlio  Wyoming  Legislature  to  Utah.     Salt  Lake  City,  1884. 

Visit  to  tho  Crazy  Swede.     MS. 

Visit  to  the  Mormons,  in  Westmin.  Rev.,  Oct.  1861. 

Voice  from  tho  West,  etc. ;  History  of  the  Morrisites.    San  Francisco,  1879. 

Voice  of  the  Good  Shepard.     Piano  (111.) 

Wadaworth  (W.),  National  Wagon-road  Guide.     San  I-Vancisco,  1858. 
Waite  (C.   B.),  The  Western  Monthly.     Salt  Lake  City,  1869  et  seq.;  in 

Lakeside,  i.  290. 
Waitc  (Mrs  C.  V.),  Adventures  m  the  Far  West,  etc.    Chicago,  1882;  The 

Mormon  Prophet  and  his  Harem.     Chicago,  ISjT;  Cambridge,  18GG. 
Walker  (W.),  Industrial  Progress  and  Prospects  of  Utah.     MS. 
Walla  Walla  (Wash.),  Statesman. 
WandcU  (C.  W. ),  History  of  tlie  Persecutions  Endured  by  the  Church,  etc. 

Sidney  (N.  S.  W.),  1832;  Reply  to  "Shall  we  Believe  in  Mormon?" 

Sidney  (N.  S.  W.),  1832. 
Ward  (Austin  N.),  Husband  in  Utah.     New  York,  1837;  Male  Life  among 

tho  Mormons.     Philadelphia,  1863. 
Ward  (J.  H.),  Gospel  Philosophy.    Salt  Lake  City,  1884;  The  Hand  of  Provi- 

dcnce.    Salt  Lako  City,  1883. 
Ward  (Maria),  Female  Life  among  the  Mormons.    New  York,  1855;  The 

Mormon  Wife,  etc.     Hartford,  1873. 
Warner,  Rem.    MS.,  21-9. 

Warren  (G.  K.),  Preliminary  Report,  etc.    Washington,  1875. 
Warsaw  (III.),  Signal. 
Washington  (D.  C. ),  Natl  Intelligencer;  Seer;  Star. 

Waters  ( ),  Life  among  the  Monno\s.    New  York,  1868. 

Watsonville  (Cal.),  Pajaronian;  Pajaro  Times. 

Way  to  End  the  Mormon  War,  in  Littell's  Liv.  Age,  2d  ser.,  xx.  1838. 

W^ebster  (Thomas),  Extracts  from  the  Doctrine  and  Covenants.     Preston 

(Eng.),n.d. 
Wedderbum  (D.),  Momionism  from  a  Mormon  Point  of  View,  in  Fortnightly 

Rev.,  1876;  Pop.  Scien.  Monthly,  x.  156. 
Weightman  (Hugh),  Mormonism  Exposed;  The  Other  Side.     Salt  Lake  City, 

1884. 
WeLser  (R.),  in  Evang.  Rev.,  x.  80. 
Wells  (D.  H.),  Journal.    MS. 

Wells  (E.  B. )  and  Williams  (Z.  Y.),  Memorial  to  U.  S.  Congress.    Washing- 
ton, 1879. 
Wells  (J.  F.),  The  Contributor,  A  Monthly  Magazine.    Salt  Lake  City,  Oct. 

1870  et  seq. 


i!-^- 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


zlvii 


xmcisco,  1879. 


WelU  (Samuol  R.),  The  Morn.on  Question,  in  Phren.  Jour.,  Dec  1871;  Our 
Visit  to  Salt  Lake  City,  in  Id.,  Dec.  1870. 

Wentworth,  Great  West. 

West  (P.  R.),  The  Brewing  Business.     MS.  , 

Westbrook  (G.  W.),  Appendix  to  Hunt's  Mormouism.  StLoms,  1844;  The 
Mormons  iu  Illinois.     St  Louis,  1844. 

West  Coast  Reporter,  iv.  415. 

Wcstmins.  Rev.,  lix.  190. 

Whatcom  (Wash.),  ISellingham  Bay  Mail. 

White  (F.  P.),  Cuttle  Ptaising  aud  Grazmg.     MS. 

Wliitney  (H.).  Journal.     MS. 

Whitney  (H.  M.),  Plural  Marriage.     Salt  Lake  City,  1882. 

Wliittier  {J.  G.),  iu  Howitt,  Journal,  ii.  157;  Littell's  Liv,  Age,  xv.  461. 

Why  Wc  Practise  Plural  Marriage.     Salt  Lake  City,  1834. 

Wiglit  (Lyman),  Abridged  Account  of  my  Life.     n.d. 

Willard  (llmnia),  Last  Leaves  of  American  History.     New  York,  1853. 

Willcs  (W.),  What  is  Mormonism  ?  Calcutto,  n.d.;  The  Mountain  Warbler. 
Salt  Lake  City.  1S72. 

Williams  (H.  T.),  Pacific  Tourist.     New  York,  1876. 

Williiims  (S.),  Mormonism  Exposed.     1842. 

Willmore  (Benj.),  Mormonism  Unmasked.     West  Bromwich  (Eng.),  1855. 

VS'inchc'ster  (Benj.),  A  History  of  the  Priesthood.  Pliiladelphia,  1843;  Ori- 
gin of  the  Spaulding  Story.  Philadelphia,  1840;  Synopsis  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures,  etc.     I'liiladelphia,  1842. 

Winnemucca  (Nov.),  Silver  State. 

With  the  False  Prophet,  in  Scrib,  Monthly,  iii.  1872. 

Wolfe  (J.  M.),  Gazetteer.     Omaha,  1878. 

Woodruf  (W.)  and  Richards  (F.  D.),  Historial  Events  of  Mormonism.    MS. 

Woodruff  (Pliebe  W. ),  Autobiog.  Sketch.     MS. 

Woodruff  (W.),  Leaves  from  my  Journal.  Salt  Lake  City,  1881,  1882;  Over- 
land to  Utah.     MS. ;  Private  Journal.     MS. 

Woods  (C.  L. ),  Recollections.     MS. 

Worthington  (C  J.),  The  Woman  in  Battle,  etc.     Hartford,  1870. 

Wray  (G.  W.),  Mormonism  Exhibited  in  its  Own  Minor.  Middlcsbroagh 
(Eng.),  1854. 

Yankee  Mahomet  (The),  iu  Amer.  Whig  Rev.,  June  1851. 

Year  of  Jubilee,  etc.     Salt  Lake  City,  1880. 

Young  (Ann  Eliza),  Wife  No.  19,  etc.     Hartford,  1876. 

Young  (Brigham),  Resurrection:  A  Discourse.     Salt  Lake  City,  1875;  Death 

of,  etc.     Salt  Lake  City,  1877;  History  and  Private  Journal.     MS. 
Young  (Brigham)  and  Others,  Circular  of  the  First  Predideucy,  etc.     Salt 

Lake  City,  July  11, 1877;  Journal  of  Discourses.     Liverpool  and  London, 

1854  ct  seq. 
Young  (L.),  Early  Experiences.     MS. 

Young  (Mrs  C.  D.),  A  Woman's  Experiences  with  the  Pioneer  Band.     MS. 
Young,  Sen.  (Jos),  Organization  of  the  Seventies,  etc.     Salt  Lake  City,  1878. 
Y  I'crlo  Fa«T  Bris.     n.d.  (Wales). 

Yr  Curgrawn  Ysgrythyrol.     Merthjrr  Tydvil,  South  Wales. 
Yuma  (Arizona),  Sentinel. 

Zabriskio  (Jas  C),  Public  Land  Laws  of  the  U.  S.    San  Francisco,  1870. 

Zion's  Cooperative  Mercantile  Institution;  Constitution,  By-Laws,  and  Arti- 
cles of  Incorporation.  S.  L.  City,  1870.  MS. ;  Argument  before  U.  S. 
Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue.  S.  L.  City,  1878;  Mercantile  and 
Manuiacturing  Establishments.  S.  L.  City,  1884:  Semi-annual  State- 
ment.   S.  L.  City,  1880;  Wholesale  Price  List.     S.  L.  City,  1880. 

Zion'a  Watchman  (Australia  and  Now  Zealaud). 


T 


!, 


ife^ 


HISTORY   OF   UTAH. 


CHAPTER  I. 


DISCOVERIES  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 

1540-1777. 

Fbaxcisco  Vazqttez  de  Coronado  at  CfBOLA— Expedition  op  Pedro  dk 
ToBAB  AND  Father  Jpan  de  Padilla— They  Hear  of  a  Larok 
River— OarcIa  Lopez  de  Cardenas  Sent  ix  Search  of  It— The  First 

ECROPEANS     TO    APPROACH     UTAH— RoUTE     OP     CaRDESAS — MYTHICAL 

Maps— Part  of  the  Northern  Mystery- Journey  of  Dominguez 
AND  EscALANTK  — The  Coi'rse  They  Followed — The  Rivers  They 
Crossed — The  Comanches— Region  of  thu  Great  Lakes— Rivers 
Timpanogos,  San  Bcenaventura,  and  Otheks — The  Country  of 
the  Yittas— Route  from  Santa  F6  to  Monterey — The  Friars  Talk 
of  the  Lake  Country — Return  of  the  Spaniards  to  Zuni  and 
March  to  Santa  Ft. 

As  Francisco  Vazquez  de  Coronado  was  journeying 
from  Culiacan  to  the  north  and  east  in  1540,  he  rested 
at  Cibola,  that  is  to  say  Zuni,  and  while  waiting  for 
the  main  army  to  come  forward,  expeditions  were  sent 
out  in  various  directions.  One  of  these,  consisting 
of  twenty  men  under  Pedro  de  Tobar,  and  attended 
by  Father  Juan  de  Padilla,  proceeded  north-westward, 
and  after  five  days  reached  Tusayan,  or  the  ^loqui 
villages,  which  wore  quickly  captured.  Among  otlior 
matters  of  interest,  information  was  here  given  of  a 
large  river  yet  farther  north,  the  people  who  lived 
upon  its  banks  being  likewise  very  large. 

Returning  to  Cibola,  Tobar  reported  what  had  been 

said  concerning  this  river;  whereupon  Captain  Garcia 

Lopez  do  Cdrdenas  was  sent  with   twelve   men  to 

explore  it,   Pedro    de  Sotomayor  accompanying  to 

(1) 


f  i 


t  DISCOVERIES  OF  THE  SPAXIAUDS. 

chronicle  the  expedition.  Obtaining  at  Tusayan,  where 
he  was  well  received,  guides  and  carriers,  with  an 
ample  supply  of  f)rovisi()ns,  Cardenas  marched  for 
twenty  days,  probably  in  a  north-westerly  direction,* 

'  I  say  probnbly,  though  in  my  own  mind  there  is  little  doubt.  The  Span- 
inrds  were  exploring  northward.  They  had  lately  travcracd  the  region  to 
their  soutli-west,  and  instead  of  wisliing  to  retrace  their  steps  tliey  would  be 
likely  to  keep  up  well  away  from  their  lornier  track.  It  is  true  that  one  ni.r- 
rative  gives  the  direction  as  west;  but  then  the  same  writer  plut^es  Tns<m,  or 
TuHjiyun,  west  of  Cibola,  which  if  the  latter  lio  Zuui,  and  the  former  Mo4|ui, 
is  incorrect.  Then,  if  their  tlirection  from  the  Mcxpii  towns  was  the  same 
08  this  writer  declares  it  to  have  been  in  travelling  to  that  place,  the 
Spaniards  at  this  time  certainly  struck  the  Colorado  within  the  limits  of  thu 
present  Utah.  Escalante,  Cnitn  tie  2S  (M.  1775,  MS.,  j)laced  Abxpii  west 
of  Zuni,  but  a  little  north  of  west,  with  the  Yutas  their  neigldior  on  tho 
north.  It  is  suthcicntly  plain  that  Cibola  was  Zufii,  and  Tusuyan  Moqui, 
and  as  a  matter  of  fact  the  latter  is  in  a  no^'th-westcrly  direction  from  the 
formiir.  That  they  went  due  west  and  crossed  the  Little  Colorado  without 
any  mention  of  that  stream  is  not  likely;  l>ccau8C,  first,  it  is  not  twenty  days 
distant  from  tho  Mofpiis,  and  the  stream  when  reached  does  not  onswer  to 
tiieir  description.  It  was  the  great  river  they  wished  to  Knd,  and  a  north- 
west course  would  bo  tho  most  direct.  Further  than  this,  it  is  stated  plainly 
that  the  point  at  which  they  discovered  the  river  was  much  nearer  its  source 
than  where  the  Spaniards  had  previously  seen  it.  Ujwn  the  direction  then 
taken  hangs  the  question  us  to  the  first  Kuro|>eans  to  enter  Utah.  I  tlecni  tho 
mutter  of  sufhcient  importance  to  give  both  tho  originals  and  tho  translations 
of  two  of  the  most  complete  and  reliable  narratives  of  tho  expedition.  The 
lirst  and  fullest  we  find  in  tho  I'dation  ile  I 'aula I'lrda  of  Corouatlo's  expedi- 
tion, Tfniiiux-Compnnn,  serie  i.  tom.  ix.  61-5,  which  remls  as  follows: 

'Commo  don  Pedro  do  Tobar  avait  rempli  sa  mission,  il  rcvint  sur  ses  pas 
et  rendit  conipte  au  g(?n(5ral  de  ce  qu'il  avait  vu.  C'elui-ci  fit  partir  surde- 
clminp  don  Garci-Lopez  do  Cardenas  et  douze  autrcs  personncs  pour  aller 
visiter  eette  rivitre;  cet  oflicier  fut  trt!s-bieu  re\!U  et  parfaitcment  traits  par 
les  indiens  do  Tusayan,  qui  lui  donn6rent  des  guides  pour  continuer  sa  route. 
Nos  Boldats  partiient  charg(''S  de  vivres,  les  indiens  les  ayant  avertis  qu'il 
iulluit  traverser  un  desert  dc  vingt  journees  do  long  avant  d'entrer  dans  un 
pays  habitd.  Apres  ccs  vingt  jounn-es  de  inarche  ils  arriv(5rent  en  crt'et  k 
cetto  rividre,  dont  les  bords  eont  tellement  ddevds  qu'ils  croyaient  fitrc  ii  trois 
ou  qiiatro  licues  en  I'air.  Le  pays  est  couvert  do  pins  l>as  et  rabougris;  il  est 
exposd  au  nord,  et  le  froid  y  est  si  violent,  que,  quoique  Ton  fftt  en  6t6,  ou 
pouvait  k  peine  le  supporter.  Les  Espagnols  inarchbrent  pendant  trois  jours 
le  long  de  ces  montagnea,  espdrant  toujoure  trouver  une  descente  pour  orriver 
&  hi  rivi(^ro  qui,  d'en  liaut,  nc  paraissait  (ms  avoir  plus  d'uno  brasso  do  large, 
etqui,  selon  les  Indiens,  avait  plus  d'une  demi-lieue;  inais  il  fut  impossible 
do  s'y  rendrc,  Etant  par>-enus  deux  ou  trois  jours  apr6s  ilans  un  endroit  oil 
la  descente  leur  parut  plus  facile,  le  canitaine  Melgosa,  Juan  Galeras  et  un 
Boldut  qui  dtaient  les  plus  Idgers  de  la  bande,  rtisolurent  de  faire  une  tenta- 
tive, lis  descendirent  jusqu'E  ce  quo  ceux  qui  <Staient  restes  en  haut  lea 
cus.ient  perdus  de  ven.  Us  revinrent  vers  le.i  nuatro  heures  du  soir,  disant 
qu'ils  avaient  trouvetant  de  ditticnltds,  qu'ils  uavaient  pu  arrivcr  jusqu'cn 
1)U3;  car  co  qui  d'en  haut  semblait  facile,  nc  I'titait  pas  du  tout  (][uand  »a 
Bpprochait.  lis  ajout^rent  qu'ils  dtaicnt  parvenus  h  environ  un  tiers  de  la 
descente,  et  que  do  1^,  la  riviurc  paraissait  dijji  tr^s  granuc,  ce  qui  confinnait 
CO  quo  les  indiens  avaient  dit.  lis  assurercnt  quo  quclques  rocuers  que  I'oa 
voyait  d'en  haut,  et  qui  partiissoit  ti  peii;c  dc  la  hauteur  d'un  homine  dtaient 
plus  hauls  que  la  tour  de  lu  caiUe Jvulu  dc  ^jdville.    Les  Espagnols  ceaa^nuit 


an,  where 

with  an 

•chcd  ior 

liroction,* 


it.  ThoSpan- 
tho  region  to 
they  wohUI  u6 
i  tlmt  Olio  iii>r- 

toiiiier  Mtxivii, 
,  was  the  saino 

hat  r'*"*"'  *V° 

0  liniita  of  tho 
;,l  Mtxiui  wc»t 
eighbor  on  tho 
uBuyan  Moqui. 
.ctioii  from  tho 
ulorailo  without 
jot  twenty  ilaya 
,  not  answer  to 
id,  and  a  north- 
is  stated  plainly 
nearer  its  source 
,e  direction  tlicn 
tttl,.    I  deem  tho 

1  tho  translations 
xpedition.     tl'.e 
,ronado'8  cxpedi- 
is  follows: 
cvint  Bur  ses  pas 

iit  partir  bui-1c- 
Mines  pour  aller 
«inent  trait6  par 
utinuer  sa  route, 
int  avcrtis  qu  il 
d'entrer  dana  un 
(5rciit  en  diet  a 
aientOtrcJltrow 
rabougris;  "  est 
,n  f  ftt  en  6ttS  ou 
jidant  trois  jours 
elite  pour  an  I  ver 
brasse  do  large, 
il  fut  impossible 
tns  un  endroit  ou 
n  Galeras  ct  un 
.  faire  une  tenta- 
[stes  en  baut  les 
!9  du  Boir,  disant 
I  arriver  jusqu  en 
u  tout  quand  »n 
'on  un  tiers  de  la 
CO  qui  confirmait 
rochers  quo  1  on 
hominc  <5teient 
kgnola  ceaairent 


.^ 


d 

Jllftq 


EXPEDITION  OF  CARDENAS.  f 

thr  ,h  a  desert  country  until  he  discovered  the  river, 
but  ironi  such  hi«,'h  banks  that  lie  could  not  reach  it. 
It  was  the  river  called  the  Tizon,  and  it  flowed  from 
the  north-east  toward  the  south-west.  It  seemed  to 
the  Spaniards  when  they  first  descried  it  that  they 
were  on  mountains  through  which  the  river  had  cut 

c  Biiivro  les  rochers  qui  bordent  la  rivifere,  parco  qu'on  y  manqnait  <rcaa. 

iiHijue-lii  ils  avaient  6Us  obliges  chaque  Boir  de  s'avuncer  uno  lioue  ou  deux 
duns  linti'ricur  |iour  en  trouver.  Quand  ils  eurent  marclie  pendant  troi*  on 
quiitrc  jours,  les  guides  lour  diJclarirent  qu'il  «^tait  impossible  d'aller  phw 
ioin,  <|u'on  nc  trouverait  pas  d'eau  de  quatre  jours;  que  quand  les  liidieun 
pasnaiciit  cctte  route,  ila  eiiiinenaient  avec  eux  dcs  feninies  charg<?es  do  eafe- 
Lasscs  reinplies  d'eau,  et  qu'ils  en  enterraient  une  partie  pour  les  rctrouvei 
au  retour;  que  d'ailleurs  ils  ]iarcournicnt  en  un  jour  autant  de  cheniin  que 
les  i'',»p(i,','iK»lH  en  deux.  Cettc  riviere  <5tait  celle  del  Tizon.  On  airiva  beaw- 
coup  phis  pres  de  sa  source  quo  de  rendroit  oii  Mclchior  Diaz  et  ses  geiw 
I'iivaient  travers*:*,  et  Ton  sut  plus  tard  que  les  Iiidiens  dent  on  avait  parlC 
Otiient  de  la  iiieiiie  nation  que  ceux  que  Diaz  avait  vtis.  Les  Ksiwignols 
rcviiirent  done  sur  leurs  pas,  et  cctte  exp<?dition  n'eut  pas  d'autro  rt^sultat. 
Vendaiit  la  niarchc,  ils  arriverent  &  une  cascade  qui  tonilmit  d'un  roelicr. 
Lis  guides  dirent  que  les  cristaux  blaiics  nui  pendnient  h  I'entour  ^taiciit  du 
Bel.  On  en  recueillit  une  quantity  <jue  Ion  enqwrta,  et  qu'on  distribua  ii 
<"ibola,  oil  Ton  rcnilit  compte  jMvr  (5crit  au  general  do  tout  ce  que  I'un  iivaiv 
vu.  (iarci-Lopcz  avait  eininen6  avec  lui  un  certain  Pedro  do  Sotomayor,  q'lf 
etjiit  chroniqueur  de  I'exixidition.  Tons  les  villages  de  cetto  province  sonl 
rest<  <03  allies,  niais  ou  ne  les  a  paa  visitC's  depuis,  et  Ton  n'a  tcni6  aucune 
dd'  'te  de  ce  cOt<?. ' 

<n  as  Don  Pedro  de  Tobar  had  fulfilled  his  mission,  he  returned  and 
g!.  gcnctal  an  account  of  what  he  had  seen.     The  latter  ininiediiitely 

uidcrcd  Don  Garci-Lopez  de  Cardenas,  and  12  other  persons,  to  go  and  visit 
tliut  river;  this  officer  was  well  received  and  politely  treated  by  tho  Indians 
of  Tusayan,  who  furnished  him  with  guides  to  continue  his  journey.  Our 
soldiers  departed  loaded  wifh  provisions,  the  Indians  having  notified  them 
tliat  it  was  necessary  to  travel  20  days  through  a  desert  before  entering  any 
inhabited  country.  After  this  20  days'  march,  they  arrived  at  that  river 
whose  banks  are  of  Bueh  a  height  that  it  seemed  to  them  that  they  were  three 
or  four  leagues  up  in  the  air.  The  country  is  covered  with  low  and  stuiiteil 
jjines,  exptsed  to  the  north,  and  the  cold  is  so  violent  that,  although  it  was 
suinnicr,  one  could  hardly  endure  it.  The  Spaniards  during  three  days 
skirted  those  mountain?,  always  in  the  hope  of  finding  a  descent  to  reach  the 
river,  which  from  above  appeared  to  Ixs  no  more  than  a  fathoiii  in  width,  and 
V'liicli,  according  to  the  Indians,  was  more  than  half  a  league  wide;  but  all 
their  ellbrts  were  vain.  Two  or  three  days  later,  they  arrived  at  a  place 
where  the  descent  seemed  easier;  Captain  Melgosa  Juan  (ialcras  and  a 
soldier  who  were  the  lightest  men  of  the  band,  resolved  to  make  an  attempt. 
I'hcy  descended  until  those  who  had  remained  on  the  top  had  lost  sigiit  of 
thoni.  They  returned  at  about  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  saying  they  had 
found  so  many  difficulties  that  they  could  not  reach  the  bottom;  for,  wliat 
seemed  easy  from  above  was  not  at  all  so  when  approaching  the  water.  They 
added  that  they  came  down  about  one  third  of  the  descent,  and  that  even 
from  there  the  river  Bccmcd  very  large.  This  statement  confirmcil  wliat 
tlie  Indians  had  sai.l.  The  three  men  affirmed  that  some  rocks  seen  from 
above  and  which  appeared  to  be  of  the  height  of  a  man,  were  liigher  than 
the  tower  of  the  cathedral  of  Seville.  The  Spaniards  stoppetl  followinij!  the 
rocks  tliat  bordered  the  river  on  account  of  the  lack  of  water.  Until  then, 
the^  had  been  obliged  to  advance  one  or  two  leagues  in  the  iutcrior  to  liud 


m 


4  DISCOVERIES  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 

a  chasm  only  a  few  feet  wide,  but  which  if  they 
might  beHeve  the  natives  was  half  a  league  across. 
In  vain  for  several  days,  with  their  faces  toward  the 
south  and  west,  they  sought  to  escape  from  the 
mountains  that  environed  them,  and  descend  to  the 

At  length 


river,  for  they  were  suffering  from  thirst. 


,  Rome.  ^VheIl  they  had  marched  during  three  or  fonr  days,  the  guides  declared 
to  tliem  tliat  it  was  impossible  to  ^o  further,  that  water  would  not  l>e  found 
\ief<»rf  four  days;  that  when  the  Indians  travelled  on  this  road,  they  took 
witli  thcni  women  who  carried  calalmshes  filled  with  water,  and  they  buried 
a  certain  part,  so  that  they  might  fnul  it  wlien  returning;  and  besides  they 
made  in  one  day  as  many  miles  as  the  Spaniards  would  in  two.  This  was  the 
rivor  (lol  Tizon.  They  arrived  much  nearer  to  its  source  than  the  place 
where  Mclchor  Diaz  and  his  pe'<plc  had  crossed,  and  it  was  known  later  that 
the  Indians  spoken  of  belonged  to  the  same  nation  tM  those  seen  by  Diaz. 
The  Spaniards  therefore  came  l)ack,  and  the  ex])edition  had  no  other  result. 
^YlliIe  marching,  they  arrived  at  a  cascade  falling  from  a  rock.  The  guides 
afhmied  that  the  white  crystals  hanging  arouiid  were  salt.  A  quantity  of  it 
was  gathered,  carried  away,  and  distributed  at  Cibola,  where  a  written  account 
of  all  that  had  Insen  seen  was  sent  to  the  general.  Garci-Lopez  had  taken 
with  him  a  certain  Pedro  de  Sotomayor,  who  was  the  ;.!ironicler  of  the  «-xpe- 
«lition.  All  the  villages  of  this  province  have  remained  our  allies,  but  they 
have  not  l)cen  visited  since,  and  no  attempt  at  discovery  has  been  made  in 
that  direction. 

The  other  is  from  a  relation  by  an  imknoy.-n  author,  fonnd  in  the  archives 
of  the  Indies,  and  printed  in  Pachero  jnd  Cdrdemix,  Col.  Dor.,  xiv.  321  -S. 
under  title  of  Rclarioii  del  sucexo  ile  la  Jornada  tine  Franrinco  Vaz(juez  h!zo  eii 
fl  desndirimiento  de  Cibola,  and  from  which  I  give  the  extract  covering  the 
eanic  incident: 

'  Vuolto  D.  Pedro  de  Tobar,  6  dada  relacion  de  aquellos  pueblos,  luego 
dcBpachi'i  ii  D.  (iarcia  Lopez  de  Cdrdenas,  maestrc  de  campo,  por  el  mesmo 
camino  que  habia  venido  D.  Pedro,  6  que  pasuse  de  aquella  provincia  de 
Tuzan,  al  Poniente,  &  para  ida  &  vuelta  de  la  Jornada  d  descobrimiento,  lo 
sefialo  OL'henta  dias  de  t(^Tmino  de  ida  ^  vuelta,  el  qual  fn^  echado  adclante 
dc  Tuzan  con  guias  de  los  naturalcs  que  dccian  que  habia  adelante,  poblado, 
«mi([nc  Icjos,  andadas  cincuenta  Icguas  de  Tuzan  al  Ponisnte,  6  ochenta  do 
Cil>ola,  hallo  una  barranca  de  un  rio  que  fu6  imposible  por  una  purte  ni  otm 
hallnrle  baxada  para  caballo,  ni  aun  para  pi(^,  sino  por  una  parte  muy  iralia- 
xossi,  per  donde  tenia  casi  ilas  leguas  de  baxada.  Estaba  la  barranca  tan 
acnntiilailn  de  pcnas,  que  apenas  podian  ver  el  rio,  el  cual,  aunque  es  segun 
diccn,  tiiiito  u  mucho  mayor  que  el  de  Sevilla,  de  arriba  aparescia  un  arroyo; 
poi*  niiuu'i-a  que  aunque  con  harta  diligencia  se  busc6  pasada,  <^  por  muclias 
partes  no  sc  Italia,  en  la  cual  cstuvieron  artos  dias  con  mucha  necesidad  de 
agua,  <|ne  no  la  hall:il>an,  6  la  del  rio  no  sc  podian  aprovechar  dcUa  aun<|ue  la 
vian ;  r  ii  csta  causa  Ic  fu<5  forzado  il  don  Garcia  Lopez  volverse  &  donde  hal- 
laron ;  ostc  rio  venia  del  Nordestc  6  volvia  al  »Sur  Sudueste,  por  niancra  quft 
sin  falta  ninguna  es  aquel  donde  lleg6  Mclchor  Diaz.' 

Don  I'ciiro  dc  Toliar  having  returned,  and  having  made  a  report  concern- 
ing tin 'SI-  towns,  D.  Garcia  Lopez  de  Ciirdcnas,  maestre  de  campo,  was 
orilered  to  take  the  same  route  by  which  Don  Pedro  had  come,  and  to  go  on 
fniiii  til''  province  of  Tuzan  to  tiie  westward.  He  was  given  80  tiays  in  which 
to  make  the  jjumey,  from  his  departure  until  his  i-etum.  He  went  on 
bcynnd  Tuzan,  accompanied  by  Indian  guides,  who  told  him  that  farther  on 
thciv  was  a  settlement.  Having  ;,'one  50  leagues  to  the  westwanl  of  Tuzan, 
•nd  MO  from  Ci!x)la,  he  came  to  the  canon  of  a  river  adown  the  side  of  which 
there  was  no  descent  practicable  for  horse,  nor  even  for  those  on  foot,  except 


1  if  they 
le  across. 
)ward  the 
from  the 
nd  to  the 
At  length 

rmides  declared 
A  not  \ye  found 
roa<l.  they  took 
Mill  they  buned 
id  besides  they 
,      This  was  the 

than  the  place 
nown  later  that 
le  seen  by  Diaz. 

no  other  result. 
<;k.  The  guides 
A  qtiantity  of  n 
a  written  account 
Lopez  had  taken 
icier  of  the  expe- 
r  allies,  but  they 
las  been  made  in 

d  in  the  archives 

hor.,  xiv.  3-21  «. 

CO  yazi]uez  h>w  en 

[ract  covering  the 

OS  pueblos,  luego 
po,  por  el  mesnio 
Vella  provincia  de 
tlescobrimiento,  lo 
echado  adclante 
idelante,  poblado. 
Mite,  «S  ochenta  Ue 
Tina  purte  ni  oti-a 
parte  nniy  v.a»>a- 
i  la  barranca  tan 
aunque  es  segiin 
ircsciaun  arroyo; 
wla,  6  por  niuclias 
Mcha  necesidad  de 
ar  della  auwiue  la 
rerse  &  donde  hal- 
>,  por  inanera  quft 

f  a  rexjort  concerii- 
L  de  campo,  was 
Lie,  and  to  go  on 
I  80  days  inwhicii 
■irn.     He  went  on 
lini  that  farther  on 
pstwanl  of  Tuzan, 
[the  side  of  which 
«e  on  foot,  except 


-$. 


ATTEMPT  TO  REACH  THE  RIVER.  • 

one  morning  three  of  the  hghtest  and  most  active  of 
the  party  crept  over  the  brink  and  descended  until 
thoy  were  out  of  sight.  They  did  not  return  till 
toward  evening,  when  they  reported  their  failure  to 
reach  the  bottom,  saying  that  the  river,  and  distances 
and  objects,  were  all  muclj  larger  than  they  seemed 
to  the  beholder  above,  rocks  a|>parently  no  higher 
than  a  man  being  in  fact  larger  than  the  cathedral  at 


Probable  Roctte  of  Caedexas. 

Compelled  by  thirst  they  retired  from  the 
inliospitable  stream,  and  finally  returned  to  Tusayan 
and  Cibola. 

by  a  way  full  of  difficulties,  and  nearly  two  leagnes  in  length.  The  side  of 
the  cnfion  was  of  rock  so  steep  that  the  river  was  liarely  discemibL",  altliuii^'h, 
nc'in-iliiig  to  report,  it  is  as  great  as  the  riyer  of  .Seville,  or  great*'!-;  ainl  tVoni 
iiliiivu  u])peiired  a  brook.  During  many  day»,  and  in  many  placox,  a  way  iiy 
wliich  to  iMisa  the  river  was  sought  in  vain.  Ihirini;  tliiii  time  tlicre  wat 
nmcli  siifTering  from  a  lack  of  water,  for  althou|i;h  tliat  of  tlu*  river  v  us  ti\ 
\ii'w,  it  WII8  unattainable.  For  this  ix>aiu>n  I>i>n  (iarcia  I>.)|iez  w.-is  ftirccd  to 
return.  This  ^iver  coini;s  fnnii  the  nurth-faat,  and  nukes  u  iHiid  to  tlift 
soiitli-Routli-eustward;  hence,  beyond  a  doubt,  it  niu»t  be  tliut  reached  by 
Melcluir  Diaz, 

Tims  till!  reader  will  Ijc  able  to  determine  the  niattt-r  for  liiuiself  a.s  clearly 
at)  may  be.     Fur  details  on  C'oronado's  ux{>etiitiuu  mev  the  foU«>wiii|{  author- 


D  jOOVERIBS  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 


I  i 


Ij       'isli™ 


It  was  not  necessary  in  those  days  that  a  country 
flhould  be  discovered  in  order  to  be  mapped;  even 
now  we  dogmatize  most  about  what  we  know  least. 
It  is  a  lonely  sea  indeed  that  cannot  sport  mermaids 
and  monsters;  it  were  a  pity  to  have  so  broad  an  ex- 
tent of  land  without  a  good  wide  sheet  of  water  in  it; 
so  the  ConihaH  Regio  cum  Vicinis  Gentibvs  shows  a 
large  lake,  called  Conibas,  connecting  by  a  very^  wide 


CONILAS  REOIO 

CVM 

TICIMIS  OEMTIBVS 


XoniBEONVM 


Map  from  Maoin,  1611. 

river  apparently  with  a  northern  sea.  I  give  herewith 
another  map  showing  a  lake  large  enough  to  swallow 

itirs,  though  comparatiTely  few  of  them  make  mention  of  ihe  adventures 
of  ('aptaiu  CArdenas  on  tlic  Colorado:  Rammio,  Viatjgi,  iii.  3r»0-(i3;  link- 
luyt'a  Toy.,  iii.  373-9;  Moln-Padilla,  Covq.  N.  Gal.,  iii.  14,  \ 58-09;  Tor- 
quftnadrt,  i,  609-10;  Hirrera,  dec.  vi.  lib.  ix.  cap.  xi.-xii.;  Ufavmont,  Uixt. 
JUifh.,  MS.,  407-22,  '•82-546,  624-5;  OwVrfo,  iv.  19;  Vilkujrd,  Hid.  N. 
Alex.,  19  ct  seq.;  Gomnra,  I  lint.  Jml.,  272-4;  fiernal  Diaz,  J  tint.  Verdad., 
235;  Btnzoni,  Higt.  A/undo  Nvovo,  107;  ItihaA,  HtMl.  Triumphog,  20-' ;  i'me- 
gtut,  Hot.  Cal.,  i.  167-9;  Vlan>iero,  Storia  led.,  133;  Alci/re,  Jlint.  Conin. 
Jem-;  i.  233-8;  Salmeron,  in  Dor.  //in/.  Mex.,  3d  Ber.  pt.  iv.  7-9;  Aoticioji,  in 
/'/.,  671-2;  i'nro,  Tre»  Sii/loi>,  i.  127-9;  Lorenzana,  in  CorUn,  /lint.  Mex., 
325.  These  might  lie  followed  l>y  a  long  list  of  modern  writers,  for  which  1 
will  refer  the  rrader  to  Jhtt.  North  Mexican  States,  this  series. 


a  country 
iped;  even 
now  least, 
mermaids 
•oad  an  ex- 
vater  in  it; 
vs  shows  a 
I  very  wide 


!•«» 


cmiAQA 


AVACAl. 


oAao«is 


[rive  herewith 
rh  to  swallow 


of  the  atlvcnturcs 
iii.  3r)(M-.3;  nnk 
14,  \r»8-«0;  Tor- 
li.;  lieaumont,  Uixt- 
\Vilkvjr<i,  HM.  N- 
liaz,  Hixt.  Verdad., 
lm7>fto«,20-7;  »"•<• 
htaire,  //'"<•  C"*""?' 
liv."  7-0;  Notidw,  in 

ritere,  for  which  1 
beriea. 


ff 


FANCIFUL  MAPMAKINQ.  f 

Utah  and  Idaho  combined,  and  discharging  its  waters 
by  two  great  rivers  into  the  Pacific.  This  species  of 
geography  was  doubtless  entirely  satisfactory  to  the 
wise  men  of  this  world  until  they  came  to  know  bet- 
ter about  it.  If  the  reader  will  look  over  the  chap- 
ters on  the  Northern  Mystery  in  my  History  of  the 


Map  bt  John  Habbis,  1705. 

Northwest  Coast  he  may  learn  further  of  absurdities 
in  map-making. 

A  more  extended  and  pronounced  exploration  was 
that  of  two  Franciscan  friars,  one  the  visitador  comi- 


II     :■;! 


■i\ 


8  DISCOVERIES  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 

sario  of  New  Mexico,  Francisco  Atanasio  Dominguez, 
and  the  other  minititro  doctr'uiero  of  Zuiii,  Silvostro 
Velez  de  Escalante,  who  sot  out  from  Santa  Fc  July 
29,  177G,  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  a  direct  route 
to  jMontorcy,  on  the  seaboard  of  Alta  California. 
New  ^[exico  had  now  been  known  nearly  two  and  a 
half  centuries;  the  cit}'  of  Santa  Fd  had  been  founded 
over  a  century  and  a  half,  Monterey  had  been  occu- 
pied since  1770,  and  yet  there  had  been  opened  no 
direct  route  westward  with  the  sea,  comnmnicatioii 
between  Mexico  and  Santa  Fe  being  by  land,  the 
road  following  the  Rio  Grande.  In  his  nieniorral  of 
March  1773,  while  in  Mexico,  Father  Junipero  Serra 
had  urged  that  two  expeditions  be  made,  one  from 
Sonera  to  California,  which  was  carried  out  the  fol- 
lowing year  by  Captain  Anza,  and  one  from  New 
Mexico  to  the  sea,  which  Dominguez  and  Escalante 
now  proposed  to  undertake.  Again  in  1775  Anza 
made  a  similar  journey,  this  time  leaving  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Colorado  and  Gila  Father  Garces  who 
ascended  the  former  stream  to  the  Mojave  country, 
whence  crossing  to  Mission  San  Gabriel  he  proceeded 
to  the  Tulare  Valley.  There  he  heard  from  the  na- 
tives of  a  great  river  coming  in  from  the  east  or  north- 
east.^ Indeed  it  was  long  the  prevailing  opinion  that 
there  existed  such  a  stream  in  that  vicinity.  From 
the  Tulare  country  Garces  returned  to  San  Gabriel 
and  jVIojave,  and  thence  proceeded  to  the  villages  of 
the  Moquis.  From  this  place  he  probably  wrote  to 
Santa  Ft3  concerning  the  rumor  of  this  river;  for  all 
through  the  journey  of  Dominguez  and  Escalante 
they  were  in  search  of  it.' 

'On  Fathnr  Font's  map,  1777,  arc  laid  down  two  rivers  entering  the  region 
of  tlic  Tulare  lakes  from  the  north-east,  one  the  llio  de  Smi  J'htlipr,  and  the 
other  calh'd  tlie  Itio  de  que  w  Viene  Aolkia  por  el  P.  iJarre^.  Sec  Fout'ii 
JoiiriKil,  Mn. ;  .Serrti,  Memorial,  March  1773,  >1S. ;  Garciit,  JJiario, '2-i6-'M>i; 
Fuiihg'  Jhsl.  Cat.,  l.">7-«>-J;  Arch.  CiiL,  Pror.  hW.,  MS.,  i.  47-8,  vi.  .")»; 
Paloii,  yot.,n.  281-'J;  JIi<U.  Cat.;  lliM,.  New  Mex.;  ilUt.  Korlh  Mtx:  :Stale«, 
tliis  serii  .•<. 

'  IVoliaMj'  it  was  the  San  Joaqnin,  or  the  Sacramento,  of  which  they 
heard.  Concfming  a  route  fnmi  New  .Mexico  to  C'uliturnia  HunilK)ldt  says: 
'  En  cousideraut  lea  voyages  hardis  des  premiers  couquoruna  e»i)uguold  au 


DOMINGUEZ  AND  ESCALANTE. 


mingucz, 
Silvestro 
Fc  July 
3ct  route 
alifornia. 
^vu  and  a 
founded 
sen  occu- 
poned  no 
iinicatiou 
and,  the 
norral  of 
3ro  Serra 
one  from 
,  the  fol- 
oni  New 
Esealante 
75  Anza 
the  junc- 
rees  who 
country, 
roceeded 
the  na- 
or  north- 
lion  that 
From 
Gabriel 
lajjes  of 
wrote  to 
for  all 
iscalanto 


ig  the  ifrion 
ipi ,  ami  the 
Sec  t'oiit'it 
!o,  -240-348: 
7-8,  vi.  ,VJ; 
Mtx.  UtitltK, 

wliifh  they 
li)M)l(lt  suys: 
siMiguuU  au 


The  party  consisted  in  all  of  nine  persons.  Besides 
the  two  priests  there  wore  Juan  Pedro  Cisneros,  al- 
calde mai/or  of  Zuui,  Bernardo  Miera  y  Pacheco,  capi- 
tan  viilickmo  of  Santa  Fe,  and  iive  soldiers.*  Havinjjf 
implored  divine  protection,  on  the  day  before  named 
they  took  the  road  to  Abiquiu,  passed  on  to  the  Rio 
Ciiama,  and  on  the  5tli  of  August  reached  a  point 
called  Nieves,  on  the  San  Juan  River,  three  leagues 
below  the  junction  of  the  Navajo.  Thence  they 
passed  down  the  north  bank  of  the  San  Juan,  cross- 
mo-  the  several  branches,  until  on  the  10th  they  found 
themselves  on  a  branch  of  the  Mancos,  some  distance 
from  the  San  Juan,  and  beyond  the  line  of  the  present 
state  of  Colorado.^  The  12th  they  camped  on  the 
north  bank  of  the  Rio  Dolores,  in  latitude  38°  13',*'  and 
were  there  jtjined  by  two  natives  from  Abiquii'i,  who 
had  deserted  their  homes  to  follow  the  expedition,' 

They  now  followed  the  general  course  of  the  Do- 
lores'*  until  the  23d,  when  they  left  the  San  Pedro, 
which  Hows  into  the  Dolores  near  La  Sal,  and  crossed 

Mexir|uc,  au  PcfToii,  ct  sur  la  riviere  des  Ainazones,  on  est  dtonncS  <lc  voir  que 
«k|Hii.s  (k'ux  sii'cles  octtc  memo  nation  n'a  pas  su  trouvcr  un  ehcmin  du  terre 
dans  la  Xouvellc-Espagne,  depuis  Taos  au  port  do  Monterey.'  Emui  I'oL,  i. 
317. 

* '  Don  Joaquin  Lain,  vecino  do  la  misma  villa,  Lorenzo  Olivarea  de  la 
villa  del  Paso,  Lucrecio  Muni/,  Andres  Muiiiz,  Juan  de  Aguilar  y  Simon 
Lucro. '  ])itirio,  in  Doc.  Hint.  Mox.,  ser.  ii.  torn.  i.  378. 

'At  the  beginning  of  tlie  journey  their  route  was  identical  with  what  was 
latir  known  as  the  old  Spnnish  trail  from  Santa  Fc  to  Los  Angeles.  Their 
course  was  at  first  north-west,  but  shortly  after  passing  Al)i(|uiu  it  pointed 
due  north  into  Colorado,  then  west,  and  again  north-west  into  Utah,  being 
about  the  .same  as  was  later  called  the  ohl  Spanish  trail  from  Santa  Fe  to 
(Jreat  Salt  Lake.  Captain  J.  X.  Macond)  of  tlic  topographical  engineers  has 
surveyed  and  mapped  essentially  the  same  trail. 

"I'robably  not  so  far  north  by  some  40'. 

' '  Ksta  tarde  nos  alcanzaron  un  coy.  te  y  un  gcnfzaro  de  Abiquiu,  nombradog 
el  priniero  Felipe  y  el  segundo  Juan  Domingo;  por  vagar  entrc  los  gentiles, 
se  imyeniu  sin  permiso  do  sus  superiores  del  dicho  pueblo,  pretestando  querer 
aeoui|'afiainos.  No  necesitaliamos  dc  ellos;  mas  por  evitar  las  cu!i)as,  que  rt 
por  su  iLrnoiancia  <)  por  su  malicia  ]iodian  cometer  andando  mas  tieni]>o  solos 
entre  los  y titas,  si  intentabamos  que  regrcsasen,  los  adndtiinos  por  conipaueros. ' 
JJitirin,  /lor.  /lint.  M<j:.,  ser.  ii.  torn.  i.  392. 

"■  Thiw  streams  are  doubtless  tho.sc  emptying  into  the  Colorado  not  far  from 
its  junetioii  witli  tlie  liunkara.  Latitude  :>'J'  13'  is  here  given,  but  that  must 
be  too  lii  ;h.  I'hilip  Harry,  in  Simpson's  l^xplor.,  4'M,  says  that  up  ti)  the 
lio'ut  first  touched  on  tlie  Dolores  the  priests'  path  and  Macomb's  survey  are 
identical,  but  that  they  here  diverge. 


'3J 


11 


'11 


10 


DISCOVERIES  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 


over  north-east  to  Rio  San  Francisco,'  and 


again 


to 


the  Rio  San  Javier^"  on  the  28th,  their  course  being 
for  some  distance  east  of  north. 

Not  far  from  their  path  was  a  rancherfa  of  Yutas, 
which  the  Spaniards  visited,  endeavoring  to  obtain 
guides  to  the  land  of  the  Timpanogos,  Timpangotzis, 
or  Lagunas,  where  they  had  been  told  to  look  for 


Escalante's  Route  fboh  Santa  FA  to  Utah  Lakk. 

Pueblo  towns.     A  Laguna  guide  was  there,  but  the 
Yutas  did  all  in  their  power  to  dissuade  the  explorers 

•  An  affluent  of  tlie  San  Javier,  or  Grand  River. 

"Oallel  by  the  Yutaa  Tomiche;  to-day  Grand  River.  It  may  here  he 
observed  that  the  route  toward  this  region  had  been  visited  by  Spaniards 
I>cfore,  notably  by  Juan  Maria  de  Ril>cra  in  I7GI,  and  Spanish  names  had 
been  given  to  places,  tliough  the  present  Utah  was  probably  not  entered  by 
him.  Escalante  states  that  the  San  Javier  is  formed  by  four  small  streams 
coming  in  above  the  point  at  which  he  crossed,  and  these,  says  Harry,  Siivp- 
MOiis  Explor.,  490,  correspond  'remarkably  with  the  Uncompagro  River, 
Grand  River,  Smith's  Fork,  and  another  large  fork.  .  .It  seems  evident  that 
after  cro.ssing  the  San  Xiivier  he  follows  up  stream  a  different  fork  from  what 
we  call  Grand  River,  but  which  fork  he  calls  the  main  river,  or  San  Xavier.' 
Gunnison  maps  his  explorations,  showing  the  mouth  of  this  la.st  named 
utream.  In  Simpmn's  Explor.,  481),  is  given  a  map  of  the  present  expedition, 
but  it  does  not  conform  in  every  particular  to  Escalante 's  text. 


ARRIVAL  AT  UTAH  LAKE. 


11 


id  again  to 
:ourse  being 

a  of  Yutas, 
g  to  obtain 
mpangotzis, 
to  look  for 


Lakk. 


TO,  but  the 
le  explorers 


t  may  here  be 

3d  by  Spaniards 

nish  names  lia<l 

not  entered  by 

ir  small  streamit 

ys  Harry,  Sinip- 

mpagro  River, 

ms  evident  that 

fork  from  wliat 

or  San  Xavier.' 

hia  last  named 

lent  expedition, 

:t. 


from  proceeding,  pretending  ignorance  of  the  country 
and  danger  from  the  Comanches.  But  the  3d  of  Sep- 
tember saw  them  again  on  their  way.  Pui-suing  a 
north-west  course,  the  second  day  they  crossed  and 
camped  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Rio  San  Rafael,  or 
Colorado,"  in  latitude  41°  4'.  Their  course  thence 
was  north-westerly,  and  on  the  9th  they  crossed  a 
river  called  San  Clemente,"  flowing  west.  Signs  of 
buffaloes  wore  abundant,  and  on  the  1  Ith  they  killed 
one.  Two  days  afterward  they  crossed  the  Rio  de 
San  Buenaventura,''  the  boundary  between  tlie  Yutas 
and  the  Comanches,  in  latitude  41°  19',  at  a  place 
which  the  priests  call  Santa  Cruz.  Here  were  six  large 
black  poplars,  on  one  of  which  they  left  an  inscription. 
After  resting  two  days  they  took  the  course  of  the 
San  Buenaventura  south-west  ten  leagues,  and  from 
a  hill  saw  the  junction  of  the  San  Clemente.  Descend- 
ing a  little  farther  they  found  a  river  flowing  in  from 
the  west,  following  which  they  reached  a  brancli  the 
17th,  naming  it  the  San  Cosme." 

From  this  point  they  proceeded  westward,  follow- 
ing up  the  Uintah,  across  the  Duchesne,  and  over  the 
mountains,  with  no  small  difficulty,  to  a  river  which 
they  called  Purisima,*^  and  which  they  followed  till 
on  the  23d  they  came  in  sight  of  the  lake  which  the 
natives  called  Timpanogos,  but  which  is  known  now 
as  Utah  Lake. 

Several  reasons  combined  to  bring  the  Spaniards 
so  far  to  the  north  of  what  would  be  a  direct  road 

"  Orand   River;  but  the  latitude  given  was  abtmt  1°  .W  too  high. 

"  White  River,  the  point  of  crossing  being  near  the  Utah  line. 

"  (Jreen  River.  Tho  latitude  given  is  at  least  50'  too  high.  The  crossing 
was  alwve  the  junctions  of  Wliitc  River  and  the  Uintah  with  (Jreen  Uivcr. 
See  Rep.  Fr.  Alouao  de  Posada,  custodio  de  N.  Mex.,  in  Doc.  lliM.  Mfx.,  i. 
431). 

'*  This  is  the  north  branch  of  the  Uintah.  Indeed  the  narrative  of  tho 
explorers  makes  their  route  in  this  vicinity  unmistakable. 

"  \ow  tho  Tim]>anogopi.  'Proseguimos  al  noroeste  media  legua,  pasamos  4 
la  otra  lianda  del  rio,  subimos  una  corta  cuesta  y  ilivisamos  la  laguna  y  dila- 
tado  valle  de  Nuestra  Sefiora  de  la  Merced  de  los  Timimnogotzis— asi  lo  nom- 
bramos  desde  aquL'  Diario,  Doc.  Uint.  Altx,,  a&tie  ii.  torn.  i.  4o4. 


^ 


ts 


DISCOVERIES  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 


from  Santa  Fe  to  Monterey.  First,  Escalante  enter- 
tained a  theory  that  a  better  route  to  the  Pacific 
could  be  found  northward  than  toward  the  south. 
Then  tliere  was  always  a  fat^cination  attending  this 
region,  with  its  great  and  perj>etual  Northern  Mys- 
tery; perhaps  the  Arctic  Ocean  came  down  hereabout, 
or  at  least  an  arm  of  the  Anian  Strait  might  be 
found;  nor  were  forgotten  the  rivers  spoken  of  by 
difterent  persons  on  different  occasions  as  flowing 
hence  into  the  Pacific.  And  last  of  all  it  may  be 
that  the  rumor  of  Pueblo  villages  in  this  quarter  car- 
ried the  explorers  further  north  than  otherwise  they 
would  have  gone. 

However  this  may  have  been,  they  were  now  of 
opinion  that  they  had  penetrated  far  enough  in  a 
northerly  direction,  and  from  this  point  must  take  a 
southerly  course.  There  were  here  no  town-builders 
lik-e  the  Moquis  and  Zuuis,  as  the  priests  had  been 
led  to  suppose,  but  there  were  wild  Indians,  and  the 
first  they  had  seen  in  this  vicinity.  At  first  these 
savages  manifested  fear,  but  when  assured  that  the 
strangers  had  not  come  to  harm  them,  and  were  in  no 
way  leagued  with  the  dreaded  Comanches,  they  wel- 
comed them  kindly  and  gave  them  food.  They  were 
simple-minded  and  inoffensive,  these  native  Yutas, 
very  ready  to  guide  the  travellers  whithersoever  they 
would  go;  but  they  begged  them  to  return  and  estab- 
lish a  mission  in  their  n)idst;  in  token  of  which,  and 
of  their  desire  to  adopt  the  Christian  faith,  they  gave 
the  priests  a  kind  of  hieroglyphic  painting  on  deer- 
Bkin.^" 

'"The  Spaniards  asked  from  them  some  token  to  show  that  they  wished 
them  to  return,  and  the  day  after  thej-  brought  them  one ;  '  pero  ul  traer  la 
Bena  vio  un  compuQero,  que  no  eabia  el  orden  dado,  li  las  fi^uras  de  cUu,  y 
mostriindolc  la  cm/,  del  rosario,  les  diu  a  eiiteuder,  que  la  pintuaen  subre  una 
de  las  lig\iras,  y  entonces  la  ^olvierou  a  Ilcvar,  y  sobre  cada  una  pintaiou 
una  cniz  iiecjuefia;  lo  demas  quedu  como  antes  y  nos  la  dieron  dicicndo  que 
la  iiguia  tpie  per  uno  y  otro  lado  tenia  mas  alniagre,  6  cuuio  ellos  deciun, 
BiUigre,  re]^rcsentaba  al  capitan  mayor,  pun|U<  eu  las  batallas  con  lus  cunian- 
chcs  h:il)ia  rccibido  nuts  hcridas:  las  otras  di«  que  no  estaban  tan  eusangren- 
tiidas,  ii  ios  otros  <los  eapitaues  inferiorcs  al  prinicru,  y  la  que  no  tenia  siiagre 
Dinguuu,  &  uno  quo  no  cm  capitan  de  j^crra,  |>ero  era  de  uutoridad  eatre 


OBSERVATTONS  OX  THE  COCNTRY. 


Id 


Then  the  Spaniards  talk  of  tlie  country,  and  of  the 
people  about  them.  They  are  in  the  valley  and  l»y 
the  lake  of  Nuestra  Seiiora  de  la  Merced  de  los  Tim- 


re  now  of 
ough  in  a 
mst  take  a 
krn-builders 
1  had  been 
IS,  and  the 
first  these 
:l  that  the 
were  in  no 

they  wel- 
They  were 

ve  Yutas, 
oever  they 

and  estab- 
which,  and 

they  gave 
g  on  deer- 


at  they  wished 
pero  ul  traer  la 
[uras  de  cUu,  y 
iiaen  sobrc  una 
iina  pintarou 
m  diciemlo  que 
lO  ellos  docian, 
con  los  cuniaii- 
tan  cusaiigrcn- 
no  tenia  siiugio 
kutoi-idad  eutre 


TiMPANotios  Valley, 


elloB.  Estas  cuotro  figuras  do  homhres  eataban  nidamcntc  pintadns  con  tierra 
y  alinagio  cii  ui.  corto  ptidazo  de  yanm^a.'  JJUtrio,  Jjoc.  Hist.  Meu:.,  bCiie  ii. 
torn.  1.  4(>M— 3» 


M 


!,*:!( 


u 


DISCOVERIES  OF  THE  SPANIAED& 


panogos,"  and  north  of  the  river  San  Buenaventura  are 
the  mountains  which  they  have  just  crossed,  extend- 
ing north-east  and  south-west  some  seventy  leagues, 
and  liaving  a  width  of  forty  leagues.  From  the  sur- 
rounding heights  flow  four  rivers  of  medium  size, 
discharging  their  waters  into  the  lake,  where  thrive 
fish  and  wild  fowl.  The  valley  which  surrounds  this 
lake  extends  from  south-east  to  north-west  sixteen 
Spanish  leagues;  it  is  quite  level,  and  has  a  width  of 
ten  or  twelve  leagues.  Except  the  marshes  on  the 
lake  borders  the  land  is  good  for  agriculture.  Of  the 
four  rivers  which  water  the  valley  the  southernmost, 
which  they  call  Aguas  Calientes,  passes  through  rich 
meadows  capable  of  supporting  two  large  towns. 
The  second,  three  leagues  from  the  first,  flowing 
northerly,  and  which  they  call  the  San  Nicoltls,  fer- 
tilizes enough  good  land  to  support  one  large  town 
or  two  smaller  ones.  Before  reaching  the  lake  it 
divides  into  two  branches,  on  the  banks  of  which 
grow  tall  poplars  and  alders.  The  third  river,  which 
is  three  and  a  half  leagues  to  the  north-east,  and  which 
they  call  the  San  Antonio  de  Padua,  carries  more 
water  than  the  others,  and  from  its  rich  banks,  which 
would  easily  support  three  large  towns,  spring  groves 
of  larger  trees.  Santa  Ana,  they  call  the  fourth 
river,  which  is  north-west  of  the  San  Antonio,  and 
not  inferior  to  the  others '® — so  they  arc  told,  for  they 
do  not  visit  it.  Besides  these  rivers,  there  are  good 
springs  of  water  both  on  plain  and  mountain-side; 
pasture  lands  are  abundant,  and  in  parts  the  fertile 
soil  yields  such  quantities  of  flax  and  hemp  that  it 
seems  they  must  have  been  planted  there  by  man. 
On  the  San  Buenaventura  the  Spaniards  had  been 

"  Or,  08  it  was  also  called,  Tiiupagtzis,  Timpanoautzis,  6  Come  Pescado. 
Doc.  Hint.  Mex.,  B6rie  ii.  torn.  i.  4(54. 

'"There  is  no  difficulty  in  recognizing  these  land-marks,  the  Uintah 
Mountains,  the  San  Buenaventura,  or  Orein  River;  and  in  the  four  streams 
of  the  valley,  their  Aguas  Calientes  is  Currant  Creek;  the  second,  their  San 
Kicohis,  though  more  than  three  leiigues  from  the  first,  and  not  correspond- 
ing in  evenr  oti>er  particular,  is  the  Spanish  River;  the  San  Antonio  is  the 
ProTo;  and  the  Santa  Ana,  the  River  Jordan. 


DELIGHTFUL  CLIMATE. 


la 


entura  are 
d,  extend- 
y  leagues, 
II  the  sur- 
liuin  size, 
ere  thrive 
>unds  this 
at  sixteen 
a  width  of 
ics  on  the 
•e.    Of  the 
thcrnmost, 
rough  rich 
•ge   towns, 
st,  flowing 
[icolda,  fer- 
largc  town 
,he  lake  it 
*  of  which 
iver,  which 
,  and  which 
irries  more 
inks,  which 
ring  groves 
the  tburth 
ntonio,  and 
Id,  for  thoy 

are  good 

intain-side; 

the  fertile 

imp  that  it 

by  man. 

had  been 


e 


•e 


Come  Peacado. 

ks,  the  Uintah 
ho  four  streams 
conil,  their  San 
not  correspoml- 
Antonio  is  th« 


I 


troubled  by  the  cold;  but  here  the  climate  is  so 
delightful,  the  air  so  balmy,  that  it  is  a  pleasure  to 
broatho  it,  by  day  and  by  night.  In  the  vicinity  arc 
other  valleys  equally  delightful.  Besides  the  pro- 
ducts of  the  lake  the  Yutas  hunt  hares,  and  gather 
Hceds  from  which  they  make  atole.  They  might  cap- 
ture some  buft'aloes  in  the  north-north-west  but  for 
the  troublesome  Comanches.'"  They  dwell  in  huts 
of  osier,  of  which,  likewise,  many  of  their  utensils  arc 
made;  some  of  them  wear  clothes,  the  best  of  which 
are  of  the  skins  of  rabbits  and  antelopes.  There  are 
in  this  region  many  people,  of  whom  he  who  would 
know  more  may  consult  the  Native  Races. 

The  Spaniards  are  further  told  by  the  Yutas  of  a 
large  and  wonderful  body  of  water  toward  the  north- 
wosi,  and  this  is  what  Father  Escalante  reports  of  it. 
"The  other  lake,  with  which  this  communicates,"  ho 
says,  "occupies,  as  they  told  us,  many  leagues,  and 
its  waters  are  injurious  and  extremely  salt;  because 
the  Timpanois^"  assure  us  that  he  who  wets  any  part 
of  his  body  with  this  water,  immediately  feels  an  itch- 
ing in  the  wet  part.  We  were  told  that  in  the  circuit 
of  this  lake  there  live  a  numerous  and  quiet  nation, 
calleel  Puaguampe,  which  means  in  our  language  Sor- 
cerers; thoy  speak  the  Comanche  language,  feed  on 
herbs,  and  drink  from  various  fountains  or  springs  of 
good  water  which  are  about  the  lake;  and  they  have 
their  little  houses  of  grass  and  earth,  which  latter 
forms  the  roof  They  are  not,  so  they  intimated, 
enemies  of  those  living  on  this  lake,  but  since  a  certain 
time  when  the  people  there  approached  and  killed  a 
man,  they  do  not  consider  them  as  neutral  as  before. 

'•This  is  directly  opposite  the  direction  in  which  we  would  expect  to 
find  the  Comanohes  of  to-day;  but  tho  Utea  applied  the  term  comanche  to  all 
hoatilo  Indians.  Buffaloes  were  common  in  abariginal  times  in  Cache  and 
Powder  River  valleys  as  well  as  in  eastern  Oregon  and  B3isii  valley. 

'^  Yet  another  form  for  the  name  Timpanogus,  as  indeed  before  the  end  of 
the  following  pago  wo  have  'Ttin;):iuo3is,'  'Timpaaog.ttzis,' and  'Timpanogo.' 
Sou  note  17  thij  cliapter.  On  Froisett's  map,  published  at  Salt  Laku  City  in 
187J,  is  tho  '  Provo,  or  Timpouayas '  river. 


I    I 


16 


DISCOVERIES  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 


Oil  tills  occasion  tliey  entered  by  the  last  pass  of  the 
Sierra  Blanca  de  los  Tinipanogos,  which  is  the  same  in 
which  they  are,  by  a  route  north  one  fourth  north-west, 
and  hy  that  same  way  they  say  the  Conianches  make 
their  niids^  which  do  not  seem  to  be  very  frequent."-' 

Continuinj^  their  journey  the  2Gth  of  September 
with  two  f^uides,  the  Spaniards  bend  their  course 
soutli-wcstwardly  in  the  direction  of  Montcrey,through 
the  Sevier  lake  and  river  rej^ion,  which  stream  they 
call  Santa  Isabel.  The  8th  of  October  they  arc  in 
latitude  HS'  3'  with  Beaver  River  beliind  them. 
I*assiii<jj  on  into  what  is  now  Escalante  Valle}'  they 
question  the  natives  regarding  a  route  to  the  sea,  and 
as  to  their  knowledge  of  Spaniards  in  that  direction. 
The  savages  know  nothing  of  either.  JVIeanwhile 
winter  is  approaching,  provisions  are  becoming  low,  the 
way  to  the  sea  must  be  long  and  difficult;  therefore 
the  friars  resolve  to  abandon  the  attempt;  they  will 
continue  south,  turning  perhaps  to  the  east  until  they 
come  to  the  Colorado,  when  tliev  will  return  to  Santa 
Fe  by  way  of  the  ]Moqui  and  Zuni  villages. 

Some  of  the  party  object  to  this  abandor^nent  of 

*'  Ah  tills  is  tlie  first  account  we  have  of  the  Orcnt  Salt  Ijike  ami  its  people 
Twill  give  the  original  I'ntiiv  :  'l^aotrn  laguna  con  i|iiieii  esta  sc  coniiinioa, 
octiim,  segun  noa  int'orniaron,  nnichas  Icguas  y  huh  nguos  son  nociviis  I'l  e.stru- 
nuiUanicnte  Baliulas;  iMircjue  nos  aHcguran  lost  tini]>anois  <|ue  cl  (jnu  st;  inojaluk 
algnna  jiartcdi'l  cuoqio  con  ollas,  al  punto  Hcntianiuclia  coincnxon  en  la  parte 
niojada.  Kn  su  circuito  nos  dijeron  haliitu  una  nacion  nunicroMv  y  (piieta, 
que  80  nonilira  rnaguanipo,  ipu-  en  nucstro  vulgar  dice  licchiccrot*;  la  cual 
nsa  cl  iilionia  cumanche;  se  aliincnta  dc  las  ycrxiis,  Ik'Ik!  do  varias  fucntes  ii 
ojoH  de  liuena  agiia,  que  esttin  en  el  circuito  de  la  higuna,  y  tienen  sus  cusitait 
de  /acatc  y  tii'rra,  <|Ue  era  el  tcclio  de  cllas.  \o  son  encnngos  do  los  liigiinas, 
segun  inHinuaron,  pero  desde  ciert^i  ocasion  (|uc  se  acercaron  y  les  niataron  nil 
lioinbre,  no  los  tienen  por  tan  neiitrales  coiiio  antes.  Kn  estJi  ocasion  ciitraron 
IM)r  la  ])uerta  tinal  de  la  Sierra  IManca  de  los  'riniitaiioKJs,  <jue  es  la  niisnia  en 
«|He  estiin,  por  el  norte  ciiart^i  al  noroestc,  y  por  acpii  iniHino  diceii  liacer  sus 
eiitnidas  los  cunianches,  las  (pie  no  |)arecieron  ser  inuy  frecuontes.'  Diario, 
J)or.  1 1  int.  Mij:,  sc'Tie  'i.  toin.  i.  408. 

Wr  llaiTy  is  evidently  not  very  thoroughly  versed  in  the  S|uinish  lan- 
guage, or  his  manuscript  copy  of  Ksealante's  journey  is  defective.  For  exain- 
l)le  he  tninslates  frhizemi'  which  l)eing  old  Spanish  he  could  not  find  in  his 
niixlern  dictionary—'  throwers  or  slingere  '  when  the  word  '  witches,'  or  rather 
'sorcerers,'  is  clearly  implied.  Again  he  queries  facnle,  not  kiujwing  its 
meaning — a  common  enough  Mexican  wonl,  fonnerly  written  Zdcntv,  niulsig- 
iiifying  hay  or  gr.-iss.  For  further  inaccuracies  see  his  summary  in  ShnpHoii'n 
h'splor.,  4'M.  Warren,  Parific  IlnUrotul  Itiport,  xi.  35,  examined  the  some 
copy  of  Ksealante's  norrutivc,  then  in  the  Peter  Force  library,  which  was 
used  l>y  Horry. 


RFTITIU;  Tu  SANTA  FR. 


17 


ss  of  the 
e  Kaine  in 
irth-wcst, 
hoH  make 

i.  "21 

Icptcniber 
3ir  course 
y,  through 
-cam  they 
icy  arc  in 
ind   them, 
alley  they 
lie  sea,  ami 
,  (liivetiou. 
Meanwhile 
ng  low,  the 
;  thereloro 
,;  they  will 
t  until  they 
•n  to  Santa 

s. 

lorMient  of 

:c  an»l  it*  people 
[sta  80  i't)miuii*"«. 
iiociviw  «'•  estrc- 
■i  (jne  8c  iiiojalM* 
•n/.on  on  In  parte 
luerowv  y  (iuiet>i, 
•hici-iim;  l;i  eual 
1  varias  fmntcs  u 
iencii  BUS  cusitas 
L  do  1(>8  la>,aiiui8, 
V  IcH  inataron  m\ 
[ocasioi!  tiitraroa 
L,  (.»  la  miHiua  eu 
l>  aicfii  liacor  sua 
;iK'nU'».'  D'lario, 

l|io  Sjianislt  Ian- 
jtive.  I''"'*  exam- 
Ill  not  tiiul  in  his 
litcUca,' or  rather 

jiiot  kiu»viiiK  its 
li  ziicnK',  aiui  M>I- 
lury  in  Simi'KOii't 
Imiueil  tlie  aaino 
bury,  wliich  waa 


pur] 


■>()St> 


Tlit'V  have  eonic 


far;  tliev  ran  surely  find  a 


way:  why  turn  l»a«'k^    To  dctrniiiiH'  the  nuitter  prayers 
arJ  niadt"  aii<l  l"ts  cast,  the  deeision  heing  against  \Ion- 

Uwanl,  tJH^  llth,  in  latitude 


trrey.  As  tluy  uumi  ciistwani, 
'MV  x2',  tl.ev  aie  oldiged  to  make  hread  of  seeds  piir- 
chasrdVn.ni  thf  natives,  I'or  their  supplii-s  are  wholly 
exhausted.  Iveaelung  tile  Colorado  tlie  "-'(Uil,  twelve 
(l.ivs  an-  passed  in  searching  for  a  ford,  width  they 
lind  at  last  in  latitude  37',  the  line  dividing  Utah 
tr»»m  Arizona.  Their  course  is  now  south-east,  and 
the  Kith  ol"  Xoveinher  they  reach  Orayhi,  as  tliey  eall 
tlie  residence  of  the  Motjuis.  Tliere  th»\v  are  kindly 
received;  l>ut  wlien  lor  food  ami  sheltir  they  oiVer 
presents  and  nligious  instruction  the  nati\ es  iifuse. 
Next  «li ;.  the  S|)iUiiards  visit  Xongopahi,  and  the  day 
after  (Jualj)!.  at  which  latter  ;>lace  tliey  call  a  meeting 
and  pr<»p(»se  to  the  natives  tenijioral  and  spiritual  suh- 
mission.  The  Mouuis  will  l»e  friendly  they  .say,  but 
the  further  proposals  they  pnnnptly  decline.  There- 
ujKUi  the  friars  continue  their  way,  reaching  Zuni  No- 
veinher  "_' Ith  and  Santa  Fe  the  2d  of  January  1777.'' 

•■-'Tlic  jonn  'V  into  I'tali  of  Pominguez  and  Kacalanto,  ns  j^ivt'n  in  Pof, 
fli^f.  Mi\r..  -^rno  :i.  tmii.  i.  .'IT.V.ViH,  iindir  title  of  l>i(ini>  n  tlirrolcnxh  Is  I!.  ]{, 
J'/',  f'r.  Fi"  ■■'  AtiiiiUMo  Jhtiiihiijiir-.  1/  I'r.  Sih')"tri'  I't/f.il,'  J'^sruhiiitr,  jiiirtt 
ill  Hi  iihrir  <■(  niiiiiii')  disilf  el  /'ri'siilhulc  Sdiila  /•(•  ihi  Niii  nt  Mixira,  til  t/c  Moll- 
hnij,  ill  In  t'dli/inii't  Si  jih  iitnoiinl,  is  full  iintl  clrar  as  to  rmitf  ami  iiiloiuia- 
tion  rcpiriliiiir  tlic  roimtry  ami  its  iiiliuliitants.  As  must  lit;  oxpocti-il  in  all 
smli  iian-.»fi\fs  it  is  lull  of  trivial  <K'tiiil  \vliii;li  is  tin'soiiir,  hut  which  wo  ran 
icMiIily  fxci:-!'  for  tlio  worth  of  the  rcniainilcr.  Thf  i)rii'sts  were  i'Idso  anil 
iiit<-lli.i.'fMt  olisiiAt  IS,  ami  have  much  tn  say  rcgaiilinj;  coiili^'urafion,  soil, 
iliiiiatc,  plants,  niiiicrals,  animals,  ami  jicoplc.  A  summary  is  ),'iv(<n  in  iSnnp- 
■•ijii'.s  /^.r/.lci:,  app.  11  liy  Philip  Harry,  from  a  manuscript  copy  of  tin?  ori'  i- 
nal  in  the  archives  in  the  city  of  Mixicr*  which  ans»\crs  the  purpose  theri:iii 
reipurc'l,  l«ut  is  not  sMllii'iently  rulial)Ie  or  exact  hjr  histoiicil  pur|>oses.  'I'ho 
map  accompany inii  the  siuninary  is  iM'tter,  heinjj  for  tin;  nuist  part  correct. 
Of  the  two  pailres  and  what  they  saw  llumholdt  says,  J:'.-tM(ti  I'ul.:  'Ce  ter- 
lain  est  la  eontinuaiion  de  la  C'ordillore  des  (!rucs,  ipii  se  prolonj^e  vi'rs  i,t 
Sierra  Verde  et  vers  le  lac  do  Timpanogoa,  eelehre  dans  I'liistoire  niexii'aine. 
I,e  l;io  .S.  llafai  I  et  le  Itio  S.  Xavier  sont  les  souiccs  ]irineipales  du  lli'uvo 
/.a^'iiananas,  ipii,  nvee  lo  Kio  <le  NaK'ijoa,  forme  le  IJio  ('oloiado:  ce  dirnii'  ,i 
si>n  emlH)uchure  dans  le  fjolfe  d(;  Californie.  Ccs  regions  jdiondantes  ui  hel 
v;tiunie  out  I'te  exandnees,  en  1777,  imr  deux  voyageurs  reni]ilis  de  Zcle  et 
d'intii  pidite,  moiiies  de  I'order  de  S.  Fra!icois,  le  jhm'c  Ivsculante  et  le  peio 
.Antonio  Velez.'  From  the  last  clause  it  is  clear  that  Jlumlxildt  was  confused 
as  to  names,  Vele/  and  Kscalantc  lieloiij,'ing  to  tln'  same  person.  Simpson, 
/.'r/'lm:,  l.'l,  enters  uixin  a  hmfi  dissei'tation  over  a  simple  and  very  tran.s;.ar- 
cut  mistake.  See  idso  lli»t.  Xv.-th  Mex.  Statts;  Uiat.  A'c(f  J/ix.;  aud  UIm. 
I  a'.,  this  series. 

Uur.  I'TAU.    i 


CHAPTER   II. 


ADVENT  OF  TRAPPERS  AND  TRAVELLEBS. 

1778-1846. 

IxTASioN  BY  Fur  Hdnteb?  — Barojt  la  Hontan  and  ms  Fables — The  Pop- 
ular GEoaRAPiiic  Idea — Dlscovert  of  thk  Grkat  Salt  Lake — Jahes 
Bridger  Decidino  a  Bet — He  Determines  the  Course  op  Bear  River 
AND  Comes  upon  the  Great  Lake — Henry,  Ashley,  Green,  and 
Beckwourth  on  the  Grodnd— Fort  Built  at  Utah  Lake— Peter 
Skeen  Ogden — Journey  or  Jedediah  S.  Smith — A  Strange  Coun- 
try—Pegleo  Smith— Wolpskill,  Yount,  and  Burton  Traverse  the 
Country — Walker's  Visit  to  California— Some  Old  Maps — The 
Bartleson  Company — Statements  of  Biuwell  and  Beluen  Com- 
pared—Whitman AND  Lovejoy— Fremont — Pacific  Coast  Immigra- 
tions OF  1845  AND  1846— Origin  of  the  Name  Utah. 


sj: 


Half  a  century  passes,  and  we  find  United  States 
fur  hunters  standing  on  the  border  of  the  Great  Salt 
Lake,  tasting  its  brackish  waters,  and  wondering  if 
it  is  an  arm  of  the  sea.^ 

'  There  are  those  who  soberly  refer  to  the  Baron  la  Hontan  and  hi:  prodi- 
gions  fulschiKMls  of  1680  for  the  lirst  infommtion  of  Great  Salt  Lake.  Bcciuse 
among  t)ie  inanv  fabulous  wondera  reported  lie  nomewhere  on  tlio  w«item 
side  of  ti)e  continent  placed  n  body  of  lud-tosting  water,  Stonsbury,  Exprd., 
151,  does  nut  hesitate  to  aflimi  'tiiat  the  existence  of  n  large  lake  of  salt  water 
■omowhere  amid  the  wilds  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  seems  to  have  been 
known  vosuely  as  long  as  ISO  years  since.'  Perhaps  it  was  salt,  an«l  not  silver 
tliat  the  WinnelMgoes  reported  to  Carver,  Trairh,  33-0,  as  coming  down  in 
caravans  from  'the  mountains  lying  near  the  heads  of  the  Colorado  River.' 
Warren,  in  I*ae\fic  llailroad  JlejHtrt,  xi.  34,  repeats  and  refutes  the  La  IIo'.i- 
tan  myth.  Ho  says,  '  the  story  of  La  Hontan  excited  much  speculation,  and 
received  various  additions  in  his  day;  and  the  lake  finally  became  represented 
on  the  publislietl  English  maps.'  Long  before  this  date,  however,  reliable  in- 
formation had  hccn  received  by  the  Spanianls,  and  the  same  may  have  come 
to  English  trapiiers;  so  that  by  1826  reports  of  the  existence  of  such  a  sheet 
may  liave  reacliod  civilization.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  neither  La  Hontan 
nor  Carver  ever  received  information  from  the  natives,  or  elsewhere,  suHicien*: 
to  justify  map-makers  in  pimnng  a  lari;c  lake  in  that  vicinity.  In  Gordon's 
J/iMorical  and  Geoyrapkicai  Mfnt'jir  of  the  North  Amrrican  Continrtil,  pub- 
luhed  in  Dublin  in  18*20,  it  is  written:  'Concorring  the  lakes  and  rivers  of 
this  as  yet  imperfectly  explored  region  we  have  Httle  to  say.     Of  thu  former 

(IS) 


DISCOVERY  OF  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 


IBS. 


LT  Lake— James 
EOF  Beak  EivKB 
,EY,  Grees,  and 
^n  Lake-Peter 
L  Strange  Cons- 
os  Traverse  tub 
Old  Maps— Tiik 
«D  Belden  Com- 
c  Coast  Immwra- 

nited  States 
ic  Great  Salt 
wondering  if 


ntan  and  his  prodi- 
lit  Lake.    BecAUue 
Iro  on  the  wwitcrn 
Stansbury,  Kxpfd., 
,  lake  of  salt  water 
iccnu  to  have  been 
Isalt,  awl  not  silver 
las  coming  •lown  ir. 
le  Colorado  Kivcr. 
lfutc«  the  La  llo'.i- 
Tsh  Bpcculation,  and 
Wamo  rcprcBcnted 
k»-cvcr,  reliable  in- 
imo  may  have  como 
Ice  of  such  a  sheet 
Tncithcr  U  Hontan 
Bsewhcrp,  sulttcien* 
nity     I"  Gonlon'i 
,n  C'on<i»"''.  pw»>; 
akcs  and  rivers  ol 
ky     Of  th«  former 


First  among  these,  confining  ourselves  to  authentic 
records,  was  James  Bridger,  to  whom  belongs  the 
honor  of  discovery.  It  hai>penetl  in  this  wise.  During 
the  winter  of  1824-5  a  jwirtj-  of  tn.ppers,  who  had 
ascended  the  Missouri  witli  Henry  asul  Ashley,  found 

y/c  have  no  certain  acconnt.  Two  hare  been  noticed  in  the  wcntcm  parts,  a 
salt  lake  nlxxit  the  tliirty-ninth  dt-Krec  of  latitude,  the  wcstcni  limits  of 
Hhich  are  unknown,  and  the  lake  of  Tinipaoogoa,  about  the  forty -first  degree, 
of  great  but  unascertained  extent. ' 


Map  op  Utah,   iS'Jti. 

In  a  report  subr.itted  to  .ongresa  May  l.'>.  I^JO,  by  Mr  llaylies  it  i8  stati'd 
that  '  many  g'>r^gniphi('s  have  placctl  the  Lak<>  Timpanogos  in  latitudt!  40,  bnt 
they  have  obviously  'X>nfonnde<i  it  with  tli<-  Ldk<-  1'h<-guayo,  whicli  extendi 
from  30'  40'  to  41",  and  from  which  it  appr«rs  separat^il  by  a  neck  or  |)enin- 
siiln;  the  two  lakes  approaching  in  one  direction  as  M<-ar  ax  *J0  miles.'  JUth 
Cowj.,  IhI  SeMH.,  Himnf.  l{tf)t.  A'o.  £1,1.  Snch  statemt-nts  as  this  amount  to 
nothing — the  honorable  gentleman,  with  all  dnr  re»pect,  not  knowing  what 
he  was  writing  aliout— except  as  going  to  sIk«w  the  vague  anil  imperfect  im- 
pression of  the  popular  minil  conci'ming  this  rcgiL-n  at  that  time. 

I  will  give  for  what  it  la  worth  a  cLiim,  set  up  in  this  same  cuugre»> 


»  ADVENT  OF  TRAPPERS  AND  TRAVELLERS. 

themselves  on  Bear  River,  in  Cache,  or  Willow  Val- 
ley. A  discussion  arose  as  to  the  probable  course 
of  Bear  River,  which  flowed  on  both  sides  of  tlieni. 
A  wager  was  made,  and  Bridger  sent  to  ascertain  the 
truth.  Following  the  river  through  the  mountains 
the  fir.st  view  of  the  great  lake  fell  upon  him,  and 
when  he  wei>t  to  the  margin  and  tasted  the  water  ho 
found  that  ii  was  salt.  Then  he  returned  and  re- 
ported to  his  companions.  All  were  interested  to 
know  if  there  emptied  into  this  sheet  other  streams 
on  which  they  might  find  beavers,  and  if  there  was 
an  outlet;  hence  in  the  spring  of  182G  four  men  ex- 
plored the  lake  in  skin  boats. 

During  this  memorable  year  of  1825,  when  Peter 

■ionol  report,  by  one  Samticl  Atlanta  Ruildock,  that  in  the  year  1.S2I  ha 
j«ninicyc(l  from  (,'onncil  Bhifl"  to  Santa  I'V,  and  thence  with  a  tVailinj;  party 
proc'icilctl  by  way  of  'ireat  Salt  L.ake  to  Oregon.  Tlio  report  says :  '(tntho 
9th  of  Jiiiii!  tliiit  party  crossed  tlie  Rio  «lcl  Norte,  and  pursuing  a  umth  west 
direction  on  tlie  north  Iwink  of  the  river  Chaniiia,  and  over  the  niouutuius, 
reached  Jjike  Trinidad;  and  then  pursuing  tlic  same  direction  across  tlio 
uppi  r  liraiu-hes  of  the  Rio  Colorado  of  California,  reached  Lake  Tini]\iiia';os, 
M  hiili  in  intersected  by  xho  4'_'d  parallel  <if  latitude,  the  boundary  betv.'eeii 
the  Cuited  States  of  America  and  the  United  States  of  Mexico.  This  lako 
M  the  prineiiml  source  of  the  river  Timi)anag08,  and  the  Multnomah  of  Lewis 
aiul  ( 'larke.  They  then  followed  the  course  of  this  river  to  it.i  juuetimi  with 
the  (,'oluudiia,  and  re.'ichcd  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  on  the  first  day  t,i 
August,  eonsplcting  the  journey  from  the  Council  BlulTs  in  sevcnty-uino 
daj.s.' 

'•■This,  upon  the  testimony  of  Robert  Campbell,  Par.  I?.  Ifrpt.,  \i.  H.",  who 
Mas  theri-Jat  tlie  time  'ai  '  humd  tlie  party  just  returned  fi-oni  the  e.\plo:-atii>ii 
of  the  lake,  and  recollect  their  report tliat  it  was  without  any  outlet. '  Ihid  :cr".4 
story  of  his  discovery  was  corrrobomted  by  Sanuit'i  Tuliock  in  Caini  bell's 
couutiug-room  in  St  Louis  at  a  later  date.  Car'ipbell  pronounces  tliciii  botii 
•men  of  the  strictest  int<^'grity  and  truthfulness.'  Likewise  Ogden's  trappera 
met  liridger's  party  in  the  KUmmer  of  18'J.>  and  were  told  of  tlic  di.scovc  ry. 
See  ///.<^  AV*y((/(f,  this  series.  Irvi:  g,  lioinifvll'e'.i  Ailr.,  1S(!,  fays  it  \\r,3 
proi>ably  Sidilctte  who  nent  out  the  four  men  ill  the  skin  canoe  in  IS"J(i  r.oiir.e- 
\illc  jirdfcsscM  to  doubt  this  exploration  because  the  iiien  reported  that  they 
sull'-nil  .■.evercly  from  thirst,  when  in  fact  several  fiiu!  streum.s  flow  int.)  tiie 
lalic;  but  rxinucville  desired  to  attach  to  !'ia  name  tlie  honor  of  an  early  Riir- 
vcy,  ami  ilctnicl  fnini  (hose  entitled  to  ii.  The  trappe''s  in  their  canoes  di<l 
not  iiretciid  tn  make  »  thorough  survey,  an<l  as  for  senreity  of  fresh  water  iu 
places  Staiisbury  says,  Kxjicd.,  lO.'J,  that  during  his  explorations  he  frciiiiciitly 
M.is  iibligcd  to  send  fifty  miles  for  water.  Other  I'laimauts  ni^pear  prior  to 
I'.riilger'ti  discovery.  W.  M.  Anderson  writing  to  the  Xutiohal  Ii:l<lliii<'iiri  r 
und<  r  «late  if  I'cb.  20,  18(H>,  .says  that  Provost  trappcil  iu  this  vicinity  in 
IHL'O,  and  that  Ashley  was  tiicre  befon!  15ridger.  Ihcn  it  was  said  1  y  Setli 
••rant  that  his  jiartner,  Vazfpiez,  discovered  the  ureal  inli'ndsea,  ealliri^*  it  an 
urin  of  the  ocean  because  the  water  was  salt.  That  no  white  man  e.cr  taw 
till  (iivat,  Salt  Lake  Infore  P>ridger  cannot  be  proven;  but  his  Ix-ing  the  only 
well  ttuthcnticatetl  account,  liistory  inost  rotit  tuoro  natil  it  finds  a  better  one. 


VOl.r  ASHLEY. 


tho  <ir.st  tl>y  <i 
ill  suveiity-niiio 

'rjit.,  xi.  n.'),  who 

the  oxiilovatiull 
tlot.'  lVi(l;^<T"s 


)i;(1f!i'M  Inippcra 


)rt'(l  thai  they 
i\n  (low  int.)  the 
Lf  an  early  Rur- 
lllu'ir  caii'X's  «liil 
frcah  vatir  iu 
[is  lu-fri'<n,i'iitly 
Jnj.pi'ur  ]nior  l*» 

Itl.is  vicinity  in 

iH  (iiiitl  ly  J^i'th 

i-a,  willi'ii;  it  nn 

Iv  man  c>ir  taw 

hfinj;  thi"  only 

Ida  a  bettor  one. 


Skocn  Ogdcn  witli  liis  i.arty  of  Hud.son'.s  Bay  Com- 
pany trappers  was  on  Huiuboltlt  River,  and  James  P. 
l>c('k\vourtu  was  jmi-suing  his  darinji^  adventures,  and 
the  region  numd  tlie  great  lakes  of  Utah  fir.st  became 
laiuiliar  to  iinierican  trappers,  WilHam  11.  Aslih-v, 
of  the  Rocky  ^lountain  Fur  Company,  at  the  hca..  ." 
one  lumdred  and  twenty  men  and  a  train  of  well 
packed  horses,  came  out  from  St  Louis,  through  the 
South  Pass  and  down  by  Great  Salt  Lake  to  Lake 
Utah.  There  he  '»'  ilt  a  fort,  and  two  yoai-s  later 
brouglit  fr«»ni  St  Louis  a  six-poundcr  which  thereafter 
giaced  its  court.  Ashley  was  a  brave  nian,  shrewd 
and  honest;  he  was  prosperous  and  commanded  the 
respect  of  his  men.  Nor  may  we  impute  to  him  lack 
of  intelligence,  or  of  common  geographical  knowledge, 
when  we  find  him  seriously  considering  the  project  of 
descending  the  Colorado  in  boats,  by  means  of  which 
lie  would  eventually  reach  St  Louis.  Mr  Green,  who 
gave  his  nunse  to  Green  River,  had  been  with  Asidey 
the  previous  year;  and  now  for  three  years  after  the 
ostabli.shinir  of  Fort  Ashley  at  Utah  Lake,  Green  with 
his  trappers  occupied  the  country  to  the  west  and  north.' 

'Sec  Ili-t.  Xorlhumt  Congf,  ii.  447-8,  this  series.  T.  D.  Bonner  in  Ms 
Life  iiiid  Ailiriitiirrn  oJ'Jawen  /'.  Urrkirotirth,  7I-.1,  gives  wliut  purjK>rt.s  to  \)C 
nn  account  of  Ashley's  descent  of  Gri'en  Kiver  to  (Jreat  Salt  Lake  on  a  c'jrt-Tiii 
occasion  in  Aslilcy'sown  lanyua^e.  There  may  Ite  some  truth  in  it  all,  thoii^^h 
IJeckwoiirtli  is  f;ir  astray  in  his  dates,  as  he  places,  the  occurrence  in  XX'l'l. 
Itcikwourth  goes  on  to  say  tiiat  one  day  in  June  a  iK'autiful  Indian  girl 
ofl'crcil  him  a  pair  of  moccasins  if  he  vould  shoot  for  her  an  autelo|M'and  liring 
licr  the  hrains,  that  A\ith  them  she  might  dress  a  deer-skin.  Jleckwoiirth 
ftartcil  out,  hut  failing  to  secure  an  antelojw,  ami  seeing  as  ho  supiKiscd  an 
liiihan  coming,  he  thought  he  would  shout  the  Indian  and  take  his  hraiiis  to 
llic  girl,  who  wotdd  n((t  know  the  ditFerence.  Just  as  he  was  alK)Ut  to  lire  he 
disc'iviixd  the  siip|H>:cd  Inilian  to  l.o  Ashley,  who  thcr>ii]Min  toM  him  of  hi« 
lulventnrcs  down  (ireen  Hivcr  and  through  the  canon  to  (lre<ii  Salt  I-ike.  | 
liavi!  no  douht  it  is  three  fourths  liction,  and  what  there  is  of  fact  nnist  Iw 
l>l.-c(il  ftJiwaril  four  years.  'We  had  a  very  dangerous  passage  down  the 
liver,' K;id  Ashley  to  ikvkwourth,  'and  sidl'eivd  more  than  I  everwish  tosee 
men  suli'er  again.  Von  are  uwjire  that  we  ttK)k  hut  little  provision  with  ux, 
Dot  iNpccting  that  the  canon  ixtendid  so  far.  In  jm-ssing  oxer  the  rapi'Is, 
V  heie  we  lost  two  lioats  and  tliix'c  guns,  we  made  use  of  loi^'s  in  letting  iluwn 
our  Uiiits  over  the  inoiit  dangerous  place}.  Our  provisions  soon  gave  out. 
We  found  plenty  of  l>eavcr  in  the  caflon  for  some  miles,  and,  exiH'cting  to  liiii' 
tluni  in  as  great  plenty  all  the  way,  wi-  wived  none  of  their  carcasses,  whii  h 
constituted  our  kHMl.  As  we  prvH-eedeil,  however,  they  W-eaioe  inotv  aixl 
more  scarce,  until  there  were  none  to  !«•  seen,  and  we  w«'re  m'.irely  out  I'l 
provisions.     To  trace  tkuriwrwuii  iiu|iossible,  uiid  to  ascend  the  iwr^ioiulicu- 


22 


ADVENT  OF  TRAPPERS  AXD  TRAVELLERS. 


I 


I   m 


itii 


m 
m 


From  Great  Salt  Lake  in  August,  1826,  Jedediah 
S.  Smith  sets  out  on  a  trapping  and  exploring  tour 
with  fifteen  men.  Proceeding  southward  he  trav- 
erses Utah  Lake,  called  for  a  time  Ashley  Lake,*  and 
after  ascendh  g  Ashley  River,  which,  as  he  remarks, 
flows  intt>  the  lake  through  the  country  of  the  Sam- 
patches,  he  bends  his  course  to  the  west  of  south,  passes 
over  some  mountains  running  south-east  and  north- 
west, and  crosses  a  river  which  ho  calls  Adams/  in 

lar  clifTs,  which  heminc<l  us  in  on  either  side,  was  eqnally  impossible.  Onf 
oii)y  alternative  was  to  go  ahead.  After  jHiasing  six  days  witliout  food,  the 
men  were  weak  and  disheartened.  I  listened  to  all  their  murmurings  and 
heart-rending  con^.plaints.  They  often  siioko  of  home  and  fiiends,  declaring 
they  would  never  see  them  more.  Sonic  spoke  of  wives  and  children  whom 
they  dearly  lovc<l,  and  who  must  shortly  become  widows  and  orphans.  They 
hu<i  toiled,  they  saiil,  through  every  difficulty;  had  risked  their  lives  among 
wild  lieasts  and  hostile  Indians  in  the  wilderness,  all  of  which  they  were  will- 
ing to  undei'go;  but  who  could  bear  up  against  actual  starvation?  I  en- 
couraged them  all  in  my  power,  telling  them  that  I  boroan  etiual  part  in  their 
suflerings;  that  I  too  was  toiling  for  those  I  lovo<l,  and  whom  I  yet  hoped  to 
sec  again;  tlutt  we  should  all  endeavor  to  keep  up  our  courage,  and  not  add 
til  our  misfortunes  by  giving  way  to  despondency.  Another  night  was  passed 
amid  the  Ijarren  rxMjks.  The  next  morning  the  fearful  pro|K>sition  was  made 
by  some  of  the  party  for  the  company  to  cast  lots,  to  see  which  should  Iw 
sttcriliced  to  afford  food  for  the  others,  without  which  they  must  inevitably 
pcriiih.  My  feelings  at  such  a  proposition  cannot  bo  dcscrilied.  I  beg};c<l 
of  tliem  to  wait  one  day  more,  and  make  all  the  way  they  could  meanwhile. 
By  doing  so,  I  saiil,  we  must  come  to  a  break  in  the  canon,  wlure  wc  coidd 
escape.  They  consentetl,  and  moving  «lown  the  river  as  fast  as  the  current 
would  carry  u«,  to  our  inexpressible  joy  we  found  a  break,  and  a  camp  of 
trapiters  therein.  Ail  now  rejoiced  that  they  had  not  carried  their  fearful 
proposition  into  effect.  We  ha«l  fallen  into  goo<l  hands,  and  slowly  recruiteil 
ourselves  with  the  party,  which  was  under  the  charge  of  one  Provo,  a  man 
with  whom  I  was  well  uciiuainted.  By  his  advice  we  left  the  river  and  pro- 
ceedeil  in  a  ncrth-westerly  direction.  Provo  was  well  provide«l  with  pro- 
visions and  hor8«'8,  and  he  supplied  us  with  both.  We  remained  with  his 
party  until  we  arrived  at  the  (.ireat  Salt  Lake.  Here  I  fell  in  with  a  largo 
coni|uny  of  trapiMrs,  composed  of  Canadians  and  [ro<|Uois  Indians,  under  the 
cuniiimnd  of  Peter  Ogdcn,  in  the  service  of  the  Northwest  Fur  t'(>nii>any. 
With  this  party  I  made  a  very  gocKl  bargain,  as  you  will  see  when  they  airive 
at  our  cump,  having  purchased  all  their  |X'ltry  on  very  reawHiable  terms.* 

'  Jedetliah  Smith  m  IH'M  ctilla  the  lake  Utah,  and  the  strcant  (lowing  into 
it  fnmi  the  south  Ashley  Hiver.  Me  trr.versai  !e  |)ctit  lac  Uta.  ct  je  irmon- 
tai  Ic  count  de  I'Ashley  qu'il  ix-coit.'  Extrait  d'une  lettre,  in  Xoiirrl/rs  An.  d'H 
Vo;/.,  XXX vii.  208.  For  an  account  of  this  jouniey  sec  Hi"!.  Cat.,  this  striei, 
where  are  fully  discussctl  the  several  conflicting  authorities,  iran^r'^  lUm., 
M.S.,  i.'l-9,  ilates  the  jouniey  18'J4,  and  curries  the  company  fnmi  (Jrecn 
River,  south  of  Suit  Luke,  and  over  the  mountains  iie.ir  Walker  Pass. 
Accounts  in  Croni't'it  Sat.  Wenlth  Cat.;  UiitchiiKjg'  Mm).,  v.  3.>l-2;  S.  F. 
TinifM,  June  14,  1S«7:  I{aiii/o/i>h'»  (>ra//o«,  3i:i- 14;  Tiithill'H  I/l^t.  Cut.,  1*J4-;5; 
Friinift,  /.«  Calij'oniie,  ,%8(iO;  DowjInH'  Private  Paperi,  MS.,  2d  ser.  i.; 
Virtor'n  Hirer  of  the  \Vn<t,  34;  HiinH'  Voy.,  110,  are  mentioned. 

^  The  Kovier;  or  posuibiy  he  crooso'J  from  the  Sevier  to  the  Vlrgcn  and 
•opposed  them  to  be  one  stream. 


23. 

,  Jedetliah 
Dring  tour 
I  he  trav- 
Lake,*  and 
,0  remarks, 
•  the  Sam- 
lUth,  passes 
and  north- 
Adanis/  in 

npossible.     Onf 
itliout  footl,  the 
nurmurings  ami 
ieixls,  declaring 
,  chililren  whom 
1  orphans.    They 
heir  lives  among 
li  they  were  will- 
irvation?     I  en- 
|ual  part  in  their 
n  I  yet  hopwl  to 
Lgc,  and  not  u<lil 
liight  was  paawtl 
i>8ition  wa«  n»ado 
which  slioiihl  »>o 
•  must  inevitably 
•jJied.     I  l>ca«c»l 
ouhl  meanwhile, 
wh-'rc  we  could 
jt  as  the  current 
;,  and  a  camp  ol 
lied  their  fearful 
1  slowly  rccruitc<l 
[ine  I'roTo,  a  man 
he  river  and  pro- 
•vide«l  with  pro- 
mained  with  his 
II  in  with  a  largo 
[i.lians,  under  the 
it  Fur  f.>nii>any. 
when  they  ai-rive 
^jiiahle  terms* 
nuu  flowin;?  into 
uta,  et  ]<•  ivmon- 
liVoi/i'"'"  All.  </'« 
Cnl.,  this  sirie'i, 
\Vnn»r'^  /.Vm., 
iny  fn>ni  (Jrecn 
T  Walker   raw. 
,  V.  3.-.1  •_';  S.   t\ 

//;x<.  ra/.,i-24-r>; 

MS.,  2d  »cr.  i.; 
lied. 

the  Vlrgcn  anu 


SMITH  AND  WOLFSKILL.  ft 

honor  of  the  president.  After  ten  days'  march,  still  in 
a  soutli-vvestcrly  direction,  through  the  country  of  the 
Pah  Utes,  he  recrosses  the  same  stream,  and  after 
two  days  comes  to  the  junction  of  the  Adams  with 
what  he  calls  the  Seedskeeder,  or  Siskadee,  river,"  a 
stream  full  of  shallows  and  rapids  and  flowinj?  through 
a  sterile  country.  Then  he  reaches  a  fertile  wooded 
valley  which  b(.'longs  to  the  Amajabes,  or  Mojaves, 
whore  the  party  rests  fifteen  days,  meeting  with  the 
kindest  treatment  from  the  natives,  who  provide  food 
and  horses.  Thence  they  are  guided  by  two  neo- 
|)hytes  westward  through  a  desert  country,  and  reach 
the  mission  of  San  Gabriel  in  December,  their  ap- 
pearance causing  no  small  commotion  in  California. 
Alter  many  strange  adventures,  fully  narrated  in  my 
Illstorij  of  California,  Smith  works  his  way  north- 
ward up  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  and  in  May  1827 
crosses  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  returns  eastward  to 
Great  Salt  Lake.  With  Jedediah  Smith,  during 
.some  ])ait  of  his  stay  iii  Utah,  was  Thomas  L.  Smith, 
whom  we  nmst  immortalize  in  history  as  Peglcg 
Smith.  He  did  not  possess  a  very  estimable  charac- 
ter, as,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  few  of  his  class  did  in  those 
days.  The  leaders  of  American  fur  companies,  how- 
ever, were  exceptions,  and  in  points  of  intelligence, 
integrity,  and  daring  were  in  no  wise  behind  their 
British  breth  en.^ 

From  south-east  to  north-west  a  portion  of  Utah 
was  traversed  in  the  autumn  of  1  8J50  by  a  trapping 
piirty  under  William  Wolfskill.  The  company  was 
fitted  out  in  New  Mexico,  and  the  great  valley  of 
( 'iilil'oniia  wa.s  their  objective  point.  Wolfskiil  had 
been  a  partner  of  Ewing  Young,  who  was  then  in 
California.     Leaving  Taos  in  September  they  struck 

*'riie  Adams  now  is  clearly  the  Itio  Vi'rgen,  and  the  StH^l-^koedcr,  or  Sis- 
kadee, till' Coloriido.   See  Hisl.  XovtlitrcKt  lUxisI,  ii.  ")?«,  this  wiiesi. 

'W  \V.  Crawford,  A'fir.,  M.5.,  '.»7,  nays  he  saw  IVgU'v!  Smith  in  1847 
oil  Ham  Fork,  in  a  l>euutiful  vall'V  of  the  l?ear  liiver  ^iountains,  whcro  he 
tlieu  lived  with  hiit  luitivo  wife  lU'U  a  few  savage  ititaiiiers. 


i    ^u 


! 


I 


J   ■  ■  i 


:  :'    I 


24 


ADVENT  OF  TRAPPERS  AND  TRAVELLERS. 


north-wostcrly,  cros.sinj,^  the  Colorado,  Grande,  Grocn, 
and  ScvitT  rivers,  and  tlien  turned  south  to  the  Rio 
Virgon,  all  the  time  trapping  on  the  way.  Then  pass- 
ing down  hy  the  Mojaves  they  reached  Los  Angeles 
in  February  1831..  Oeorge  C.  Yount  and  Louis  13ur 
ton  were  of  the  party,* 


UUKKN    KlVEH  ConXTRY. 

Dtiring  the  winter  of  1  832-3  B.  L.  E.  Bonneville 
made  his  camp  on  Salmon  lliver,  and  in  July  following 
was  at  tlie  (ireen  Biver  rendezvous."  Among  the 
several  trapping  parties  sent  hy  him  in  various  direc- 

•Tlierc  wns  little  of  iinportanco  to  Utili  history  in  this  expedition,  for  full 
partit-nlaro  i.f  wliii'li  8oe  /lint.  Cal.,  this  scries. 

•  For  i\n  iifcount  of  IJoiinL-villc  lunl  his  ncvi'IiiI  oxnirsions  soo  Iliitt.  Novthwest 
Coast,  ii.  chap,  xxv.;  JJwl.  C'u/.,and  JJiitt.  Xtvada,  tliis scrius. 


WALKER'S  EXPEDITION. 


SB 


tioiis  was  ono  under  Joseph  Walker,  who  with  soino 


thirty- 


six  men, 


ainoiv'  tlioin  .Too  ^leek,  went  to  trap  on 


the  streams  lalhn<'  i 


into  the  Great  Salt  Lake. 


Bonneville  aflinns  that  Walker's  intention  was  to 
])ass  round  the  (ireat  Salt  Lake  and  explore  its  hor- 
ders;  but  George  Nidever  who  was  of  Walker's  com- 
pany, and  at  tlie  i(>ndezv(»us  while  ])reparations  wero 
made,  says  nothing  of  such  purpose,  and  it  was  proh- 
al)ly  not  thought  of  by  Bonneville  until  afterward. 
Nidever  had  .suH'ercd  severely  from  the  cold  during 
the  previous  winter,  and  had  come  to  the  Green  River 
rendezvous  that  season  for  the  express  [lurpo.sc  of 
joining  some  party  for  California  or  of  forming  such 
a  party  himself,  having  been  informed  that  the  climate 
there  was  milder  than  in  the  mountains  where  he  had 
been.*" 

If  the  intention  was,  as  Bonneville  asserts,  that 
this  j)arty  should  pass  round  the  great  lake,  in  their 
endeavor  they  presently  found  themselves  in  tho 
midst  of  desolation,  between  wide  sandy  wastes  and 
bioad  bi'ackisli  waters;  and  to  quench  their  thirst 
tlu'v  hastened  westward  where  bright  snowy  moun- 
tains  promised  cooling  streams.  The  Ogden  River" 
rc'Hon  l)cini>:  to  them  so  new,  and  the  thouLjht  of  Cali- 
foniia  so  fascinating,  they  permitted  themselves  to 
stray  from  original  intentions,  and  cross  the  Sierra 
Ni  vada  to  Monterey.  All  that  is  known  of  their 
doin'jfs  before  reaching  the  Snowy  Raiiijo  is  ijiven  in 
my  Ilistori/  of  Nccmla,  and  their  exploits  after  reach- 
ing (  alifornia  are  fully  narrated  in  that  part  of  this 
series  devoted  to  the  history  of  the  latter  countr}'.'"'' 

'"Sticli  \mng  the  raso  lie  would  Imnlly  have  joined  Walker's  expedition 
)i:id  it  III  I'll  iiiidi'rat<K>d  that  tlu;  cxplurutiuii  uf  Salt  Laku  waa  iiiteudcd.  See 
Ac/"''/"'"  Life  ami  Aili'.,  MS.,  r>8. 

"  I'revidiifiiy  eiillt  <1  tho  Mnry  River,  and  now  tho  Hninlioldt.  See  Ilht. 
yeriiih;  Hi.tt.  Ni>rlhvi»t  Coast;  niid  l/ist.  i'al.,  thi»)  R(!rioii. 

'^Sc-  Slili'virs  l.ij'f  niifl  Adr.,  MS.;  Wanivr'n  Afrm.,  in  Par.  H.  Pfpnrt, 
xi.  ]it.  i.  'M-A.  In  fjiviiig  hia  iliclatiun  to  Irving,  lionnuvillu  nrofessed  great 
iiitcii'st  ill  the  explonitiiiii  of  (ireat  Suit  Ijiko  thongh  lie  had  done  nothing  to 
Fjirak  of  in  that  directinn.  Irving,  however,  hnniored  the  eaptnin,  whoso 
v;iiiity  ]ii-(iin|itod  him  to  give  his  own  name  to  the  luke,  although  he  liad  not 
u  bhaduw  of  title  tu  that  distiuctiun. 


ADVENT  OF  TRAPPERS  AND  TRAVELLERS. 


In  Winterbothani's  history  published  in  New  York 
in  1705  is  given  a  niap  of  North  America  showing  an 
enormous  nameless  inland  sea  above  latitude  42°  with 
small  streams  running  into  it,  and  south  of  said  par- 
allel and  east  of  the  meridian  of  the  inland  soa  is  a 
smaller  body  of  water  with  quite  a  large  stream  flow- 
ing in  from  the  west,  besides  three  smaller  ones  from 
the  south  and  north.     As  both  of  these  bodies  of 


Bonneville's  Mat,  1837. 

water  were  laid  down  from  the  imaginations  of  white 
men,  or  from  vague  and  traditionary  reports  of  the 
natives,  it  may  be  that  only  the  one  Great  Salt  Lake 
was  originally  referred  to,  or  it  may  l>e  that  the  origi- 
nal description  was  applied  to  two  lakes  or  inland  seas. 
The  native  village  on  one  of  the  southern  tributaries, 
Taguayo,  refers  to  the  habitations  of  the  Timpanogos, 
and  may  have  been  derived  from  the  Spaniards;  but 
more  probably  the  information  was  obtained  through 


SOME  OLD  MAPS. 


2! 


natives  who  themselves  had  receivod  it  from  other 
natives. 


Utah  and  Nevada,  1795. 


In  the  map  of  William  Rector,  a  surveyor  in  the 
service  of  the  j^enoral  government,  Utah  has  open 
and  easy  communication  with  the  sea  by  way  of  the 


Rector'si  Map,  1818. 


28 


ADVENT  OF  TRAPPERS  AND  TRAVELLERS. 


valley  of  the  Willamette  River,  whose  tributaries 
drain  the  whole  of  Nevada  and  Utah. 

Mr  Finloy  in  his  map  of  North  America  claimed 
to  have  included  all  the  late  geographical  discoveries, 
which  claim  we  may  readily  allow,  and  also  accredit 
him  with  nmch  not  yet  and  never  to  be  discovered. 
The  mountains  are  artistically  placed,  the  streams 
made  to  run  with  remarkable  regularity  and  direct- 
ness, and  they  arc  placed  in  positions  affording  the  best 


H»l«7, 


.  fl.Xrl.i 

c  r..i.i»i  .ti,. 


Ball  111  fill-  r,,.  Ill  ^ 

iWI  /Vutirwcv  Vm  rr»«c 


FiMjiv's  Map,  1S20. 

facilities  for  commerce.  The  lakes  and  rivers  Timpa- 
nogos,  Salado,  and  Buenaventura,  by  their  position, 
not  to  say  existence,  show  Jhe  hopeless  confusion  of 
the  author's  mind. 

A  brief  tjlance  at  the  later  visits  of  white  men  to 
Utah  is  all  that  is  necessary  in  this  place.  The  early 
emigrants  to  Ore«;on  did  not  touch  this  territorv,  and 
those  to  California  via  Fort  Bridgerfor  the  most  part 
merely  passed  througli  leaving  no  mark.  The  emi- 
grants to  Oregon  and  California  in  1841  came  together 
by  the  usual  route  up  the  Platte,  along  the  Sweet- 
water, and  through  the  South  Pass  to  Bear  River 
Valley.     W  hun  near  Soda  Springs  those  for  Oregon 


EMIGRANT  ROUTES. 


1 

ill 

I 

i 


wont  north  to  Fort  Hall,  while  tluxsc  for  California 
followed  lk«ar  River  Koutlnvanl  until  within  ten  miles 


if  (ireat  Salt  Lake,  when  they  turned  westwa 


rd  to 


find  <  .«nlen  Pviver.  Of  the  latter  party  were  .).  liar- 
tleso,),''('.  ^r.  Weher,  Talbot  H.  Green,  John  Jiid- 
Mcll,  .losiah  Belden,  and  twenty-sev.ii  others.  Tluir 
IvLiitures  while  in  Utah  W(!re  not  jstartling.     Little 


a( 


was  known  of  the  Salt  Lake  region,*^  particularly 
of  till!  country  to  tlie  west  of  it. 

yiv  ]ieldin  in  his  Historical  Statement,  which  I 
numher  anion*,'  my  most  valuable  manuseriiits,  says: 
"  We  struck  liear  Kiver  some  distance  below  where 
tile  town  of  Evanston  now  is,  where  the  coal  mines 
are,  and  the  railroad  passes,  and  I'ollowed  the  river 
dou  n.  It  makes  a  lonjjf  bend  to  the  north  there,  and 
comes  down  to  Salt  Lake.  We  arrived  at  Soda 
Sjirinji^s,  on  Bear  Kiver,  and  there  we  .separated  Irom 
the  company  of  missionaries,  who  were  goini^  off 
towards  Snake  River  or  Cf)lundiia.  There  we  lost 
the  services  of  the  guide  Fiti.j/atrick.  Several  of  our 
])arty  who  had  started  to  go  with  us  to  California 
jdso  left  us  there,  having  decided  to  go  with  the  mis- 
sionaries, Fitzpatrick  advised  us  to  give  up  our 
cxjicdition  and  go  with  them  tt)  Fort  Hall,  one  of  the 
Hudson's  li'iv stations,  as  there  was  no  I'oad  for  us  to 
follow,  nothing  was  known  of  the  country,  and  \\v  had 
iiotliiMg  to  guide  us,  and  so  he  advised  us  to  give  up 
the  California  project.  He  thought  it  was  doubtful 
if  we  ever  got  there,  we  might  get  caught  in  the 
snow  of  the  mountains  and  perish  there,  and  he  con- 
sidered it  very  hazardous  to  attempt  it.  Some  lour 
or  live  of  our  party  withdrew  and  went  with  the  mis- 

"'Prcvioiia  to  sotting  out,' says  Bidwcll,  CnViforvid,  JS.'/l-ft,  MS.,  24-5, 
'  I  coiisidti'il  innps  fo  n«  to  Icurii  ns  imioli  iis  jjossiMe  aliout  tliu  cinintry.  .  ..\9 
fur  .'^r.lc  I.ahc,  tlure  was  a  large  lake  mnrUud  in  that  ii'gidii,  Imt  it  ^v;\^^  several 
liiniili(cl  mill's  long  from  iiortli  to  noiitli,  with  two  hir^c  ii\t'rs  niiuiiiiL,'  Irom 
fitli'  r  liiii,  tliviMj,'iiig  as  they  rail  west,  aiul  entering  the  Paeilii'  Ocean.'  Jt  waa 
I'iiih  y's  map  of  North  America,  IS'JIS,  herein  reprodiu-eil,  whieli  he  alhiilea 
to.  '  .My  liienils  in  Missuiiri  advised  me  to  bring  tools,  and  in  ease  we  eoiiKl 
not '.'it  thr<iugh  with  ourvagons  to  huihl  eanoes  and  go  down  one  of  thcs« 
rivers.'     The  region  to  the  west  of  Salt  Luke  waa  ii 


these  explores. 


indeed  a  krru  iiaoijnUu  to 


so 


ADVENT  OF  TRAPPERS  AND  TRAVELLERS. 


ivr 


sionarics.  About  thirty-one  of  us  adhered  to  our 
original  intention  and  decHned  to  give  up  our  expedi- 
tion." 

While  the  party  were  slowly  descending  Bear  River 
four  of  them  rode  over  to  Fort  Hall  to  obtain  if  pos- 
sible a  "[)ilot  to  conduct  us  to  the  gap  in  the  Cali- 
fornia Mountains,  or  at  least  to  the  head  of  Mary's 
Hiver,"  and  to  make  inquiries  of  Mr  Grant,  then  in 
charge.  No  guide  could  be  found,  and  Grant  was  not 
able  greatly  to  enlighten  them.  The  fur-trader  could 
have  told  them  mucli  concerning  the  route  to  Or(;gon, 
but  this  way  to  California  as  an  emigrant  road  had 
hardly  yet  been  thought  of 

"As  we  approached  Salt  Lake,"  writes  Bidwell," 
"we  were  nusled  quite  often  by  the  mirage.  The 
country  too  was  obscured  by  smoke.  The  water  in 
Bear  Kiver  became  too  salt  for  use.  The  saffe  brush 
on  tlie  small  hillocks  of  the  almost  level  plain  became 
so  magnilied  as  to  look  like  trees.  Hoping  to  find 
water,  and  supposing  these  imaginary  trees  to  bo 
growing  on  some  stream,  and  knovving  nothing  about 
the  distance  to  Salt  Lake,  we  kepi  pushing  ahead 
Uiile  after  mile.  Our  animals  almost  perished  for 
want  of  water  while  we  were  travelling  over  this  .salt 
plain,  which  grew  softer  and  softer  till  our  wagons 
cut  into  the  ground  tive  or  six  inches,  and  it  became 
injpossible  to  haul  them.  Wc  still  thought  we  saw 
timber  but  a  short  distance  ahead,  when  the  fact 
really  was  there  was  no  timber,  and  we  were  driving 
straight  for  the  Great  Salt  Lake." 

The  truth  is  they  had  wandered  from  their  course; 
they  had  passed  Cache  Valley  where  they  intended  to 
rest  and  hunt;  they  were  frequently  obliged  to  leave 


^' Cali/ontia,  IS4I-S,  MS.,  3^-4.  The  author,  then  little  moic  t^an  boy, 
being  but  21,  has  a  long  story  to  tell  about  atrayin^  from  camp  one  day  in 
comimny  with  a  comrauo,  James  John,  bent  on  a  visit  to  the  adjacent  heights 
for  a  handful  of  snow ;  and  how  they  slept  in  the  mountains  in  a  bear's  nest, 
and  reached  next  day  their  company,  some  of  whom  had  spent  the  night  in 
■carcli.  They  had  been  given  up  as  slain  by  the  Ubckfeet ;  and  there  wcro 
those  BO  ungracious  as  to  say  that  it  would  have  served  them  right  had  it 
been  so. 


NARRATIVES  OF  BIDWELL  AND  BELDEN.  11 

tho  river,  turned  asidt)  hy  the  hills.  It  was  past 
inid-HUimmr,  and  the  huii'h  rays  Ixjat  hoavilv  on  tho 
white  salted  plain.  The  Hi<,'nal  fires  of  tho  Sho- 
shones  illuminated  tho  liills  at  ni«fht.  "  In  our  des- 
iiciation  we  turned  north  of  cast  a  little  and  struck 
Jitar  River  aj^ain  a  few  miles  fron'  its  niouth.  Tho 
watrr  lure  was  too  salt  to  quenph  thirst;  our  ani- 
n)als  would  scarcely  taste  it,  yet  we  had  no  other." 
Tlu'  }^reen  fresh-lookinj^  grass  was  stiftened  with  salt. 
31  r  fielden  says:  "After  separating  from  tho  mis- 
sionaries we  followed  Bear  River  down  nearly  to 
where  it  enters  Salt  Lake,  ahout  where  Corinno  is 
now .  We  had  some  knowledge  of  tho  lake  from  some 
of  the  trappers  who  had  been  there.  Wo  turned  off 
more  to  the  west  and  went  round  tho  northerly  end 
of  Salt  Lake.  There  we  found  a  great  difHculty  in 
getting  water  for  several  days,  all  tho  water  near  tho 
lake  being  very  brackish.  Wo  had  to  make  it  into 
stn)ng  coffee  to  drink  it." 

On  the  20th  of  August  tho  company  rested  while 
two  of  their  nun.ber  went  out  to  explore.  They 
foun«l  themselves  encamped  ten  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  tiio  river.  Thence  next  day,  Sunday,  they  took  a 
north-west  course,  crossing  their  track  of  the  Thursday 
])revious;  on  tho  23d  they  were  in  full  view  of  Salt 
Lake.  Men  and  animals  were  almost  dying  of  thirst, 
and  "  in  our  trouble,"  says  Bidwell,  "  we  turned  di- 
rectly north  toward  some  high  mountains,  and  in  tho 
afternoon  of  the  next  day  found  springs  of  good  water 
and  plenty  of  grass."  This  was  the  27th,  and  hero  tho 
company  remained  while  two  of  their  number  again 
advanced  and  discovered  a  route  to  Ogden  River. 
What  befell  thom  further  on  their  way  across  to  tho 
mountains  tho  reader  will  find  in  my  History  of 
Nevada}^ 

'^Tho  expedition  entire  is  given  in  Hist.  Cat.,  this  scries.  See  also  Bel- 
de)i'»  llUt.  Statement,  MS.iUopper'ii  Xarratire,  M.S. ;  Tnt/lor'n  JJi».  and 
FoHudrr*,  i.  No.  7;  Sutter  Co.  Hint.,  17;  S.  F.  Hiillitin,  July  'J7,  1808;  S.  F. 
Alta,  Auj;.  a,  18.-)fl,  and  Sept.  ISOH-,  Santa  CnizSenthiel,  Aug. '29,  1808;  Ao^Mn- 
gtUs  Xew»,  Sept.  1,  1808;  San  Dieijo  Union,  Jan.  10,  1800;  iS^an  Joni  Pioneer, 


S2 


ADVKNT  OF  TRAPPERS  A\D  TRAVKLLKP.^^ 


i 


III  IH  I'J  Marcus  Whitiuaii  aii<l  A.  Fj.  Lovojoy,  on 
their  way  IVoin  (Jrijjfoii  to  tlio  Unilcfl  Stat«'s,  |  assetl 
tliroiiLjli  I'tali  iVoMi  Fort  Hall,  l)y  way  <»f  lintali, 
Ta(»>^,  and  Santa  Fe.  For  rurthor  liil'oruiatioii  con- 
corninLC  <^l"^'i»>,  JH'*I  the  ohjoct  of  thoir  journoy,  1  would 
refer  the  reader  to  uiy  Jlintorij  i>J'  Orvjon. 

In  1813  John  V.  F'l-eniont  followed  tljo  oniiLjrant 
trail  tliron;;h  the  south  pass,  and  on  tlu'  (Jth  of  Sep- 
teniher  stood  ujion  an  eKnated  jieninsula  u\\  tlic  cast 
siiie  «>'  (ireat  Salt  Lake,  a  little  north  <»f  Wcher 
River,  heside  which  stream  his  party  luul  encanii»ed 
the  pr 'vions  niL,'ht.  Fremont  likens  himself  ti*  Hal- 
boa  discoverinij  the  I'acilic;  hut  no  one  else  would 
thiidi  of  doiiii^  so.  Jle  was  in  no  sense  a  discoverer; 
and  thoiiLjh  he  says  he  was  the  lirst  to  emoark  on 
that  inland  sea,  he  is  ai^ain  in  erroi*,  trappers  in  skin 
l)t)ats  havinjj^perftirmed  that  feat  while  (he  pathlinder 
was  still  stL"  lyinur  his  arithmetic,  as  I  have  before 
metdioncMl,  It  is  certainly  a  pleasjui,'  sii^ht  to  any 
on^-.  comiii'.^  up(»n  it  I'rom  either  side,  from  the  cover 
«»f  ioliiii!Lj  mountains  or  the  sands  of  vlesert  plains,  and 
un«lrr  almost  a!iy  circumstance.'  the  heart  of  the 
heholdt  r  is  stirred  within  him.  A  n\nnher  «>f  l.ir<.^o 
islands  raised  their  rockv  front  out  of  dense  sidlcii 
waiirs  wIionc  limit  tlu'  (>v«'  <'oul(l  M'»t  I'each,  whil«j 
niyi'iads  <»f  wild  fowl  heat  the  air,  making'  a  n<tise 
"  like  distant  thunder." 

lilack  .'IoikIs  ;4;athered  ill  the  west,  and  soon  were 
I>ourinvc  their  Hoods  upon  the  explorers.  C.impin;^ 
some  distance  above  the  mouth  <>n  W "ber  Uiver,  they 
made  a  cnrr.d  f'»r  the  aninuds,  .md  threw  up  a  small 
fort  for  tiieir  own  protection.  Provisions  biin;^  scarce, 
seven  of  the  p.iitv  under  Fraiicoi-i  liajeunrsse  v;ero 
.Stilt    to    I'orL    llall,    which   placi;   tiny  reached    with 

I'll..  ISTT;  Shwk'n  Srftp  P  .,/,  |S2-.|;  n.tntiinw,  <\nefnt,  Sopt.  10,  ISTCj 
.V.|/</./  >  I  rn  Siw,  IV1>.  i»,  iMi'.i;  Hiii/im'  S<ri'i)  Jtnv'.",  (dt.  Sotn,  hi.  \;\; 
A''/.(t  i:,,4trl>r,  Munli  •.':'.,  Stj)!.  'Jl.'lhT'Jj  H,   /'.  LuUttiii,  July  PJ,  ISOO; 


FRfiMOXrS  EXPEDITIONS.  M 

dlflicult y,  aftor  separation  fr<»m  ca<h  other  and  several 
(lavs'  \van«leriii<is. 

Leaviii«,'  tlnee  men  in  camp,  with  four  others,  in- 
ehuhii^'  Ivit  ( 'ar.>oii  wiio  was  prrs«'ht,  Fremont  on  tlie 
Hth  emharked  \i\  a  ruhlK-r  lM.at  anil  «lroppeiI  down  to 
the  mouth  of  the  stream,  whirh  the  party  fountl  shal- 
low and  uiiMa\i«,'al»U'.  Nixt  m«»rnin;4  tlu-y  were  out 
uii  the  lake,  fearful  every  momrnt  K'st  thr  r  j^Ir-blown 
hoat  shouM  eoUapse  and  let  them  into  th  •  saiim>  hut 
hia'.itifid  transparent  liquid.  At  n«M»n  they  r»iH'hod  «»no 
of  th«'  low  near  inlands  and  landrd.  Tln-y  found  there, 
washed  U|»  hy  tin-  wavrs,  a  dark  hrown  hank,  ten 
or  twenty  feet  in  hreadth,  r<»m|M»He«l  of  the  skins  of 
worms,  al)(»ut  tlu'  size  of  inits.  while  the  roeky  «liHs 
w»  n-  whiteiieil  hy  inerustati«»ns  of  s.ilt.  AseendiniLj 
to  the  hJLjhest  point  attainalih-  tluv  took  a  suircumd- 
inij  view,  and  ealK'<l  tlu-  plae«-  l)isiippointm<nt  IskuKl,'" 
he(  ause  they  had  faihd  to  tind  tlie  f»  itilr  lands  and 
j^auK^  hoped  for.  Then  tluy  dcMend«'«l  to  the  eds^e 
of  the  water,  cj^nstrurtt-ii  l«M!i;es  of  drift-wood,  huilt 
tires,  an<i  spent  the  nij;ht  th»r»-.  n'turnini;  next  day 
ill  a  iou;j[h  si-a  to  their  m:iiidand  eaiiip.  Thence  they 
pio(ei(h'«l  north  to  IVar  l^ivir.  and  Fort  Hall,  and 
on  to  Orejron.'"  On  his  return  hv  way  of  Klamath 
and  Pyramid  lakes,  P^remont  «ross«'d  the  Sierra  to 
Sutter  Fort,  prix-eeded  up  the  Saii  .I(>a(|uin  into 
Southern  California,  an<l  takintf  tin-  old  Spanish  trail 
to  the  J^io  A'^irgeii  followed  the  \\  ah.satch  Mountains 
to  rtah  Lake. 

There  was  a  party  under  Fremont  in  T'lah  also  in 
ISIf).  licavin'jj  iJent  F«»rt  in  -\u\'ust  thev  asccMxled 
the  Arkansas,  pa.s.sed  i»n  to  iirein  Jkivti*.  followed 
its  l<ft  hank  to  the  Duihrsnc  hran«h,  and  then<*o 
entssed  to  the  head-waters  of  tlie  Timpano;ros,  do  An 
which    stream    tluy    wenc    to   Utah    J^ake.     Thence 


'"Xnw  Castle  Islanil,  or  its  totw  rail  it  Fnfnont  I>'!.-in<1. 

"  Ftir  an  at'cotiiit  of  Fi  mura'.-t  Un-'gim  ail\«ii:um-!<  «•<•  /lixt,  Om;o»;an<l 
for  liJN  tl>)iii>;.s  ill  Califiirni  w.  Ilint.  CuL,  ibu  M.-nt>i.  \Vt  also  naut  with 
liiiii  a^aiii  ill  our  llinlnry  i  '°  A'(  euda. 

UisT.  t'TAU.  a 


li;^ 


I; 


34 


ATJVEXT  OF  TRArPERS  AND  TRAVELLERS. 


tlicy  passed  on  to  Great  Salt  Lake,  made  camp  near 
where  Great  Salt  Lake  City  Is  situated,  crossed  to 
AntelojK'  Is1an<l,  and  exami'ii-d  the  southern  poitioii 
of  the  hd<e.  After  this  they  j)assed  by  way  of  l*ilot 
Peak  into  Nevada.'** 

Of  the  six  companies  comprising  the  California  im- 
migration of  184.'),  numhering  in  all  ahout  one  hun- 
died  aiid  fifty,  tiv(;  toncluul  either  Utah  or  Nevada, 
the  other  biiiiii'  from  Orejjon.  J^ut  even  thest!  it  is 
not  necessary  tt)  follow  in  this  comiection,  Utah  along 
the  eniijxrant  roa<l  being  by  this  time  well  known  to 
travellers  and  others.  With  some  it  was  a  (|nestion 
while  on  <h<3  way  whethei*  they  should  go  to  ( )i- 
egon  or  Califorriia.  Tustin,  who  <'ame  fiom  Illinois  in 
184.'),  with  his  wife  and  child  and  an  ox  team,  says 
in  his  manuscript  Recollections:  "  My  intention  all 
till?  way  across  the  plains  was  to  go  on  to  Oregon; 
but  whtii  1  reached  the  sunnnit  of  the  Ko«'ky  Moun- 
tains where  tin;  trail  <livides,  I  thri'W  my  lash  across 

the  near  ox  and  struck  off  on  the  road  to  Califor- 

•    )» 

lUtl. 

For  the  Oregon  and  California  emigrations  of  184(5, 
except  when  they  exercised  some  inHuence  on  Utah, 
or  Uttdi  atfairs,  I  wouhl  refer  the  reader  to  the  vol- 
UPies  of  this  series  treating  on  those  states.  An 
account  of  the  <'xploration  for  a  route  from  southern 
Oregon,  ovi'r  the  Cascade  Mountains,  ami  by  way  of 
Klamath  and  (Joose  lakes  to  tht;  Humboldt  liivej', 
and  thence  on  to  tiie  region  of  the  (ir«'at  Salt  Lake 
by  Scott  and  the  Applegates  in  184(5,  is  givi-n  in 
both  the  J/isfori/  of  Orei/on,  and  the  J/lsfori/  of'  \< 
rmUi,  to  which  volumes  of  this  series  the  reader  is 
referred.*" 

^*  fWmniil's  Entl  Ex.,  l.M-GO.     Wnrtter  in  Par.  fl.  Rev.,  xi.  40-.')0. 

'"Tlio  vviiril  Lull  ori^iniittMl  with  th*:  lu'oiiUi  inhabiting  tliiit  n^frinn. 
Eiirly  in  thi-  17th  '.Tiitmy,  when  NfW  Mfxii'u  was  lirHt  ninrh  tulknl  of  l»y  thi- 
S|iiiniiii'(iM.  thi^  ))rln<'i|)iil  natioiiHof  ()'(>i|ui-nt  invntion  tut  inhabiting  tlui  Hovcrtil 
•iili'H  of  tJM'  lociility  alMint  that  time  ociMipietl  wi'ic  tho  NiivajoM,  tiio  Vnta><. 
th«'  Apai'hcH,  and  tiic  ('onianrhcH.  Of  tho  I'tah  nation,  whit'h  U'loni;**  to  the 
felioaliono  family,  thrru  wlic  niuny  tiilx!8.  Scu  ^l(ltive  liuvts,  i.  4'J'J,  4<J3-S, 


LEUS. 

lo  camp  near 

cl,  crossed  to 

thcrn  portion 

way  of  IMlot 

California  iin- 
DUt  one  liuM- 
h  or  Nevada, 
on  these  it  is 
I,  TJtah  alonjj^ 
ell  known  to 
as  a  <)nestion 
Id  ^o  to  ()r- 
)ni  Illinois  in 
•X  team,  says 
intention  all 

I    to    Ol-etron; 

ioeky  Monn- 
y  lash  across 
li  to  Califor- 


THE  WORD  UTAH.  „ 

^"^i^J^ri^L"^:^^  ^:^^'^  ^^  f"-  the  Oo«h 

K«<.ula„te.  prior  to  l.if  oui^Tv  1  Vb^TL^  •^-     '''^*^      ^'**''  "  varie 
common  Rrw   injf  l)v  the  oariZ  ^rZJ-      i  ,      .  "^  "'"  Moqni».     jJiis  waji  « 


^Jonsof  1840, 
iK-e  on  Utah, 
.T  to  tho  vol- 

states.  An 
•oni  sonthern 
u\  hy  way  of 
ilxjldt  Uiver, 
at  Salt  Lake 

is  <?iven  in 
'istonj  of  Nr- 
ho  reader  is 


.  xi.  40-r.O. 
iting  tliiit   ri'pion. 
li  talktcl  of  by  th.- 
iibitiiig  tho  Hijvoial 

IIVIIJOM,   tilt)  YlltlN, 

iit;h  lH-lon){H  to  tht) 
ice«,  i.  422,  403-8, 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISBl. 

1820-1830. 

A  Glanck  Eaxtward— The  Middlk  States  Sixtt  Years  Ago — Bmrn  A!n> 
1'auentaoe  or  Joseimi  Smith— Spikitiial  Manifestations— Joseph 
Tklus  his  Vision— And  is  Rkviled— Mokoni  Appears — rKKSKCi'TioNs 
— CoPYiNo  THE  rLATf-H— Martin  Harris— Oliver Cowokrv—Transla. 
TioN — The  Book  ok  Mormon— Aaronic  I'uiESTiiooDCoNrERREii — Con- 
VKR.SION8  — The  Whitmek  Family  — The  Witnesses  — Spauluiso 
Theory — Frintinu    op   the    U«m>k— MEiiCiiisKi>EC   Friestii<h>i>  Con- 

FKKRKt) — DrTlKS    OP    K1.OERS     ANU    OTHERS- CUirRCII     OP    L.VTTER-I>AY 

Saints  Or<;anizku— First  Miracle — First Conpehknce — Ouv£bCuw> 
DERY  Ordered  TO  THE  West. 


IjET  us  turn  now  to  tho  east,  where  have  been  evolv- 
ing these  several  years  a  new  phase  of  society  and  a 
new  rehgion,  destined  presently  to  enter  in  and  take 
poHsessi(»n  of  this  far-away  primeval  wilderness.  For 
it  is  not  alo!ie  hy  the  power  of  things  material  that 
tlu!  hmtl  of  the  Yutas  is  to  be  subdueil;  that  mysteri- 
ous agency,  working  under  pressure  of  high  enthusi- 
asm in  the  souls  of  men,  defying  exposure,  cold,  and 
liunger,  defying  ignominy,  death,  and  the  destruction 
of  all  corporeal  things  in  the  hope  <>f  heaven's  favors 
and  a  happy  immortality,  a  |)uissance  whose  very 
breath  of  lil'u  is  persecution,  and  whose  highest  glory 
is  martvrdom — it  is  throuLjh  this  subtile  and  incom- 
prchensihle  spiritual  instrumentality,  rather  than  from 
a  desire  for  riches  or  any  tangible  advantage  that  tin- 
new  Israel  is  to  arise,  the  new  exodus  to  be  c«)nduetod , 
the  new  Canaan  to  be  attained. 

Sixty  years  ago  western  New  York  was  essentially 
a  new  country,  Ohio  and  Illinois  wore  for  the  most 


QUALITY  OF  MATERIAL. 


37 


30— Birth  awb 

— I'llRHKCCTIOSS 
.KKY— TRANHLA- 
iNrKRRF.K — Co!»- 
EH  — Sl-ACI-DISO 
RltSTIKMilt  CoX- 
OP    L.iTTKR-l>AY 

E— Oliver  Cow- 


been  cvolv- 
)cioty  ami  a 
in  and  take 
mess.  For 
aterial  that 
lat  niy»ter'i- 
i«t1i  enthusi- 

•0,  coltl,  and 
destruction 
ven'H  favors 
iwhosc  very 
ijrhest  ^lory 
and  inconi 
r  than  from 
.ifc  that  th»! 
conducted, 

essentially 
tor  the  most 


part  a  wilderness,  and  ^lissouri  was  the  United  States 
limit,  the  lands  l)eyond  hein.i,'  held  hy  the  abcu'ijjfines. 
There  were  some  sottK'in«'nts  hetween  Lake  Erie  and 
the  Mississippi  lliver,  but  they  were  recent  and  rude, 
and  the  region  was  less  civilize<l  than  savage.  The 
people,  i\um<r\i  practically  shrewd  and  of  bright  intel- 
lect, were  ignorant;  though  having  within  them  the 
elements  of  wealth,  they  were  poor.  There  was  among 
them  much  true  religion,  whatever  that  may  be,  yet 
they  were  all  superstitious — baptists,  niethodists,  and 
presbyterians;  tlusre  was  little  to  choose  between 
them.  Each  sect  was  an  abomination  to  the  otliers, 
the  «)thers  were  of*  the  devil,  doomed  to  eternal  tor- 
ments, and  deserve<lly  so.  The  bible  was  accepted 
literally  by  all,  every  word  of  it,  prophecies,  mirachs, 
and  revelations;  the  same  God  and  the  same  Christ 
satisfied  all;  an  infidel  was  a  thing  woful  and  unclean. 
All  the  ])eople  reasoned.  How  they  racked  their 
brains  in  secret,  and  poured  forth  loud  logic  in  |)ublic, 
not  over  problems  involving  intellectual  libt'rty,  human 
rights  and  reason,  and  otlmr  like  insignificant  matters 
a|i]»ertaining  to  this  world,  but  concerning  the  world 
to  come,  and  more  particularly  such  nuMnentous  ques- 
tions as  election,  justification,  ba[>(ism,  and  infant 
damnation.  Then  of  signs  and  seasons,  (Jod's  wavs 
and  Satan's  ways;  likewist;  <;onc(!rning  promises  and 
jiiayer,  and  all  the  rest,  there  was  a  credulity  most  re- 
fitshing.  In  the  oM  time  there  were  prophi'ts  and 
a|»ostIes,  there  wt^re  visions  and  miracles;  why  should 
it  not  be  so  during  these  latter  days?  It  was  time 
for  Christ  to  come  again,  time  for  the  millennial 
season,  and  should  the  power  of  the  almighty  be 
limitiid?  Tlu're  was  the  arch-fanatic  Miller,  and  his 
fu||(»\vers,  prtMlicting  the  end  and  planning  accordingly. 
*'Th(!  idea  that  revelation  from  (iod  was  unattainalde 
in  this  age,  or  that  the  ancient  gifts  of  tlu»  gospel  had 
ceased  forev(!r,  never  entere<l  \i\\  head."  writes  a  vouult 
(|uaki!r;  and  a  methoilist  of  t  hat  epoch  says:  "We  be- 
lieved in  the  gathering  of  Israel,  and  in  the  n^storation 


S8 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


W 


'■    i'i 


of  tlio  ten  tribes;  we  believed  tluit  Jesus  would  como 
to  reign  |MTsonully  on  the  t^arth;  we  believed  that 
there  oui^ht  to  be  a[)ostles,  prophets,  evan;^elists,  pas- 
tors, and  teachers,  as  in  former  days,  and  that  the 
jijifts  ofhciding  and  the  power  of  God  ouijfht  to  be  as- 
hoeiated  wilii  the  clmrch."  These  ideas,  of  eourse, 
were  iu>t  held  by  all;  in  many  respeets  the  strictly 
«»rthodt»x  evaHLfclieal  ohun'hes  tau^jht  the  contrary : 
but  there  was  enough  of  this  literal  interpretation  and 
liecnse  of  ihoug'it  among  the  people  to  enable  them 
t^)  accept  in  all  lionesty  and  sincerity  any  doctrine  in 
harmony  with  tliese  views. 

Such  were  the  people  and  the  place,  such  the  at- 
mosphere and  conditions  under  which  was  to  spring  up 
the  genu  of  a  new  theocracy,  destined  in  its  develop- 
ment to  accomijlish  tho  first  settlement  of  Utah — a 
j»^<>plc  and  an  atmosphere  already  sutliciently  charged, 
one  Would  thnik,  with  doctrines  and  dogmas,  with  vul- 
gar folly  and  stu[»id  fanaticism,  with  uneln'istian  hate 
and  disputation  ovtjr  the  connnands  of  (lod  an<l  the 
charity  of  Christ.  All  tliis  nuist  be  taken  into  ac- 
count in  estimating  character,  nnd  in  j)assing  judg- 
ment on  credulity;  men  of  one  time  and  place  cannot 
with  justice  be  measured  by  tho  standard  of  other 
times  i,nd  places. 

jleforo  entering  upon  the  hisrory  of  ^formonism,  T 
would  heie  remai'k,  as  I  have  bef ne  said  in  tlie-  pref 
ace  to  this  volume,  that  it  is  my  pui'pose  ti>  treat  the 
subject  histoi'ic.illy,  not  as  a  social,  political,  or  I'Tig 
ions  partisan,  but  histoiically  tt;  di-al  with  the  sect 
organiz(-'tl  under  the  name  of  the  ('luufh  ol"  tle^uv 
Christ  ol'  Latter-day  Saints  as  I  would  deal  \Nith 
any  other  body  of  p(»(»ple,  thus  carrying  over  Dtah 
the  same  jjuality  of  work  which  I  hav(;  applied  to  my 
entiri'  Held,  whether  in  Alaska,  California,  or  ('eiitral 
America.  Whatever  tli"V  may  he,  howsoev.  i-  right- 
eous or  wicked,  they  are  entitled  at  the  hand  ■>!'  lliosr 
desirous  of  knowing  the  truth  to  a  dispa.'ssionate  aud 


METHOD  OV  TRE.\TMEXT. 


39 


•uUl  como 
)vt;d  that 
lists,  piis- 

that  tUo 
J  to  bo  aa- 
uf  eourso, 
10  strictly 

contrary ; 
tation  and 
jiiMo  thoui 
Joctriuo  ill 

icli  tlio  at- 
i)  sprin|4  up 
trt  di'velop- 
»r  IJtali— a 
}y  cliar«^('<l, 
IS,  with  vul- 
i'istia»i  hato 
Joel  au«l  tho 
ion  into  ac- 


,ss 


>ii»s^  jii* 


11- 


;u'i;  t-annot 
J  oi"  othor 


MUttnism,  T 
ill  tho  prot'- 
lo  troat  tho 
or  i'li'4 
\\\  tho  soot 
li   of  Jo-^ns 
(U'UI    vNitli 
ovor  Utah 
jilird  to  in 


Contnil 
■v.r  ri«j;ht- 


or 


ni 


|(»SO 


I  ..ftl 
iioi.\ato  auJ 


rospoctful  hoaiiiiLf,  which  thoy  have  novor  liad.  Ah 
ii  iiijittor  of  course,  uhoro  tlion;  is  suoli  warmth  of 
rtrliiiLj,  such  hittornoss  and  atiiiuosity  as  is  huro  dis- 
jiliivod  on  hoth  sidos,  wo  nnist  oxpoot  to  oiioountor  in 
our  <  vidonco  nnich  cxa<,'<;oration,  and  many  untruth- 
jul  >talomoiits.  Most  that  lias  hooii  writton  on  oithor 
.sill."  is  partisan  hittorly  so;  many  of  tho  l)«»oks  that 
liiivo  boon  i)uhlishod  aro  full  of  vilo  and  hcontious 
iihuso-  (Us^Mistingly  so.  Son»o  of  tho  m<»ro  palpahlo 
lies,  soino  of  th«!  j,'rossor  scurrility  and  moru  bUis- 
jdioiiious  vulji^arity,  I  nhall  <»mit  alt(>!jfothi!r. 

Ai^ain,  tho  history  of  tho  Mormons,  wliicli  is  tijo 
t  ariy  history  of  Utah,  is  ontith'il  in  its  troatmont  to 
this  coiisicKiiition,  as  thflirinv,'  from  that  of  «)tht'r  soo 
tioiis  of  my  work,  and  to  this  only — that  whereas  in 
s|iiiikin^^  of  other  ami  older  sects,  as  of  the  catiiolii's 
ill  Mexico  and  California,  and  (jf  tin-'  mothodists  and 
jiieshyterians  in  Orev^on,  whoso  tenets  havinuf  '""o 
lioeii  ostahlishe<l,  aro  well  known,  and  have  no  inuuo- 
di.ite  hiarini;"  aside  from  tlu;  general  inlluonio  of  ro- 
liLfioii  u[»on  tho  suhjujLjation  of  the  country,  any  anal- 
ysis of  (loetiinos  wouM  ho  out  of  plaee,  sutrh  analysis 
ill  (he  present  instance  is  of  jirimary  iMi|M)rtance.  Or- 
dinarily, 1  say,  as  I  havi'  said  hefon-,  that  with  th«? 
rcIi^^itMjs  belii'fs  of  tho  settlers  on  now  lands,  or  of  the 
ItiiiMirs  of  empire  in  any  of  its  several  jihasos,  s«n*i  il 
and  politioal,  tin*  historian  h.is  nothin;^  to  d(»,  ovoept 
in  so  fai"  as  belief  iniluonces  actions  and  evonts.  As 
to  atteiiiptin;^  to  determint  tiie  tiiith  or  falsity  of  any 
eiccd,  it  is  wholly  out^idt'  of  his  pro\ince. 

Since  the  settlemont  of  Utah  l;iow  innnodiately  iiut 
of  tlu!  porsot'ution  of  i!ie  Moimons,  and  since  their 
]>crsecutions  u^i'ew  out  of  tlu- doctrines  which  tln-y  pro- 
n:id;^ated,  it  soem.s  to  mo  essential  that  the  ori^^in  and 
ii.iturc  111' their  I'oiinion  sliuuld  hei;i\en.  And  a>  they 
ii'i  siipposeil  to  know  bi;ttor  than  othi'rs  what.  I  hey 
1m  lieve  and  how  they  <'amo  so  t«)  believe,  I  shall  let 
ihein  tell  their  own  story  of  tho  riso  mul  proj^ress  of 
their  ii'li^'ion,  carrying  along  with  it  the  commoiita- 


40 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMOXISM. 


rios  of  their  opponents;  tliat  is,  Jfiving  in  the  text 
tliu  narrative  proper,  ami  in  the  notes  further  infornia- 
tion,  elueidution,  and  counter-statements,  according  to 
my  custom.  All  this  by  no  means  implies,  here  or 
elsewliere  in  my  work,  that  uh»'n  a  Mormon  older,  a 
catholic  priest,  or  a  Itaptist  preacher  says  he  had  a 
vision,  felt  within  him  some  su|K-rnatur:il  influence,  or 
said  a  prayer  which  j)r«Hluced  a  certain  result,  it  is 
pro[)er  or  relevant  for  me  t«i  stop  and  dispute  with 
him  whether  ho  really  did  sec,  feel,  or  experience  as 
alleged. 

As  to  the  material  facts  connected  with  the  story 
of  Alormonism,  tiiere  is  hut  little  difK'ri'nce  betwi'cn 
the  Mormons  and  their  op|M»sei-s;  but  in  the  reception 
and  interpretation  of  acts  and  incidiMits,  particularly 
ill  the  acceptation  of  miraculous  assertions  and  spirit- 
ual iiianirestations,  they  are  as  widely  apait  as  the  two 
poles,  as  my  text  and  n«»tes  clearly  di-monstrate.  And 
iiiiaiiv,  I  would  have  it  clearlv  und<Tstood  that  it  is 
my  purposi',  here  as  elsewhere  in  all  my  historical 
ell'orts,  to  impart  information  rather  than  attenjpt  to 
solve  problems. 

Tn  Sharon,  Windsor  county,  Vermont,  on  the  2.1(1 
of  l)eceinbe>r,  1 80;"),  was  l>orn  Joseph  Smith  jiinioi*, 
presently  to  be  calletl  translator,  revelat(M',  seei', 
prophet,  anil  founder  of  a  latter-day  dispensation. 
When  tli(^  boy  was  ten  ye.ars  •»Id,  his  father,  who  was 
a  fuiiner,  moV(Ml  with  his  family  to  Palmyra,  Wayne 
county,  NTew  York,  and  f  Mir  years  afti-rward  took  up 
his  abode  .some  six  miles  south,  at  Manchester,  ()n- 
taiio  coimty.  Six  sons  ami  three  tlaughters  com- 
prised tht;  fimily  of  Joseph  acid  I^m-y  Smith,  namely, 
Alviii,  I  [y  rum,  Joseph  junior,  Saiiiml  Ilanison,  Will- 
iam, Doii  Carlo.s,  Sophronia,  Catharine,  and  Lucy.' 

'  Mnoh  \\M  Im'i'ii  wiiil  hy  t!io  cnomip*  of  Mf/mioiiism  njr!iin<<t  tlio  Sinitli 
fnmily.  '.\ll  who  )H'<:aiiio  iiitiiiiati-  with  tbcni  •lunii'j;  tliin  iH'iioil  ||H'2i>  to 
IS.'Utl  liliito  ill  l'i'|)i'i'M<'iitili.v'  tli<-  u'l'iK-ral  a-lianutt-r  of  <>M  .l<is('|ili  ainl  wife, 
tlio  p.u'vattt  of  thf  prt'U,'iul(  (1  i)ri>plict,  at  lazy,  iDtlolcut,  ignor.iut,  uml  Bupor- 


THE  VISION. 


41 


1  the  text 
jr  int'oriua- 
jcording  to 
L'S,  here  or 
on  elder,  a 
I  lie  hud  u 
iflueiu'o,  or 
-esult,  it  ia 
ispute  with 
)erienee  us 

I  the  story 
CO  between 
le  reception 
i)artieuliuly 
and  spirit- 
bus  the  two 
late.  And 
d  tliiit  it  is 
V  historical 
utteni[it  to 


Ml  tlie  23d 
th  junior, 
itor,  sft'i", 
soensation. 
who  was 
ra,  Wayiu; 
i-d  lool<  no 
u'sti-r,  l)n- 
itcrs  coni- 
th,  namely, 
ison,  VVill- 
md  Luey.' 


1S| 


(iimt  the  Smitli 
lHli("l   |IS-'l)   to 

isi'i'li  iiu>l  uitV, 
rant,  uiul  super- 


There  waa  much  excitement  over  tho  subject  of  ro- 
lijrion  in  this  section  at  the  time,  with  no  small  dis- 
cussion of  doctrines,  metiiodist,  baptist,  and  the  rest; 
and  about  a  year  later,  tjje  mother  and  four  of  tho 
children  j  ined  the  presbyterians. 

But  young  J(»sep!i  was  not  satisfied  with  any  of  tho 
current  theoioj^ies,  and  he  was  j,Meatly  troubled  what 
to  do.  Rcadiii",'  iiis  biUe  one  day,  he  came  upon  tho 
passaj^e,  "If  any  of  you  lack  wisdom,  let  him  ask  of 
(jlod."  He  retired  to  tho  woods  and  threw  himself 
uj>on  his  knees.     It  was  his  first  attempt  at  prayir. 

While  thus  enga<(ed  a  visitm  fell  U|>on  him.  8ud- 
<l('iily  he  was  seized  by  some  supernatural  power  of 
evil  import,  which  bound  him  body  and  soul.  Ho 
i'ould  not  tliink;  he  could  not  speak;  thick  «larknesa 
j,'athured  round.  Presently  there  appeared  above  his 
head  a  pillar  of  light,  which  slowly  descended  and 
enveloped  him.  Immediately  he  was  delivered  from 
the  enemy;  and  in  the  sky  he  saw  two  bright  person- 
ages, one  of  whom  said,  pointing  to  the  other,  "  This 
is  my  beloved  son;  hear  him."  Then  he  asked  what 
he  sliould  do;  to  which  sect  he  should  unite  hiujself. 

BtitioiiH,  Iniviiij;  n  firm  lielief  in  gliosts  ami  witcliuR:  tho  tollim^  of  fortunes; 
jiritiiiiliiij,'  to  iM-lievc  tlmt  tlir  cailli  wiis  lilluil  witli  liidilfii  treasiirfs,  Itinicil 
tlitTf  liy  Kill  or  tlio  S|)!iniar<ls.  Hcim;  ini^eiaMy  iwxir,  and  net  niiicli  dis- 
jiiord  to  ohtain  nil  lioin'st  liveliliood  l>y  laUir,  tlm  Mii'i-^ifs  of  tlii-ir  iiiiiuU 
wiMnicil  to  l»o  mostly  ilin  otod  toward  liiidiiig  wlu-ri!  tlifsc  tivasiiicy  wrni  coii- 
ce.di'd,  and  tin-  ln-.st  iikkI.i  of  a('i|uiriiiL;  tliiir  (losHcssioii.'  Uturi'.i  .\fnniiiniisni 
I'lif.iliil,  II.  In  till- t  >\vn-i  of  l'alniyr:v  and  Maiu'licitcr,  in  |.s;»:j,  doi'iinii'iits 
di'l':iniat'>ry  to  tlu'  family  wimc  riiculuti'd  fur  wij^natiiri',  ono  ifi'cix  iii;^  II  ami 
aiiotlirr  Til  iiaiiK.i.  (livon  with  Hii,'natnrc.'<  in  lliiir,',i  Mdnninii^iii  t'liril/iif, 
'.Ml  "J,  unit  ill  Kiililir'-i  \fiiriiioniMiii,  'JO  I.  Si-o  also  (il-hiinsm,  (li.irli,  it. 
Mi>iiit.,  !l  II,  10;l  10,  '.'(W  I;  <!tr..tlv  i>f  Cin/i,  JS:.'t,  17;  Tllr^■n•'^  Drhiiu  ami 
I'rixj.  M<.r.,  1 1  'l^.  III  OIK  of  ihcsi!  di»-uiii(!iits,  siLilifd  and  swtiiii  to  hy  I'ftiT 
liii.'i'i'soli,  III-  miici  that  tlic  Smith  family  omiiloynl  most  of  their  tiriu!  in  ^old- 
di;.'L;iiiL;.  At  oiii-  time  Josi'|)li  Smith  senior  toM  liiuersoll  to  hold  a  iiiiiieinl 
rid  i:i  hiit  hand,  ii  piecu  of  witclidia/.el,  and  seleeteil  a  plaee  to  stand  wlieiu 
lie  was  to  whisper  diivi-tions  to  the  rod;  Smilli  utood  apart,  throw  in;,'  liiiiisclf 
into  various  shapes,  lint  Has  iinalih^  to  prodnet^  tlie  de>iii'd  ell'i  et.  Ai.''iin  ho 
to'iU  a  stone  that  Inncrsoll  had  picked  up  and  exehiimed  tliat  it  was  iinaln- 
uhle;  liHikin;;  at  it  earnestly,  he  s:iiil  it  revoiilctl  to  him  eliests  of  f^old  and 
silver  at  the  l»:ii'k  (f  liii  lioiiso,  and  piittiii.i;  it  into  his  hat,  tlirew  himself 
into  variuiiH  attitr.des,  and  soon  appeared  exhausted;  then  in  a  faint  voieo, 
said,  "If  yoii  only  knew  wli.it  I  had  mh'Ii  you  wmild  l»elie\e.'  Smne  time  lio- 
foi-c  .losfphs  dis'cvery  of  the  ^'old  platis,  the  ehlor  Smith  told  lii^  isoll 
thut  a  IsMik  had  iM'eii  fonii  I  iu  Cuiiuda  in  u  hulluw  true  wliicU  treuted  of  tho 
diiteuvery  of  tliiis  cuutiuciit 


I», , 


i   : 


1 


42 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMOXISM. 


And  lie  was  told  to  join  none  of  tlicin,  that  all  wore 
corrupt,  all  wirt;  ai>oiniiiatioii  in  tliu  oycs  ot  the  Lord. 
Wlii'ii  he  came  tt>  hiinscU'  he  was  still  j^aziii;^  earnestly 
U|»  into  heaven.  This  was  in  the  spring  of  1820,  and 
Jos(|»h  was  yet  Si'areely  fifteen. 

When  the  youn<(  prophet  bojjjan  to  proclaim  his 
vision,  the  wise  men  and  preaelu-is  of  the  several  sects 
lau!;iied  at  him;  calle<l  him  a  silly  hoy,  and  told  him 
tliut  if  his  mind  had  really  been  disturbed,  it  was  the 
devil's  <loin<^.  *'  Signs  an<l  revilations,"  said  tiiey, 
"are  of  by-gone  time.s;  it  ill  belits  one  so  young  to 
lit!  before  (jJod  and  in  the  presence  of  his  pe(tple.  " 
"Nevertheless,"  rej»lied  Joseph,  "1  have  had  a  vision." 
Then  they  reviled  him,  and  the  boy  became  disheait- 
ened  and  was  entaiij;leil  aj;ain  in  the  vanities  of  the 
world,  nntler  the  heavy  hand  of  their  oppression. 

]]nt  the  spirit  of  the  Lord  could  not  thus  bo 
quencheil.  I'he  young  man  ivpented,  and  sought  and 
found  forgiveness,  lietiring  to  his  bed,  midst  prayer 
anil  supplication,  on  the  night  of  September  21,  182.), 
pre;sently  the  room  gnw  liglit,  and  a  ligure  robed  in 
exceeding  whiteness  stoo<l  by  the  beilside,  tiie  feet 
not  touching  the  lloor.  Ami  a  voice-  was  heard,  say- 
ing, "  1  am  ^[oroni,  and  am  come  to  you,  Joseph,  as  a 
messenger  from  God."  Then  the  angel  told  the  yt)utli 
that  the  Lord  had  for  him  a  great  woik  totlo,  that  his 
name  should  be  known  t(»  all  people,  and  of  hint  should 
bi!  spoken  both  good  and  evil.  He  t<»hl  him  of  a  book 
written  on  plates  of  gold,  and  containing  an  account 
of  the  early  iidiabitants  of  this  continent,  and  tho 
gospel  as  delivered  t«»  them  by  Christ,  lie  said  tliatj 
th'posited  with  those  plates  wi-re  two  stones  in  silver 
bows,  which,  fastened  to  a  bri'astpliile,  cttnstituted  the 
Uriui  and  Thununim;  and  that  now  as  in  ancient  times 
the  possession  and  use  of  the  stones  constituted  aseei', 
and  that  throu'di  them  the  book  mi^iht  be  translated. 
After  otfering  many  seri[)tuial  (piotations  froui  both 
tlu?  old  an«l  the  new  testament,  and  charging  the  young 
ujuii  that  when  the  book  and  the  bi  eastplatu  were  dc- 


jt-j--,_- 


A, 


THE  PLATES. 


t  all  wore 

iliu  Lonl. 

;  uuint'stly 

1820,  unci 

iK'Uiim  liH 
veiiil  Hi-rt.s 
1  told  ln»'> 
it  was  tho 
niiiJ    thoy, 

>  VOlUli'    t«> 
Irt    iK'Opli'. 

ilii  vision." 
lo  tlishc'iu  t- 
tics  i>f  tlio 
vision. 
)t  thus  l>c 
sought  and 
lidst  iu:iv»'i' 

cv  -21.  IH-iS 

ic  ri>bcd  in 

o,   the    feet 

lieard,  say- 

oseph,  as  a 

I  the  youtli 
ido,  that  his 

hinisliDuld 

II  cit"  a  hook 
au  account 

,  and  tlu5 
l;  said  that 
es  in  silver 
tituted  till! 
icient  times 
ited  a  si'ei", 
translated, 
from  hotli 
the  youn.^- 
I  to  were  de- 


livered to  him  ho  should  show  tlicfu  to  !io  one,  und<r 
jwiin  of  deal h  and  destruction-  the  place  when;  tile 


]»I;ites    were   depositcil    meanwhile'    heinj.,'    ^ 


•learly 


re 


Vr;iltd    to   his    nit'li 


tal  vision — the  li'dit  in  the  room 


ifCfW  <hni,  as 


Moroni  ascended  alon;^  a  pathway  of 
ojorv  into  heaven,  and  fmally  «iarknesH  was  there  as 
hrfoVe.  The  visit  was  >nade  three  times,  the  last 
cndiiii,'  with  the  dawn,  when  .losi-ph  arose  j,Meatly  ox- 
liauslcd  and  wttit  into  the  field  to  work. 

His  latlier,  ohservinj^  his  condition,  sent  hiui  homo; 
hut  on  the  way  Joseph  fell  in  a  .state  of  unconscious- 
ni  ss  to  the  j^round.  Soon,  liowever,  the  voice  of 
]\iiironi  was  heard,  connuandiiii,'  him  to  retinn  to  his 
fatlit  r,  and  till  him  all  that  lie  had  seen  and  heard. 
The  vomi"'  nwm  oheved.  The  father  answered  that 
it  was  of  (jiod;  tho  son  should  <lo  as  the  messenijer 
had  said.  Then  Jo.seph,  knowing,'  from  the  vision 
whiTe  the  plates  w»'re  hidilen,  went  to  tlu'  west 
side  of  a  hill,  called  the  hill  Cumorah,  near  tlu^  town 
of  Manchester,  and  ht'iieath  a  lai;j;t!  stone,  pait  of 
whosi!  top  appeared  ahove  tlu;  i^round,  in  a  stone 
h<i.\,^  lie    found    tho    plates/  the    urim    and    thum- 

-OliviT  rowilfvy  stiitcil  flint  lio  vi-<it('(l  tlio  spot,  niid  tlisit  'at  the  Imttoin 
iif  tliii  IIiiiIl'I  lay  a  rttoiiiM)f  Hiiituhlu  si/u,  tliu  ii|i|k<i'  Hinf;u'<!  Uiii^;  xuKKitli. 
At  i^u'li  t'.l,^(,'  wax  i>lai'>'>l  a  lurgii  ({iiiintity  of  cciiK'nt,  ami  iiiti>  tlii.-i  t'ciiiiiit  at 
till!  tiiiir  »'il;,'t'8  of  tliis  Htoiui  wi-re  pliu-cil  civft  four  otiii'is,  tlii-ir  lovvr  cil^en 
IcHtilii^  ill  till!  cuiiieiit  at  tlic  outi'l-  I'lliji'.s  of  tlio  lir«t  kIoiic.  Tin?  four  luitt 
iiMiii.  il  \.  Iii'ii  |ilai'c<l  criH't  foniu'il  a  lios,  llic  I'oriici'.-.  or  wlicri'  tiic  ril^rs  of 
till'  I'll, II'  I'aiiio  in  contact,  wrro  i\\m>  cciiiciitcil  srt  tiriiily  tliiit  the  iiioistiiru 
Iroiii  \'. itlioiU  was  |>rcvfiilc(l  fi'uiii  (filtering.  It  in  to  lie  oliicrvcil  also  tliut 
lie  iiiiiir  Hiiifaccs  of  tlii'  four  <'i'cct  or  hiilo  stones  uei'  .siiiootli.  'I'lie  1h>.\ 
wan  s'.iliicieiitly  lai't^ct  to  ailiiiit  li  lircastplato.  From  the  hottom  of  the  Imix 
w  li'oia  till!  Iircii»tiilatu  aroHc  tlii'eo  Hiiiall  pillars,  coirposcil  of  the  h.iiiie  dc- 
i^i-nptioii  if  <'eiilcnt  a^i  that  ll-ieil  on  the  I'dj^cs;  ami  vipnu  these  three  pillai'M 
Mere  placed  the  records.  The  liox  coiitaiiiiii;L!  tlio  records  was  eovcreil  witll 
aiioLiicr  ..loiic,  I  liu  lower  bui'lacu  being  tiat  and  thu  upper  crow  ning.'  Mu>  kni/H 
Til'    '.'iiniiniiit,  '2i). 

"Orson  I'ralt  thus  dcscrilM's  thu  plutuH,  I'hioii'i,  I'J:  'These  rccor»ln  woro 
eiit^'.aved  on  pliitcs,  wliiili  had  the  amicarance  of  ^old.  I'lai  h  |>l  ite  was  not 
fiir  from  mcniii  hy  ei.;lit  inches  in  width  and  leiij,'th,  iM'in  r  not  (piiti!  us  thick 
a-i  co:ninun  tin.  'I'iiey  were  lillcid  on  liotli  HideH  with  engraving's  in  l');:yptiaii 
chai'a  al',  and  liound  t<e;ethei'  in  a  \oIuim',  as  the  IcavA'-iot  a  liool;,  and  last- 
tiled  alone  ed  m-  with  three  riii;^'H  runnin:{  tlirou.^'li  tli<'  wiiole.  'I'his  \ohiiiio 
v.as  alioiit  hIx  inches  in  IhicUnusM,  and  a  part  of  it  was  M'alcd.  'I'lie  iliur- 
a.  .1  i'.i  oi'lctlei's  upon  the  unseali'd  '  irt  wire  Miiall  and  Ipc.'nilifiilly  eni;iavi'il. 
'I'lic  V.  hole  hook  uxhilnlcil  many  in;.  ..j  of  anliijuity  la  its  construction,  us  wuU 


^. 


,v 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0  :r«=  iM 


I.I 


1:  i^o   mil  2.0 


1.8 


1.25 

1.4    1  1.6 

< 

6"     

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STKEIT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14540 

(716)  873-4503 


0 


^ 


44 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


m 


mim,*  and  the  breastplate."  But  when  he  was  about  to 
take  them  out  Moroni  stood  beside  him  and  said,  "Not 
yet ;  meet  me  here  at  this  time  eacli  year  for  four  years, 
and  I  will  tell  you  what  to  do."     Joseph  obeyed. 

The  elder  Smith  was  poor,  and  the  boys  were  some- 
times obliged  to  hire  themselves  out  as  laborers.  It 
was  on  the  22d  of  September,  1823,  that  the  plates 
were  found.  The  following  year  Alvin  died,  and  in 
October  1825  Joseph  went  to  work  for  Josiah  Steal, 
in  Chenango  county.  This  man  had  what  he  sup- 
posed to  be  a  silver  mine  at  Harmony,  Pennsylvania, 
said  to  have  been  once  worked  by  Spaniards.  Thither 
Joseph  went  with  the  other  men  to  dig  for  silver," 


as  much  skill  in  the  art  of  engraving.'  In  the  introduction  to  the  Book  of  ilor- 
moil  (New  York  cd.),  viii.,  is  given  essentially  the  same  description.  .See 
also  IJoinvick's  Mormons  and  Silver  Mines,  61 ;  liertrand,  Mem.  d'nn  Mar.,  25; 
Oldhaiiscn,  Gesch.  d.  Morm.,  12-29;  Steiihouse,  Lea  Mormons,  i.-vii. ;  i'erris^ 
Utah  and  The  Mormons,  58;  Mac/cai/'s  The  Mormons,  15-22;  ISmuckefs  Hist. 
Mormonx,  1S-2S.  For  fac-siiiiilo  of  writing  on  golden  plates,  see  Brad/e's 
Life  in  Utah,  25.  For  illustrations  of  tlic  hill,  finding  the  plates,  etc.,  see 
Mackcj/'s  The  Mormonx,  15;  Smuckcr's  Hint.  Mormons,  24;  Tucker''s  Orit/in 
and  I'roij.  Mar.,  frontispiece.  Wiicn  sceptics  ask,  Why  are  not  the  plates 
forthcoming?  believers  ask  in  turn,  Why  are  not  forthcoming  the  stone  tables 
of  Moses?    And  yet  the  ten  commandments  arc  to-day  accepted. 

*  'With  the  book  were  found  the  urim  and  thummim,  two  transparent 
crystals  set  in  the  rims  of  a  bow.  Tlicse  pebbles  were  the  seer  s  instru- 
ment wliereby  the  mystery  of  hidden  things  was  to  be  revealed ! '  intro- 
duction to  IJook  of  M or  mo  a  (New  York  cd.),  viii.  'The  best  attainable  defi- 
nition of  the  ancient  urim  and  thummim  is  quite  vague  and  indistinct.  An 
accepted  biblical  lexicographer  gives  tlie  meaning  as  "light  ■  icction," 

or  the  "shining  and  the  perfect."     The  following  is  quoted  fi  Uerworth'a 

Concordance:  "There  are  various  conjectures  about  the  uriiii  .  thuuiniim, 
whether  they  were  the  stones  in  the  high-priest's  breastplate,  or  something 
distinct  from  them;  which  it  is  not  worth  our  while  to  inquire  into,  since 
God  has  left  it  a  secret.  It  is  evident  that  the  urim  and  thummim  were 
appointed  to  inquire  of  God  by,  on  momentous  occasions,  and  continueil  in 
use,  as  some  think,  only  till  the  building  of  Solomon's  temple,  and  all  con- 
clude that  this  was  never  restored  after  its  destruction."'  Tucker's  Orhjin  and 
Prog.  Mor.,  .32. 

° '  A  breastplate  such  as  was  used  by  the  ancients  to  defend  the  cheat 
from  the  arrows  and  weapons  of  their  enemy.'  Markay's  The  Mormo/fS,  20. 

^ '  Hence  arose  tlie  very  prevalent  story  of  my  having  been  a  money  digger. ' 
Hist.  Joseph  Smith,  in  Times  and  Seasons,  May  '2,  184'2.  It  seems  fmni  this, 
or  some  other  cause,  that  tlie  followers  of  Smith  have  never  reganlcd  mining 
with  favor,  although  some  of  them  at  times  have  engaged  in  that  occupation. 
Upon  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California,  the  Mormons  were  among  the  first 
in  the  field,  at  Coloma,  at  Mormon  liar,  and  elsewhere.  Left  there  a  little 
longer,  they  would  soon  have  gathered  barrels  of  the  precious  dust;  but 
promptly  upon  the  call  they  dropped  their  tools,  abandoned  their  brilliant 
prospects,  and  crossing  the  Sicn-a,  began  to  build  homes  among  their  people 
in  the  untenanted  desert. 


JOSEPH'S  MARRIAGE. 


45 


boarding  at  the  house  of  Isaac  Hale.  After  a  month's 
fruitless  effort  Stoal  was  induced  by  Joseph  to  aban- 
don the  undertaking;  but  meanwhile  the  youth  had 
iallen  in  love  with  Hale's  pretty  daughter,  Emma, 
and  wished  to  marry  her.  Hale  objected,  owing  to 
his  continued  assertions  that  he  had  seen  visions,  and 
the  resulting  persecutions;  so  Joseph  took  Emma  to 
the  house  of  Squire  Tarbill,  at  South  Bainbridge, 
where  they  were  married  the  18th  of  January,  1827, 
and  tiience  returned  to  his  father's  farm,  where  he 
worked  during  the  following  season.^ 

Every  year  went  Joseph  to  the  hill  Cumorah  to 
hold  communion  with  the  heavenly  messenger,  and  on 
the  22d  of  September,  1827,  Moroni  delivered  to  him 
the  plates,*  and  the  urim  and  thummim  with  which 
to  translate  them,  charging  him  on  pain  of  dire  dis- 

^  Among  the  many  charges  of  wrong-doing  ascribed  to  Smith  from  first  to 
last,  was  that  of  having  stolen  Hale^  daughter.  In  answer  it  is  said  that 
the  young  woman  was  of  age,  and  had  the  right  to  marry  whom  and  as  she 
cliosc. 

^  '  When  the  appointed  hour  came,  the  prophet,  assuming  his  practised 
air  of  mystery,  took  in  liand  his  money-digging  spade  and  a  large  napkin, 
and  went  off  in  silence  and  alone  in  the  solitude  of  the  forest,  and  after  an 
absence  of  some  three  hours,  returned,  apparently  with  his  sacred  charge  con- 
cealed within  the  folds  of  the  napkin.  Reminding  the  (Smith)  family  of  the 
original  "command"  as  revealed  to  him,  strict  injunction  of  non-intervention 
and  non-inspection  was  given  to  them,  under  the  same  terrible  penalty  as  be- 
fore denounced  for  its  violation.  Conflicting  stories  were  afterwards  told  in 
regard  to  the  manner  of  keeping  the  book  in  concealment  and  safety,  which 
arc  not  worth  repeating,  further  than  to  mention  that  the  first  place  of  secre- 
tion was  said  to  be  under  a  heavy  hearthstone  in  the  Smith  family  mansion. 
Smith  told  a  frightful  story  of  the  display  of  celestial  pyrotechnics  on  the  ex- 
posure to  his  view  of  the  sacred  book — the  angel  who  had  led  him  to  the  dis- 
covery again  appearing  as  his  guide  and  protector,  and  confronting  ten  thou- 
8ai)d  devils  gathered  there,  with  their  menacing  sulphurous  flame  and  smoke, 
to  deter  him  from  his  purpose !  This  story  was  repeated  and  magnified  by 
the  believers,  and  no  doubt  aided  the  experiment  upon  superstitious  minds 
which  eventuated  so  successfully.'  Tucker's  Orhj.  and  Prog.  Mor.,  .30-31. 
'A  great  variety  of  contradictory  stories  were  related  by  the  Smith  family 
before  they  had  any  fixed  plan  of  operation,  respecting  the  finding  of  the 
plates  from  which  their  book  was  translated.  One  is,  that  after  the  plates 
were  taken  from  their  hiding-place  by  Jo,  he  again  laid  them  down,  looked 
into  the  hole,  where  he  saw  a  toad,  which  immediately  transformed  itself  into 
a  spirit  and  gave  liim  a  tremendous  blow.  Another  is,  that  after  he  had  got 
the  plates,  a  spirit  assaulted  him  with  the  intention  of  getting  them  from  his 
possession,  and  actually  jerked  them  out  of  his  hands.  Jo,  notliing  daunted, 
seized  them  again,  and  started  to  run,  when  his  Satanic  majesty,  or  the  spirit, 
applied  his  foot  to  the  prophet's  seat  of  honor  which  raised  three  or  four  feet 
from  the  ground.'  Howe  a  Mormonmn  Uiireilnl,  21')-C  The  excavation 
was  at  the  time  said  to  be  IGO  feet  in  extent,  though  that  is  probably  an  ex- 


I 


46 


THE  STORY  OP  MORMONISM. 


aster  to  ofiiard  them  well  until  he  should  call  for 
them.  Persecutions  increased  when  it  was  known 
tliat  Josepli  had  in  his  possession  the  plates  of  gold, 
and  every  art  that  Satan  could  devise  or  put  in  force 
through  the  agency  of  wicked  men  was  employed  to 

aggeration.  It  had  a  substantial  door  of  two-inch  plank,  and  a  secure  lock. 
Lapse  of  time  and  other  causes  have  almost  effaced  its  existence.  Turkcr'a 
Origin  and  f'roij.  Mor.,  48.  'In  1843,  near  Kinderhook.  Illinois,  in  exca- 
vating a  largo  mound,  six  brass  plates  were  discovered  of  a  bell-shape  four 
inches  in  length  and  covered  witli  ancient  characters.  They  were  fastened 
together  with  two  iron  wires  almost  entirely  corroded,  and  were  found 
along  with  charcoal,  ashes,  and  human  bones,  more  than  twelve  feet  below 
the  surface  of  a  mound  of  the  sngar-loaf  form,  common  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley.  Large  trees  growing  upon  these  artificial  mounds  Jittest  their  great 
antiquity. .  .No  key  has  yet  been  discovered  for  the  interpretation  of  tlio 
engravings  upon  these  brass  plates,  or  of  the  strange  gylpiis  upon  the 
ruins  of  Otoluni  in  Mexico.'  Danicd  Wedderburn,  in  Popular  Sricnre  Afoiifhh/, 
Dec.  1870;  sec  also  Timea  ami  Seasons,  iv.  186-7,  and  engraved  cuts  in  Tay- 
lor'x  Dlncnsxionfi,  and  in  Miwkai/'.t  Ihe  Mormons,  2G-7.  On  the  authority  of 
Kidder,  Mormonism.  23-6,  Willard  Chase,  a  carpenter,  said;  'In  the  foro 
part  of  September  (I  believe)  1827,  the  prophet  requested  mc  to  make  him  a 
chest,  iufoiniing  me  that  he  designed  to  move  l)ack  to  Pennsylvania,  and  ex- 
pecting soon  to  get  liis  gold  book,  he  wanted  a  chest  to  lock  it  up,  giving  nio 
to  understand,  at  the  same  time,  tiiat  if  I  would  make  the  chest  lie  would 
give  me  a  share  in  the  book.  I  told  him  my  business  was  such  that  I  could 
not  make  it;  but  if  he  would  bring  the  book  to  mc,  I  would  lock  it  up  for 
him.  He  said  that  would  not  do,  as  he  was  commanded  to  keep  it  two  ycai's 
without  letting  it  come  to  the  eye  of  any  one  but  himself.  Tliis  command- 
ment, however,  he  did  not  keep,  for  in  less  than  two  years  twelve  men  said 
they  had  seen  it.  I  told  him  to  get  it  and  convince  me  of  its  existence,  and 
I  would  make  him  a  chest;  but  he  said  that  would  not  do;  as  he  must  have  a 
chest  to  lock  the  book  in  as  soon  as  lie  took  it  out  of  the  ground.  I  saw  him 
n  fcws  days  after,  when  he  told  mc  I  must  make  the  chest.  I  told  him  plainly 
that  I  could  not,  upon  which  he  told  me  that  I  could  have  no  share  in  the  book. 
A  few  weeks  after  this  conversation  he  came  to  my  house  and  related  tho 
following  story:  That  on  the  22d  of  September  lie  arose  early  in  the  morning 
and  took  a  one-horse  wagon  of  some  one  that  had  stayed  over  night  at  their 
house,  without  leave  or  license;  and,  together  with  his  wife,  repaired  to  tho 
liill  which  contained  the  book.  Ho  left  his  wife  in  the  wagon,  by  the  roail, 
and  went  alone  to  the  hill,  a  distance  of  thirty  or  forty  rods  from  the  road; 
he  said  he  then  took  the  book  out  of  the  ground  and  hid  it  in  a  tree-top  and 
returned  liome.  IIo  then  went  to  the  town  of  Macedon  to  work.  After 
about  ten  days,  it  having  been  suggested  that  some  one  had  got  his  book,  hia 
wife  went  after  him;  he  hired  a  horse,  and  went  home  in  the  afternoon,  stayed 
long  enough  to  drink  one  cup  of  tea,  and  then  went  for  his  book,  found  it 
safe,  took  off  his  frock,  wrapt  it  round  it,  put  it  under  his  arm,  aiul  ran  all 
the  way  home,  a  distance  of  about  two  miles.  Ho  said  he  should  think  it 
woulil  weigh  sixty  pounds,  and  was  sure  it  would  weigh  forty.  On  his  return 
homo  ho  said  he  was  attacked  by  two  men  in  the  woods,  and  knocked  them 
both  down  and  made  his  escape,  arrived  safe,  and  secured  his  treasure.  Ho 
then  observed  that  if  it  had  not  been  for  that  stone  (which  he  acknowledged 
belonged  to  me)  he  would  not  have  obtained  tho  book.  A  few  days  after- 
ward he  told  one  of  my  neighbors  that  he  liad  not  got  any  such  book,  and 
never  had;  but  that  ho  told  the  story  to  deceive  tho  damned  fool  (meaning 
me),  to  get  him  to  make  a  chest.'  Others  give  other  accounts,  but  it  seema 
to  me  not  worth  while  to  follow  them  further. 


MARTIX  HARRIS. 


47 


wrest  them  from  him.  But  ahnighty  power  and  wis- 
dom prevailed,  and  the  sacred  rohcs  were  safely  kept 
till  the  day  the  messenger  called  for  them,  when  they 
were  delivered  into  his  hands,  Joseph  meanwhile  hav- 
ing accomplished  by  them  all  that  was  required  of 
him. 

And  now  so  fierce  becomes  the  fierj'^  malevolence  of 
the  enemy  that  Joseph  is  obliged  to  dy.''  He  is  very 
jioor,  having  absolutely  nothing,  until  a  ftirmer  named 
]\[artin  Harris  has  pity  on  him  and  gives  him  fifty 
dollars/"  with  which  he  is  enabled  to  go  with  his  wito 
to  her  old  home  in  Pennsylvania."  Innnediatoly  after 
his  arrival  there  in  December,  he  begins  copying  the 


I 


• '  Soon  the  news  of  his  discoveries  spread  abroad  tlirougliout  all  those 
parts.  .  .The  house  was  frequently  beset  by  mobs  and  cvil-designinj;  jiersons. 
Several  times  he  was  shot  at,  and  vory  narrowly  escaped.  Every  device  was 
used  to  get  the  plates  away  from  him.  And  licinj^  continually  in  danger  < if 
his  life  from  a  gang  of  abandoned  wretches,  he  at  lengtli  concluded  to  leave 
the  place,  and  go  to  Pennsylvania;  and  accordingly  pncked  up  his  goods, 
jiutting  the  plates  into  a  barrel  of  beans,  and  pn)cee<le<l  uiK>n  Ins  journey. 
Ho  had  not  gone  far  before  he  M-as  overtiiken  by  an  otlicer  with  a  search-war- 
rant, who  flattered  himself  with  the  idea  that  he  sliould  surely  ol)taiu  the 
plates;  after  searching  very  diligently,  he  was  sadly  disappointed  at  not  lind- 
ing  them.  Mr  Snnth  then  drove  on,  but  before  he  got  to  his  journey's  end 
he  was  again  overtaken  by  an  olHcer  on  the  same  business,  and  after  ransack- 
ing tiie  wagon  very  carefully,  he  went  his  way  as  mucii  chagrined  as  thellrst 
at  not  being  able  to  discover  the  object  of  his  research.  Without  any  fur- 
ther molestation,  ho  pursued  his  journey  until  he  came  to  the  nortliern  pitrt 
of  Pennsylvania,  near  the  Susquehanna  River,  in  which  part  his  father-in- 
law  resided.'  Prafl'i<  Vifiion.1,  1."). 

'"  '  In  the  neighborhood  (of  Smith's  old  home)  there  lived  a  farmer  possessed 
of  .some  money  and  more  credu'dty.  Every  wind  of  doctrine  atrected  hitn. 
He  had  been  in  turn  a  (juaker,  a  Wesleyan,  a  baptist,  a  presbyterian.  His 
heterogeneous  and  unsettled  views  admirably  qualilied  him  for  discipleship 
where  novelty  was  paramount,  and  concietc  things  were  invested  with  the 
enchantment  of  mystery.  He  was  enraptured  with  the  young  propliet,  and 
olFoi'cd  him  iifty  dollars  to  aid  in  the  publication  of  his  new  bible.'  Tai/lder's 
Jlormoiis,  xxviii.-i.'c. 

"  'Soon  after  Smith's  arrival  at  Harmony,  Isaac  Hale  (Smith's  father-in- 
law)  heard  he  had  brought  a  wonderful  box  of  plates  with  him.  Halo  "was 
s'.iown  a  box  in  which  it  is  said  they  were  contained,  which  had  to  all  ap- 
pearances been  used  as  a  gla?s  box  of  the  common  window-glass.  I  was 
allowed  to  feel  the  weight  of  the  box,  and  they  g;ive  me  to  understand  that 
the  book  of  plates  was  then  in  the  box^nto  which,  however,  I  was  not  al- 
lowed to  look.  I  inquired  of  Joseph  Smith,  Jr.,  who  was  to  be  the  lir.st  who 
would  be  allowed  to  sec  the  book  of  plates.  He  said  it  was  a  young  child. 
After  this  I  became  dissatisfied,  and  informed  him  that  if  there  was  any- 
thing in  my  house  of  that  description,  which  I  could  not  be  allowed  to  see, 
he  must  take  it  away;  if  ho  did  not,  I  was  determined  to  see  it.  After  that 
the  plates  were  said  to  be  hid  in  the  woods,'"  Howe's  Mormonism  Unveiled, 
204. 


48 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMOXISM. 


characters  on  the  plates,  Martin  Harris  coming  to  his 
assistance,  and  bv  means  of  the  urim  and  thumniim 
manasfes  to  translate  some  of  them,  which  work  is 
continued  till  February  1828.  Harris'  wife  is  ex- 
ccediniyly  curious  about  the  matter,  and  finally  obtains 
possession  through  her  husband  of  a  portion  of  the 
manuscript."     About  this  time  Harris  takes  a  copy 


if 


f  I 


•'  Martin  Harris  'says  he  wrote  a  considerable  part  of  the  book  as  Smith 
dictated;  and  at  one  time  tlio  presence  of  the  Lord  was  bo  great  that  a  screen 
wr.3  Imng  up  between  liim  and  the  prophet;  at  other  times  the  prophet  would 
sit  in  a  different  room,  or  up  stairs,  while  the  Lord  was  coinmunicating  to  him 
the  contents  of  the  plates.  Ho  does  not  pretend  that  he  ever  saw  the  won- 
derful phites  but  once,  although  ho  and  Smith  were  engaged  for  months  in 
deciphering  their  contents.'  MormoiiUm  Uuiriled,  14.  'Harris  rendered 
Smith  valuable  nssistancc  by  transcribing  for  him,  since  he  could  not  wiite 
himself.  Poor  Martin  was  unfortunately  gifted  with  a  troublesome  wife.  Her 
inquisitive  and  domineering  nature  made  him  dreatl  unpleasant  results  from 
bi.4  present  engagement.  His  manuscript  had  reached  IIU  pages,  and  ho 
therefore  begged  permission  to  read  it  to  her  "with  the  hope  that  it  might 
have  a  siilutury  eit'ucb  upon  her  feelings. "  His  request  was  at  length  granted; 
but  through  carelessness  or  perfidy,  while  in  Lis  house,  the  precious  docu- 
ment was  irrecoverably  lost.  Joseph  sutfered  greatly  in  consequence  of  this 
hinderance,  but  more  from  the  anger  of  heaven  which  was  manifested  against 
him.  As  soon  as  possible,  ho  resumed  his  task,  having  secured  tho  services 
of  another  scribe,  Oliver  Cowdery,  a  school-master  in  the  neighborhood. 
Martin  Harris,  earnest  as  he  was,  had  never  yet  been  favored  with  a  si^ht  of 
the  golden  plates.  Ho  had  not  attained  to  suificient  purity  of  mind;  out  a 
copy  of  a  small  portion  of  their  contents  was  placed  in  his  hands,  and  this  ho 
was  told  he  might  sliow  to  any  scholar  in  the  world,  if  ho  wished  to  be  sat- 
isfied. Accordingly  he  started  for  New  York,  sought  Professor  Anthon 
(Charles  Anthon,  LL.D.,  then  adjunct  professor  of  ancient  languages  in  Colum- 
bia College),  and  requested  Lis  opinion.'  Tayldcr's  Mormoiw,  xxxviii.-ix. 
'She  (Harris's  wife)  contrived  in  her  husband's  sleep  to  steal  from  him  the 
partictilar  source  of  her  disturbance,  and  burned  the  manuscript  to  ashes. 
For  years  she  kept  this  incendiarism  a  profound  secret  to  herself,  even  until 
after  tho  book  was  published.  Smith  and  Harris  helil  her  accountable  for  tho 
theft,  but  supposed  she  had  handed  the  manuscript  to  some  "evil-designing 
persons,"  to  be  used  somehow  in  injuring  their  cause.  A  feud  was  thus  pro- 
duced between  husband  and  wife  which  was  never  reconciled.  Great  con- 
sternation now  pervaded  the  Mormon  circles.  Tho  reappearance  of  the  myste- 
rious stranger  (who  had  before  visited  the  Smiths)  was  again  the  subject  of 
inquiry  and  conjecture  by  observers,  from  whom  was  withheld  all  explanation 
of  his  identity  or  purpose.  It  was  not  at  first  an  easy  task  to  convince  tho 
prophet  of  tho  entire  innocency  of  his  trusted  friend  Harris  in  the  matter  of 
thij  calamitous  event,  though  mutual  confidence  and  friendship  were  ultimately 
restored.*  Tucker's  Urig,  and  Prog.  Mor.,  40.  Of  this  lost  manuscript  Smith 
aftci'ward  wrote:  '  Some  time  after  Mr  Harris  had  begun  to  writo  for  mo  ho 
began  to  tease  me  to  give  him  liberty  to  carry  the  writings  homo  and  show 
them,  and  desired  of  me  that  I  would  inquire  of  the  Lord  through  tho  urim 
and  tlmmmim  if  he  might  not  do  so.'  To  two  inquiries  the  reply  was  no,  but 
a  tliird  application  resulted  in  permission  being  granted  under  certain  re- 
Btrictions,  which  were,  that  Harris  might  show  tho  papers  to  his  brother, 
his  wife,  her  sister,  his  father  and  mother,  and  to  no  one  else.  Accordingly 
Smith  required  Harris  to  bind  himself  in  a  covenant  to  him  in  tho  most 
solemn  raauuer  that  he  would  not  do  otherwise  than  had  been  directed.    '  He 


m 


WORK  OF  TRANSLATION. 


49 


of  some  of  the  characters  to  New  York  city,  where 
he  submits  them  to  the  examination  of  Professor 
Anthon  and  Dr  Mitchell,  who  pronounce  them  to 
be  Egyptian,  Syriac,  Chaldaic,  and  Arabic.*'     Then 


did  80,'  says  Smith.  'He  bound  liimaelf  as  I  required  of  him,  took  the 
writings,  and  went  his  way.  Notwithstanding ...  he  did  show  them  to  others, 
and  by  stratagem  they  got  them  away  from  him.'  Smith,  in  Times  and  Sea- 
sons, iii.  785-0. 

"  In  a  letter  to  E.  D.  Howe,  printed  in  his  book,  and  in  the  introduction 
to  the  New  York  edition  of  the  Book  of  Mormon,  Prof.  Anthon,  among  other 
statements,  denies  that  he  ever  gave  a  certificate.     The  letter  reads  as  follows: 

•New  York,  February  17,  1834. 

'  Dear  Sir:  I  received  your  letter  of  the  9th,  and  lose  no  time  in  making 
a  reply.  The  whole  stoi^  about  my  pronouncing  the  Mormon  inscription  to 
be  reformed  Egyptian  hierogylphics  is  perfectly  false.  Some  years  ago,  a 
plain,  apparently  nimple- hearted  farmer  called  on  me  with  a  note  from  Dr 
Mitchell,  of  our  city,  now  dead,  requesting  me  to  decipher,  if  possible,  the 
paper  which  the  farmer  would  hand  me.  Upon  examining  the  paper  in  ques- 
tion, I  soon  came  to  the  conclusion  that  it  was  all  a  trick — perhaps  a  hoax. 
When  I  asked  the  person  who  brought  it  how  ho  obtained  the  MTiting,  he  gave 
me  the  following  account:  A  gold  book  consisting  of  a  number  of  plates,  fast- 
ened together  by  wires  of  the  same  material,  had  been  dug  up  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  state  of  New  York,  and  along  with  it  an  enormous  pair  of  specta- 
cles. These  spectacles  were  so  large  that  if  any  person  attempted  to  look 
through  them,  his  two  eyes  would  look  through  one  glass  only,  the  spectacles 
in  Question  being  altogether  too  large  for  the  human  face.  "  Whoever,"  he 
said,  "  examined  the  plates  through  the  glasses  was  enabled  not  only  to  road 
them,  but  fully  to  understand  their  meaning."  All  this  knowledge,  however, 
was  confined  to  a  young  man,  who  had  the  trunk  containing  the  book  and  specta- 
cles in  his  sole  possession.  This  young  man  was  placed  behind  a  curtain  in  a 
garret  in  a  farm-house,  and  being  thus  concealed  from  view,  he  put  on  tlio 
spectacles  occasionally,  or  rather  looked  through  one  of  the  glasses,  deciphered 
the  characters  in  the  book,  and  having  committed  some  of  them  to  paper, 
lianded  copies  from  behind  the  curtain  to  those  who  stood  outside.  Nut  a 
word  was  said  about  their  being  deciphered  by  the  gift  of  God.  Everything 
in  this  way  was  effected  by  the  large  pair  of  spectacles.  The  farmer  added 
that  he  had  been  requested  to  contribute  a  sum  of  money  toward  the  publica- 
tion of  the  golden  book,  the  contents  of  which  would,  as  he  was  told,  produce 
an  entire  change  in  the  world,  and  save  it  from  ruin.  So  urgent  had  been 
these  solicitations,  that  he  intended  selling  his  farm  and  giving  the  amount  to 
those  who  wished  to  publish  the  plates.  As  a  last  precautionary  step,  he  had 
resolved  to  come  to  New  York,  and  obtain  the  opinion  of  the  learned  about 
the  meaning  of  the  paper  which  he  brought  with  him,  and  which  had  bsen 
given  him  as  part  of  the  contents  of  the  book,  although  no  translation  had  at 
tliat  time  been  made  by  the  young  man  with  spectacles.  On  hearing  tiiis  odd 
story,  I  changed  mv  opinion  about  the  paper,  and  instead  of  viewing  it  any 
longer  as  a  hoax,  I  began  to  regard  it  as  part  of  a  scheme  to  cheat  the  farmer 
of  his  money,  and  I  communicated  my  suspicions  to  him,  warning  him  to  be- 
ware of  rogues.  He  requested  an  opinion  from  me  in  writing,  which,  of 
course,  I  declined  to  give,  and  he  then  took  his  leave,  taking  his  paper  with 
him.  This  paper  in  question  was,  in  fact,  a  singular  scroll.  It  consisted  of 
all  kinds  of  singular  characters  disposed  in  columns,  and  had  evidently  l)een 
prepared  by  some  person  who  had  before  him  at  the  time  a  book  containing 
various  alpnal)ets,  Greek  and  Hebrew  letters,  crosses  and  flourishes;  Roman 
letters  inverted  or  placed  sideways  were  arranged  and  placed  in  perpendicular 
columns,  and  the  whole  ended  in  a  rude  delineation  of  a  circle,,  divided  into 
Hut.  Vza>.   4 


60 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


■I  %!• 


l*:|i 


'!l 


:■*■ 


m\ 


t^ 


Joseph  buys  of  his  wife's  father  a  small  farm  and  goes 
to  work  on  it.  In  February  1829  he  receives  a  visit 
from  his  own  father,  at  which  time  a  revelation  comes 
to  Joseph  Smith  senior,  through  the  son,  calling  him 
to  faith  and  good  works.  The  month  following  Mar- 
tin Harris  asks  for  and  receives  a  revelation,  by  the 
mouth  of  the  latter,  regarding  the  plates,  wherein  the 
said  Harris  is  told  that  Joseph  has  in  his  possession 
the  plates  which  he  claims  to  have,  that  they  were 
delivered  to  him  by  the  Lord  God,  who  likewise  gave 
him  power  to  translate  them,  and  that  he,  Harris, 
should  bear  witness  of  the  same.  Three  months 
later,  Harris  having  meanwhile  acted  as  his  scribe, 
Joseph  is  commanded  to  rest  for  a  season  in  his  work 
of  translating  until  directed  to  take  it  up  again. 

various  compartmentB,  arched  with  various  strange  marks,  and  evidently 
copied  after  the  Mexican  calendar  given  by  Humboldt,  but  copied  in  such  a 
way  as  not  to  betray  the  source  whence  it  was  derived.  I  am  thus  particular  as 
to  the  contents  of  the  paper,  inasmuch  as  I  have  frequently  conversed  with 
friends  on  the  subject  since  the  Mormon  excitement  began,  and  well  remem- 
ber that  the  paper  contained  anything  else  but  Egyptian  hieroglyphics.  Some 
time  after,  the  farmer  paid  me  a  second  visit.  He  brought  with  him  the  gold 
book  in  print,  and  offered  it  to  me  for  sale.  I  declined  purchasing.  He  then 
asked  permission  to  leave  the  book  with  me  for  examination.  I  declined  re- 
ceiving it,  although  his  maimer  was  strangely  urgent.  I  adverted  once  more 
to  the  roguery  which,  in  my  opinion,  had  been  practised  upon  him,  and  asked 
him  what  hod  become  of  the  gold  plates.  He  informed  me  they  were  in  a 
trunk  with  the  spectacles.  I  advised  him  to  go  to  a  magistrate  and  have  tlie 
trunk  examined.  He  said  the  curse  of  God  would  come  upon  him  if  he  did. 
On  my  pressing  him,  however,  to  go  to  a  magistrate,  lie  told  me  he  would 
open  the  trunk  if  I  would  take  the  curse  of  God  upon  myself.  I  replied  I 
would  do  so  with  the  greatest  willingness,  and  would  >ncur  every  risk  of  that 
nature,  provided  I  could  only  extricate  him  from  the  grasp  of  the  rogues.  He 
then  left  me.  I  have  given  you  a  full  statement  of  all  that  I  know  respecting 
the  origin  of  Mormonism,  and  must  beg  of  you,  as  a  personal  favor,  to  publish 
this  letter  immediately,  should  you  find  my  name  mentioned  again  by  these 
wretched  fanatics.  Yours  respctfully,  'Charles  Asthon.' 

It  is  but  fair  to  state  that  Smith  never  claimed  that  the  characters  were 
the  ordinary  Greek  or  Hebrew,  but  were  what  he  called  Reformed  Egyptian. 
Harris  says:  '  He  gave  me  a  certificate  which  I  took  and  put  into  my  pocket, 
and  was  just  leaving  the  house  when  Mr  Anthon  called  me  back,  and  asked 
me  how  the  young  man  found  out  that  there  were  gold  plates  in  the  place 
where  he  found  them.  I  answered  that  an  angel  of  God  had  revealed  it  unto 
liim.  He  then  said  unto  me.  Let  me  see  that  certificate.  I  accordingly  took 
it  out  of  my  pocket  and  gave  it  to  him,  when  he  took  it  and  tore  it  to  pieces, 
saying  that  tnere  was  no  such  thing  now  aa  ministering  of  angels,  and  that  if 
I  would  bring  the  plates  to  him  he  would  translate  them.  I  informed  him 
that  part  of  the  plates  were  sealed,  and  that  I  was  forbidden  to  bring  them; 
he  replied,  "  I  cannot  read  a  sealed  book."  I  left  him  and  went  to  Br  Mit- 
chell, who  sanctioned  what  Professor  Anthon  had  said  respecting  bcth  the 
i-.haracters  and  the  translation. '  Pearl  of  Great  Price,  xiii.  54. 


BOOK  OF  MORMON. 


61 


The  tenor  of  the  book  of  Mormon"  is  in  this  wise: 
Following  the  confusion  of  tongues  at  the  tower  of 
Babel,  the  peoples  of  the  earth  were  scattered  abroad, 
one  colony  being  led  by  the  Lord  across  the  ocean  to 
America.  Fifteen  hundred  years  after,  or  six  hundred 
years  before  Christ,  they  were  destroyed  for  their 
wickedness.  Of  the  original  number  was  Jared, 
among  whose  descendants  was  the  prophet  Ether, 
who  was  their  historian.  Ether  lived  to  witness  the 
extinction  of  his  nation,  and  under  divine  direction  he 
deposited  his  history  in  a  locality  where  it  was  found 
by  a  second  colony,  Israelites  of  the  tribe  of  Joseph, 
who  came  from  Jerusalem  about  the  time  of  the  de- 
sttuction  of  the  first  colony,  namely,  six  hundred 
years  before  Christ.  Thus  was  America  repeopled; 
the  second  colony  occupied  the  site  of  the  first,  mul- 
tiplied and  became  rich,  and  in  time  divided  into  two 
nations,  the  Nephites  and  the  Lamanites,  so  called 
from  their  respective  founders,  Nephi  and  Laman. 
The  former  advanced  in  civilization,  but  the  Laman- 
ites lapsed  into  barbarism,  and  were  the  immediate 
progenitors  of  the  American  aboriginals. 

The  Nephites  were  the  beloved  of  the  Lord.  To 
them  were  given  visions  and  angels'  visits;  to  them 
the  Christ  appeared  with  gifts  of  gospel  and  prophecy. 
It  was,  indeed,  the  golden  age  of  a  favored  people; 
but  in  a  time  of  temptation,  some  three  or  four  cen- 
turies after  Christ,  they  fell,  and  were  destroyed  by 


" '  The  word  "  Mormon,"  the  name  given  to  his  book,  is  the  English  termi- 
nation of  the  Greek  word  mormoo,  which  we  find  deflucd  in  an  ohl,  obsolete 
dictionary  to  mean  bugbear,  liobgoblin,  raw  head,  and  bloody  bones.'  Howe^s 
Mormoimm  Unveiled,  '21.  'The  word  "Mormon"  is  neither  Greek  nor  de- 
rived from  the  Greek,  but  from  the  "reformed  Egyptian."'  BeW»  Reply  to 
Theobald,  2.  In  Times  and  Seasons,  Mr  Smith  writes  as  follows  with  regard 
to  the  meaning  of  the  v'ord  '  Mormon : '  '  We  say  from  the  Saxon,  <;oof/;  the 
Dane,  god;  the  Goth,  goda;  the  German,  gut;  the  Dutch,  goed;  the  Latin, 
bonus;  theG^'eek,  halos;  the  Hebrew,  tob;  and  the  Egyptian,  mon.  Hence, 
with  the  addition  of  more,  or  the  contraction  mor,  we  have  the  word  "Mor- 
mon," which  means,  literally  morf!  good.'  'Joseph  Smith,  annoyed  at  the 
1  rofane  wit  which  could  derive  the  word  ' '  Mormon  "  from  the  Greek  mormo,  a 
r  ugbear,  wrote  an  epistle  on  the  subject,  concluding  with  an  elaborate  display 
of  nis  philological  talent,  such  as  he  was  accustomed  to  make  ou  every  pos* 
siblo  occasion.'  Taylder'a  Mormon's  Own  Book,  xxxiv.,  xxxv. 


1 '' ' 

IB  ' 

;  ■*:■ 


ii.iii 


iU 


09 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


the  wicked  Lamanitea.  Tlie  greatest  prophet  of  tho 
Nephites,  in  the  period  of  their  declension,  was  Mor- 
mon, their  historian,  who  after  having  completed  his 
abridgment  of  the  records  of  his  nation,  committed  it 
to  his  son  Moroni,  and  he,  that  they  might  not  fall 
into  the  hands  of  the  Lamanites,  deposited  them  in 
the  hill  of  Cumorah,  where  they  were  found  by  Joseph 
Smith. 

On  the  5th  of  April,  1829,  there  comes  to  Joseph 
Smith  a  school-teacher,  Oliver  Cowdery  by  name, 
to  whom  the  Lord  had  revealed  himself  at  the  house 
of  the  elder  Smith,  where  the  teacher  had  been 
boarding.  Inquiring  of  the  Lord,  Joseph  is  told  that 
to  Oliver  shall  be  given  the  same  power  to  translate 
the  book  of  Mormon,'"  by  which  term  the  writing  on 

"  The  Book  of  Mormon;  an  account  written  by  The  Hand  of  Mormon,  upon 
plates  taken  from  the  plates  of  Nephi.  Wher^ore  it  is  an  abridgment  of  the 
record  of  the  people  qf  Nephi,  and  also  of  the  Lamanites,  who  are  a  remnant  of 
the  home  of  Israel;  and  (Uso  to  Jew  and  Oentite;  written  by  way  of  command- 
ment, and  also  by  the  spirit  of  prophecy  and  of  revelation.  Written  and  sealed 
tip,  and  hid  up  unto  the  Lord,  that  they  miqht  not  be  destroyed;  to  come  forth 
by  the  gift  and  power  of  Ood  unto  the  interpretation  thereof;  sealed  by  the  hand 
of  Moroni,  and  hid  up  unto  the  Lord,  to  come  forth  in  due  time  by  the  way  of 
Gentile;  t'le  interpretation  thereof  by  the  gift  of  Ood.  An  abridgment  taken 
from  the  Book  of  Ether  also;  which  is  a  record  of  the  people  ofJared;  who  were 
scattered  at  tht  time  the  Lord  confounded  the  language  of  the  people  when  they 
were  building  a  tower  to  get  to  heaven;  which  is  to  shew  unto  the  remnant  of  the 
House  of  Israel  what  great  things  the  Lord  hath  done  for  their  fathers;  and 
that  they  may  know  the  covenants  of  the  Lord,  that  they  are  not  cast  off  forever; 
and  also  to  the  convincing  of  the  Jew  and  Oentite  that  Jesus  is  the  Christ,  the 
Eternal  Ood,  manifesting  himself  unto  aU  nations.  And  now  {f  there  are 
faidts,  they  are  the  mistakes  of  men;  wherefore  condemn  not  the  things  of  Ood, 
ihat  ye  may  be  found  spotless  at  the  judgment-seat  of  Christ.  By  Joseph  Smith, 
Jun.,  Author  and  Proprietor.  (Printed  by  E.  B.  Grandin,  for  the  author, 
Palmyra,  New  York,  1830.)  Several  editions  followed.  This  first  edition 
has  58S  pages,  and  is  prefaced  amonc  other  things  by  an  account  of  117 
pages,  which  Mrs  Harris  burned.  This  preface  is  omitted  in  subsequent 
editions.  The  testimony  of  three  witnesses,  and  also  of  eight  witnesses 
which  in  subsequent  editions  is  placed  at  the  beginning,  is  here  at  the  end. 
The  testimony  of  witnesses  affirms  that  the  signers  saw  the  plates  and  the 
engravings  thereon,  having  been  shown  them  by  an  angel  from  heaven;  thev 
knew  of  the  translation,  that  it  had  been  done  by  the  gift  and  power  of  God, 
and  was  therefore  true.  The  book  was  reprinted  at  Nauvoo,  at  New  York, 
at  Salt  Lake  City,  and  in  Europe.  An  edition  printed  by  Jas  0.  Wright  & 
Co.,  evidently  by  way  of  speculation,  contains  eight  pages  of  introductiou, 
and  an  advertisement  asserting  that  it  is  a  reprint  from  the  third  American 
edition,  and  that  the  work  was  originally  published  at  Nauvoo,  which  latter 
statement  is  incorrect.  The  publishers  further  claim  that  at  the  time  of  this 
printing,  1848,  the  book  was  out  of  print,  notwithstanding  the  several  pre- 


BOOK  OF  MORMON. 


ceding  editioni.  The  edition  at  present  in  common  uie  was  printed  at  Salt 
l^alce  City,  at  tlie  Deseret  Ntwa  otUco,  and  entered  according  to  act  ut'  con- 
gress in  1870,  by  Joseph  F.  Smith.  It  is  divided  into  cliaptcrs  and  verses, 
witli  references  by  Orson  Pratt,  senior.     Tlio  iirrangoment  is  as  follows: 

The  first  book  of  Nophi,  his  reign  and  ministry,  'i'J  chapters;  the  second 
book  of  Ncphi,  33  chapters;  the  book  of  Jacob,  the  brother  of  Nephi,  7  chap- 
ters; the  book  of  Enos,  1  chapter;  the  book  of  Jarom,  I  chapter;  the  book 
of  Omni,  1  chapter;  the  words  of  Mormon,  1  chapter;  the  buok  of  Mosiah, 
'Ji)  chapters;  the  book  of  Alma,  the  son  of  Alma,  03  chapters;  the  book  of 
Hclamon,  lU  chapters;  the  bouk  of  Nephi,  the  son  of  Ncphi,  who  was  the 
son  of  Uelanian,  30  chapters;  the  book  of  Nephi,  wlio  ia  the  son  of  Neplii, 
one  of  the  disciples  of  Jesus  Christ,  1  chapter;  book  of  Mormon,  9  chapters; 
book  of  Ether,  15  chapters;  the  book  of  Moroni,  10  chapters.  lu  all  '239 
cliaptcrs. 

I  give  herewith  the  contents  of  the  several  books.  The  style,  like  that  of 
the  revelations,  is  biblical. 

'First  Book  of  Nephi.  Language  of  the  record;  Nephi's  abridgment; 
Lchi's  dream;  Lohi  departs  into  the  wilderness;  Nephi  slay oth  Liaban;  Sariah 
omplains  of  Lehi's  vision;  contents  of  the  brass  plates;  Ishmacl  goes  with 
Nephi;  Nephi's  brethren  rebel,  and  bind  him;  Lchi's  dream  of  the  tree,  rod, 
etc.;  Messiah  and  John  prophesied  of;  olive  branches  broken  off;  Nephi's 
vision  of  Mary;  of  the  crucifixiou  of  Christ;  of  darkness  and  earthquake; 
gre.-it  abominable  church;  discovery  of  the  promised  land;  bible  spoken  of; 
book  of  Mormon  and  holy  ghost  promised;  other  books  come  forth;  bible  and 
book  of  Mormon  one;  promises  to  tho  gentiles;  two  churches;  the  work  of 
tlie  Father  to  commence;  a  man  in  white  robes  (John);  Nephites  come  to 
Ivnowledge;  rod  of  iron;  the  sous  of  Lehi  take  wives;  director  found  (Imll); 
Nephi  breaks  his  bow;  directors  work  by  faith;  Ishniael  died;  Lehi  and  Ncphi 
threatened ;  Ncphi  commanded  to  build  a  ship;  Ncphi  about  to  bo  worshipped 
by  his  brethren;  ship  finished  and  entered;  dancing  in  tho  ship;  Nephi  liound; 
bhip  driven  back;  arrived  on  tho  promised  land;  plates  of  ore  made;  Zonos, 
Ncum,  and  Zenock;  Isaiah's  writing;  holy  one  of  Israel. 

'Second  Book  of  Nephi.  Lehi  to  his  sons;  opposition  in  all  things;  Adam 
fell  that  man  might  l)e;  Joseph  saw  our  day;  a  choieo  seer;  writings  grow  to- 
gether; prophet  promised  to  the  Lamanitcs;  Joseph's  prophecy  on  brass 
plates;  Lehi  buried;  Nephi's  life  sought;  Ncphi  separated  from  Laman;  tem- 
ple built;  skin  of  blackness;  priests,  etc.,  consecrated;  make  other  plates; 
lyaiah's  words  by  Jacob;  angels  to  a  devil;  npirits  and  bodies  reunited;  bap- 
tism; no  kings  upon  this  land;  Isaiah  prophesieth;  rod  of  tho  stem  of  Jesse; 
bolhI  of  Joseph  pcrisheth  not;  law  of  Moses  kept;  Christ  shall  shew  himself; 
signs  of  Christ,  birth  and  death;  whisper  from  the  dust;  book  sealed  up; 
priestcraft  forbidden;  sealed  book  to  be  brought  forth;  three  witnesses  behold 
the  book;  tho  words  (read  this,  I  prav  thee);  seal  up  the  book  again;  their 
priests  shall  contend ;  teach  with  their  learning,  and  deny  the  holy  ghost;  rob 
tlic  poor;  a  bible,  a  bible;  men  judged  of  tho  books;  white  and  a  delightsome 
jieople;  work  commences  among  all  people;  lamb  of  God  baptized;  baptism  by 
water  and  holy  ghost. 

'Book  of  Jacob.  Nephi  anointeth  a  king;  Nephi  dies;  Nephites  and 
Lamanites;  a  righteous  branch  from  Joseph;  Lamanitcs  shall  scourge  you; 
more  than  one  wife  forbidden;  trees,  waves,  and  mountains  obey  us;  Jews 
look  beyond  the  mark;  tamo  olive  tree;  nethermost  part  of  the  vineyard; 
fruit  laid  up  against  the  season;  another  branch;  wild  fruit  had  overcome; 
lord  of  the  vineyard  weeps;  branches  overcome  the  roots;  wild  branches 
plucked  off;  Sherem,  the  anti-Christ;  a  sign,  Sherem  smitten;  Enos  takes  the 
plates  from  his  father. 

'The  Book  of  Enos.  Enos,  thy  sins  are  forgiven;  records  threatened  by 
Lamanites;  Lamanites  eat  raw  meat. 

'The  Book  of  Jarom.  Nephites  wax  strong;  Lamanites  drink  blood; 
fortify  cities;  plates  delivered  to  Omni. 

'  The  Book  of  Omni.    Plates  given  to  Amaron;  plates  given  to  Chemish; 


I 


\l 


64  THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 

Mosiah  warned  to  flo«;  Zarahemiadiacovcrcd;  ongravings  on  a  stone;  Cori- 
antuhir  diHcovcred;  his  parents  uoino  from  the  tower;  plates  delivered  to 
King  Iknjamin. 

*  The  wonU  of  Mormon.     False  Christs  and  prophets. 

*  Book  of  Mosial).  Mofliah  made  king;  the  plates  of  brass,  sword,  and 
director;  King  Benjamin  teuchoth  tlio  {)ooplo;  their  tent  doors  toward  the 
temple;  coming  of  Christ  foretold;  l)cggurs  not  denied;  sons  and  dauglitcra; 
Mosuih  began  to  reign;  Amnion,  etc.,  bound  and  imprisoned;  Limhi's  procla- 
mation; twenty-four  plates  of  gold;  seer  and  translator. 

'  liccord  of  Zcnitr.  A  liattlo  fought;  King  Laman  died;  Noah  made  king; 
Abinadi  the  prophet;  resurrection;  AlmalH^lievcd  Abinadi;  Abinadi  coa*  into 
prison  and  scourged  with  fagots;  waters  of  Mormon;  the  daugliters  of  the 
Lamunites  8tt)len  Ity  King  Noali's  priests;  records  on  plates  of  ore;  last  trib- 
ute of  wine;  l^manitcs'  deep  sleep;  King  Limhi  Iwptizcd;  priests  and  teach- 
ers labor;  Alma  saw  an  angel;  Alma  fell  (dumb);  King  Moaiah's  .ons  preach 
to  the  Lamanitos;  translation  of  records;  plates  delivered  by  Limhi;  trans- 
lated by  two  stones;  people  back  to  the  Tower;  records  given  to  Alma;  judges 
appointed;  King  Mosiah  died;  Alma  died;  Kings  of  Nephi  ended. 

'The  Book  of  Alma.  Nehor  slew  Gideon;  Amlici  made  king;  Amlici 
slain  in  battle;  Amlicites  painted  red;  Alma  baptized  in  Sidon;  Aluia'a 
preaching;  Alma  ordained  elders;  commanded  to  meet  often;  Alma  saw  an 
angel;  Amukk  saw  an  angel;  lawyers  questioning  Amulek;  coins  named; 
Zccsroni  the  lawyer;  Zecsrom  trembles;  election  spoken  of;  Melchizedek 
priesthood;  Zeesrom  stoned;  records  burned;  prison  rent;  Zeesrom  healed 
and  Imptizcd;  Nehor's  desolation;  Lamanitcs  converted;  flocks  scattered  at 
iSebus;  Amnion  smote  off  anns;  Ammon  and  King  Lamoni;  King  Lamoni 
fell;  Amnion  and  the  queen;  king  and  queen  prostrate;  Aaron,  etc.,  deliv- 
ered; Jerusalem  built;  preaching  in  Jerusalem;  Lamoni's  father  converted; 
land  desolation  and  bountiful;  anti-Nephi-Lehies;  general  council;  swords 
buried;  1,005  massacred;  Lamanites  perish  by  fire;  slavery  ijrbidden;  anti- 
Ncphi-Lehies  removed  to  Jcrshon,  called  Ammonites;  tremendous  battle; 
anti-Christ,  Korihor;  Korihor  struck  tlumb;  the  devil  in  the  form  of  an  angel; 
Korihor  trodden  down;  Alma's  mission  to  Zoramites;  Ramcumptom  (holy 
stand);  Alma  on  hill  Onidah;  Alma  on  faith;  prophecy  of  Zenos;  prophecy 
of  Zcnock;  Amulek's  knowledge  of  Christ;  charity  recommended ;  same  spirit 
possess  your  body;  believers  cast  out;  Alma  to  Holamon;  plates  given  to 
Ueluman;  twenty-four  plates;  Gozelem,  a  stone  (secret);  Liohoua,  or  coin- 
pass;  Alma  to  Shiblou;  Alma  to  Corianton;  unpardonable  sin;  resurrection; 
restoration;  justice  in  punishment;  if,  Adam,  took,  tree,  life;  mercy  rob  jus- 
tice; Moroni  s  stratagem;  slaughter  of  Lamanites;  Moroni's  speech  to  Zera- 
hcmnah;  prophecy  of  a  soldier;  Lamanites' covenant  of  peace;  Alma's  proph- 
ecy 400  years  after  Christ;  dwindle  in  unbelief;  Aln  v's  strange  departure; 
Amalickiah  leadeth  away  tiio  people,  destroycth  ti  church;  standard  of 
Moroni;  Joseph's  coat  rent;  Jacob's  prophecy  of  Joseph's  seed;  fevers  in  the 
land,  plants  and  roots  for  diseases;  Amalickiah 's  plot;  the  king  stabbed; 
Amalickiah  marries  the  <]|ueen,  and  is  acknowledged  king;  fortifications  by 
Moroni;  ditches  tilled  with  dead  bodies;  Amalickiah's  oath;  Pahoran  ap- 
pointed judge;  army  against  king-men;  Amalickiah  slain;  Ammoron  made 
king;  Bountiful  fortified;  dissensions;  2,000  young  men;  Moroni's  epistle  to 
Ammoron;  Ammoron's  answer;  Lamanitcs  made  drunk;  Moroni's  stratagem; 
Helaman's  epistle  to  Moroni;  Helaman's  stratagem;  mothers  taught  faith; 
Lamanites  surrendered;  city  of  Antiparah  taken;  city  of  Cumcni  taken;  '200 
of  the '2, 000  fainted;  prisoners  rebel,  slain;  Manti  taken  by  stratagem;  Moroni 
to  the  governor;  governor's  answer;  King  Pachus  slain;  cords  and  ladders 

Srepared;  Nephihah  taken;  Teancum's  stratagem,  slain;  peace  established; 
loronihah  made  commander;  Helaman  died;  sacred  things,  Shiblon;  Moroni 
died;  5,400  emigrated  north;  ships  built  by  Hagoth;  sacred  things  committed 
to  Helaman;  Shiblon  died. 

'  The  Book  of  Helaman.  Pahoran  died;  Pahoran  appointed  judge;  Kish- 
kumen  slays  Pahoran;  Pacumeui  appointed  judge;  Zairahamia  taken;  Pacu- 


BOOK  OP  MORMON. 


05 


Cori- 
id  to 

1,  and 
X  the 
liters; 
irocltt- 

king; 
»♦  into 
of  the 
it  trib- 
teach - 
preach 
trans- 
judges 

Amlicl 
Alma's 
saw  an 
named; 
ihizedok 
I  healed 
,tercd  at 
Lamoni 
!.,  dcUv- 
nvertcd; 
;  swords 
en;  anti- 
s  battle; 
,n  angel; 
im  (holy 
irophccy 
fnic  spirit 
Igiven  to 
I  or  com- 
Irrection; 
rob  jus- 
to  Zora- 
proph- 
jparture; 
adard  of 
p  in  tho 
[stabbed; 
ttions  by 
iran  ap- 
m  mailo 
spistlo  to 
itagem; 
it  faith; 
Lcn;  -200 
Moroni 
ladders 
kblished; 
Moroni 
imitted 


meni  killed;  Coriantumr  slain;  Lamanites  lurrendored;  Holaman  appointed 
iiuigo;  secret  signs  disoovore<l  and  Kishkumen  stabbed;  Uadiauton  Qod;  em- 
igration northward;  cement  houses;  man v  books  and  records;  Ilclaman  died; 
Neplii  made  judge;  Nophites  become  wicked;  Nephi  gave  the  judgment-seat 
toCezoram;  Nephi  and  Lchi  preached  to  the  Lamanites;  8,000  baptized;  Al- 
ma and  Nephi  surrounded  with  fire;  angels  administer;  Cezoram  and  son 
murdered;  Uadianton  robbers;  Qadian ton  robbers  destroyed;  Nephi's  prupli- 
ecy;  Gadianton  robbers  are  iudgos;  chief  judge  slain;  8eantum  detected;  keys 
uf  the  kingdom;  Nephi  taken  away  by  the  spirit;  famine  in  ttio  land;  (Ua- 
dianton band  destroyed;  famine  removed ;  Samuel's  prophecy;  tools  lost;  two 
days  and  a  night,  light;  sign  of  the  crucifixion;  Samuel  stoned,  etc. ;  angels 
apiieared. 

'Tliird  Book  of  Nephi.  Lachonens  chief  judge;  Nepid  receives  tho  records; 
Nephi's  strange  departure;  no  darkness  at  niglit;  Lamanites  become  wliite; 
(liddiauhi  to  Lachoneus;  Gidgiddoui  chief  judge;  Giddiauhi  slain;  Zemna- 
rihah  hanged;  robbera  surrendered;  Mormon  abridges  tiie  records;  church 
begins  to  be  broken  up;  government  of  the  land  destroyed;  chief  judge  mur- 
dered; divided  into  tribes;  Nenhi  raises  the  dead;  sign  of  tho  crucifixion; 
cities  destroyed,  earthquakes,  uarkness,  etc.;  law  of  Moses  fulfilled;  Christ 
appears  to  Nephites;  print  of  the  nails;  Nenhi  and  others  called;  baptixn\ 
commanded;  doctrine  of  Christ;  Christ  tho  cml  of  the  law;  other  nheep  8)x>ken 
of;  blessed  are  the  Oontiles;  Gentile  wickedness  on  tho  land  of  Joseph; 
Isaiah's  words  fulfilled;  Jesus  heals  tho  sick;  Christ  blesses  children;  little 
ones  encircled  with  fire;  Christ  administers  tho  sacrament;  Christ  teaches 
his  disciples;  names  of  the  twelve;  the  twelve  teach  the  multitude;  bap'  t .  i, 
lioly  ghost,  and  tiro;  disciples  made  white;  faith  great;  Christ  breakn  ^  i  .;ud 
again;  miracle,  bread  and  wine;  Gentiles  destroyed  (Isaiah);  Zion  csbiblished; 
from  Gentiles,  to  your  seel;  sign,  Father's  work  conmienced;  he  shall  bo 
marred;  Gentiles  destr  y>  ~'  >  (sa<ah);  New  Jerusalem  built;  work  conuncnon 
among  all  the  tribes;  Isaiah's  words;  Baints  did  arise;  Maluchi's  prophioy; 
faith  tried  by  tho  book  of  Mormon;  children's  tongues  loosed;  .ho  dead  rai  "led; 
baptism  and  L'  n  ghost;  all  things  common;  Christ  appears  again;  Moses, 
church;  three  Nephites  tarry;  the  twelve  caught  up;  change  upon  their 
bodies. 

'Book  of  Nephi,  son  of  Nephi.  Disciples  raise  the  dead;  Zarahemia  re- 
built; other  disciples  are  ordained  in  their  stead;  Nephi  dies;  Amos  kecio  tho 
records  in  his  stead;  Amos  dies,  and  his  son  Amos  keeps  the  records;  prisons 
rent  by  the  three;  secret  combinations;  Ammaron  hides  the  records. 

'Book  of  Mormon.  Three  disciples  taken  away;  Mormon  forbidden  to 
preach;  Mormon  appointed  leader;  Samuel's  pro{>hecy  fulfilled;  Mormon 
makes  a  record;  lands  divided;  the  twelve  shall  judce;  desolation  taken; 
women  and  children  sacrificed ;  Mormon  takes  tho  records  liiddeu  in  Shim ;  Mor- 
mon repents  of  his  oath  and  takes  command;  coming  forth  of  records;  records 
hid  in  Cumorah;  230,000  Nephites  slain;  shall  not  get  gain  by  the  plates; 
these  things  shall  come  forth  out  of  tho  earth;  the  state  of  tlie  world;  miracles 
cease,  unlieliof;  disciples  go  into  all  the  world  and  preach;  language  of  the 
book. 

'Book  of  Ether.  Twenty-four  plates  found;  Jared  cries  unto  tho  Lord; 
Jared  goes  down  to  the  valley  of  Nimrod;  Deseret,  honey-bee;  barges  built; 
decree  of  God,  choice  land;  free  from  bondage;  four  years  in  tents  at  Morian- 
cumer;  Lord  talks  three  hours;  barges  like  a  dish;  eight  vessels,  sixteen 
stones;  Lord  touches  the  stones;  finger  of  tho  Lord  seen;  Jared's  brother  sees 
tho  Lord;  two  stones  given;  stones  sealed  up;  goes  aboard  of  vessels;  furious 
wind  blows;  344  days'  passage;  Oriliah  anointed  king;  Kim;  Shulo  taken  cap- 
tive; Shule's  sons  slay  Noidi;  Jared  carries  his  father  away  captive;  the 
daughters  of  Jared  dtuice;  Jared  anointed  king  by  the  hand  of  wickedness; 
Jared  murdered  and  Akish  reigns  in  his  stead;  names  of  animals;  poisonous 
serpents;  Riplakish's  cruel  reign;  Morianton  anointed  king;  poisonous  ser- 
pents destroyed;  many  wicked  kings;  Moroni  on  faith;  miracles  by  faith; 
Moroni  sees  Jesus;  New  Jerusalen  spoken  of;  Ether  cast  out;  recc   Is  finished 


56 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


3  I 


' 


'i    i   i  fl 


mu 


in  the  cavity  of  a  rock;  secret  combinations;  war  in  all  the  land;  King  Gilead 
murdered  by  his  high  priest;  the  high  '  riest  murdered  by  Lib;  Lib  slain  by 
Coriantumr;  dead  bodies  cover  the  lanu  and  none  to  bury  them;  2,000,000 
men  slain;  hill  Ramah;  cries  rend  the  air;  sleep  on  their  swords;  Corian- 
tumr  slays  Shiz;  Shiz  falls  to  the  earth;  records  nidden  by  Ether. 

'Book  of  Moroni.  Christ's  words  to  the  twelve;  manner  of  ordination; 
order  of  sacrament;  order  of  baptism;  faith,  hope  and  charity;  baptism  of  lit- 
tle children;  women  fed  on  their  husbands'  nesh;  daughters  murdered  and 
eaten;  sufferings  of  women  and  children;  cannot  recomracud  them  to  God; 
Moroni  to  the  lamanitcs;  420 years  since  the  sign;  records  sealed  up  (Moroni); 
gifts  of  the  spirits;  God's  word  shall  hiss  forth. 

From  a  manuscript  furnished  at  my  request  by  Franklin  D.  Richards,  en- 
titled The  Book  of  Mormon,  I  epitomize  as  follows:  Several  families  retain- 
ing similar  forms  of  speech  were  directed  by  God  to  America,  where  they 
became  numerous  and  prosperous.  They  lived  righteously  at  first,  but  after- 
ward became  sinful,  and  about  600  B.  c.  broke  up  as  a  nation,  leaving  records 
by  their  most  eminent  historian  Ether.  L'uring  the  reign  of  Zedekiah,  king 
of  Judah,  two  men,  Lehi  and  Mulek,  were  warned  of  God  of  the  approaching 
destruction  of  Jerusalem,  and  were  directed  how  they  and  their  families  could 
make  their  e-'  ape,  and  were  led  to  this  land  where  they  found  the  records 
of  the  former  people.  Lehi  landed  at  Chili.  His  people  spread  to  North 
America,  became  numerous  and  wealthy,  lived  under  the  law  of  Moses  which 
they  had  brought  with  them,  and  had  their  judges,  kings,  prophets,  and 
temples.  Looking  confidently  for  the  coming  of  Christ  in  the  flesh,  in  due 
time  he  came,  and  after  his  crucifixion  organized  the  chnrch  in  America  as  he 
had  done  in  Judea,  an  account  of  which,  together  with  their  general  history, 
M-as  preserved  on  metallic  plates  in  the  language  of  the  times.  An  abridgment 
was  made  on  gold  plates  about  A.  D.  400  by  a  prophet  name<l  Mormon,  from 
all  the  liistorical  plates  that  had  come  down  to  him.  Thus  we"^  given  not 
only  the  histories  of  the  Nephites  and  Lamanites — his  own  jjeople — but  of 
the  Jaredites,  who  had  occupied  the  land  before  them,  and  his  book  was 
calle<l  the  Book  of  Mormon.  Destruction  coming  upon  the  people.  Mormon's 
son,  Moroni,  was  directed  of  God  where  to  deposit  the  plates,  the  urim  and 
thuraniim  being  deposited  with  them  so  that  the  finder  mig)it  be  able  to  read 
them.  And  as  Moroni  had  left  them  so  were  they  found  by  Joseph  Smith. 
The  Book  of  Mormon  was  translated  in  1851  into  Italian,  under  the  auspices 
of  Lorenzo  Snow,  and  into  Danish  under  the  direction  of  Erastus  Snow;  in 
1852  John  Taylor  directed  its  translation  into  French  and  German,  and 
Franklin  D.  Richards  into  Welsh.  In  1855  George  Q.  Cannon  brought  out  an 
edition  in  the  Hawaiian  language  at  San  Francisco;  in  1878  X.  C.  Flygare 
supervised  its  publication  in  tlie  Swedish,  and  Moses  Thatcher  in  1S81  in  the 
Spanish  language. 

In  December  1874,  Orson  Pratt,  at  that  time  church  historian,  prepared 
an  article  for  insertion  in  the  Universal  Cyclopedia,  a  portion  of  which  is  as 
follows:  'The  first  edition  of  this  wonderful  book  was  published  early  in 
1830.  It  has  since  been  translated  and  publbhed  in  the  Welsh,  Danish, 
German.  French,  and  Italian  languages  of  the  east,  and  in  the  language  of 
the  Sandwich  Islands  of  the  west.  It  is  a  volume  about  one  third  as  large  as 
the  bible,  consisting  of  sixteen  sacred  books. .  .One  of  the  founders  of  the 
Jaredite  nation,  a  great  prophet,  saw  in  vision  all  things  from  the  foundation 
of  tlie  world  to  the  end  thereof,  which  were  written,  a  copy  of  which  was  en- 
graved by  Moroni  on  the  plates  of  Mormon,  and  then  sealed  up.  It  was  this 
portion  which  the  prophet,  Joseph  Smith,  was  forbidden  to  translate  or  to 
unloose  the  seal.  In  due  time  this  also  will  be  revealed,  together  with  all 
the  sacred  records  kept  by  the  ancient  nations  of  this  continent,  preparatory 
to  the  time  when  the  knowledge  of  God  shall  cover  the  earth  as  the  waters 
cover  the  great  deep.'  Deseret  Xews,  Sept.  '27,  1876.  Orson  Pratt  afterward 
stated  that  the  book  of  Mormon  had  been  translated  into  ten  difftreut  lan- 
guages. Deseret  News,  Oct.  9,  1878.  See  also  Taylder'a  Mormon*,  10.  For 
further  oriticiams  on  the  book  of  Mormon,  see  Millenmal  Star,  xix.,  index  v.; 


OLIVER  COWDERY. 


57 


the  golden  plates  is  hereafter  known,  and  that  he  also 
shall  bear  witness  to  the  truth. 

Two  days  after  the  arrival  of  Oliver,**  Joseph  and  he 
begin  the  work  systematically,  the  former  translating 
while  the  latter  writes;"  for  Oliver  has  a  vision,  mcan- 


'the 

tied 
as 
in 
ish, 
eof 
eas 
the 
tion 
en- 
this 
to 
all 
lory 
Itere 
[anl 
lan- 
(Kor 
I  v.; 


Times  and  Seasons,  ii.  305-6;  Pratt's  Pamphlets,  i.  to  vi.  1-96;  Hyde's  Mor- 
monism,  210-83;  Olshausen  Gesch.  der  Alormen,  15-29;  Howe's  Mormonisin 
Unvcilfd,  17-123;  Salt  Lake  City  Tribune,  Apr.  11,  June  5  and  6,  and  Nov. 
5,  1879;  Juvenile  Inntrvctor,  xiv.  2-3;  Reynolds'  Myth  of  the  Manuscript 
/()««(/,  iMiesim;  Lee's  Mormonism,  119-26;  Clements'  Roughing  It,  127-35; 
Fop.  Science  Monthly,  Ivi.  165-73;  Bennett's  Mormonism  Exposed,  103-40. 
See  letter  from  Thurlow  Weed,  also  statement  by  Mrs  Matilda  Spaulding 
McKinstry  in  Scribner's  Mag.,  Aug.  1880,  613-16. 

'"Oliver  Cowdery  '  is  a  blacksmith  by  trade,  and  sustained  a  fair  reputa- 
tion until  his  intimacy  commenced  with  the  money  digger.  He  was  one  of 
the  miiny  in  the  world  who  always  find  time  to  study  out  ways  and  means  to 
li\  e  witliout  work.  He  accordingly  quit  the  blacksmithiog  business,  and  is 
now  the  editor  of  a  small  monthly  publication  issued  under  the  directions  of 
the  prophet,  and  principally  filled  with  accounts  of  the  spread  of  Mormonism, 
their  persecutions,  and  the  fabled  visions  and  commands  of  Smith. '  He  was 
'chief  scribe  to  the  prophet,  while  transcribing,  after  Martin  had  lost  116 
pages  of  the  precious  document  by  interference  of  the  devil.  An  angel 
also  has  shown  him  the  plates  from  which  the  book  of  Mormon  proceeded, 
as  he  says.'  Howe's  Mormonism,  Unveiled,  15,  265;  see  also  Pearl  of  Great 
Price,  xiii.  54;  Smucker's  Hist.  Mor.,  28;  Taylder's  Mormons,  xxxii. 

''  '  Instead  of  looking  at  the  cliaracters  inscribed  upon  the  p'ates,  the 
prophet  was  obliged  to  resort  to  the  old  peep-stone  which  he  formerly  used  in 
money  digging.  This  he  placed  in  a  hat,  or  Ih)x,  into  which  he  also  thrust 
his  face . . .  Another  account  they  give  of  the  transaction  is,  that  it  was  per- 
formed with  the  big  spectacles,'  which  enabled  'Smith  to  translate  the  plates 
without  looking  at  them.'  Howe's  Mormonism  (Jm:eiled,  17-18.  '  These  were 
days  never  to  be  forgotten,'  Oliver  remarks,  'to  sit  under  the  sound  of  a  voice 
dictatiul  by  the  inspiration  of  heaven,  awakened  the  utmost  gratitude  of  this 
bosom!  Day  after  day  I  continued,  uninterrupted,  to  write  from  his  mouth, 
as  he  translated  with  the  urim  and  thummim,  or,  as  the  Ncphites  would 
have  said,  "interpreters,"  the  history  or  record  called  the  "Book  of  Mor- 
mon,'" Pearl  of  Great  Price,  55.  See  also  Mackay's  The  Mormons,  30-31; 
Millennial  Star,  iii.  14?;  Smucker's  Hist.  Mormons,  35;  Pratt's  Pamphlet/!,  iv. 
58-'.);  Ferris'  Utah  and  the  Mormons,  61-2.  In  relation  to  the  peep-stone  al- 
luded to,  ^\'illiard  Chase  says  in  his  sworn  testimony  that  he  discovered  a 
singular  stone  while  digging  a  well  in  the  year  1822.  Joseph  Smith  was  as- 
sisting him,  and  borrowed  the  stone  from  him,  alleging  that  he  could  see  into 
it.  After  he  obtained  the  stone  Smith  published  abroad  the  wonders  that 
Ir'  could  sec  in  the  atone,  and  made  much  disturbance  among  the  credulous 
menibere  of  the  community.  See  Hoive's  Mormonism  Unveiled,  '241.  'This 
stone  attracted  particular  notice  on  account  of  its  peculiar  shape,  resembling 
that  of  a  child's  foot.  It  was  of  a  whitish,  glassy  appcjirance,  though  opaiiue, 
resembling  quartz. .  .He  (Joseph  Jr)  manifested  a  8i)eeial  fancy  for  tins  geo- 
logical curiosity;  and  he  carried  it  home  with  him,  though  this  act  of  plunder 
^^■fls  against  the  strenuous  protestations  of  Mr  Chase's  children,  who  claimed 
to  1)0  its  rightful  owners.  Joseph  kept  this  stone,  and  ever  afterward  refused 
its  restoration  to  the  claimants.  Very  soon  the  pretension  transpired  that  ho 
could  SCO  wonderful  things  by  its  aid.  The  idea  was  rapidly  enlarged  uptni 
from  day  to  day,  and  in  a  short  time  his  spiritual  endowment  was  so  devel- 
oped that  he  asserted  the  gift  and  power  (with  the  stone  at  his  eyes)  of  re- 
vtuUng  both  things  existing  and  things  to  come.'  Tucker's  Mormonism,  19-20. 


•§;? 


;!   If 


,,   I; 
;i  i; 


68 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


while,  telling  him  not  to  exercise  his  gift  of  translating 
at  present,  but  simply  to  write  at  Joseph's  dictation. 
Continuing  thus,  on  the  15th  of  May  the  two  men  go 
into  the  woods  to  ask  God  concerning  baptism,  found 
mentioned  in  the  plates.  Presently  a  messenger  de- 
scends from  heaven  in  a  cloud  of  light.  It  is  John  the 
Baptist.  And  he  orceins  them,  saying,  "Upon  you, 
my  fellow-servants,  in  the  name  of  messiah,  I  confer 
the  priesthood  of  Aaron."  Baptism  by  immersion  is 
directed;  the  power  of  laying-on  of  iiands  for  the  gift 
of  the  holy  ghost  is  promised,  but  not  now  bestowed; 
then  they  are  commanded  to  be  baptized,  each  one 
baptizing  the  other,  which  is  done,  each  in  turn  lay- 
ing his  hands  upon  the  head  of  the  other,  and  ordain- 
ing him  to  the  Aaronic  priesthood.  As  they  come 
up  out  of  the  water  the  holy  ghost  falls  upon  them, 
and  tliey  prophesy. 

Persecutions  continue;  brethren  of  Christ  threaten 
to  mob  them,  but  Joseph's  wife's  father  promises 
protection.  Samuel  Smith  comes,  and  is  converted, 
receiving  baptism  and  obtaining  revelations;  and  later 
Joseph's  father  and  mother,  Martin  Harris,  and 
others.  Food  is  several  times  charitably  brought  to 
the  translators  by  Joseph  Knight,  senior,  of  Coles- 
ville,  New  York,  concerning  whom  is  given  a  revela- 
tion. In  June  comes  David  Whitmer  with  a  request 
from  his  father,  Peter  Whitmer,  of  Fayette,  New 
York,  that  the  translators  should  occupy  his  house 
thenceforth  until  the  completion  of  their  work,  and 
brings  with  him  a  two-horse  wagon  to  carry  them 
and  their  effects.  Not  only  is  their  board  to  be  free, 
but  one  of  the  brothers  Whitmer,  of  whom  there  are 
David,  John,  and  Peter  junior,  will  assist  in  the  writ- 
ing. Thither  they  go,  and  find  all  as  promised ;  David 
and  Peter  Whitmer  and  Hyrum  Smith  are  baptized, 
and  receive  revelations  through  Joseph,  who  inquires 
of  the  Lord  for  them  by  means  of  the  urim  and  thum- 
The  people  thereabout  being  friendly,  meetings 


mim. 


are  held,  and  the  new  revelation  taught,  many  believ- 


THE  ELEVEN  WITNESSES. 


r« 


ing,  certain  priests  and  others  disputing.  Three 
special  witnesses  are  provided  by  Christ,  namely, 
Oliver  Cowdery,  David  Whitmer,  and  Martin  Harris,*' 
to  whom  the  plates  are  shown  by  an  angel  after  much 
prayer  and  meditation  in  the  woods.  These  are  the 
three  witnesses.  And  there  are  further  eight  wit- 
nesses, namely,  Christian  Whitmer,  Jacob  Whitmer, 
Peter  Whitmer  junior,  John  Whitmer,  Hiram  Page, 
Joseph  Smith  senior,  Hyrum  Smith,  and  Samuel  H. 
Smith,  who  testify  that  the  plates  were  shown  to 
them  by  Joseph  Smith  junior,  that  they  handled  them 
with  their  hands,  and  saw  the  characters  engraven 
thereon.** 


'^  The  objections  raised  against  this  testimony  are,  first,  there  is  no  date 
nor  pluce;  second,  there  are  not  three  separate  affidavits,  but  one  testimony 
signed  by  three  men;  third,  compare  with  Smith's  revelation  Doctriue  and 
C'uveiiants,  p.  173,  and  it  appears  that  this  testimony  is  drawn  up  by  Smith 
liimself.  But  who  are  these  witnesses  ?  Sidney  Kigdon,  at  Inclepeudcnce, 
^lissouri,  in  1838,  charged  Cowdery  and  Whitmer  with  'being  connected  with 
a  gang  of  counterfeiters,  thieves,  liars,  blacklegs  of  the  deepest  dye,  to  de- 
ceive and  defraud  the  saints.'  Joseph  Smith  ( Times  arul  Seasons,  vol.  i.  pp. 
81,  8.3-4)  charges  Cowdery  and  Whitmer  with  being  busy  in  stirring  up 
strife  and  turmoil  among  the  brethren  in  1838  in  Missouri;  and  he  demands, 
'  Are  they  not  murderers  then  at  the  heart  ?  Are  not  their  consciences  seared 
an  with  a  hot  iron?'  These  men  were  consequently  cut  off  from  the  church. 
In  1837  Smith  prints  this  language  about  his  coadjutor  and  witness:  'There 
aie  negroes  who  have  white  skins  as  well  as  black  ones — Granny  Parish 
and  others,  who  acted  as  lackeys,  such  as  Martin  Harris!  But  tliey  are  so 
fur  beneath  my  contempt  that  to  notice  any  of  them  would  be  too  great  a 
sacrifice  for  a  gentleman  to  make.'  Hyde's  Mormonism,  252-5.  Of  David 
Wliitmer,  Mr  Howe  says:  'He  is  one  of  five  of  the  same  name  and  family 
who  have  been  used  as  witnesses  to  establish  the  imposition,  and  who  are 
now  head  men  and  leaders  in  the  Mormonite  camp.  They  were  noted  in 
their  neighborhood  for  credulity  and  a  general  belief  in  witches,  and  perhaps 
were  fit  subjects  for  the  juggling  arts  of  Smith.  David  relates  that  he  was 
led  by  Smith  into  an  open  field,  on  his  father's  fann,  where  they  found  the 
book  of  plates  lying  upon  the  ground.  Smitli  took  it  up  and  requested  him 
to  examine  it,  which  he  did  for  the  space  of  half  an  hour  or  more,  when  he 
returned  it  to  Smith,  who  placed  it  in  its  former  position,  alleging  that  it 
was  in  the  custody  of  an  angel.  He  describes  the  plates  as  being  about  eight 
inches  square,  the  leaves  being  metal  of  a  whitish  yellow  color,  and  of  the 
thickness  of  tin  plates.'  Mormonism  Unveiled,  16.  See  also  Kiddcr'a  Mor- 
mons, 49-51;  Tucker's  Origin  and  Prog.  Mor.,  09-71;  Smacker's  IJist.  Mor., 
'JU-30;  Berlrand's  M^moiren  d'un  Mormon,  29-31. 

"  'It  will  be  seen  that  the  witnesses  of  this  truth  were  principally  of  the 
two  families  of  Whitmer  and  Smith.  The  Smiths  were  the  father  and  broth- 
ers of  Joseph.  Who  the  Whitmers  were  is  not  clear,  and  all  clew  to  their 
character  anil  proceedings  since  this  date,  though  probably  known  to  the 
Mormons  themselves,  is  undiscoverable  by  the  profane  vulgar. '  Mackay's  The 
Mormons,  23. 

The  theory  commonly  accepted  at  present  by  those  not  of  the  Mormon 
faith,  in  regard  to  the  origin  of  the  book  of  Mormon,  is  thus  given  in  the  in- 


60 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


i       :, 


lii  il  '■ 


troduction  to  the  New  York  edition  of  the  Book  of  Mormon,  essentially  the 
same  as  that  advanced  previously  by  E.  D.  Howe,  and  subsequently  elabo- 
rated by  others:  'About  the  year  ISOO,  the  Rev.  Solomon  Spaulding,  a  clergy- 
man who  had  graduated  from  Dartmouth  college,  and  settled  in  the  town  of 
Cherry  Valley,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  removed  from  that  place  to  New 
Salem  (Conneaut),  Ashtabula  county,  Ohio.  Mr  Spaulding  was  an  enthu- 
siastic archiBologist.  The  region  to  which  ho  removed  was  rich  in  American 
antiquities.  The  mounds  and  fortifications  which  have  puzzled  the  brains  of 
many  patient  explorers  attracted  his  attention,  and  he  accepted  the  theory 
that  tlio  American  continent  was  peopled  by  a  colony  of  the  ancient  Israelites. 
The  ample  material  by  which  he  was  surrounded,  full  of  mythical  interest  and 
legendary  suggestiveness,  led  him  to  the  conception  of  a  curious  literary  pro- 
ject. Ho  set  himself  the  task  of  writing  a  fictitious  history  of  the  race  which 
had  built  the  mounds.  The  work  was  commenced  and  progressed  slowly  for 
some  time.  Portions  of  it  were  read  by  Mr  Spaulding's  friends,  as  its  dif- 
ferent sections  were  completed,  and  after  three  years'  labor,  the  volume  was 
sent  to  the  press,  bearing  the  title  of  T/ie  Manuscript  Found.  Mr  Spaulding 
had  removed  to  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  before  his  book  received  the  final  revision, 
and  it  was  in  the  hands  of  a  printer  named  Patterson,  in  that  city,  that  the 
manuscript  was  placed  with  a  view  to  publication.  This  was  in  the  year 
1812.  The  printing,  however,  was  delayed  in  consequence  of  a  diflBculty 
about  the  contract,  until  Mr  Spaulding  left  Pittsburgh,  and  went  to  Amity, 
^Vasllington  county,  New  York,  where  in  1816  he  died.  The  manuscript 
seems  tu  have  lain  unused  during  this  interval.  But  in  the  employ  of  the 
printer  Patterson  was  a  versatile  genius,  one  Sidney  Rigdon,  to  whom  no 
trade  came  amiss,  and  who  happened  at  the  time  to  be  a  journeyman  at  work 
with  Patterson.  Disputations  on  questions  of  theology  were  the  peculiar  de- 
light of  Rigdon,  and  the  probable  solution  of  the  mystery  of  the  book  of  Mor- 
mon is  found  in  the  fact  that,  by  this  man's  agency,  information  of  the  exist- 
ence of  the  fictitious  record  was  first  communicated  to  Joseph  Smith, 
Smith's  family  settled  in  Palmyra,  New  York,  about  the  year  1815,  and  re- 
moved subsequently  to  Ontario  county,  where  Joseph  became  noted  for  su- 
preme cunning  and  general  shif tlessness.  Chance  threw  him  in  the  company  of 
Rigdon  soon  after  Spaulding's  manuscript  fell  under  the  eye  of  the  erratic 
journeyman,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  plan  of  founding  a  new  system  of  re- 
ligious imposture  was  concocted  by  these  two  shrewd  and  unscrupulous  par- 
ties. The  fact  that  the  st;  .o  of  the  book  of  Mormon  so  closely  imitates  that 
of  the  received  version  of  the  bible — a  point  which  seems  to  have  l)een  con- 
stantly kept  in  view  by  Mr  Spaulding,  probably  in  order  to  invest  the  fiction 
with  a  stronger  character  of  reality — answered  admirably  for  the  purposes 
of  Rigdon  and  Smith.'  Mr  Howe  testifies  that  'an  opinion  has  prevailed  to 
a  considerable  extent  that  Rigdon  has  been  the  lago,  the  prime  mover  of 
the  whole  conspiracy.  Of  this,  however,  we  have  no  positive  proof.'  Mar- 
monism  Unveiled,  100. 

To  prove  the  foregoing,  witnesses  are  brought  forward.  John  Spaulding, 
brother  of  Solomon,  testifies:  'He  then  told  me  that  he  had  been  ^vTiting  a 
book,  which  he  intended  to  have  printed,  the  avails  of  which  he  thought 
would  enable  him  to  pay  all  his  debts.  The  book  was  entitled  The  Mamiscrifit 
Found,  of  which  he  read  to  me  many  passages.  It  was  an  historical  romance 
of  the  first  settlers  of  America,'  etc.  He  goes  on  to  speak  of  Nephi  and  Lehi 
as  names  familiar,  aa  does  also  Martha  Spaulding,  John's  wife.  Henry  Lake, 
formerly  Solomon's  partner,  testifies  to  the  same  effect;  also  John  N.  Miller, 
who  worked  for  Lake  and  Spaulding  in  building  their  forge;  also  Aaron 
Wright,  Oliver  Smith,  and  Nauum  Howard,  neighbors;  also  Arteraas  Cunning- 
ham, to  whom  Spaulding  owed  money.  To  these  men  Solomon  Spaulding 
used  to  talk  about  and  read  from  his  Manuscript  Found,  which  was  an  ac- 
count of  the  ten  lost  tribes  in  America,  which  he  wanted  to  publish  and  witli 
the  profits  pay  his  debts.  After  the  book  of  Mormon  was  printed,  and  they 
saw  it,  or  heard  it  read,  they  were  sure  it  was  the  same  as  Spaulding's  Manii- 
tcript  Found.  Id.,  278-87. 


of  reading  port£^  ^^/^^^^  May  1839  that "Culdi''"'*  *^''  «***«it 
■^pauldinc  liPnT..! J  i»'s  romance  to  hia  f^-„„j    ^pauiuing  waa  n  tl.o  i.„i,.-^ 


"  ?°  "I  isoiomon  SnanlWin™  "."^Kea.  Airs  Maiil^a  <sV> — ^i  "^"".nony 
printed  in  thn  /?«.,  ^"'Sr.  said  tofiev  n  p  *  •  P*"'ding  Davi 
of  reading  porti^!'^  Recorder,  MayK'  S"  f  """n-  ^hohad  the 


be  use  J  for  a  ^^^r^l^^^.f'  *''«  tie  writings  of  "hi;';r'' """  ?f  Pressed  td'the 
are  given  as  cominKom  m!!  ??t«''°<'king  .^Stetemb^.^'^  ^'^*'^«'-  should 

by  circumstances^n^     '  *''«  "^o  made  of  it  w^o      °r  Pu^oined  it.    jfavW 
out  anynece«rJ?:i°°fi'^ '^  ^''iptiat  chnroi,  L-.^.^-^'ding  .nanuscHnf  ,.?.  " 


SL^V^-ir  iSis»«iss  W:^^^^^^^^^^ 


j"  ^sw'blishment:  and  thA  flf*-       ^^^tterson's  printinff  ^ffi  ""S^"  ^*^"'e8  eni- 
^on,  Sidney's  hrAfTl-  *"«. testimony.  Dro,lno-/^_ 'J^-.^ffi^e  or  knew  of  ».,  J. 


: '  ^  i, 


62 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


1^^ 


the  other  hand,  Mrs  Davidson,  Joseph  Miller,  Rcdick  McKee,  Rev.  Cephas 
Uodd,  and  Mrs  Eichbaum  are  quite  positive  that  cither  Kigdon  worked  in  the 
printing-office,  or  had  access  to  the  manuscript.  'These  witnesses,'  continues 
Patterson,  'aro  all  whom  we  can  find,  after  inqui^iofl  extending  through  some 
tlireo  years,  who  can  testify  at  all  to  Rigdon's  n^sidenco  in  Pittsburgh  before 
1816,  and  to  his  possible  employment  in  Patterson's  printing-office  or  bindcnr. 
Of  this  employment  none  of  them  speak  from  personal  knowledge.  In  mak- 
ing inquiries  among  two  or  three  score  of  the  oldest  residents  of  Pittsburgh 
and  vicinity,  those  who  had  any  opinion  on  the  subject  invariably,  so  far  as 
now  remembered,  repeated  the  story  of  Rigdon's  employment  in  Patterson's 
office  as  if  it  were  a  well  known  and  admitted  fact;  they  could  tell  all  about 
it,  but  when  pressed  as  to  their  personal  knowledge  of  it  or  their  authority 
for  the  conviction,  they  hod  none.'  Nevertheless  he  concludes,  'after  an  im- 
partial consideration  of  the  preceding  testimony,  that  Rigdon  as  early  as  1823 
certainly  had  possession  of  Spaulding's  manuscript;  how  he  obtained  it  is 
unimportant  for  the  present  purpose;  that  during  his  career  as  a  minister  of 
the  Disciples  church  in  Ohio,  he  carefully  preserved  under  lock  and  key  this 
document,  and  devoted  an  absorbed  attention  to  it;  that  he  was  aware  of  the 
forthcoming  book  of  Mormon  and  of  its  contents  long  before  its  appearance; 
that  the  said  contents  were  largely  Spaulding's  romance,  and  partly  such 
modifications  as  Rigdon  had  intrmluced;  and  tliat,  during  the  preparation  of 
the  book  of  Mormon,  Rigdon  had  repeated  and  long  interviews  with  Smith, 
thus  easily  supplying  him  with  fresh  instalments  of  the  pretended  revelation.' 
In  a  letter  to  tne  editors  of  the  Boston  Journal,  dated  May  27,  18.39,  Rigdon 
says:  '  There  was  no  man  by  the  name  of  Patterson  during  my  residence  at 
Pittsburgh  who  had  a  printing-office;  what  might  have  been  before  I  lived 
there  I  know  not.  Mr  Robert  Patterson,  I  was  told,  had  owned  a  printing- 
office  before  I  lived  in  that  city,  but  had  been  unfortunate  in  business,  and 
failed  before  my  residence  there.    This  Mr  Patterson,  who  was  a  presbyterian 

f)rcacher,  I  bad  a  very  slight  acquaintance  with  during  my  residence  in  Pitts- 
>urgh.  He  was  then  acting  under  an  agency  in  the  book  and  stationery 
business,  and  was  the  owner  of  no  property  of  any  kind,  printing-office  or 
anything  else,  during  the  time  I  resided  in  the  city. '  Smucker's  Mormons,  45-8. 
In  Philadelphia,  in  1840,  was  published  The  Origin  of  the.  Spauldiiifj 
Story,  concerning  the  Manuscript  Found;  with  a  short  biography  of  Dr  P.  IIul- 
bert,  the  originator  of  the  same;  and  some  testimony  adduced,  showing  it  to  be  a 
sheer  fabrication  so  far  as  its  connection  with  the  Book  of  Mormon  is  concerned. 
By  B.  Winchester,  minister  of  the  Gospel.  The  author  goes  on  to  say  that 
llulbert,  a  methodist  preacher  at  Jamestown,  N.  Y.,  joined  the  Mormons  in 
183.3,  and  was  expelled  for  immoral  conduct,  whereupon  he  swore  vengeance 
and  concocted  the  Spaulding  story.  Hearing  of  a  work  written  by  Solomon 
Spaulding  entitled  The  Manuscript  Found,  he  sought  to  prove  to  those  about 
him  that  the  book  of  Mormon  was  derived  from  it,  '  not  that  any  of  these 
persons  had  the  most  distant  idea  that  this  novel  had  ever  been  converted 
into  the  book  of  Mormon,  or  that  there  was  any  connection  between  them. 
Indeed,  Mr  Jackson,  who  had  read  both  the  book  of  Mormon  and  Spaulding's 
manuscript,  told  Mr  H.  when  he  came  to  get  his  signature  to  a  writing  testi- 
fying to  tne  probability  that  Mr  S.'s  manuscript  had  been  converted  into  the 
book  of  Mormon,  that  there  was  no  agreement  between  them;  for,  said  he, 
Mr  S.'s  manuscript  was  a  very  small  work,  in  the  form  of  a  novel,  saying 
not  one  word  about  the  children  of  Israel,  but  professed  to  give  an  account 
of  a  race  of  people  who  originated  from  the  Romans,  which  Mr  S.  said  he  had 
translated  from  a  Latin  parchment  that  he  had  found. '  Winchester  states  fur- 
ther that  Hurlburt,  or  Hulbert,  wrote  Mormonism  Unveiled  and  sold  it  to 
Howe  for  $500. 

The  Myth  of  the  Manuscript  Found;  or  the  absurdities  of  the  Spaulding 
story;  By  Elder  Oeorge  Reynolds,  was  published  at  Salt  Lake  City  in  1883. 
It  is  a  12mo  vol.  of  104  pages,  and  gives  first  the  history  of  the  Spaulding  man- 
uscript, and  names  Hurlburt  as  the  onginator  of  the  story.  Chap.  iii.  is  en- 
titled '  the  bogus  affidavit,'  referring  to  the  alleged  sworn  statement  of  Mrs 


PRINTING  THE  BOOK. 


08 


The  translation  of  the  book  of  Mormon  being  fin- 
ished, Smith  and  Cowdery  go  to  Palmyra,  secure  the 
copyright,  and  agree  with  Egbert  B.  Grandin  to 
print  five  thousand  copies  for  three  thousand  dollars. 
Meanwhile,  a  revelation  comes  to  Martin  Harris,  at 
Manchester,  in  March,  commanding  him  to  pay  for 
the  printing  of  the  book  of  Mormon,  under  penalty 
of  destruction  of  himself  and  property.^"     The  title- 


iga 


Davison,  the  widow  of  Spaulding,  published  by  Storrs,  but  denied  by  Mrs 
Davison,  Rigdon's  connection,  or  rather  lack  of  connection  with  the  manu- 
script is  next  discussed.  Then  is  answered  an  article  in  Srribner's  Magazine 
by  Mrs  Dickenson,  grand  niece  of  Mr  Spaulding,  and  probably  the  most  shal- 
low treatment  of  the  subject  yet  presented  on  either  side.  Further  discus- 
sions on  the  book  are  followed  by  an  analysis  of  the  life  of  Joseph,  and  tinally 
internal  evidences  and  prophecies  are  considered.  'Itis  evident,' Mr  Rey- 
nolds concludes,  'that  if  Mr  Spaulding'a  story  was  what  its  friends  claim, 
then  it  never  could  have  formed  the  ground-work  of  the  book  of  Mormon; 
for  the  whole  historical  narrative  is  different  from  beginning  to  end.  And 
further,  the  story  that  certain  old  inhabitants  of  New  Salem,  who,  it  is  said, 
recognized  the  book  of  Mormon,  either  never  made  such  a  statement,  or  they 
let  their  imagination  run  away  with  their  memory  into  the  endorsement  of  a 
falsehood  and  an  impossibility. ' 

'"Speaking  of  Martm  Harris,  E.  D.  Howe  says:  'Before  his  acquaintance 
with  the  Smitli  family  he  was  considered  an  honest,  industrious  citizen  by 
bis  neighbors.  His  residence  was  in  the  town  of  Palmyra,  where  lie  had 
accumulated  a  handsome  property.  Ho  was  naturally  of  a  very  visionary 
turn  of  mind  on  the  subject  of  religion,  holding  one  sentiment  but  a  short 
time.'  Mortgaged  his  farm  for  $3,000,  and  printed  the  Book  of  Mormon,  as 
he  said,  to  make  money.  The  price  first  was  $1.75,  then  $1.25,  afterward 
whatever  they  could  get.  'Since  that  time  the  frequent  demands  on  Mar- 
tin's purse  have  reduced  it  to  a  very  low  state.  He  seems  to  have  been  tl»e 
soul  and  body  of  the  whole  imposition,  and  now  carries  the  most  incon- 
testable proofs  of  a  religious  maniac . . .  Martin  is  an  exceedingly  fast  talker. 
He  frequently  gathers  a  crowd  around  in  Imr-rooms  and  in  the  streets. 
Here  he  appears  to  be  in  his  element,  answering  and  explaining  all  manner 
of  dark  and  abstruse  theological  questions ...  He  is  the  source  of  much 
trouble  and  perplexity  to  the  honest  portion  of  his  brethren,  and  would  un- 
doubtedly long  since  have  been  cast  off  l)y  Smith  were  it  not  for  Lis  money,  and 
the  fact  that  he  is  one  of  the  main  pillars  of  the  Mormon  fabric'  Mormonimi 
Unveiled,  13-15.  'The  wife  of  Martin  Harris  instituted  a  lawsuit  against 
him  [Joseph  Smith,  Jr],  and  stated  in  her  affidavit  that  she  believed  the  cliief 
object  he  had  in  view  was  to  defraud  her  husband  of  all  his  property.  The 
trial  took  place  at  New  York,  and  the  facts,  as  related  even  by  the  mother 
of  the  prophet,  are  strongly  condemnatory  of  his  conduct. .  .Harris  denied 
in  solemn  terms  that  Smith  had  evjr,  in  any  manner,  attempted  to  get  pos- 
BHSsion  of  his  money,  and  ended  by  assuring  the  gentlemen  of  the  court  tliat, 
if  tl)ey  did  not  believe  in  the  existenoo  of  the  plates,  and  continued  to  resist 
tlie  truth,  it  would  one  day  be  the  means  of  damning  their  souls.'  Tayilcr'n 
Mormons,  xxxi.-ii.  'In  the  beginning  of  the  printing  the  Mormons  pro- 
fessed to  hold  their  manuscripts  as  sacred,  and  insisted  upon  maintaining  con- 
stant vigilance  for  their  safety  during  the  progress  of  the  work,  eacli  morn- 
ing carrying  to  the  printing-oftice  the  instalment  required  for  the  day,  and 
withdrawing  the  same  at  evening.  No  alteration  from  copy  in  any  manner 
was  to  be  made.    These  things  wcic  ' '  strictly  commanded,"  as  they  said.     Mr 


64 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


IS  <t, 


page  is  not  a  modern  production,  but  a  literal  trans- 
lation from  the  last  leaf  of  the  plates,  on  the  left-hand 
side,  and  running  like  all  Hebrew  writing. 

And  now  in  a  chamber  of  Whitmer's  house  Smith, 
Cowdery,  and  David  Whitmer  meet,  and  earnestly  ask 
God  to  make  good  his  promise,  and  confer  on  them 
the  Melchisedec  priesthood,  which  authorizes  the  lay- 
ing-on  of  hands  for  the  gift  of  the  holy  ghost.  Their 
prayer  is  answered;  for  presently  the  word  of  the 
Lord  comes  to  them,  commanding  that  Joseph  Smith 
should  ordain  Oliver  Cowdery  to  be  an  elder  in  the 
church  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  Oliver  in  like  manner 
should  so  ordain  Joseph,  and  the  two  should  ordain 
others  as  from  time  to  time  the  will  of  the  Lord  should 
be  made  known  to  them."  But  this  ordination  must 
not  take  place  until  the  baptized  brethren  assemble 
and  give  to  this  act  their  sanction,  and  accept  the 
ordained  as  spiritual  teachers,  and  then  only  after  the 
blessing  and  partaking  of  bread  and  wine.  It  is  next 
revealed  that  twelve  shall  be  called  to  be  the  disciples 
of  Christ,  the  twelve  apostles  of  these  last  days,  who 
shall  go  into  all  the  world  preaching  and  baptizing. 

John  H.  Gilbert,  as  printer,  had  the  chief  operative  trust  of  the  type-setting 
and  press-work  of  the  job.  After  the  first  day's  trial  ho  found  the  nmnu- 
scripts  in  so  very  imperfect  a  condition,  especially  in  regard  to  grammar, 
that  he  became  unwilling  further  to  obey  the  "command,"  and  so  announced 
to  Smith  and  his  party;  when  finally,  upon  much  friendly  expostulation,  he 
was  given  a  limited  discretion  in  correcting,  which  was  exercised  in  tho  par- 
ticulars of  syntax,  orthography,  punctuation,  capitalizing,  paragraphing,  etc. 
Many  errors  under  these  heads,  nevertheless,  escaped  correction,  as  appear 
in  the  first  edition  of  the  printed  book.  Very  soon,  too — after  some  ten 
days — the  constant  vigilance  by  the  Mormons  over  the  manuscripts  was  re- 
laxed by  reason  of  tho  confidence  they  came  to  repose  in  the  printers.  Mr 
Gilbert  has  now  (1867)  in  his  possession  a  complete  copy  of  the  book  in  the 
original  sheets,  as  laid  off  by  him  from  the  press  in  working . . .  Meanwhile, 
Harris  and  his  wife  had  separated  by  mutual  arrangement,  on  account  of 
lier  persistent  unbelief  in  Mormonism  and  refusal  to  be  a  party  to  the  mort- 
gage. The  family  estate  was  divided,  Harris  giving  her  about  eighty  acres 
of  the  farm,  with  a  comfortable  house  and  other  property,  as  her  share  of  the 
assets;  and  she  occupied  this  property  until  the  time  of  lier  death.'  Tucker's 
Oriffin  and  Prog.  Mor.,  50-7. 

^'Speaking  of  the  manner  in  which  Smith  delivered  these  revelations, 
Howe  says:  'In  thiso|)eration  he  abandoned  his  spectacles,  or  peep-stone,  and 
merely  delivered  it  with  his  eyes  shut.  In  this  manner  he  governs  his  follow- 
ers, by  asking  tho  Lord,  as  be  says,  from  day  to  day.'  Mormoniam  l/iiveiled, 
102. 


as 


4 

".»■ 


CHURCH  ORGANIZED 

-  ay«  ;«  on  the  0th  „f  A,  ri     18™     ['"',  '",  ^'"''"  '■»«' 
•■Lurch   was  organized  u,^j  1  !l?'  "'  "'!«''  ^ato  the 

statutes  „l-thcttate  of  Now  ^lP'-°7'<'n'»  "f  the 
ju„,„r,  Hj,,       s,„,.         ^^^v  York  by  J„,,,,|,  ,s„„.j, 

n-^^r,  Samuel  H.  Smith,  an']  p£?wF;  ^'''''''  ^^'"t" 
Snntl,,  ordained  an  aiinil      r  f  ^''"'"or.     Joseph 

ly  the  eou„nandn.:n?:?G„':[f,r''?^i'i1'  ''»  '"-^o 
tliurch  and  Oliver  Cowderv  lit  f''^^  <'^^'^r  ot  thi., 
!"ad«  the  second  elder  \^'  •'''^;'"««  an  apostle,  i., 
"'',?>vorldly  entengle,  ,e„t,  Cun"  ^'''  *•■'''-  «'"" 
■selr.hun.hling  ho  is^delivorol  1 1  T"  '■?»''t''nce  a.,d 

The  duties  of  elders  n.;;^x'"'  "'«<''• 
"'0'nl«rs  are  as  f„lh„,:  '^fS;,  T''?'-^..'I<^a«>ns,and 
«,"  y  and  humility,  may  he  ban  L  r-''^  "'  "■''"'  '""- 
oW  covenants  arJatanend  7,      f ,'"!°  ">«  ^■'"•''ch- 
An  apostle  is  an  elder    C';^!n'l?> '^''P'''^"' ""-v 
•■•Wors,  priests,  tcaeher.    and    o"  ^P'"=?>  '?'■<'''■"  other 
""d  wn,e,  emhlen,s  of  the  fles    ,,'?,'  '"'""''i-'tor  bread 
sliall  confirm,  teach  ,.1,         ,''"''''''''''' "f  Christ-  C 

nt  meetings,  an":!  ^^     ""''tir^rS.'^'^-J^'  «'«  ''o  d 
the  holy  gh„,t.     T,      S  '^  n  ?s  he  ,s  taught  by 

rapound,  exhort  hantiln       i    ■  -^  '«'"P>-cach,  teach 
""-J  visit  and  pray  :    ril''*"*t^  «'«  ^aorkn.e    ' 
"t  'or  priests,  teih«"'  '^^''•Z'  ''«  n;ayalso  ordai 
■j"^  ot   ordination,  and   load  r'^"^' S'""g  ^  ^ertifi- 
•^^'der  ,s  present.     The  teaetv    i  ""?""°^  "hen    „o 

:""i  •strengthen  the  members'  '^/•'^  *°  '^="'-''  "vor 
"o'.-'nd  all  iniquity,  to  s"  th  .V"^^^'™"*'"?  "•"  'P^'^k- 
-'y  'Old,  and'  to  iike  tt.  lea  i  Th'""'""?  '"■'-■  ^u- 
■'  older  or  priest.     The  ,1  .  ,"""  '"  the  abseneo 

-Cher;  toaeher  and      a  rn'rv'"'^  ''  *°  '•'«'»t  the 
"'■t,  but  neither  of  them  "  I  "iV^  r":"-  "^P"'""'-  c..- 
"'o  sacrament,  or  lav  on  1,      i     4^''^°'  administer 
'"-t  in  council  for  tho  t "an  l"f   '      r''f  ^'^^'^  ""-'  t- 
'■"■■y  three  numths  <,r  of  ,n      "  "'^  f '"'^''  *'"•'"''">«■' 
«;'«'.     Subordinate  Xt"  ivnf'™'''.  ■""•^'"'^^  be 
«Wors  a  heonse  defining  (^[^(/"".^^"'J^'ve  ['■"■"   the 
•'-.  u,„.  ,  o  "-neii  authority;  elders  will 


M  THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 

receive  their  license  from  other  elders  by  vote  f'f 
church  or  conference.  There  shall  be  presidents, 
bishops,  high  counsellors,  and  high  priests;  the  pre- 
siding elder  shall  be  president  of  the  high  priesthood, 
and  he,  as  well  as  bishops,  high  counsellors,  and  high 
priests,  will  be  ordained  by  high  council  or  general 
conference.  The  duty  of  members  is  to  walk  in  holi- 
ness before  the  Lord  according  to  the  scriptures  to 
bring  their  children  to  the  elders,  who  will  lay  t  .icir 
hands  on  them  and  bless  them  in  the  name  of  J  esus 
Christ.  The  bible,  that  is  to  say,  the  scriptures  of 
the  old  and  new  testaments,  is  accepted  wholly,  save 
such  corruptions  as  have  crept  in  through  the  great 
and  abominable  church;  the  book  of  Mormon  is  a 
later  revelation,  supplementary  thereto.  Thus  is  or- 
ganized the  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter-Day 
Saints,""  in  accordance  with  special  revelations  and 
commandments,  and  after  the  manner  set  forth  in  the 
new  testament. 

The  first  public  discourse,  following  the  meetings 
held  in  Whitmer's  house,  was  preached  on  Sunday, 
the  11th  of  April,  1830,  by  Oliver  Cowdery,  who  the 


I ;     ■  .V,  ■  i 


'-  The  church  was  not  at  that  time  so  called,  nor  indeed  until  after  the 
4th  of  May,  1834.  See  chap,  iv.,  note  50;  also  MiUainial  Star,  iv.  115;  Bur- 
ton's City  of  the  Saints,  671-2.  Kidder,  Mormonism,  68,  affirms  that  this 
name  was  not  adopted  till  some  years  later.  Mather  is  only  a  year  and  a  day 
astray  when  he  says,  'The  conference  of  elders  on  May  3,  1833,  repudiated 
the  name  of  "Mormons"  and  adopted  that  of  "Latter-Day  Saints."'  Li/>j>in- 
cott'sMag.,  Aug.  1880.  Theterm  'Mormons,' as  first  applied  by  their  enemies 
to  members  of  the  church  of  Latter-Day  Saints,  was  quite  oflFensivo  to  tlicm, 
though  later  they  became  somewhat  more  reconciled  to  it.  As  at  present  popu- 
larly employed,  it  is  by  no  means  a  term  of  reproach,  though  among  themselves 
they  still  adhere  to  the  appellation  'Saints,' just  as  quakers  speak  of  them- 
selvca  as  the  'Society  of  Friends.'  The  term  'Mormon'  seems  to  mo  quite  fit- 
ting for  general  use,  fully  as  much  so  as  presbyterian,  reformed  Dutch,  uni- 
versalist,  and  others,  few  of  which  were  of  their  own  choosing.  'Mormon  was 
the  name  of  a  certain  man,  and  also  of  a  particular  locality  upon  tho  Ameri- 
can continent;  but  was  never  intended  to  signify  a  body  of  people.  The  name 
by  which  \\q  desire  to  be  known  and  to  walk  worthy  of  is  "Saints."'  Jidl's 
Jirply  to  Theobald,  2.  At  the  time  of  the  riots  in  Missouri,  in  addressing  com- 
munications to  the  governor,  and  in  many  other  instances,  they  designate 
themselves  as  'members  of  the  church  of  Christ,  vulgarly  called  Mormons.' 
Sec  also  De  Smet's  Western  Alissions,  393;  Mackny\i  The  Mormons,  41-2. 
Tho  term  'gentile' was  generally  applied  to  unbelievers  of  tho  white  race. 
The  Indians,  originally,  were  denominated  'of  tho  liouse  of  Israel,'  'of  tho 
house  of  Joseph,' or  'of  the  house  of  Jacob,' also  tho  Lamanitea. 


THE  FIRST  MIRACLE. 

same  day  baptized  '     Q  " 

.son  of  Josenh  T?«:  i?x       .    "®^"  ^^om  JVewr.l  V   ■   iV 

|t  the  „  t,.  ^^^^  J'^^J'J^"'' constant  attenrC 
10  a  tempted  to  pray  the  rln„n'  mterested;  but  when 
j.»lm,bsintodiv'eJdistort  Itef-^lh'™. 'vrithtg 

ganizod  church  wafheMXi't  .<"'"'''»-«">ce  as  an  or- 
i  10  meeting  was  opened  bvlf  ^'"^  ""'%  membe^ 
'iMoh  they  partook  of  the  ,,^'"°  ""''  P^yer,  a(W 
'Hved  by  confirmations  and  W?'"™S^'"*  »a's  foi- 

am.d  the  sneers  and  insults  of  the  rabb  ^'n^*""'  *''°"g'' 

I«>*tor,  the  RerS  Sh"f '-'' »  P'-««byteriaS:  He ' 
Porsuade  her  to  retu™  to  herT'^"™'''  »d  "  ied  to 
'e  obtained  from  herfether^  """"■•     *''"''ng  in  this 

'-pi'.ons^hrfote^  tst-n^-o\ir 

^  niornmg;  whereupon  fifty 


M  THE  STORY  OF  MORMOXISM. 

men  surroumlod  Mr  Kiiij;ht*H  Imhiso,  throatciiiinjr  vio- 
lonrc.  The  saino  nij^ht  Joseph  was  arrested  l>y  a 
constable  on  a  cliari^o  of  tllsonlerly  conduct,  an«l  for 
preaching  the  hook  of  M(>nnon.  It  was  the  |)ur|)os(> 
of  the  populace  to  capture  Joseph  from  the  coiiHtahle 
and  use  him  ronj^hlyjuit  hy  hanl  drivin<]f  he  esca|)e(I. 
At  the  trial  which  followed,  an  attempt  was  made  to 

{)rovo  certain  charjjfcs,  namely,  that  ho  obtained  a 
lorsc  from  Josiah  Stoal,  and  a  yoke  of  oxen  from 
Jonathan  Thompson,  by  saying  that  in  a  revelation  h(> 
was  told  that  ho  was  to  have  them;  also  as  ton<'hliiL;- 
his  conduct  toward  two  daughters  of  Mr  Stoal;  but, 
all  testified  in  his  favor,  and  ho  was  acquitted.  As 
lie  was  leaving  the  court-room,  ho  was  aj^ain  arn^stt^d 
on  a  warrant  from  Broome  county,  and  tak(M»  midsl, 
insults  antl  buffotings  to  Colesvillo  for  trial.  T\\v  old 
L'hargos  wore  renewed,  and  new  ones  preferred.  Ni'wd 
Knight  w.'is  made  to  testify  regarding  the  miracle 
wrought  in  his  behalf,  antl  a  story  tiiat  the  [>rison(«i- 
had  been  a  money  digger  was  ailvanced  by  tins  prosecu- 
tion. Again  he  was  acquitted,  and  again  escaped  from 
the  crowd  outside  the  court-house,  whose  purpose  i(, 
was  to  tar  and  feather  him,  and  ride  him  on  a  rail. 
These  por.secutions  were  instigated,  it  was  said,  chielly 
by  ]>resbyterians. 

While  Joseph  rested  at  his  home  at  TTarmony  fur- 
ther stories  were  circulated,  damaging  to  his  charactoi', 
this  time  by  the  methodists.  One  went  to  his  fatiier- 
in-law  with  falsehoods,  and  so  turned  him  and  liis 
family  against  Joseph  and  his  friends  that  he  would 
no  longer  afford  them  protection  or  receive  their  doc- 
trine. This  was  a  heavy  blow;  but  proceeding  in 
August  to  Colesvillo,  Joseph  and  Hy 'um  Smith  and 
John  and  David  Vhitmer  continued  the  work  o[' 
prayer  and  conlirm';  ion.  Fearing  their  old  enemies, 
who  lay  in  wait  tc  .ttack  them  on  their  way  back, 
they  prayed  that  th  r  eyes  might  be  blinded;  and  s.) 
it  came  to  pass.  Th  i  they  held  service  and  returned 
safely,  although  five  dollars  reward  had  been  otFered 


m 


FIRST  MISSION  OIIDKRED. 


Ot 


ii»;jj 


•I 


iVo)u 
osc  it- 
riiil. 
;biotly 

y  ^''^"'' 
actor, 

VitluM- 

1(1   lii-i 

\V()ul>l 

W   (ItH- 

iu 
h  au'l 
)rk  "t 
eiuio^, 
biii'lv, 
and  >^'> 

fforca 


for  iiotificatioii  of  tlioir  arrival.  HiMMovin}*  lii.s  family 
to  Fayottc,  Ji)s<.'|)h  I'ncounli'pvl  I'lntluT  |)i!rscM'utionM, 
to  whiili  was  addiul  a  fri'sh  j^ricf.  Iliiaiii  ]*aj^o  was 
j,'oinLj  a.stray  over  a  stone  wliich  ho  liail  found,  and  l»y 
means  of  wliirh  ho  had  obtained  rovohitions  at  va- 
lianco  witli  Joseph's  revelations  and  thi»  rules  of  the 
lU'W  testament.  It  was  tliou«];ht  best  not  to  aj^itato 
tilt'  subjeet  unnet'ossarily,  before  the  meetiniif  t»f  tho 
t oiiferenee  t«)  be  held  on  tho  1st  of  Stiptember;  but 
the  Wliitmer  family  antl  Oliver  Cowdery  seeming 
to  \n'  too  yreatly  impressed  over  tho  things  set  foitli 
l)y  tlio  rival  stone,  it  was  resolved  to  incpiire  of  tho 
Lord  eoneerning  the  matter;  whereupon  a  revelation 
caiiu!  to  Oliver  Ct>wdery,  ferbidilinjjf  sueh  praetieo; 
.iiid  he  was  to  say  j)rivately  to  'liram  l*age  that 
Satan  had  deceived  him,  anil  that  tho  things  which 
he  had  written  from  the  stone  were  not  of  (Jod. 
Oliver  was  further  eonunanded  to  go  and  preach  tho 
gospel  to  the  Lainanites,-'  tho  remnants  of  the  houso 
of  Jost'})h  living  in  tho  west,'-'  where  ho  was  to  estab- 

•'' 'Tlio  l4ii)uiiiiU's  originally  wore  a  romiiaiit  of  Joaopli,  and  in  tlio  fimt 
year  nf  tiiu  roi<;n  of  /edokiuli,  King  of  .liuluii,  wt^ro  led  in  a  niiraouloiitt  niaii- 
iiri' from  .lonisalt'iii  to  tlio  «'asfi'rn  liordiTS  of  the  Jli'tl  Sea,  tlieiuu'  for  Hnino 
tiiiu'  iildiig  its  borders  in  a  nearly  Noutli-eaHt  direction,  after  wliieli  they  altered 
tiicir  course  nearly  eastward,  until  tliey  eanie  to  the  great  waters,  wiiero  liy 
till'  eouiinand  of  <!od  tliey  laiilt  a  vessel  in  wliieli  they  were  Bafely  liroiight 
across  tlie  great  I'acitio  Oeejin,  and  landed  npon  the  westui'U  coast  of  Soiitli 
AiiKiica.  Tiiu  original  party  included  also  tho  Nepliites,  their  leader  heing 
u  prophet  called  Nephi;  lint  soon  after  landing  they  8e|)arati'd,  because  tho 
Lainanites,  whoso  leader  was  a  wicked  nian  called  i^inian,  persecuttui  tlio 
(itlici's.  After  tho  ])artitioii  the  Nepliites,  who  hatl  brought  with  tlieni  the 
old  testament  down  to  tho  tinio  of  Jeremiah,  engraved  on  plates  of  lirass,  in 
t\w  lv^;y]itain  language,  prospered  and  built  large  cities,  liut  tho  Ixdd,  bad 
Liiiiaiiites,  originally  white,  becaniu  dark  and  dirty,  though  still  nttaininga 
national  existence.  They  became  wild,  savage,  and  ferocious,  seeking  by 
every  means  tho  destruction  of  tho  prosperous  Nepliites,  against  whom  thtiy 
many  times  arrayed  their  hosts  iu  battle;  but  .'.ere  repulsed  and  driven  back 
tn  their  own  territories,  generally  with  great  loss  to  both  sides.  The  slain, 
fivi|iiciitly  amounting  to  tens  of  thousands,  were  piled  together  in  great  liea[is 
and  overspread  with  a  thin  covering  of  earth,  which  will  satisfactorily  account 
fur  those  ancient  mounds  tilled  with  liunian  bones,  so  numerous  at  the  i  res- 
ent day,  both  in  North  and  South  America.'  J'ralt  (Ornoii),  iSVcu'd  of  Pamph- 
/.^s  vi".  T-S;  l'mn(l\  P.),  Vohr  of  W'tniiiKf,  H\ Ml. 

■•'''rhe  attention  of  tho  littlo  bund  \'  .is  directed,  from  tho  very  commcneo- 
iMcnt  of  their  organi/Jition,  to  tho  policy  and  expediency  of  lixing  their  liead- 
(piartei's  in  tho  far  west,  in  tho  thinly  settled  and  but  partially  explored 
tenitoiies  l)elouging  to  tho  United  States,  where  they  might  s(piat  upon  or 
piirciiuso  good  lauds  ut  a  clivup  rate,  aud  clear   tho  priinoval  wilderness. 


10  THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 

lish  a  church  and  build  a  city,*'  at  a  point  to  be  desig- 
nated later. 

"Behold,  I  say  unto  thee,  Oliver,  that  it  shall  be 
given  unto  thee  that  thou  shalt  be  heard  by  the 
church  in  all  things  whatsoever  thou  shalt  teach  them 
by  the  comforter  concerning  the  revelations  and  com- 
mandments which  I  have  given.  But  behold,  verily, 
verily,  I  say  unto  thee,  no  one  shall  be  appointed  to 
receive  commandments  and  revelations  in  this  church, 
excepting  my  servant  Joseph  Smith,  Jr,  for  he  re- 
ceiveth  them  even  as  Moses;  and  thou  shalt  be  obe- 
dient unto  the  things  which  I  shall  give  unto  him, 
even  as  Aaron,  to  declare  faithfully  the  command- 
ments and  the  revelations  with  power  and  authority 
unto  the  church.  And  if  thou  art  led  at  any  time  by 
the  comforter  to  speak  or  teach,  or  at  all  times  by  the 
way  of  commandment  unto  the  church,  thou  mayest 
doit.  But  thou  lalt  not  write  by  way  of  command- 
ment, but  by  wisdom ;  and  thou  shalt  not  command 
him  who  is  at  thy  head  and  at  the  head  of  the  church ; 
for  I  have  given  him  the  keys  of  the  mysteries  and 
the  revelations  which  are  sealed,  until  I  shall  appoint 
unto  them  another  in  his  stead." 


m 


They  required  elbow-room,  and  rightly  judged  that  a  rural  popolatioo  wonM 
be  more  favorable  than  an  urban  one  to  the  reception  of  their  doctrine.'  JilacL- 
ay'»  The  Jlor.,  C3. 

^  The  most  ancient  prophecy  which  the  saints  are  now  in  possession  <  <i 
relating  to  the  New  Jerusalem  was  one  delivered  by  Enoch,  the  seventli  from 
Adam.  This  was  revealed  anew  to  Joseph  Smitli  in  December  1S30.  In  it 
the  Lord  is  represented  as  purposing  'to  gather  out  mine  own  elect  from 
the  four  quarters  of  the  earth  unto  a  place  which  I  shall  prepare. . .  But  tLi« 
revelation  does  not  tell  in  what  part  of  the  earth  the  New  Jerusalem  slionKl 
be  located.  The  book  of  Mormon,  which  the  Lonl  has  brought  out  of  the 
earth,  informs  us  that  tliis  holy  city  is  to  be  built  upon  the  continent  <>f 
America,  but  it  does  not  inform  us  upon  what  part  of  that  vast  country  ii 
should  be  built.'  PraU'a  Series  of  Pamphlets,  vh.  4;  Prating  luterttting  Ac- 
count, 16-25;  First  Book  o/Nephi  in  Book  of  Mormon. 


>e  desig- 


shall  be 
by  the 
ich  them 
and  com- 
d,  verily, 
ointed  to 
is  church, 
jr  he  re- 
t  be  obo- 
into  him, 
rommand- 
authority 
ly  time  by 
les  by  the 
ou  mayest 
command- 
command 
lie  church ; 
steries  and 
Jl  appoint 


»aIatioa  wonl<i 
itrine.'  J/fwi- 

,,„™cs8ion  "f 
.  geventli  from 
Ir  1S30.     lu  it 
elect  from 
...ButtbU 

-ghtoutof  the 

|e  continent  of 

ra»t  country  it 

ruUrttting  Ac- 


CHAPTEE  IV. 

THE  STORY  OP  MORMONISM. 

1830-1835. 

Parlev  Pratt's  Convkbsion — Missioji  to  the  Lahanites— The  Mission- 

ARIES  AT  KIRTLAND — CONVERSION  OF  SlDNEV  RiGDON — MoRMON  SUO- 
CES3    AT  KiRTLAND— The  MISSIONARIES    IN    MISSOURI — RlGDUN    ViSITS 

Smith — Edward  Partridge — The  Meix^hisedec  Priesthood  Oiven — 
Smith  and  Riodon  Journey  to  Missouri  —  Bible  Translation — 
Smith's  Second  Visit  to  Missouri — Unexampled  Prosperity — Causes 
OF  Persecutions — Mobocracv — The  Saints  ark  Driven  fisom  Jackson 
County — Treachery  of  Bogqs — Military  Organization  at  Kirtland 
— The  Name  Latter-day  Saints — March  to  Missouri. 

One  evening  as  Hyrum  Smith  was  driving  cows 
along  the  road  toward  his  father's  house,  ho  was 
overtaken  by  a  stranger,  who  inquired  for  Joseph 
Smith,  translator  of  the  book  of  Mormon.  "He  is 
now  residing  in  Pennsylvania,  a  hundred  miles  away," 
was  the  reply. 

"And  the  father  of  Joseph?" 

"He  also  is  absent  on  a  journey.  That  is  his  house 
yonder,  and  I  am  his  son.' 

The  stranger  then  said  that  he  was  a  preacher  of 
the  word;  that  he  had  just  seen  for  the  Hrst  time  a 
copy  of  the  wonderful  book;  that  once  it  was  in  his 
hands  he  could  not  lay  it  down  until  he  had  devoured 
it,  for  the  spirit  of  the  Lord  was  upon  him  as  he  read, 
and  he  knew  that  it  was  true;  the  spirit  of  the  Lord 
had  directed  him  thither,  ant\  his  heart  was  full  of  joy. 

Hyrum  gazed  at  him  in  amazement;  for  converts 
of  this  quality,  and  after  this  fashion,  were  not  com- 
mon in  those  days  of  poverty  and  sore  trial.  He 
was  little  more  than  a  boy,  being  but  twenty-three. 


72 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


I    J 


:'^J 


and  of  that  fresh,  fair  innocence  which  sits  only  on  a 
youthful  face  beaming  with  high  enthusiasm.  But  it 
was  more  than  a  boy's  soul  that  was  seen  through 
those  eyes  of  deep  and  solemn  earnestness;  it  was 
more  than  a  boy's  strength  of  endurance  that  was  in- 
dicated by  the  broad  chest  and  comely,  compact  limbs; 
and  more  than  a  boy's  intelligence  and  powers  of 
reasonino:  that  the  massive  brow  betokened. 

Hyrum  took  the  stranger  to  the  house,  and  they 
passed  the  night  in  discourse,  sleeping  little.  The 
convert's  name  was  Parley  P.  Pratt.  He  was  a  na- 
tive of  Burlington,  New  York,  and  born  April  12, 
1807.  His  father  was  a  farmer  of  limited  means  and 
education,  and  though  not  a  member  of  any  religious 
society,  had  a  respect  for  all.  The  boy  had  a  passion 
for  books ;  the  bible  especially  he  read  over  and  over 
again  with  deep  interest  and  enthusiasm.  He  early 
manifested  strong  religious  feeling;  mind  and  soul 
seemed  all  on  fire  as  he  read  of  the  patriarchs  and 
kings  of  the  old  testament,  and  of  Christ  and  his 
apostles  of  the  new.  In  winter  at  school,  and  in 
summer  at  work,  his  life  passed  until  he  was  sixteen, 
when  he  went  west  with  his  father  William,  some 
two  hundred  miles  on  foot,  to  Oswego,  two  miles 
from  which  town  they  bargained  for  a  thickly  wooded 
tract  of  seventy  acres,  at  four  dollars  an  acre,  paying 
some  seventy  dollars  in  cash.  After  a  summer's  work 
for  wages  back  near  the  old  home,  and  a  winter's 
work  clearing  the  forest  farm,  the  place  was  lost 
through  failure  to  meet  the  remaining  payments. 
Another  attempt  to  make  a  forest  home,  this  time  in 
Ohio,  thirty  miles  west  of  Cleveland,  was  more  suc- 
cessful; and  after  much  toil  and  many  hardships,  he 
found  himself,  in  1827,  comfortably  established  there, 
with  Thankful  Halsey  as  his  wife. 

Meanwhile  religion  ran  riot  through  his  brain.  His 
mind,  however,  was  of  a  reasoning,  logical  caste. 
"Why  this  difterence,"  he  argued,  "between  the  an- 
cient and  modern  Christians,  their  doctrines  and  their 


PARLEY  PRATT. 


78 


practice?  Had  I  lived  and  believed  in  the  days  of 
the  apostles,  and  had  so  desired,  they  would  have 
said,  'Repent,  be  baptized,  and  receive  the  holy  ghost.' 
The  scriptures  are  the  same  now  as  then;  why  should 
not  results  be  the  same ? "  In  the  absence  of  anything 
better,  he  joined  the  baptists,  and  was  immersed;  but 
he  was  not  satisfied.  In  1829  Sidney  Rigdon,  of 
whom  more  hereafter,  preached  in  his  neighborhood; 
he  heard  him  and  was  refreshed.  It  was  the  ancient 
gospel  revived — repentance,  baptism,  the  gift  of  the 
holy  ghost.  And  yet  there  was  something  lacking — 
the  authority  to  minister;  the  power  which  should 
accompany  the  form  of  apostleship.  At  length  he  and 
others,  who  had  heard  Rigdon,  organized  a  society  on 
the  basis  of  his  teachings,  and  Parley  began  to  preach. 
The  spirit  working  in  him  finally  compelled  him  to 
abandon  his  farm  and  go  forth  to  meet  his  destiny, 
he  knew  not  whither.  In  this  frame  of  mind  he  wan- 
dered eastward,  and  while  his  family  were  visiting 
friends,  he  came  upon  the  book  of  Mormon  and  Hy- 
rum  Smith.  Now  did  his  soul  find  rest.  Here  was 
inspiration  and  revelation  as  of  old;  here  was  a  new 
dispensation  with  attendant  signs  and  miracles. 

As  he  left  Smith's  house  the  following  morning, 
having  an  appointment  to  preach  some  thirty  miles 
distant,  Hyrum  gave  him  a  copy  of  the  sacred  book. 
Travelling  on  foot,  and  stopping  now  and  then  to  rest, 
be  read  at  intervals,  and  found  to  his  great  joy  that 
soon  after  his  ascension  Christ  had  appeared  in  his 
glorified  body  to  the  remnant  of  the  tribe  of  Joseph 
ill  America,  that  he  had  administered  in  person  to  the 
ten  lost  tribes,  that  the  gospel  had  been  revealed  and 
written  among  nations  unknown  to  the  apostles,  and 
that  thus  preserved  it  had  escaped  the  corruptions  of 
the  great  and  abominable  church. 

Kcturning  to  Smith  s  house.  Parley  demanded  of 
Hyrum  baptism.  They  went  to  Whitmer's,  where 
thoy  were  warmly  welcomed  by  a  little  branch  of  the 
church  there  assembled.     The  new  convert  was  bap- 


74 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


tized  by  Cowdery,  and  was  ordained  an  elder.  He 
continued  to  preach  in  those  parts  with  great  power. 
Congregations  were  moved  to  tears,  and  many  heads 
of  famihes  came  forward  and  accepted  the  faith. 
Then  he  went  to  his  old  home.  His  father,  mother, 
and  some  of  the  neighbors  believed  only  in  part ;  but 
his  brother  Orson,  nineteen  years  of  age,  embraced 
with  eagerness  the  new  religion,  and  preached  it  from 
that  time  forth.  Returning  to  Manchester,  Parley 
for  the  first  time  met  Joseph  Smith,  who  received  him 
warmly,  and  asked  him  to  preach  on  Sunday,  which 
he  did,  Joseph  following  with  a  discourse. 

Revelations  continued,  now  in  the  way  of  command, 
and  now  in  the  spirit  of  prophecy.  In  Harmony,  to 
the  first  elder  it  was  spoken:  "Magnify  thine  office; 
and  after  thou  hast  sowed  thy  fields  and  secured  them, 
go  speedily  unto  the  churches  which  are  in  Colesville, 
FayettC;  and  Manchester,  and  they  shall  support 
thee;  and  I  will  bless  them,  both  spiritually  and 
temporally;  but  if  they  receive  thee  not,  I  will  send 
on  them  a  cursing  instead  of  a  blessing,  and  thou 
shalt  shake  the  dust  oflf  thy  feet  against  them  as  a 
testimony,  and  wipe  thy  feet  by  the  wayside."  And 
to  Cowdery,  thus:  "Oliver  shall  continue  in  bearing 
my  name  before  the  world,  and  also  to  the  chuicb ; 
and  he  shall  take  neither  purse  nor  scrip,  neither 
staves  nor  even  two  coats."  To  Enmia,  wife  of  Jo- 
seph: "Thy  sins  are  forgiven  thee,  and  thou  art  an 
elect  lady,  whom  I  have  called;  and  thou  shalt  com- 
fort thy  husband,  my  servant  Joseph,  and  shalt  go 
with  him,  and  be  unto  him  as  a  scribe  in  the  absence 
of  my  servant  Oliver,  and  he  shall  support  thee." 
Emma  was  also  further  directed  to  make  a  selection  of 
hymns  to  be  used  in  church.* 

*  Tho  hymn-book  of  Emma  Smith  does  not  appear  to  have  been  published, 
but  a  littlo  book  containing  hymns  selected  by  Brigham  Young  passed  thioiigh 
eight  editions  up  to  1849,  the  eighth  being  published  in  Liverpool  in  that  year. 
Smucker's  Hist.  ofMor.,  57-61;  Mtllenmul  Star,  iv.  150-1.  The  preface  to 
the  first  edition  was  signed  by  Brigham  Young,  Farley  P.  Pratt,  and  John 


SIDNEY  RIG  DON. 


76 


..    He 

power, 
r  heads 
I   faith, 
nother, 
rt;  but 
1  braced 
it  from 
Parley 
vcd  him 
j^  which 


jmmand, 
mony,  to 
ae  office; 
-ed  them, 
^olesville, 
.   support 
ually  and 
will  send 
land  thou 
hem  as  a 
e."     And 
n  bearing 
3  church; 
),  neither 
ite  of  Jo- 
lou  art  an 
halt  com- 
shalt  go 
e  absence 
Drt  tUee." 
lection  of 


ten  published, 
laasetl  through 
ll  ill  that  year. 
Ihe  preface  to 
att,  and  John 


In  the  presence  of  six  elders,  at  Fayette,  in  Septem- 
ber 1830,  came  the  voice  of  Jesus  Christ,  promising 
them  every  blessing,  while  the  wicked  should  be  de- 
stroyed. The  millennium  should  come ;  but  first  dire 
destruction  should  fall  upon  the  earth,  and  the  great 
and  abominable  church  should  be  cast  down.  Hiram 
Page  renounced  his  stone.  David  Whitmer  was  or- 
dered to  his  father's  house,  there  to  await  further  in- 
structions. Peter  Whitmer  junior,  Parley  P.  Pratt, 
and  Ziba  Peterson  were  directed  to  go  with  Oliver 
and  assist  him  in  preaching  the  gospel  to  the  Laman- 
ites,  that  is  to  say,  to  the  Indians  in  the  west,  the 
remnant  of  the  tribe  of  Joseph.  Thomas  B.  Marsh 
was  promised  that  he  should  begin  to  preach.  Miracles 
were  limited  to  casting  out  devils  and  healing  the  sick. 
Wine  for  sacramental  purposes  must  not  be  bought, 
but  made  at  home." 

Taking  with  them  a  copy  of  the  revelation  assign- 
ing to  them  this  work,  these  first  appointed  mission- 
aries set  out,  and  continued  their  journey,  preaching 
in  the  villages  through  which  they  passed,  and  stop- 
ping at  Buffalo  to  instruct  the  Indians  as  to  their  an- 
cestry, until  they  came  to  Kirtland,  Ohio.  There 
they  remained  some  time,  as  many  came  forward  and 
embraced  their  faith,  among  others  Sidney  Rigdon, 
a  preaching  elder  in  the  reformed  baptist  church,  who 
presided  over  a  congregation  there,  a  large  portion  of 
whom  likewise  became  interested  in  the  latter-day 
church.' 

Taylor.  The  preface  to  the  ninth  edition,  published  at  Liverpool  and  Lon- 
don in  1851,  is  by  Franklin  D.  Richards,  who  states  that  54,000  copies  of  the 
several  editions  have  been  sold  in  the  European  missions  alone  within  eleven 
years.     Several  editions  have  since  been  published  iu  Europe  and  America. 

'''  Smith  says:  '  In  order  to  prepare  lor  this  (confirmation)  I  set  out  to  go 
to  procure  some  wine  for  the  occasion,  but  had  gone  only  a  short  distance 
when  I  was  met  by  a  heavenly  messenger,  and  received  the  revelation.'  Mil- 
kiinial  Star,  iv.  151;  Timen  and  SfiO-toHS,  iv.  117-18. 

'At  the  town  of  Kirtland,  two  miles  from  Rigdon's  residence,  was  a  num- 
ber of  the  members  of  his  clmrch  who  lived  together,  and  liad  all  things  in 
common,  from  which  circumstance,  Smith  says,  the  idea  arose  that  tliia  was 
the  case  with  the  Mormon  believers.  To  these  people  the  missionaries  re- 
paired and  preached  with  some  success,  gathering  m  seventeen  on  the  first 
oucusiou.    Kigdou  after  spending  some  time  in  the  study  of  the  book  of  Mor- 


76 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


',m 


Rigdon  was  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  and  was  now 
thirty-seven  years  of  age.  He  worked  on  his  father's 
farm  until  he  was  twenty-six,  when  he  went  to  live 
with  the  Rev.  Andrew  Clark,  and  the  same  year,  1819, 
was  licensed  to  preach.  Thence  he  went  to  Warren, 
Ohio,  and  married;  and  after  preaching  for  a  time  he 
was  called  to  take  charge  of  a  church  at  Pittsburgh, 
where  he  met  with  success,  and  soon  became  very 
popular.  But  his  mind  was  perplexed  over  the  doc- 
trines he  was  required  to  promulgate,  and  in  1824  he 
retired  from  his  ministry.  There  were  two  friends 
who  had  likewise  withdrawn  from  their  respective 
churches,  and  with  whom  he  conferred  freely,  Alex- 
ander Campbell,  of  his  own  congregation,  and  one 
Walter  Scott,  of  the  Scandinavian  church  of  that  city. 
Campbell  had  formerly  lived  at  Bethany,  Virginia, 
where  was  issued  under  his  auspices  a  monthly  jour- 
nal called  the  Christian  Bcq^tist.  Out  of  this  friend- 
ship and  association  arose  a  new  church,  called  the 
Campbellites,  its  doctrines  having  been  published 
by  Campbell  in  his  paper.  During  the  next  two 
years  Rigdcn  was  obliged  to  work  in  a  tannery  to 
support  his  family;  then  he  removed  to  Bainbridge, 
Ohio,  where  he  again  began  to  preach,  confining  him- 
self to  no  creed,  but  leaning  toward  that  of  the  Camp- 
bellites. Crowds  flocked  to  hear  him,  and  a  church 
was  established  in  a  neighboring  town  through  his  in- 
strumentality. After  a  year  of  this  work  he  acce^^ted 
a  call  to  Mentor,  thirty  miles  distant.  Slanderous 
reports  followed  him,  and  a  storm  of  persecution  set 
in  against  him;  but  by  his  surpassing  eloquence  and 
deep  reasoning  it  was  not  only  soon  allayed,  but 
greater  multitudes  than  ever  waited  on  his  ministra- 
tions. 

mon  concluded  to  accept  its  doctrines,  and  together  with  his  wife  was  bap- 
tized into  the  church,  which  now  numbered  about  twenty  in  this  section. 
Milleiaiial  Star,  iv.  181-4;  v.  4-7,  17;  Tinien  and  Sennoiifi,  iv.  177,  193-4. 
Rijjdon  had  for  nearly  three  years  already  taught  the  literal  interpretation  ot 
scripture  prophecies,  the  gathering  of  the  Israelites  to  receive  the  second  com- 
ing, the  literal  rei^u  of  the  saints  on  earth,  and  the  use  of  miraculous  gifts  in 
the  church.  Qanntaoii't  Mormons,  101. 


FORCE  OF  EXAMPLE. 


77 


Rigdon  was  a  cogent  speaker  of  imposing  mien  and 
impassioned  address.  As  a  man,  however,  his  charac- 
ter seems  to  have  had  a  tinge  of  insincerity.  He  was 
fickle,  now  and  then  petulant,  irascible,  and  sometimes 
domineering.  Later,  Joseph  Smith  took  occasion 
more  than  once  to  rebuke  him  sharply,  fearing  that 
he  might  assume  the  supremacy. 

Upon  hearing  the  arguments  of  Pratt  and  Cow- 
dory,  and  investigating  the  book  of  Mormon,  Rigdon 
was  convinced  that  he  had  not  been  legally  ordained, 
and  that  his  present  ministry  was  without  the  divine 
authority.  In  regard  to  the  revival  of  the  old  dis- 
pensation, he  argued  thus:  "If  we  have  not  familiar- 
ity enough  with  our  creator  to  ask  of  him  a  sign,  we 
are  no  Christians;  if  God  will  not  give  his  creatures 
one,  he  is  no  better  than  Juggernaut."  The  result  was, 
that  he  and  others  accepted  the  book  and  its  teach- 
ings,* received  baptism  and  the  gift  of  the  holy  ghost, 
and  were  ordained  to  preach. 

On  one  occasion  Cowdery  preached,  followed  by 
Rigdon.  After  service  they  went  to  the  Chagrin 
River  to  baptize.  Rigdon  stood  in  the  stream  and 
poured  forth  his  exhortations  with  eloquent  fervor. 
One  after  another  stepped  forward  until  thirty  had 
been  baptized.  Present  upon  the  bank  was  a  hard- 
headed  lawyer,  Varnem  J.  Card,  who  as  he  listened 
grew  pale  with  emotion.  Suddenly  he  vseized  the  arm 
of  a  friend  and  whispered,  "Quick,  take  me  away,  or 
in  a  moment  more  I  shall  be  in  that  water  1"  One 
hundred  and  twenty-seven  converts  at  once,  the  num- 


*  Howe  intimates  that  Rigdon  knew  more  of  the  book  and  the  people  than 
he  pretended.  Of  the  proaelytes  made  in  hia  church  he  says:  '  Near  the  rcs- 
iileuco  of  Rigdon,  in  Kirtland,  there  had  been  for  some  time  previous  a  few 
families  belonging  to  his  congregation,  who  had  formed  themselvea  into  a 
common  stock  society,  and  had  become  considerably  fanatical,  and  were  daily 
looking  for  some  wonderful  event  to  take  place  in  the  worhl.  Tlieir  minds 
had  become  fully  prepared  to  embrace  Mormoniam,  or  any  other  mysterious 
ism  that  should  first  present  itself.  Seventeen  in  number  of  these  persons 
readily  believed  the  whole  story  of  Cowdery  about  the  finding  of  the  golden 
plates  and  the  spectacles.  They  were  all  reimmersed  in  one  niglit  by  Cowdery. ' 
Mormonism  Unveiled,  103. 


78 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


m 


ber  afterward  increasing  to  a   thousand^   wore  here 
gathered  into  the  fold.* 

After  adding  to  their  number  one  Frederic  G.  Will- 
ianis,  the  missionaries  continued  on  their  way,  arriving 
first  at  Sandusky,  where  they  gave  instructions  to  the 
Indians  in  regard  to  their  forefathers,  as  they  had 
done  at  Buffalo,  and  thence  proceeded  to  Cincinnati 
and  St  Louis.  In  passing  by  his  old  forest  home, 
Pratt  was  arrested  on  some  trivial  charge,  but  made 
his  escape.  The  winter  was  very  severe,  and  it  was 
some  time  before  they  could  continue  their  journey. 
At  length  they  set  out  again,  wading  in  snow  knee- 
deep,  carrying  their  few  eflFects  on  their  backs,  and 
having  to  eat  corn  bread  and  frozen  raw  pork;  and 
after  travelling  in  all  fifteen  hundred  miles,  most  of  the 
way  on  foot,  preaching  to  tens  of  thousands  by  the 
way,  and  organizing  hundreds  into  churches,  they 
reached  Independence,  Missouri,  in  the  early  part  of 
1831.  There  Whitmer  and  Peterson  went  to  work 
as  tailors,  while  Pratt  and  Cowdery  passed  over  the 


^  Spcakinc  of  the  doings  at  Kirtland  after  the  departare  of  the  Lamanite 
mission,  Mr  Howe  says:  'Scenes  of  the  most  wild,  frantic,  and  horrible  fanat- 
icism ensued.  They  pretended  that  the  power  of  miracles  was  about  to  be 
given  to  all  those  who  embraced  the  new  faith,  and  commenced  communicat- 
ing the  Jioly  spirit  by  laying  their  hands  upon  the  heads  of  the  converts, 
which  operation  at  first  produced  an  instantaneous  prostration  of  body  and 
mind.  Many  would  fall  upon  the  fl  x»r,  where  they  would  lie  for  a  long 
time  apparently  lifeless.  They  thus  continued  these  enthusiastic  exhibitions 
for  several  weeks.  The  fits  usually  came  on  during  or  after  their  prayer 
meetings,  which  were  held  nearly  every  evening.  The  young  men  and  wo- 
men were  more  particularly  subject  to  this  delirium.  They  would  exhibit 
all  tlie  apish  actions  imaginable,  making  the  most  ridiculous  grimaces,  creeping 
upon  their  hands  and  feet,  rolling  upon  the  frozen  ground,  go  through  with 
all  the  Indian  modes  of  warfare,  such  as  knocking  down,  scalping,  ripping 
open  and  tearing  out  the  bowels.  At  other  times  they  would  run  through 
the  fields,  get  upon  stumps,  preach  to  imaginary  congregations,  enter  the 
water  and  perform  all  the  ceremony  of  baptizmg,  etc.  Many  would  have  fits 
of  speaking  idl  the  different  Indian  dialects,  which  none  could  understand. 
Agam,  at  the  dead  hour  of  night  the  young  men  might  be  seen  running  over 
the  fields  and  hills  in  pursuit,  as  they  said,  of  the  balls  of  fire,  light,  etc., 
which  they  saw  moving  through  the  atmosphere. .  .On  the  arrival  of  Smith 
in  Kirtland  he  appeared  astonished  at  the  wild  enthusiasm  and  scalping  per- 
formances of  his  proselytes  there.  He  told  them  that  he  had  inquired  of  the 
Lord  concerning  the  matter,  and  had  been  informed  that  it  was  all  the  work 
of  the  devil,  as  neretofore  related.  The  disturbance  therefore  ceased.'  MoT' 
monism  UnveiUd,  101,  116. 


A  PERIOD  OF  PROSPERITY. 


70 


border,  crossed  the  Kansas  River,  and  began  their 
work  among  the  Lamanites,  or  Indians,  thereabout. 
The  chief  of  the  Delawares  was  sachem  of  ten 
tribes.  He  received  the  missionaries  with  courtesy, 
and  set  food  before  them.  When  they  asked  him  to 
call  a  council  before  which  they  might  expound  their 
doctrines,  he  at  first  declined,  then  assented ;  where- 
ujwn  Cowdery  gave  them  an  account  of  their  ances- 
tors, as  contained  in  the  wonderful  book,  a  copy  of 
which  he  left  with  the  chief  on  taking  his  depart- 
ure, which  soon  occurred;  for  when  it  was  known 
upon  the  border  settlements  what  the  missionaries 
were  doing,  they  were  ordered  out  of  the  Indian  coun- 
try as  disturbers  of  the  peace."  After  preaching  a 
short  time  in  Missouri,  the  five  brethren  thought  it 
best  that  one  of  their  number  should  return  east  and 
report.  The  choice  fell  on  Pratt.  Starting  out  on 
foot,  he  reached  St  Louis,  three  hundred  miles  dis- 
tant, in  nine  days.  Thence  he  proceeded  by  steamer 
to  Cincinnati,  and  from  that  point  journeyed  on  foot 
to  Strongville,  forty  miles  from  Kirtland.  Overcome 
by  fatigue  and  illness,  he  was  forced  to  remain  at  this 
place  some  ten  days,  when  he  continued  his  journey 
on  horseback.  He  was  welcomed  at  Kirtland  by 
hundreds  of  the  saints,  Joseph  Smith  himself  being 
present. 

In  December  1830  comes  Sidney  Rigdon  to  Jo- 
seph Smith  at  Manchester,  and  with  him  Edward 
Partridge,  to  inquire  of  the  Lord;  and  they  are  told 
what  they  shall  do;  they  shall  preach  thereabout,  and 
also  on  the  Ohio.^ 


*  'One  of  their  leading  articles  of  faith  is,  that  the  Indians  of  North  Amer- 
ica, in  a  ver^  few  years,  will  be  converted  to  Mormonism,  and  through  riven 
of  blood  will  again  take  possession  of  their  ancient  inheritance.'  Howe's 
Mormonism  Unveiled,  145. 

'  'We  before  had  Moses  and  Aaron  in  the  persons  of  Smith  and  Cowdery, 
and  we  now  have  John  the  Baptist,  in  the  person  of  Sidney  Rigdon.  Their 
plans  of  deception  appear  to  have  been  more  fully  matured  and  developed 
after  the  meeting  of  Smith  and  Rigdon.  The  latter  being  found  very  inti- 
mate with  the  scriptures,  a  close  reasoner,  and  as  fully  competent  to  make 


80  THE  STORY  OP  MORMONISM. 

Tho  year  1831  opens  with  flattering  prospects. 
On  the  2d  of  January  a  conference  is  held  at  Fayette, 
attended  by  revelations  and  prophecy.  James  Col- 
ville,  a  baptist  minister,  accepts  the  faith,  but  shortly 
recants,  being  tempted  of  Satan,  and  in  fear  of  per- 
secution.^    Smith  and  his  wife  go  with  Rigdon  and 

white  appear  black  and  black  white  as  any  other  man;  and  at  all  times  pre- 
pared to  establish,  to  the  satisfaction  of  great  numbers  of  people,  tho  negative 
or  affirmative  of  any  and  every  question  from  scripture,  ho  was  forthwith 
appointed  to  promulgate  uU  the  absurdities  and  ridiculous  pretensions  of 
Mormonism,  and  call  on  the  holy  prophets  to  prove  all  tlie  words  of  Smith. 
But  the  miraculous  powers  conferred  upon  him  wo  do  not  learn  have  yet  Ijceu 
put  in  requisition.  It  seems  that  tho  spirit  had  not,  before  tho  arrival  of 
Rigdon,  told  Smith  anything  about  the  promised  land,  or  his  removal  to  Ohio. 
It  is  therefore  very  questionable  what  manner  of  spirit  it  was  which  dic- 
tated most  of  tho  after  movements  of  the  prophet.  The  spirit  of  Rigdon,  it 
must  bo  presumed,  however,  generally  held  sway;  for  a  revelation  was  soon 
had  that  Kirtland,  the  residenco  of  Rigdon  and  his  brethren,  was  to  bo  tho 
eastern  border  of  the  promised  land,  and  from  thence  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
On  this  land  the  New  Jerusalem,  the  city  of  refuge,  was  to  be  built.  Uiwn 
it  all  true  Mormons  were  to  assemble,  to  escape  the  destruction  of  tho 
world  which  was  so  soon  to  take  place.'  Ilowe't  Mormon'usm  Unveiled,  109-10. 
Tucker,  Origin  and  Prog.  Mor.,  70-8,  thus  speaks  of  tho  first  appearance  of 
this  first  regular  Mormon  preacher  before  a  Palmyra  congiegation :  'Rigdon 
introduced  himself  as  the  messenger  of  God,  declaring  that  ho  was  commanded 
from  abovo  to  proclaim  the  Mormon  revelation.  After  going  through  with  a 
ceremoiuous  form  of  prayer,  in  which  he  expressed  his  grateful  sense  of  the 
blessings  of  the  glorious  gospel  dispensation  now  opening  to  the  world,  and 
the  miraculous  light  from  heaven  to  be  displayed  through  the  instrumentality 
of  the  chosen  rcvelator,  Joseph  Smith  Jr, . .  .he  announced  his  text  as  fol- 
lows: First  book  of  Nephi,  chapter  iv. — "And  the  angel  spake  unto  me,  say- 
ing. These  last  records  which  thou  hast  seen  among  the  gentiles  shall  estab- 
lish the  truth  of  tho  first,  which  is  of  the  twelve  apostles  of  tho  lamb,  and 
shall  make  known  tho  plain  and  precious  things  which  have  been  taken  away 
from  them;  and  shall  make  known  to  all  kindreds,  tongues,  and  people  that 
the  lamb  of  God  is  the  son  of  the  eternal  father  and  saviour  of  the  world;  and 
that  all  men  must  come  unto  him  or  they  cannot  be  saved. "  Tho  preacher 
assumed  to  establish  the  theory  that  the  book  of  Mormon  and  the  old  biblo 
were  one  in  inspiration  and  importance,  and  that  the  precious  things  now  re- 
vealed had  for  wise  purposes  been  withheld  from  the  book  first  promulgated 
to  the  world,  and  were  necessary  to  establish  its  truth.  In  the  course  of  his 
argument  he  applied  various  quotations  from  the  two  books  to  prove  his  posi- 
tion. Holding  the  book  of  Mormon  in  his  right  hand,  and  the  bible  in  his 
left  hand,  lie  brought  them  together  in  a  manner  corresponding  to  the  em- 
phatic declaration  made  by  him,  that  they  were  both  equally  tlie  word  of  God; 
that  neither  was  perfect  without  the  other;  and  that  they  were  inseparably 
necessary  to  complete  the  everlasting  gospel  of  the  saviour  Jesus  Christ. '  It 
is  said  that  Rigdon,  after  his  return  to  Kirtland  from  his  visit  to  Smith,  in 
one  of  his  eloquent  discourses  on  the  new  faith,  'gave  a  challenge  to  tho 
world  to  disprove  tho  new  bible,  ond  tho  pretensions  of  its  authors.'  Rigdon's 
old  friend,  Thomas  Campbell,  hearing  of  it,  wrote  him  from  Mentor  accept- 
ing, at  the  same  time  enclosing  an  outline  of  what  his  line  of  argument  would 
be.    There  tho  matter  dropped. 

"See  Millennial  Star,  v.  .33-5;  Times  and  Seasons,  iv.  352-4.  Mather,  in 
LippincoU's  Mag.,  Aug.  1880,  states  that  to  escape  persecution  sixty  beliov 


FIRST  MIORATIOX. 


81 


of  the 
rUl,  and 
lentality 
na  fol- 
rnc,  say- 
[1  osUb- 
rnb,  an«l 
en  away 
pic  that 
phi;  aiul 
Treacher 
III  biblo 
now  re- 
lulgateil 
10  of  his 
Ins  posi- 
e  in  his 
the  em- 
of  God; 
'parably 
list.'     It 
>ith,  in 
to  the 
jgclon's 
accept- 
it  would 

^thcr,  in 
belicv- 


Partridge  to  Kirtland,  arriving  there  early  in  Feb- 
ruary, and  taking  up  their  residence  with  N.  K.  Whit- 
ney, who  shows  them  great  kindness.  Among  the 
hundred  believers  there  at  the  time,  certain  false  doc- 
trines have  crept  in;  these  are  quickly  overcome,  and 
a  plan  for  community  of  goods  which  the  family  of 
samts  had  adopted  is  abolished.  Commandment  comes 
by  revelation  that  a  house  shall  be  built  for  Joseph ;  that 
Sidney  shall  live  as  seems  to  him  good,  for  his  heart 
is  pure;  that  Edward  Partridge  shall  be  ordained  a 
bishop;"  that  all  but  Joseph  and  Sidney  shall  go  forth, 
two  by  two,  into  the  regions  westward  and  preach 
the  gospel.^" 

"And  now,  behold,  I  speak  unto  the  church :  thou 
shalt  not  kill;  thou  shalt  not  steal ;  thou  shalt  not  lie ; 
thou  shalt  love  thy  wife,  cleaving  unto  her  and  to 
none  else;  thou  shalt  not  commit  adultery;  thou  shalt 
not  speak  evil  of  thy  neighbor,  nor  do  him  any  harm. 
Thou  knowest  my  laws,  given  in  my  scriptures;  he 
that  sinneth  and  repenteth  not  shall  be  cast  out.  And 
behold,  thou  wilt  remember  the  poor,  and  consecrate 
of  thy  properties  for  their  support,  laying  the  same 
before  the  bishop  of  my  church,  the  residue  not  to  be 
taken  back,  but  to  be  used  by  the  church  in  buying 
lands  and  building  houses  of  worship,  for  I  will  conse- 
crate of  the  riches  of  those  who  embrace  my  gospel 
among  the  gentiles  unto  the  poor  of  my  people  who 
of  the  house  of  Israel.     Let  him  that  goeth  to 


are 


ers  abandoned  their  homes  in  the  Snsqaehanna  valley  and  moved  westward. 
'Some  of  the  followers,'  he  says,  'were  moved  by  a  spirit  of  adventure,  while 
others  placed  their  property  in  the  common  lot  and  determined  to  accompany 
the  prophet  to  his  earthly  as  well  as  to  his  heavenly  kingdom.  Smith  Baker 
was  one  of  the  teamsters,  and  reports  that  the  tram  consisted  of  three  bag- 
gage and  eleven  passenger  wagons.  The  exodus  was  along  the  old  state  road, 
north  of  £ini;hamton,  to  Ithaca,  and  thence  across  Cayuga  Lake  to  Palmyra.' 

"Smith  had  appointed  as  his  bishop  one  Edward  Partridge,  a  very  hon- 
est and  industrious  hatter  of  Painesville,  Ohio,  who  had  withu  a  comfortable 
stock  of  the  good  things  of  the  world.  He  was  stationed  at  Independence, 
and  had  the  sole  control  of  all  the  temporal  and  spiritual  affairs  of  the  colony, 
always  obedient,  however,  to  the  revelations  promulgated  by  Smith.' 

'"'Some  of  the  members  pretended  to  receive  parchment  commissions 
luiracnlously,  which  vanished  from  their  sight  as  soon  as  they  had  been  cop- 
ied.'   For  a  copy  of  one  of  these,  with  seal  attached,  see  Howe'a  Mormonism 
Unveikd,  107;  Kidder's  Mormonum,  73. 
Hiax.  UxAB.   0 


M  THE  STORY  OP  MORMONISM. 

the  cast  tell  them  that  shall  be  converted  to  flee  to 
the  west.  And  again,  thou  shalt  not  be  proud;  let 
thy  garments  be  plain,  the  work  of  thine  own  hand, 
and  cleanly.  Thou  shalt  not  be  idle.  And  whosoever 
among  you  is  sick,  and  has  faith,  shall  be  healed; 
and  if  he  has  not  faith  to  be  healed,  but  believe,  he 
shall  be  nourished  with  all  tenderness.  If  thou  wilt 
ask,  thou  shalt  receive  revelation  and  knowledge. 
Whosoever  hath  faith  sufficient  shall  never  taste  death. 
Ye  shall  live  together  in  love;  that  whether  ye  live 
ye  may  live  in  me,  or  if  ye  die  ye  may  die  in  me.  So 
saith  the  Lord." 


i  '■ 


Edward  Partridge  was  born  at  Pittsfield,  Massachu- 
setts, August  27,  1793.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  ho 
was  apprenticed  to  a  hatter.  His  was  an  earnest, 
thoughtful  nature,  and  his  mind  much  troubled  about 
religion.  In  1828  he  entered  Sidney  Rigdon's  Camp- 
bellite  church,  and  in  that  faith  remained  until  met 
by  the  missionaries  Pratt,  Cowdery,  and  the  others, 
when  he  accepted  the  new  revelation,  and  was  subse- 
quently baptized  by  Joseph  in  the  Seneca  River.  He 
had  a  profitable  business  at  the  time;  but  when  it  was 
revealed  that  he  should  leave  his  merchandise  and  de- 
vote his  whole  time  to  the  church,  he  obeyed  without 
a  murmur. 

Joseph  and  Sidney  were  much  together  now  in  their 
revelations  and  rulings.  A  woman  attempted  prophe- 
sying and  was  rebuked.  Sarcasm  was  employed,  and 
scurrilous  stories  were  printed  in  the  newspapers ;  an  ac- 
count of  a  great  Asiatic  earthquake  was  headed  "Mor- 
monism  in  China."  Revelations  during  March  were 
frequent.  In  one  of  them  John  Whitmer  was  ap- 
pointed church  historian;  and  it  was  revealed  that  he 
should  keep  the  church  records,  v^rite  and  keep  a  regu- 
lar history,  and  act  as  secretary  to  Joseph,  as  had 
Oliver  Cowdery  formerly."    Lands  might  be  bought 

"  '  Since  the  organization  of  the  church  on  the  sixth  day  of  April,  1S30, 
there  has  been  a  record  kept  in  our  church  of  its  general  transactions,  of  its 


CHURCH  RE  ORDS. 


their 
ophe- 
d,  and 
anac- 
Mor- 
were 
IS  ap- 
lat  he 
,  regu- 
,s  had 
ought 

(•n,  1830, 

\a,  of  its 


for  immediate  necessity;  but  remember  the  city  to  bo 
presently  built,  and  bo  prudent."  And  now  fnrni  tho 
shaking  quakers  came  one  Lemon  Copley  and  accepted 
tho  gospol,  though  not  in  its  fullness,  as  he  retamed 

porsecutions  and  general  history.  The  one  in  charcre  of  this  duty  is  called  by 
ufi  "  tho  iiistorian  and  gencrnl  uhiirch  recorder."  Ihe  first  who  occupied  this 
]K>8ition  was  John  Whitincr,  until  1838,  when  lie  was  excommunicated  from 
tlio  church  for  trans^^resaion,  and  took  portions  of  tho  church  records  with 
liim.'  ItifhariW  Uihlioijrnphy  of  Utah,  MS.,  2.  'The  earliest  clerk  service 
rendered  the  prophet  Joseph,  of  which  there  is  nny  account,  wa<i  l>y  Martin 
ll.irris;  .Joseph's  wife,  Emma,  tlicn  Oliver  Cowdcry,  wlio,  os  is  claimed,  v.rote 
tlin  greater  portion  of  tiie  original  manuscript  of  the  Hook  of  Mormon,  as  ho 
translated  it  from  the  gold  plates  by  the  urimand  thummim  which  ho  obtained 
M'ith  tliu  plates.  In  Marcn  1831  John  Whitmer  was  appointed  to  keep  the 
cliurch  record  and  history  continually,  Oliver  having  been  appointed  to  otiier 
liiliors.  Whitmer  was  assisted,  temix>rarily,  on  occasions  of  aWnce  or  ilhiesa 
by  Warren  Parrish.  At  a  metting  of  high  council  at  Kirtland,  >Sept.  14, 
18.'<.'>,  it  was  decided  that  "Oliver  Cowdery  be  appointed,  and  that  lie  net 
iicreafter  as  recorder  for  the  church,"  Wiiitmer  slaving  just  been  called  to  be 
editor  of  the  Mem^fiujer  and  Advocatf.  At  a  genorol  conference  held  in  Fur 
West  April  0,  1838,  John  Corrill  and  Elias  Higbe>'  were  appointed  historians, 
and  (leorge  W.  Robinson  "general  church  recorder  and  clerk  for  tho  iirst 
presidency."  On  tho  death  of  Elder  Robert  B.  Tho''.pson,  which  occuned  tit 
Nauvoo  on  the  twenty-seventh  of  August,  1841,  in  ids  obituary  it  is  stated: 
"  Nearly  two  years  past  he  (  -  fTiciated  as  scnbo  to  President  Joseph  Smith 
and  clerk  for  the  church,  w.  '  *>  K.ifOrtant  stations  lie  filled  with  that  dignity 
aixl  honor  befitting  a  man  of  God."  During  the  expulsion  from  Missouri,  and 
tlio  early  settlement  of  Nai:voo,  James  Mulholland,  Willi-im  Clayton,  and 

Iicrhnps  others  rendered  temporary  service  in  this  line  until  the  13th  of 
)eccmber,  1841,  when  Willard  Richards  was  appointed  recorder,  general 
clerk,  and  private  secretary  to  tho  prophet,  which  offices  he  occupied  until 
Ills  death,  in  March  1854,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  George  A.  Smith,  who 
lield  it  until  his  death  on  the  first  of  September,  1875,  with  Wiltord  >Vood- 
ruff  ns  his  assistant.  Soon  after,  Orson  Pratt  succeeded  to  the  office,  retain- 
ing  Woodruff  as  his  assistant,  until  his  demise  on  tho  third  of  October,  1881. 
Directly  after  President  Woodruff  was  appointed  to  tho  office,  and  in  January 
1884,  Apostle  Franklin  D.  Richards  was  appointed  his  assistant.'  See  Times 
and  Season*,  v.  401;  Adllennial  Star,  v.  82;  Jiicharda'  Narnitire,  MS.,  94-8. 
"  Of  the  future  of  this  city  there  were  many  revelations  and  many  con- 
jectures. '  It  was  said  that  it  would  in  a  few  years  exceed  in  splendor  every- 
thing known  in  ancient  times.  Its  streets  were  to  be  paved  with  gold;  all 
that  escaped  the  general  destruction  which  was  soon  to  take  place  would 
there  assemble  with  all  their  wealth;  tho  ten  lost  tribes  of  Israel  had  l>eeu 
discovcroil  in  their  retreat,  in  the  vicinity  of  tho  north  pole,  where  they  had 
for  ages  been  secluded  by  immense  barriers  of  ice,  and  becomo  vastly  rich; 
tho  ice  in  a  few  years  was  to  be  melted  away,  when  those  tribes,  with  St 
John  and  some  of  the  Nephites,  which  the  book  of  Mormon  had  immortalized, 
would  be  seen  making  their  appearance  in  the  new  city,  loaded  with  immense 
quautities  of  gold  and  silver.  Whether  the  prophet  himself  ever  declared 
tnat  these  things  luul  been  revealed  to  him,  or  that  he  had  seen  them  through 
his  magic  stone  or  silver  spectacles,  we  will  not  say;  but  that  such  stories 
and  hundreds  of  others  equally  absurd  were  told  by  those  who  were  in  daily 
intercourse  with  him,  as  being  events  which  would  probably  take  pl.-tce,  are 
susceptible  of  proof.'  Howe's  Mormonimn  Unveiled,  127-8.  'Kirtlaud  was 
never  intended  to  be  the  metropolis  of  Mormonism;  it  was  selected  as  a  tem- 
porary abiding  place,  to  make  money  in  reference  to  a  removal  farther  west.' 
Ferria'  Utah  ana  the  Mormons,  72. 


84 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


somewhat  of  his  former  faith ;  whereupon  a  revelation 
(.  rdered  him  to  go  with  Parley  P.  Pratt  and  preach  to 
the  shakers,  not  according  to  his  old  ideas,  but  as 
Parley  should  direct. 

"And  again,  I  say  unto  you  that  whoso  forbiddeth 
to  marry  is  nc  t  ordained  of  God,  for  marriage  is  or- 
dained of  God  unto  man;  wherefore  it  is  lawful  that 
he  should  have  one  wife,  and  they  twain  shall  be  one 
flesh.     Beware  of  false  spirits.     Given  May  1831." 

The  saints  from  New  York  began  to  come  in  num- 
bers, and  Bishop  Partridge  was  ordered  to  look  after 
them  and  attend  to  their  requirements.  It  was  or- 
dered that  if  any  had  more  than  they  required,  let 
them  give  to  the  church;  if  any  had  less,  let  the  church 
relieve  their  necessities.  The  6th  of  June  a  confer- 
ence of  elders  was  held  at  Kirtland,  and  several  re- 
ceived the  authority  of  the  Melchisedec  priesthood. 
The  next  conference  should  be  held  in  Missouri, 
whither  Joseph  and  Sidney  should  proceed  at  once, 
and  there  it  would  be  told  them  what  to  do.  And 
to  the  same  place  others  should  go,  two  by  two,  each 
couple  taking  different  routes  and  preaching  by  the 
way.  Among  those  who  went  forth  were  Lyman 
Wight  and  John  Corrill,  John  Murdock  and  Hyrum 
Smith  by  the  way  of  Detroit,  Thomas  B.  Marsh  and 
Selah  J.  Griffin,  Isaac  Morley  and  Ezra  Booth,  David 
Whitmer  and  Harvey  Whitlock,  Parley  P.  Pratt  and 
Orson  Pratt,  Solomon  Hancock  and  Simeon  Carter, 
Edson  Fuller  and  Jacob  Scott,  Levi  Hancock  and 
Zebedee  Coltrin,  Reynolds  Gaboon  and  Samuel  H. 
Smith,  Wheeler  Baldwin  and  William  Carter,  Joseph 
Wakefield  and  Solomon  Humphrey.  With  Joseph 
and  Sidney  were  to  go  Martin  Harris  and  Edward 
Partridge,  taking  with  them  a  letter  of  recommenda- 
tion from  the  church.^'    "And  thus,  even  as  I  have 

" '  From  tbis  point  in  the  history  of  this  delnsion,'  atyn  Howe,  '  it  began 
to  spread  with  considerablo  rapidity.     Nearly  all  of  their  male  converts, 
however  ignorant  and  worthless,  were  forthwith  transformed  into  elders,  and 
sent  forth  to  proclaim,  with  all  their  wild  enthnsiasm,  the  wonders  and  myf 
teries  of  Mormouiam.     All  those  having  a  taate  for  the  marrcUoiia  and  de- 


MOVE  TO  MISSOURI. 

said,  if  ye  are  faithful  ^r^  .u  n  " 

together  to  -joice  upoVTheYandT^^^^  ^°"-^^-« 
IS  the  land  of  jour  inheriLnce  wlrK^''"^""'  ^hi<^h 
of  your  enemies.     Behold  iTLtV' -^^  *^e  ^and 

ofOod,andI...lf,,,£^^^^ 

ter^s  %^::dlom  ofe^L*^  ^^-uri,  a  let- 
Jus  missionary  work  andi^  i  •  "^"^^^^  reporting  on 
Lamanites,  living  tC^t?^^    anoth'er  tnfe  of 

^^,  called  the  Navarhoes/vlvl      f  ""^'^  «^  Santa 
flocks  of  sheep  and  P«ff]   <^^*jaj«es),  who  had  larcrp 
W.  W.  Phelp^^:4t  \m^^         --^e  blankel! 
•       vvas  commissioned  to  assTst 7^'  ^  ^T'""^  *^«  society. 
;ng,  writing,  and  prinTng  ^0^/^       t''^  ^'^  ^^^^^^^^ 
the  move  from  Ohio  to  lisso^,.;  ^""^  \"^°«^«-     Thus 
and  his  party  starting  frornKTrfl    ?.l  ^"^""'  ^^^^ph 
png  by  wagon,  cand  bo^t  an     "^^^ 
hy  steamer  to  St  Louis  and  Th      *^°^  *^  Cincinnati 
Pendence,  arriving  ab^tTht  Itdl^  oT  /^?J.  *^  ^"^- 

e  New  England ^stoti'aTtTrT'"^*  '^•'''^ aarsSt^Ves^^''^'"  ''^^ «^» 
elders,  would  forthwith  nlf'^fu^®*''"'*  t'le  frantic  s^rJ  *  *^'"'^'  «^eniu 
tl'e  promised  land  in  orS  *'^r  *"  "'toa  waeon  1^7  °^  f'""^  °f  these 
liea\en,  whirh  w»I.»      °™*'"'  *«  »hey  supnosp^    ♦5°°'  *°*^  ^end  their  wav  to 

v-k.  they  trs^iv  ferA°"^«thLrr  sr  i^'^^-^ntrj? 

people  thereof  behVvId  in  fK  "'  '^""'^  «<«*  prXblv  h„  ^''^"***«  "^  New 
^i'-ent  laiiguaKes    of  wK-  K  1"P*^  ^''eve  he  w,^  .1  ."^  *T  "^  becomina 


■A 


■iS 


"  St 


^«.V 


J: 


86 


THE  STORY  OP  MORMONISM. 


"  Harken,  O  ye  elders  of  my  churc?\,  saith  the  Lord 
your  God,  who  have  assembled  yourselves  together, 
according  to  my  commandments,  in  this  land,  which 
is  the  land  of  Missouri,  which  is  the  land  which  1 
have  appointed  and  consecrated  for  the  gathering  of 
the  saints;  wherefore  this  is  the  land  of  promise,  and 
the  place  for  the  city  of  Zion.  And  thua  saith  the 
Lord  your  God,  if  you  will  receive  wisdom  here  is 
wisdom.  Behold  the  place  which  is  now  called  Inde- 
pendence is  the  centre  place,  and  the  spot  for  the 
temple  is  lying  westward  upon  a  lot  which  is  not  far 
from  the  court-house:  wherefore  it  is  wisdom  that 
the  land  should  be  purchased  by  the  saints;  and  ulso 
every  tract  lying  westward,  even  unto  the  line  run- 
ning directly  between  jew  and  gentile;  and  also  every 
tract  bordering  by  the  prairies,  inasmuch  as  my  disci- 
ples are  enabled  to  buy  lands." 

Further,  Sidney  Gilbert  was  made  church  agent,  to 
receive  money  and  buy  lands;  he  was  also  directed  to 
establish  a  store.  Partridge  was  to  partition  the 
lands  purchased  among  the  people;  Phelps  was 
made  church  printer.  But  the  last  two  becoming  a 
little  headstrong  on  entering  upon  their  new  duties, 
Joseph  found  it  necessary  to  reprimand  and  warn 
them.  Harris  was  held  up  as  an  example  to  emulate, 
for  he  had  given  much  to  the  church.  It  was  or- 
dered that  an  agent  be  appointed  to  raise  money  in 
Ohio  to  buy  lands  in  Missouri,  and  Rigdon  was  com- 
missioned to  write  a  description  of  the  new  land  of 
Zion  for  the  same  purpose.  Ziba  Peterson  was  dis- 
possessed of  his  lands,  and  made  to  work  for  others, 
m  punishment  for  his  misdemeanors. 

Thus  the  latter-day  saints  had  come  to  the  border 
line  of  civilization,  and  looking  over  it  into  the  west 
they  thought  here  to  establish  themselves  forever. 
Here  was  to  be  the  temple  of  God;  here  the  city  of 
refuge ;  here  the  second  advent  of  the  savior.  Mean- 
while their  headquarters  were  to  be  at  the  town  of 
Independence. 


CITY  OF  ZION. 


tfl 


In  Kaw  township,  twelve  miles  west  of  Indepen- 
dence, the  Colesville  branch  of  the  church  built  a  log 
house;  the  visible  head  of  the  church,  on  the  2d  of 
August,  laying  the  first  log,  brought  thither  by 
twelve  men,  in  honor  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel. 
Next  day  the  ground  for  the  temple,  situated  a  little 
west  of  Independence,"  was  dedicated,  and  the  day  fol- 
lowing was  held  the  first  conference  in  the  land  of  Zion.** 

It  was  now  commanded  that  Smith,  Rigdon,  Cow- 
dery,  and  others  should  return  east,  and  make  more 
proselytes,  money  for  the  purpose  to  be  furnished 
them  out  of  the  general  fund."    Accordingly  on  the 


;;  ill 

it: 

hioi, 

V'itl 


"  Of  Independence  one  of  them  says:  'It  is  a  new  town,  containing  a  court- 
house built  of  brick,  two  or  three  merchants'  stores,  and  15  or  20  dwelling- 
houses  built  mostly  of  logs  hewed  on  both  sides;  and  is  situated  on  a  handsome 
rise  of  ground  about  three  miles  south  of  Missouri  River,  and  about  12  miles 
east  of  the  dividing  line  between  the  United  States  and  the  Indian  reserve, 
'  t!ie  county  seat  of  Jackson  county. '  Booth's  letter  in  IJowe'a  Mormonism 
•f':'d,  196.  On  the  south  side  of  the  Missouri,  Parley  Pratt  says,  Auto- 
'/'  '-',  78,  'some  families  were  entirely  dressed  in  skins,  without  any 
iuthing,  including  ladies  young  and  old.  Buildings  were  generally 
nij  glass  windows,  and  the  door  open  in  winter  for  a  light.' 
'^  Booth,  in  Howe's  Mormonism  Unveiled,  196-9,  says:  'The  designation  of 
the  site  where  the  city  of  Ziou  was  to  begin  was  attended  with  considerable 
parade  and  an  ostentatious  display  of  talents,  both  by  Rigdon  and  Cowdery. 
And  the  next  day  the  ground  for  the  temple  was  consecrated.  Smith  claiming 
the  honor  of  laying  the  comer-stone  himitelf .  The  location  of  the  stone  was 
marked  by  a  sapling  from  which  the  bark  was  removed  on  the  north  and  east 
sides:  on  the  south  side  a  letter  T  was  cut,  which  stood  for  temple,  and  on 
tlie  cast  side  Zom.,  for  Zomas;  which  Smith  said  is  the  original  word  for  Zion. 
This  stone  was  placed  near  the  foot  of  the  sapling  and  covered  with  bushes 
cut  for  the  purpose;  the  spot  beipz  ou  an  elevation  half  a  mii'e  from  Inde- 
pendence.' 'The  Colesville  branch  was  among  the  first  organized  by  Joseph 
Smith,  and  constituted  the  first  settlers  of  the  members  of  the  church  in 
Missouri.  They  had  arrived  late  in  the  summer  and  cut  some  hay  for  their 
cattle,  sowed  a  little  grain,  prepared  some  ground  for  cultivation,  and  were 
engaged  d'.ring  the  t'alt  and  winter  in  building  log  cabins,  etc.  The  winter 
was  cold,  and  for  oin-  cimo  about  10  families  lived  in  one  cabin,  which  was 
'  d ,  V  hile  the  frozen  ground  served  for  a  floor.  Our  food 
an  1  L  little  bread  made  of  com  which  had  been  grated 
V  ru>'!'ing  the  ears  on  a  tin  grater.'  Pratt's  Autohlogra- 
V  ,V  iivuil  Star,  V.  131.  It  was  revealed  through  Joseph 
pr  I'lifrtj'  of  the  C<^^isville  branch  should  be  held  in  com- 
mon, and  that  I'a»-*ricl  ■•.  (it-  liihop)  have  charge  and  distribute  from  the  com- 
munity storehouse  acjvioiiig  to  the  need>>  of  each.  Smith's  Doctrine  and 
Covenants  (1876),  187-8.  Smith  in  the  beginning  of  the  church  attempted  to 
establish  communism,  each  giving  their  all  to  the  bishop,  and  only  drawing 
out  of  the  office  sufficient  to  live  upon .  This  was  found  to  be  impracticable, 
and  it  was  silently  permitted  to  glide  into  the  payment  of  tithing.  Hyde's 
Mormonism,  37. 

'^  'This  year,  1831,  passed  off  with  a  gradual  increase,  and  considerable 
wealth  was  drawn  in,  so  that  they  began  to  boast  of  a  capital  stock  of  ten  or 


open  and  unfiniH: 
consistec'  of  bto; 
into  coars  >  mr  "vl ' 
pliy,  76.  ^"e  \h 
the  seer  that,  ti^e 


88 


THE  STORY  OF  MOBMONISM. 


9th  Joseph  and  ten  elders  started  down  the  river  in 
sixteen  conoes,  the  leaders  arriving  at  Kirtland 
the  27th,"  aftf^r  having  suffered  hardship  and  mortifi- 
cation through  disaffection  among  the  elder^  Titus 
Billings,  who  had  charge  of  the  church  property  there, 
was  ordered  to  dispose  of  the  lands,  and  prepare  to 
remove  to  Missouri  in  the  following  spring,  together 
with  part  of  the  people,  and  such  money  as  could  be 
raised.  It  was  provided  that  those  wishing  to  buy 
land  in  Zion  could  do  so  by  forwarding  the  purchase- 
money.  The  account  of  the  new  country  written  by 
Sidney  Bigdon  did  not  please  Joseph,  and  he  was  or- 
dered to  write  another;  if  that  should  not  prove  satis- 
factory, he  was  to  be  deprived  of  office.** 

On  the  12th  of  September  Joseph  removed  to  the 
town  of  Hiram,  thirty  miles  away,  and  prepared  to 
begin  again  the  tran  :i*^'  '^  of  the  bible,  with  Bigdon  as 
scribe.     The  farm  ot  .  Morley  was  ordered  sold, 

while  Frederic  G.  Wiliii^  as  should  retain  his,  for  it 
was  desirable  to  keep  a  footing  at  Kirtland  yet  for 


fifteen  thousand  dollars.  Their  common-stock  principles  appear  to  be  some- 
what similar  to  those  of  the  shakers.'  Howe's  Mormonium  Unveiled,  I'iS-O. 

'^  Booth  intimates  that  Smith  and  Rigdon  preferred  living  in  Ohio  to  en- 
during the  hardships  of  Missouri.  '  Before  they  went  to  Missouri  their  lan- 
guage was,  "We  shall  winter  in  Ohio  but  one  winter  more;"  and  when  in 
Missouri,  "It  will  be  many  years  liefore  we  come  here,  for  the  lord  has  a  great 
work  for  us  to  do  in  Ohio.  And  the  great  work  is  to  make  a  thorough  al- 
teration of  the  bible,  and  invent  new  revelations,  and  these  are  to  be  sent  to 
Missouri  in  order  to  be  printed.'  Letter  in  Howe's  Mormonism  Unveiled, 
199. 

'*  'Some  dispute,  of  which  the  nature  is  not  clearly  known,  appears  to  have 
arisen  between  Joseph  and  his  friend  Sidney  Rigdon  before  their  return.  It 
is  probable,  from  the  course  of  subsequent  events,  that  Sidney,  even  at  this 
time,  aspired  to  greater  power  in  the  church  than  suited  tlie  ptx)phct, . . . 
who  saw  fit  to  rebuke  him  by  a  revelation  accusing  him  of  "being  exalted  in 
his  heart,  and  despising  the  counsel  of  the  lord.  They  afterward  became 
reconciled.'"  Smucker'a  Mormons,  75-6,  confirmed  by  Millennial  Star,  v.  149; 
Times  and  Seasons,  v.  407.  From  this  time  till  January  1832,  Joseph  con- 
tinued preaching  in  various  parts  of  the  United  States,  making  converts  with 
great  rapidity.  He  found  it  necessary,  however,  further  to  check  the  pre- 
sumption of  some  new  and  indiscreet  converts  who  also  liad  revelations  from 
the  Lord,  which  they  endeavored  to  palm  oflf  upon  the  public.  Among  others, 
one  W.  E.  McLellau  was  rebuked  for  endeavoring  to  'write  a  commandment 
like  unto  one  of  the  least  of  the  Lord's. '  Mackatfs  Mormons,  67-8.  See  anecdote 
of  'The  Swamp  Angel;'  also  account  of  raising  the  dead  by  Smith,  about  tliis 
time.  Ward's  Mormon  Wife,  10-11,  15-24.  For  text  of  rebuke,  where  tlie 
name  of  the  ofieudcr  is  given  William  E.  M'Lellin,  see  Millennial  Slar,  v.  185- 
6;  Times  and  Seasons,  t.  490. 


PROGRESS  AND  APOSTASY. 
11 VG  yoArs      Til       j. 

and  Sidney  A^Zn^rkt-^T"'  «•  Whitney 
system  of  tithes  should  T  ..fl  r^.  ^%  """tinned.  A 
apostatked,  and  w™te  X^,  ai^'^'l-  .u^^™  B'><"h 
Orson  Hyde,  elerlr  in ViiiT  f  «ga'nst  the  church  "» 

was  \'^pfd:JJi^,'^X^^T^7''"'"y^  ^re, 
told  to  buy  at  CinoinnatTaL^  *•"'"'■     ^''^'ps  was 

and  start  a  monthly  na*/i''i'TP''''^^  and  type 
called  the£^„.„^^J^^'  at  I„&pe„d,„      JPe^ 

Ohver  Cowdery  ,L  ins^S'^f^:'  "'''if''  '^"^  ''<>"«• 
to  Missouri,  and  with  him  JWinfc"''"''*'''''^*''™ 
to  visit    the    several    station,        i"*"'^''' t^e  lat^r 

-terials  for  chu.h  C^Ty-!'- ZtrtV^^t' 

"Booth's  I«tf« „  •'^ 


-.„„.„  uuiuoer,  and  arn  ft.ii  ->*     '  ■"""^W7imn  Vnvei/pif   it-  on.   '    ""  "'ter 


a  tJnng  by  the  commun'"ca^on''i%" ''^  «P«ak8  by  the  sSt  '"  ^^P?'*'*'  «''^'-. 
iiom  the  mouth  of  Vl     t      ,  *^^  the  spirit  itia.v,    -^i   '  ^"^  ^aya  he  knows 

PlausibilitrrnS  appetrst"?-'  'T^"  «VsViTs"L'*^r  -'^^^  •'•-"% 
patron,  ="nd  proffe3h» L  **^^'" ''^  ""PoaW  fom  T*  i'  ^"'^^  ^^^^  force  of 
«'ul  ffraeea  »; ™  „"  *^^  ."^toration  of  th«  iU!™-.  /^V  i""^  •''^  '^'^'^  ^or  its 


I?-'  it  is  now  conclnded  thlftT '  *"  ^«'"'  t^e  «ub ft'  of'^th'^'*'  ^""^  ^« 
Missouri;  for  the  Lord  will  L*!  "^"'"'^  ™"st  be  postS^  „  .-^ir  '"iracles. 
ffenoration.     In  t|T7^„  J^  "  "?*  ^'low  those  sicns  tn  f  i,^    •  ,  ""*^'  they  get  to 

Vork  to  remove  t't^'^Str^l^'^'^  *« ^ ohuJ  he^'s'in 'th  '""f  "^"^^'^-"^ 
should  be  wrought  in  thrsLte  Snt'-  *^«y  ^e«  a^ured  tLf  *.f  ***^  °^  ^^'^ 
thoy  are  settled  in  Mi»l  •  ,  °^  ^^^'o?  but  now  th«;^  ^\*  *''«'8e  mimclea 
jnandment;  and  vet  if f.   "•''i-      'Everything  iJ  th«^.."'"1  ^.^  ^^^^^^d  until 


"lust  vote,  or  thev°wiriT"'  *'"*^ dollars.    For  t 

the  Lord.  •  'Smiti  deLtf*  *'^-^''  '^''«f«ng  agabstThT"'™  *^^  *''«  «'>»«-^h 
..r.A'.V^^^"'^  an  angel  a^  having  X^nl       '^•'"'"'andments  of 
rith  a  hri^i.f  "i."*f  *'^«'  appearance  of  a  tall  «Hm 
upon. lis  head.'    tkI^  ',  "^ 


»""';li'«  coramuiS^ t'Mf?''  •>  their  „„  ,*  |" Sth^  '"'" ,"S"i'j'i-g 


80 


THE  PTORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


Ai 


was  appointed  bishop,  to  receive  and  account  for 
church  funds  collected  by  the  various  elders.  Many 
of  the  elders  who  went  to  Missouri  were  by  this  time 
at  work  in  different  parts  of  the  east  and  the  west.^^ 

On  the  16th  of  February,  1832,  while  Smith  and 
Rigdon  were  translating  the  gospel  of  St  John,  they 
were  favored  by  a  glorious  vision  from  the  Lord,''*  which 
gave  them  great  comfort  and  encouragement.  The 
revelations  about  this  time  were  frequent  and  lengthy, 
their  purport  being  in  great  part  to  direct  the  move- 
ments of  missionaries.  Simonds  Rider  and  Eli,  Ed- 
ward, and  John  Johnson  now  apostatized. 

On  the  night  of  the  25th  of  March,  Smith  and 
Rigdon  were  seized  by  a  mob,  composed  partly  of  the 
Campbellites,  methodists,  and  baptists  of  Hiram, 
twelve  or  fifteen  being  apostate  Mormons.  The  cap- 
tives were  roughly  treated,  and  expected  to  be  killed; 
but  after  they  had  been  stripped,  beaten,  and  well 
covered  with  tar  and  feathers,  they  were  released. 
Smith  preached  and  baptized  as  usual  the  next  day, 
Sunday,  but  Rigdon  was  delirious  for  some  time  after- 
ward.'^    This  broke  up  for  the  present  the  translation 

""Thirty  or  forty  elders  were  sent  off  in  various  directions  in  pursuit  of 
proselytes,  nnti  the  year  passed  off  with  a  gradual  increase.'  Howe's  Mormon- 
tarn  Unveiled,  128-9.  The  men,  after  baptism,  are  elders,  and  are  empowered 
to  perform  the  ceremony  upon  others.  CarvcUho'a  Incidents  of  Travel,  148. 
For  names  of  apostates  at  this  time,  see  Smucker's  Hist.  Mor.,  77.  For  in- 
stances of  young  women  induced  to  unite  with  the  sect  about  this  time,  see 
Ward's  Mormon  Wife,  42-81.  Mackay  erroneously  states  that  the  number 
of  saints  in  Kirtland  at  this  time,  including  women  and  children,  was  but  150. 
The  Mormons,  71-2. 

^'lu  January  it  was  revealed  that  the  work  of  translating  should  be  pro- 
ceeded with  by  Smith  and  Rigdon  until  finished;  and  that  several  of  the 
elders,  among  whom  was  Orson  Hyde,  a  recent  convert,  should  go  forth  in 
various  directions  in  pairs  as  before,  and  preach.  Smith  and  some  of  the 
ciders  attended  a  conference  at  Amherst,  LoraineCo.,  after  returning  from 
which  l)oth  himself  and  Riedon  were  shown  the  devil  in  a  vision,  and  had  the 
revelation  of  St  John  explained  to  them.  In  March  it  was  revealed  that 
steps  should  I>c  taken  to  regulate  and  establish  storehouses  for  the  benefit  of 
the  poor,  both  at  Kirtland  and  at  Zion.  More  missionaries  were  sent  out,  and 
word  was  received  that  the  emigrants  had  safely  reached  Missouri.  Times 
ami  Seasons,  v.  576-7,  592-8,  608-9. 

"Times  and  Seasons,  v.  611-12.  Mackay,  Mormons,  68-71,  erroneously 
dates  the  outrage  Jan.  25th.  One  account  says  aqua-fortis  was  poured  into 
Smitli's  mouth.  Deseret  News,  Aug.  6,  1862.  Smith  says  'they  tried  to  force 
a  vial  into  my  mouth,  and  broke  it  in  my  teeth.'  One  reason  assigned  for 
this  treatment  was  that  they  were  attempting  to  establish  communism  and 


BOOK  OF  DOCTRDm  ATO  COVEXAM^ 

was  aroused  throughout  1L     *•* 'P'"' »f  mobocracv 
even  feared  to  gorKirtkt'l'f  "'""'*'-^-     J»43^ 
Warren,  wher«^he  w^S'hv  w'TP"''  "^^  ""^y  of 
two  proceeded  to  Cincinnltfi^  ^'S^on,  whence  the 
Wheeh-ng,  VWnia,arb Inotiu^'tt""''  ''^  '^"^  °f 
of  the  way.     The  brethren  at  TnTi   ^   f"' "  S""''  Part 
■ty  welcomed  their  leXs  w^^i'^^u'^'"""' ""^ ^/cin- 
ers  there  as  elsewhe^  houri  ™h^'  "l"'  '^«  ""beiiev- 
In  May  the  Stst  edition  of  «.B,^"<"'  violence." 

'«-'-.asorderedprin"t:,nhl''|,,tirn,fc;t 

dishonorable  dealing  *  * 

tl>c  keys  of  the  kinadoSThn!?  i?''*^*'"  ^  ""lead  the  L/Z  •  f  ^^""'^  t'^at  ho 
restored,  a^  he  Sf  uSii'^^ 'if "^^en  from  the  chiird,  *°,*''^  ^"^"^^  t'-at 
g»;«  rise  to  ««atscSS*^X,^  built  him  *  ne^  K  ^  '  r""''^  "''*  '^ 
K'gdon  repented  andTaafA.  •  °"  '^°««Ph  however  «,,T  i  ,  .'"•  "'>«  says, 
fault,  the  ^evil  h^  *T!!  ^"f^'^en-    He  stated  th« f  *"*'*'«<''led  in  sileneine 

:-^?»iAi?«Hr-^^^^^^^^ 


theVwaTwr^oo,LXr^  \^  -7i  rp^rirt:dT!fh*•'''"^  «^«  -^  ^ 

ever  by  Thomaa  WaK  dff  r?'-  ^^•''^'7>oo^  no  date "  -^^  •^''*?*  ^''"'''i. 
principal  divisions  and  Li\i«'l-^'''«''P««rJuno  14  is J'^V^^'^'^'  ''o^' 
foith  delivered  by  S?dne^  pP^f °**l^  ^'"^  first  consist!  of '  ^'"T  «ro  two 
second  is  called  Gqv^S  ^'?''°"  "^'ore  a  class  n?  if  ^  ^''^•'"  lectures  on 

«»  uook  of  the  law  Which  God 


n 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


!i   i^ 


l|i 


lished  in  connection  with  the  Upper  Missiouri  Adver- 
tiser, appeared  the  first  number  of  the  Evening  and 
Morning  Star,  under  the  auspices  of  W.  W.  Phelps, 
whose  printing-press  was  the  only  one  within  a  hun- 
dred and  twenty  miles  of  Independence.  On  the  6th 
of  May  Smith,  Rigdon,  and  Whitney  again  set  out 
on  their  return  to  Kirtland.'"  On  the  way  Whitney 
broke  his  leg.  Smith  was  poisoned,  and  that  so  badly 
that  he  dislocated  his  jaw  in  vomiting,  and  the  hair 
upon  his  head  became  loosened;  Whitney,  however, 
laid  his  hands  on  him,  and  administered  in  the  name 
of  the  Lord,  and  he  was  healed  in  an  instant.'*" 

Some  three  or  four  hundred  saints  being  now  gath- 
ered in  Missouri,  most  of  them  settled  on  their  own 
inheritances  in  this  land  of  Zion,  besides  many  others 
scattered  abroad  throughout  the  land,  who  were  yet  to 
come  hither,  it  was  deemed  best  to  give  the  matter  of 
schools  some  attention.  Parley  P.  Pratt  was  labor- 
ing in  Illinois.  Newel  K.  Whitney  was  directed  in 
September  to  leave  his  business  in  other  hands,  visit 

has  given  this  generation.  Smith  also  published  other  revelations,  which  are 
contained  in  a  uttle  book  called  The  Pearl  ofOreat  Price.'  De  Smet'a  Western 
Missions,  393.  'This  book  abounds  in  grammatical  inaccuracies,  even  to  a 
greater  extent  than  the  book  of  Mormon.'  Maclay's  The  Mormons,  43.  A 
bungling  statement  is  made  by  Mather,  LipjnncoWa  Mag.,  Aug.  1880,  to  the 
eifect  that  in  1835  'Kigdon's  Book  of  Doctrine  and  Covenants  and  his  Lectures 
on  Faith  were  adopted.' 

""  Arrangements  were  early  made  for  the  establishment  of  a  store.  Ferris' 
Utah  and  Mormons,  75.  When  the  printing  press  was  bought — see  Desent 
News,  June  30,  1869— a  supply  of  goods  was  purchased;  and  arrangements 
were  made  at  the  May  council  to  keep  up  the  supply,  which,  with  few  excep- 
tions, were  considered  satisfactory.  On  April  27tn  considerable  business  was 
transacted  'for  the  salvation  of  the  saints  who  were  settling  among  a  fero- 
cious set  of  mobbers,  like  lambs  among  wolves.'  On  the  28th  and  29th  Smith 
visited  the  settlement  above  Big  Blue  River  in  Kaw  township,  12  miles  west 
of  Independence,  including  the  Coles ville  branch,  and  returned  on  the  30th, 
when  it  was  revealed  that  all  minors  should  be  supported  by  their  parents, 
but  after  becoming  of  age  'they  had  claims  upon  the  church,  or  in  other 
words,  the  Lord's  storehouse,'  as  was  also  the  case  with  widows  left  destitute. 
Times  and  Seasons,  v.  625-6. 

*'0nMay6th,  leaving  afiEairs  as  he  supposed  in  a  flourishing  condition. 
Smith  started  for  Kirtland  to  look  after  the  mill,  store,  and  farm  in  tliat 
neighborhood,  but  owing  to  an  accident  which  resulted  in  the  breaking  of 
Whitney's  leg,  Snuth  was  delayed  4  weeks  en  route.  Rigdon,  who  was  also  of 
the  party,  proceeded  through  without  stopping,  and  uie  other  two  arrived 
some  time  in  June.  The  season  was  passed  by  Smith  in  his  work  of  translat- 
ing the  scriptures,  and  in  attending  to  business  affiurs.  Times  and  Seasons, 

v.eao. 


FIRST  PRESroENCY. 


gs 


the  churches,  collect  money,  and  administer  to  the 
wants  of  the  poor.  The  new  translation  of  the  bible 
was  again  taken  up  and  continued  through  the  winter, 
the  new  testament  being  completed  and  sealed  up,  not 
to  be  opened  till  it  reached  Zion.** 

On  January  23, 1833,  the  ceremony  of  washing  feet 
is  instituted  after  John's  gospel.  Each  elder  washes 
his  own  feet  first,  after  which  Joseph  girds  himself 
with  a  towel  and  washes  the  feet  of  them  all.  "Be- 
hold, verily,  thus  saith  the  Lord  unto  you,  in  conse- 
quence of  evils  and  designs,  which  do  and  will  exist 
in  the  hearts  of  conspiring  men  in  the  last  days,  I 
have  warned  you,  and  forewarned  you,  by  giving  unto 
you  this  word  of  wisdom  by  revelation,  that  inasmuch 
as  any  man  drinketh  wine  or  strong  drink  among  you, 
behold  it  is  not  good,  nor  meet  in  the  sight  of  your 
father.  And  again,  tobacco  is  not  for  the  body,  nei- 
ther for  the  belly,  and  it  is  not  good  for  man.  And 
again,  hot  drinks  are  not  for  the  body  or  belly." 


*^  Hardly  had  President  Smith  turned  his  back  npon  Zion,  when  dissensions 
broke  out  among  the  saints  there.  He  corresponded  regnlarly  with  the  Star, 
giving  advice  and  warning,  but  matters  apparently  grew  worse,  for  in  Janu- 
ary 18.33  a  conference  of  twelve  high  priests  was  held  at  Kirtland,  or  Kirt- 
land  Mills,  as  they  now  called  their  settlement,  at  which  Orson  Hyde  and 
Hyrum  Smith  were  appointed  to  write  an  epistle  to  the  brotherhood  of  Zion. 
The  document  was  dated  Jan.  14th,  and  begau:  'From  a  conference  of  12  high 
priests  to  the  bishop,  his  council,  and  the  inhabitants  of  Zion.'  After  pre- 
mising that  Smith  and  certain  others  had  written  on  this  all-important  sub- 
ject, and  that  the  replies  received  had  not  given  satisfactory  assurances  of 
confession  and  repentance,  charges  were  made  that  old  grievances,  supposed 
to  be  settled,  had  been  f^in  brought  up  in  a  censorious  spirit,  and  that  they 
had  accused  Brother  Smith  of  seekmg  after  monarchical  power  and  authority. 
This  complaint  was  made  by  Carroll  in  a  letter  datea  June  2d.  Again, 
Brother  Gilbert,  on  Dec.  10th,  wrote  a  letter  which  contained  'low,  dark,  and 
blind  insinuations,  which  they  declined  to  entertain,  though  tlio  writer's 
claims  and  pretensions  to  holiness  were  great.'  Brother  Phelps,  Dec.  15th, 
wrote  a  letter  betraying  'a  lightness  of  spirit  that  ill  becomes  a  man  placed 
in  the  important  and  responsible  station  that  he  is  placed  in.'  To  a  request 
that  Smitn  should  come  to  Zion,  made  by  Phelps  in  a  previous  letter,  it  was 
answered  that 'Brother  Smith  will  not  settle  m  Zion  until  she  repent  and 
purify  herself. .  .and  remember  the  commandments  that  have  been  given  her 
to  do  them  as  well  as  say  them.'  Finally,  it  was  threatened  that  unless  these 
disturbances  should  cease,  they  should  all  be  cutoff,  and  the  Lord  would  seek 
another  place.  Brother  Ziba  Peterson  was  delivered  'over  to  the  buffetings 
of  Satan,  in  the  name  of  the  Lord,  that  he  may  learn  not  to  tnuiagress  the  com* 
mandments  of  Qod.'   Timet  atui  Secuons,  v.  801. 


94 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


ill 


The  first  presidency  is  organized  on  the  8th  of  March, 
Sidney  Rigdon  and  Frederick  G.  Williams  being 
Smith's  councillors.  Money  flows  in,  and  a  council 
of  high  priests,  March  23d,  orders  the  purchasing  for 
$11,100  of  three  farms  at  Kirtland,  upon  which  the 
saints  may  build  a  stake,  or  support,  in  Zion,*  and  the 
foundations  of  the  temple  are  laid,  for  here  they  will 
remain  for  five  years  and  make  money  until  the  west- 
ern Zion  shall  be  made  ready  and  a  temple  built 
there  also.  On  the  land  is  a  valuable  quarry  of  stone, 
and  good  clay  for  bricks;  they  also  buy  a  tannery. 
In  April  the  school  of  the  prophets  closes,  to  reopen  in 
the  autumn.  Shederlaomach  is  made  by  revelation  a 
member  of  the  united  firm.  It  is  not  the  will  of  the 
Lord  to  print  any  of  the  new  translation  in  the  Star;  but 
when  it  is  published,  it  will  all  go  to  the  world  together, 
in  a  volume  by  itself,  and  the  new  testament  and  the 
book  of  Mormon  will  be  printed  together.  Those 
preparing  to  go  to  Zion  should  organize. 

Commandment  comes  to  lay  at  Kirtland  the  foun- 
dation of  the  city  of  the  stake  in  Zion,  with  a  house 
of  the  Lord,  a  school-house  for  the  instruction  of 
elders,  a  house  for  the  presidency,  a  house  of  wor- 
ship and  for  the  school  of  the  prophets,  an  endow- 
ment house  with  a  room  for  the  school  of  apostles, 
and  a  house  in  which  to  print  the  translation  of  the 
scriptures.    A  church  is  established  in  Medina  county, 

"  'The  church  that  was  to  be  established  in  Jackson  connty  was  called  Zion, 
the  centre  of  catherin^,  and  those  established  by  revelation  in  other  places 
were  called  staSkes  of  Zion,  or  stakes;  hence  the  stake  at  Kirtland,  the  stake  at 
For  West,  etc.  Each  stake  was  to  have  a  presidency,  consisting  of  three  high 
priests,  chosen  and  set  apart  for  that  purpose,  whose  jurisdiction  was  confined 
to  the  limits  of  the  stake  over  which  tney  took  the  watch  care.'  Kidder's 
Alormonism,  121-2.  A  stake  of  Zion  is  an  organization  comprising  a  presi- 
dency, high  priests,  and  its  council  of  12  high  priests.  The  latter  is  a  tribu- 
nal for  the  trial  of  brethren.  It  is  a  court  of  appeal  from  the  bishops,  and 
has  also  jurisdiction  in  spiritual  matters.  Richards'  Narrative,  MS.,  55. 
For  origin  of  name,  see  Doctrine  and  Convenanta  (1876),  263.  'The  next 
year,  1833,  commenced  with  something  like  a  change  of  operations.  In- 
stead of  selling  their  possessions  in  Ohio,  they  aeain  began  to  bnv  up  im- 
proved land,  mills,  ana  water  privileges.  It  would  seem  that  the  Missouri 
country  began  to  look  rather  dreary  to  the  prophet  and  his  head  men,  sup- 
posing that  they  could  not  enjoy  their  power  there  as  well  as  in  Ohio.*  Howe's 
Mormoniam  Unveikd,  130. 


ifc 


TEMPLES  PLANNED. 

council  o^high  priest  *"  ^"^  ^^""^  the  bishra 
l-ke  conduct  with'^tie  fc  J.  *  f '""•g«  "^  ""christian! 
on  confession  is  pardoned  »       ''' '"''  «>''d<'«">ed.  but 

MirutL''S,:^TC3:tl''r  '^P,  of  ^ion,  in 
idencjr  of  the  hish  anH  m^  !  u  ,  '®  ^^^^  ^or  the  nrea 
o-^ome,cbis^^-r^r^P--oo^^^^^ 

norld  To  which  art  Zed  t^'^'^'^  «'«'*» "^AfeCaT^r?'  ?'"'«/«« 
;'«r/  of  the  said  bible  w^lriCT'^''  '>  '*«  T'roK/w  /aW  *^'"-''  "As 
year*  ago,  and  by  himZt^^lT,  H  ""^  '^"^'"""w^wS        '  '^  Awtorieai 

pages.     Painesvili;  bs  t .S  ^1"^  ^^^^'^hedby  tUA^^tlT^T*'    ^V  ^-  ^. 

quorum  of  the  twel^  .^  /i  ^^^"  »*»"*  that  tim«^o    t'*?'''  *hen  the 

«mth'8  famous  SS  orfS  ""^  ^''^"^y  ^Un  w^'dTl?^"?''  *'i«  fi"^* 
«a«A»,  already  noticed     H^       ,  '  subsequently  nWn VpH  i^  delivering  Joseph 

Ha«  dedicate!    Satex^t^'^' "'^^'^^yaft/rCdf^th^^^^ 

religion,  and  the  book  wm^^<?  i*P'*?^''"«*lthrou«hou^^^^^^ 

and  promptly  and^^w^f  ^'aely  circulated      T?  .?         **  section  regarding 

and  while  not  vehemenTin  ,S  V^"'  ^loctrines.     The  lor^^ "  "°  """""'  ^'•- 
of  evidence  to  Drovr!,!.      ^^  "Jenunciations  it  hr?.?„^  *  "  well  written- 
stition  to  whiKn,^''°'?y''>  'th«  depths  of  folIvT'^T'''"'''' large  masa 
culty  of  prwuriL  rr  ?"^*"™  «^  be  Sed  f°"^L  V^a«on.  and^sujer 
impositio^n  wSVsfS'/?V^.*'>«  ^Se  tV„th   ,     s'lT  that  'thed'iffi. 
generally  under  a  l^JS  tw'^ift'^  .been  so  studious  ?  l^lT  ^  *  '•«"«ious 
closures  of  what  itTvoLriel,*  £'?  ^''^S^^^^  of  God  woS 'f",r'^*'^' "^"^ 
The  author  begins ^fKo         ^ad  seen  or  heard   will  iT       I,  ""*■  any  tlis- 
turned  greatlfwar!?     •*°'"®  *'^''«"nt  of  thrimirV  ^J^^'^Y  discovered  • 
'had  belme^eiT^iffV^'ngPossessionof  W^^^^  Their  thoughts 

divining  rod.aiSi^iite'*''^  «'  "«°romtcy'S!^-  S°»"«  Jos^eph 
means  he  soon  colIec<»^  L".*°.  .^^'  they  termeJ'i  *^*^  "*f'  *''«  "so  of  the 
perform  the  laK?^^ ''V*  b™  a  gang  of  iX     ^/t^P-s^one,  by  which 

places  in  that  vkLiA*!e^^^  '^"^'^^^^^AZt^'  ^r"?  •"«"  ^ 
"3,  and  Whitm«r  a7  «  search  of  gold. '     a  f *"  ™0"ntains,  and  other  lonVlv 

63  pages  a^^oteWtWs  ^^T  ^^"'"e^WyrtTe^'^.T  ^-f-^  S 
three  and  the  eir»I.f  »•*    ""'  *"d  to  observatinn..     *"?.  «olden  bib  e.     Some 
e«^Ily  with  effect.  fiT'*"*''^'-     SaroasnVSThi  "^  °°  **>«  credibility  of  th^ 
inaccViermSinnt  t^f^*'°"  '«  r^^d  to  conSrP'"^'"^'  ^^^^n 
sacred  book.   Menffi^nStT^i'  ^^^^^^^he  brtTe^ThJ  k^'  ""^  ^"*«"'^I 
was  not  accidentel  fo  L^*i  T^''  «f  ^'^tfs  conveSinn  ^k'\°V°'"  *">/  other 
^}t«s.     Thus  tSriine  If  *^  ^^  ."°  *°count  of  «S'ev.I^.'f.'^'  be  intimates, 
publication  of  hKk  aLtf°*'>/°"°'^ed  by  Mr  Hoi^^''lt°  *?  "'«  ^^m' 
to  disnrove  the  sSments^t  t°?  *»'  ^'''''b  areyven  letter^*„*V.*™«  "^  ^be 


!!■  i 


M  THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 

for  the  use  of  the  bishop;  the  holy  evangelical  house, 
for  the  high  priesthood  of  the  holy  order  of  God; 
house  of  the  Lord  for  the  elders  of  Zion ;  house  of  the 
Lord  for  the  presidency  of  the  high  priesthood ;  house 
of  the  Lord  for  the  high  priesthood  after  the  order  of 
Aaron;  house  of  the  Lord  for  the  teachers  in  Zion; 
house  of  the  Lord  for  the  deacons  in  Zion ;  and  others. 
There  are  also  to  be  farms,  barns,  and  dwellings.  The 
ground  secured  for  the  purpose  is  a  mile  square,  and 
will  accommodate  fifteen  or  twenty  thousand  people 


ai 


Affairs  in  Missouri  were  very  prosperous.  "  Immi- 
gration had  poured  into  the  county  of  Jackson  in  great 
numbers,"  says   Parley   P.  Pratt,  "and  the  church 

*'  A  plan  and  specifications  for  the  new  city  of  Zion  were  sent  out  from 
Kirtland.  The  plot  was  one  mile  square,  drawn  to  a  scale  of  QUO  feet  to  one 
inch.  Each  square  was  to  contain  ten  acres,  or  660  feet  fronts.  Lots  were 
to  be  laid  out  alternately  in  the  squares;  in  one,  fronting  north  or  south;  in 
the  next  east  or  west;  each  lot  cxtendiug  to  the  centre  line  of  its  square,  with 
a  frontage  of  66  feet  and  a  depth  of  330  feet,  or  half  an  acre.  By  this  ar- 
rangement in  one  square  the  houses  would  stand  on  one  street,  aud  in  the 
square  opposite  on  another  street.  Through  the  middle  of  the  plot  rau  a 
range  of  blocks  660  feet  by  99C  feet  set  apart  for  the  public  buildings,  and 
in  these  the  lots  were  all  laid  off  north  and  south,  the  greatest  length  of  the 
blocks  being  from  east  to  west:  thus  makins  all  the  lots  equal  in  size.  The 
whole  plot  was  supposed  to  be  sufficient  for  the  accommodation  of  from  15,000 
to  20,000  people.  All  stables,  bams,  etc.,  were  to  bo  built  north  or  south  of 
the  plot,  none  being  permitted  in  the  city  among  the  houses.  Sufficient  ad- 
jjining  ground  on  all  sides  was  to  be  reserved  for  supplying  the  city  witli 
vegetables,  etc.  All  streets  wore  to  be  132  feet  (8  perches)  wide,  and  a  like 
width  was  to  be  laid  off  between  the  temple  and  its  surrounding  streets.  But 
one  house  was  to  be  built  on  a  lot,  and  that  must  front  on  a  line  25  feet  from 
tlie  street,  the  space  in  front  to  be  set  out  with  trees,  shrubs,  etc.,  according 
to  the  builder's  taste.  All  houses  to  be  of  either  brick  or  stone.  The  house 
of  the  Lord  for  the  presidency  was  to  be  61  feet  by  87  feet,  10  feet  of  the  length 
for  a  stairway.  The  interior  was  so  arranged  as  to  permit  its  division  into  4 
parts  by  curtains.  At  the  east  and  west  ends  were  to  be  pulpits  arranged  for 
the  several  grades  of  president  and  council,  bishop  and  council,  high  priests 
ond  elders,  at  the  west;  and  the  lesser  priesthood,  comprising  presid'X'cy, 
priests,  teachers,  and  deacons,  at  the  east.  Provision  was  also  made  to  seat 
visiting  officers  according  to  their  grades.  The  pews  were  fitted  with  sliding 
seats,  BO  that  the  audience  could  face  either  pulpit  as  required.  There  was 
to  bo  no  gallery,  but  the  honse  was  to  be  divided  into  2  stories  of  14  feet  each. 
A  bell  of  very  large  size  was  also  ordered.  Finally,  on  each  public  building 
must  be  written.  Holiness  to  the  Lord.  When  this  plot  was  settled,  another 
was  to  be  laid  out,  and  so  on.  Times  and  Seasons,  vi.  785-7,  800.  Zion  City 
— its  prototype  in  Enoch's  City.  Young's  History  of  the  Seventies,  9-15,  no. 
10,  in  Mormon  Pamphlets.  It  was  revealed  to  Smith  that  the  waters  of 
the  gulf  of  Mexico  covered  the  site  of  a  prehistoric  city,  built  by  and  named 
for  Enoch;  and  that  it  was  translated  because  its  inhabitants  had  become  so 
far  advanced  that  further  earthly  residence  was  unnecessary.  Zion,  Smith')* 
ideal  city,  was  finally  to  reach  a  like  state  of  perfection. 


ical  house, 
r  of  God; 
•use  of  the 
»od;  house 
e  order  of 
3  in  Zion; 
ud  others. 
»gs.  The 
|uare,  and 
I  peopl 


ENUROED  PRETENSIONS. 


97 


31 


e. 


"Imnii- 
n  in  great 

0  church 

lent  out  from 
iO  feet  to  one 
.  Lota  were 
or  south;  in 
square,  with 
By  til  is  ar- 
t,  and  in  the 
e  plot  ran  a 
lildings,  and 
ingth  of  the 
n  size.  The 
from  15,000 

1  or  south  of 
ufficiiint  ad- 

le  city  with 
>)  and  a  like 
itreets.  But 
25  feet  from 
.,  according 

The  house 
f  the  length 
ision  into  4 
.rranged  for 
ligh  priests 
presidri"cy, 
ado  to  seat 
^'ith  sliding 

There  was 
t  feet  each. 
ic  building 
id,  another 

Zion  City 
',  &-13,  no. 
!  waters  of 
md  named 
become  so 
n,  Smith's 


in  that  count V  nnvir  .       i  ' 

sand  sonJs      S         .  ""moored  unward  nP 

ol,bore,  or  murderers-  fct    *  ^'""l  *'<"•«  ""  tliievo, 
'"Worship  God  wiTh  a  reXf  "".  ""^'^^  »"  ««.  ,S 

""-■dianics,  and  were  n,T  •1/"™^''*'  tradesmen  anH 

■»-pn^o„t  of  S  seeUf  J^  shrewdness  i,'  t^^ 

Jsut  a     this  mnc,^   '^'^cumr  affairs.  ""^ 

JHals.  "    Moreover  tl,^Z  ■         ,  '  ^^^  wore  powerful 
■'."I'^eet;    they  ZVe  til?  i^™'''  "'at  tCylt^ 

'^■^^f°^'°Oraphy,  103. 


THE  STORY  OP  MORMONISMl 


f    ^1 


i 


.-;  >: 


i  ■• 


And  the  genhries  did  tromble,  as  they  saw  so  rapidly 
increasing  their  unwelcome  neighbors,  whose  compact 
organization  gave  them  a  strength  disproportionate 
to  their  numbers.  Siuce  there  was  no  law  to  stop  their 
coming,  they  determined  to  face  the  issue  without  law.^ 

In  April  the  people  held  consultations  as  to  the 
best  way  of  disposing  of  the  Mormons;  and  again 
about  the  middle  of  July  three  h.indred  persons  met 
at  Independence  to  form  a  plan  for  driving  them  out. 
A  declaration,  in  substance  as  follows,  was  drawn  up 
and  signed  by  nearly  all  present.  The  citizens  of  Jack- 
son county  fear  the  effect  upon  society  of  a  pretendotl 
religious  sect,  fanatics  or  knaves,  settling  among  them, 
and  mean  to  get  rid  of  them  at  any  hazard,  and  for 
the  following  reasons:  They  blasphemously  pretend 
to  personal  intercourse  with  the  deity,  to  revelations, 
miracles,  healing  the  sick,  casting  out  devils,  and  other 
delusions;  they  are  the  dregs  of  society,  held  together 
by  the  acts  of  designing  leaders,  and  are  idle  anil 
vicious.  They  are  poor.  They  tamper  with  the 
slaves  and  free  negroes.  They  declare  the  Indian  re- 
gion to  be  theirj  by  heavenly  inheritance. 

In  answer.  Parley  P.  Pratt  asks  if  their  supernatural 
pretensions  are  more  extravagant  than  those  of  the 
old  and  new  testament;  if  it  is  anvwhere  written 
that  there  shall  be  no  more  spiritual  manifestations  as 
of  old ;  does  the  word  of  God  or  the  law  of  man  maki- 
poverty  a  crime?  and  have  they  not  paid  for  all  the  land 
they  occupy?  They  are  no  more  dregs  than  thoir 
neighbors,  and  the  charge  of  fraternizing  with  the 
blacks  is  not  true ;  neither  is  that  of  vice  or  crime,  as 


IS-' 

i 


■ccular  power  into  their  hands,  everything  will  be  performed  by  immcdiaU 
revelations  from  Qod.  We  shall  then  ha%'c  Pope  Joaeph  the  First  and  Uii 
hiorarchy.'  lioioe'a  Mormonum  UnvtUed,  145. 

"  'So  early  as  April  18;12,  the  saints  were  nwde  to  feel  themoelve.^  nnwil- 
come  sojourners  in  Jackson  co.  Stones  and  brickbats  wc!«  thrown  iihr<ni;;h 
the  windows  of  their  houses,  and  they  were  otherwise  annoyetl  ami  iusultt  I. 
Meetings  were  held  during  tliat  year  and  the  early  part  of  \K\A,  at  wliah 
resolutions  were  bometimes  passed,  and  sooietimea  the  aaaenibly  inJuigi'<l  in 
a  tiglit  amon^  its  membe.'s;  but  nothing  more  serious  resultetL  Suiiiiiu 
house!- ,  however,  was  resumed  in  the  early  summer  of  the  Uat-meutioned  yuur. 
Times  and  Seaaona,  i.  17;  vi.  Hoi. 


PERSECUTIONS. 


iipact 
onate 
I  their 

o  tho 
again 
IS  mot 
Lu  out. 
wn  up 
t*  Jack- 
tcndod 
r  them, 
ind  for 
pretend 
lations, 
d  other 
ogether 
tUe  and 
ith   tho 
dian  re- 

rnatural 
of  tho 
written 
itions  as 
in  maki! 
the  land 
m  their 
rith  the 
Irime,  as 

liven  nnwt'l- 
\Kn  ^  !»■*>"'?;'* 
ii.l  iusulti'l. 
b,  at  wliKh 

boned  >  wf- 


the  county  records  will  show.  In  regard  to  the  lands 
of  tho  Indians,  no  violence  or  injustice  is  contemplated ; 
and  if  it  were,  what  record  of  robbery,  murder,  and 
treacherous  betrayal  could  excel  that  already  made 
by  the  people  of  Missouri  and  others  in  the  United 
States  for  our  example?** 

On  the  20th  the  people  again  met  according  to  ap- 
pointment. The  old  charges  were  reiterated,  and  the 
old  resolutions  renewed,  with  some  additions.**  To 
put  thera   into  action  the  men  of  Jackson  county 

'^  Peraeaition  of  the  Saints,  21-8.  Mackay,  The  Mormona,  72-4,  says  'tho 
manner  iu  whicli  the  Mormons  behaved  in  their  Zion  was  not  calculated  to 
make  friends.  The  superiority  they  assumed  gave  offense,  and  tho  rumors 
that  were  spread  by  some  false  friends,  wIjo  had  been  turned  out  of  tho 
cliurcli  for  misconduct,  excite<l  against  them  an  intense  feeling  of  alarm  and 
hatred.  They  were  accused  of  communism,  and  not  simply  a  community  of 
gooils  and  chattels,  but  of  wives. .  .Joined  to  the  odium  unjustly  cost  upon 
tlietn  for  these  reasons,  they  talked  so  imprudently  of  their  determination  to 
possess  the  whole  state  of  jilissouri,  and  to  suffer  no  one  to  live  in  it  who 
would  not  conforwi  to  their  faith,  that  a  party  was  secretly  formed  against 
them,  of  which  the  object  was  nothing  loss  t'.ian  their  total  and  immediate 
expulsion  from  their  promised  Zion...  The  anti-Monron  press  contained  at 
tlic  same  time  an  article  entitled  "Beware  of  false  prophets,"  written  by  a 
pci-sun  whom  Joseph  called  a  black  rod  in  the  hand  of  Satan.  Tiiis  articlo 
was  distributed  from  house  to  house  in  Independence  and  its  neighbor- 
hood, and  contained  many  false  charges  against  Smith  and  his  associates, 
roitcnating  the  calumny  about  the  community  of  goods  and  wives. '  Sniitli 
calls  this  man  'one  Pixley,'  and  says  he  was  sent  by  tho  missionary  society, 
ti)  civilize  and  christianize  the  heathen  of  the  we  it,  and  that  he  was  not  only 
aiilack  rwl,  but  'a  poisoned  shaft  in  the  power  of  our  foes,  to  spread  lies 
niul  falsehoods '...  It  is  also  probable  that  tho  mor'  indolent  Missouriau!) 
ga/od  with  jealous  eyes  as  tho  new-comers  exhibited  that  agricultural  thrift 
which  has  always  characterized  them  as  a  people,  fur  wc  find  tho  twelve  high 
piiiats,  through  Hyde  and  Hymm  Smith,  reprimanding  Brother  Phelps  .is 
follows:  "If  you  have  fat  beef  an<l  potatoes,  eat  them  in  singleness  of  heart, 
and  boast  not  yourselves  in  these  things. " '  Timen  and  Sifoxon.*,  v.  721 ;  vi.  81 G. 
'  It  was  conjectured  by  the  inhabitants  of  Jackson  county  that  tho  Momionitca 
us  a  body  arc  wealthy,  and  many  of  them  entertain  fears  that  next  Dcccm- 
bor,  when  tho  list  of  land  is  exposed  for  sale,  they  will  outbid  others,  (ui«l 
establish  themselves  as  the  most  powerful  body  iu  the  county.'  Booth,  in 
Jl()irf'»  Mormonitm  Unveilfd,  195. 

'* It  was  further  declared:  '  Ist,  That  no  Mormon  shall  in  future  movo 
and  settle  in  this  county.  2d,  That  those  now  here,  who  shall  give  a  deli- 
nitu  pledge  of  their  intention,  within  a  rcasonablo  time,  to  remove  out  of  tho 
county,  shall  bo  allowed  to  remain  unmolested  until  they  shall  hnvo  sullicicnt 
time  to  sell  their  property  and  close  their  business  without  any  sncriMui!. 
3il,  That  the  editor  of  tho  Star  bo  required  forthwith  to  close  his  otfico,  ami 
(li.scontinuo  the  business  of  printing  in  this  county;  and  as  io  all  other  stores 
and  shops  belonging  to  the  sect,  their  owners  must  in  every  case  comply  with 
the  terms  strictly,  a^:ecably  to  tho  2d  article  of  this  declaration;  and  upon 
fuilure,  pn>mpt  and  efficient  measures  will  1m  taken  to  close  ti:o  same.  4th, 
That  the  Mormon  leaders  here  are  reqnirctl  to  use  their  influence  in  prevent- 
ing any  further  emigration  of  their  distant  brethren  to  this  county,  and 


100 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMOXISM. 


sallied  forth  for  the  office  of  the  Star,^  and  de- 
manded that  the  publication  be  discontinued.  Com- 
pliance being  refused,  Phelps*  house,  containing  the 
printing-office,  was  torn  down,  raaterials  and  paper 
destroyed,^  and  Bishop  Partridge  and  Elder  Alien 
were  tarred  and  feathered.**  Meanwhile,  clergymen 
of  other  denominations,  and  officers  of  the  state  and 
county,  looked  on,  saying,  "Mormons  arc  the  common 
enemies  of  mankind,  and  ought  to  be  destroyed,"  and 
"You  now  know  what  our  Jackson  boys  can  do,  and 
yoxi  must  leave  the  country."*" 

Again  the  mob  appeared  on  the  morning  of  the  23cl, 
bearing  a  red  flag,  and  demanding  the  departure  of 
the  Mormons.  Seeing  no  way  of  escape,  the  elders 
entered  into  treaty  with  the  assailants,  and  promised 
to  leave  the  county  within  a  certain  time."     Cowdory 


r 


■b 

iill 


counsel  and  advise  their  brethren  to  comply  with  the  above  requisitions. 
6tli,  That  those  who  fail  to  comply  with  the  aLovc  requisitions  be  refcrriil 
to  those  of  their  brethren  who  have  the  gift  of  tongues,  lo  inform  tliem  of  tliu 
lot  tliat  awaits  them.'  Howf^n  Mormonism  Uiveiled,  141. 

''  'Six  of  the  principal  elders  met  the  mob's  committee.  The  latter  de- 
manded tliat  the  printiug-otlice,  the  sliops,  and  the  store,  be  closed  fortli- 
witli,  and  that  tlio  society  leave  the  county  immediately.  Tlie  elders  asko  1 
for  tlircc  months'  delay,  whicli  was  refused;  tlien  for  ten  days,  wiiich  was  also 
rt!fuscd;  ll'c  latter  refusal  being  accompanied  with  a  notitication  that  litU'iii 
minutes  was  tho  longest  time  that  could  Ix)  granted.  Eacli  elder  liaving  il.- 
clincd  to  accede  to  the  terms,  one  of  the  mob  remarked  on  leaving  that  Im 
wua  sorry,  for,  said  lie,  "tlic  work  of  destruction  will  commence  immciliati- 
ly."'  Times  and  ScaHoiiA,  i.  18.  Phelps,  the  editor.  Partridge,  the  bisliop. 
and  Gilbert,  tlio  store-keeper,  arc  mcntioued.  SmuvLcr'n  IfUt.  Mor.,  89. 

''  'In  a  short  time  time  liundrcds  of  tlio  mob  gatiuTcd  around  the  print- 
iiig-oflico  (a  two-story  brick  building),  which  tlicy  soon  tlirew  down,  'i'lm 
prcsH  was  thrown  from  tho  upp'jr  story,  and  all  tlie  books,  stock,  and  n>ateii,:l 
scattered  through  the  streets.  After  destroying  tho  printing  house,  tiny 
proceeded  to  Gilbert  and  Whitney's  store  for  tli«!  same  purpose,  but  (iill"  :t 
agreeing  to  shut  it,  ami  bo.K  the  goods  soon,  they  concluded  to  let  it  aldi.  ' 
Timfx  ami  Seasons,  i.  18;  Pratt's  PcrsecuUon  of  the  Saints,  29. 

"*  'A  rkumber  more  were  taken,  but  succeeded  in  escaping  tlirougli  tlio  ovd  ■ 
anxiety  of  their  keepers,  who  crowded  forward  to  enj'jy  the  sport.'  Tiimt  mil 
Seasons,  i.  13.  Phelps  tho  editor  was  (me.  Smucker's  Hist.  Mor.,  89.  i'ar- 
tridge  says  tlic  mob  was  led  by  George  Simpson.  Times  and  i'c(MO)i>,  \,. 
819. 

*"  Spoken  by  Lilburn  W.  Boggs,  lieutenant  governor,  a  man  who  theiicf- 
forward  appears  to  have  persocutcil  the  Monm^n  with  unrelenting  liostility. 
lie  'was  in  the  immediate  neigId)orlux)d  of  tlic  riot,  but  declined  to  take  iiny 
p.irt  in  preserving  the  peace.'  Smacker's  Hist.  Mor.,  89-90;  Timea  aial  ^ut- 
MOHs,  vi.  819. 

*'  Six  persons  signed  tho  agreement  that  one  half  of  the  Mormons  kIhmiM 
leave  in  Jaiuiary  and  one  half  iu  April  1834,  tiie  publication  of  tlie  p.ipiT 
to  be  discontinued.    Mackn/s  The  Mormons,  70;  Prad^s  I'ers'cution,  .'50. 


ME  COUNTEY  IJ,  AEM8. 

Mas  despatched  to  Kirtln..,!  t„  ,  "" 

I'cst  to  l,e  done.     MeaSl     •"°"'"  ?  "'  '"  "I-"!  was 

»"un.  ..Two  .years  ago"  ^M  fZ^"^ "*  ^''^'««'^-  Mis- 
'"■  three  of  tli'is  peopfe  mXv^n-  J""""''  "«<»"«  '"o 
"I'per  Missouri,  and  the,?  „  "PPearancc  on  the 

-undred  souls  'in  "this'lrtT  ""  T^  TT  *>-'™ 
1"'"'  as  theirs  to  inherit,  by  e"th'er  f  •  °^  '"""^  "'  "'« 
""d  when  the  officers  of  JawTn  I  ""'^"^  '"■  f""': 

Jf^uon,  we  must  go.     "Ch,"  „f ^'?™''""'"'"  «''""  (■« 
"  I'J    l.en.,  in  order  to  dnVe  u,  to   ''  •'"'"'■'  '•"^^'''-''--d 
'l»>ot  invitation  to  the  free  hr,  tl     "'"T"^''-  is  an  in- 
■-.»  to  come  up  like  the  rest  tfT"  "!  "f"'  "'  I'"- 
I'uo,  they  deny  this,  but   that   i.    '    ?"''  f  ^'""■" 
hu  It  IS  reso  ved  tliat  no  .L      >t  ^   ""'>'  subtorfu.re 
•"'tiod  to  come;    |1  ?h"      ■  '^^"""""»  ^''"'l  ^  I  Sr 
.o-onable   ti,ne    tnd   t  aTthe'V'  ■«"•*'"'"'» 
»1"^.  be  declared  confiscated  "''  l"-"""'ff-"ffiee 

fMrrSirjxtiretfr^f'^-'^' ^""''■- 

^■.•»;  .vere  continued  much    I,      "'  "'"  ,""«*'"•  >»"t- 

"•"U.rea  were  instructed  bVTh,^r    I?""'  '"">•■     5''>« 
wtc,  but  to  bear  ill  «•;«     "^,""-'r  elders  not  to  retil 

'•;Wtl.  a  letter  came  from  Tkf"'"^  "■"■  P'^'ionce.  At 
"'  ''is  protection,  and  adv  h.^T™":'  '"^"""sr  "'". 
'■""rts  for  damages.  The  XL  'l'"  ,'"  '■""'^'  '"  ""> 
"";o  sliould  lerve  Indenen  '^  ''^'•''''  "''''^■'•"■J  "'at 
i'^'-l  s'fe-neu  an  agreen  ent  o  tK  'r'"  "'"»''  «'I,o 
.yow  were  enga.»ed  for  on„  Vl       '  'i''"'-''-     Four  law- 

!'-  .'.atter  tnLt^  courts      v""     ''""'""  '" '^^'y 
'""'""  tl.an  the  whole  countrv  -       '"'""■''"  "■■'"'  this 
:,;"•  ui,«n  the  Mormons     On  T  "'  f""  "'"'  """'« 
•f  1'.  3Ist,  and  November  1st     '"."'r'""  '"'  "='"''<•'• 
■  a.M.hes  of  the  church  west  of  T?     n. '"""  ""'"^'-''J 
l"-"'r'o  unroofed  the  hoZ=       .  ,'  ^'"^■'  ""d  at  tho 
"'■«t  simultaneously  att^L"'"'  ■"•'■■"  "'«  ■"«>■     A  - 
{'"'"ts.     Stones    flofvfeelyi„"T /"="'",  "'   ""»■■• 
...uses  were  destroyed  and   to  ^•"''^■|'f  "!<•■'"=«.   and 


108 


THE  STORY  OP  MORMONISM. 


I  if  ' 


i 


m 


ri-  s '' ''' 


:■.;! 


tered  in  the  streets.  On  November  2d  thirty  saints 
retired  with  their  famiHes  and  effects  to  a  point  half  a 
mile  from  town.  Next  dav  four  of  the  brethren  went  to 
Lexington  for  a  peace  warrant,  but  the  circuit  judge 
refused  to  issue  one  through  fear  of  the  mob.  "You 
had  better  fight  it  out  and  kill  the  outlaws  if  they 
come  upon  you,"  said  the  judge."  The  saints  then 
armed,  and  on  the  4th  there  was  a  fight,  in  which  two 
gentiles  and  one  Mormon  were  killed,  and  several  on 
both  sides  wounded.  One  of  the  store-breakers  was 
brought  before  the  court,  and  during  the  trial  the 
populace  became  so  furious  that  Gilbert,  Morley,  and 
Corrill  were  thrust  into  jail  for  protection.  The  morn- 
ing of  the  5th  broke  with  signs  of  yet  more  bloody 
determination  on  both  sides.  The  militia  were  called 
out  to  preserve  the  peace,  but  this  only  made  matters 
worse.  The  lieutenant-governor,  Boggs,  pretending 
friendship,  got  possession  of  the  Mormons'  arms,  and 
seized  a  number  to  be  tried  for  murder.**  Further 
and  yet  more  violent  attacks  were  made;  hope  was 
abandoned;  the  now  defenceless  saints  wore  forced  to 
fly  in  every  direction,  some  out  into  the  open  prairio, 
some  up  and  some  down  the  river.  "  The  struggle 
was  over,"  writes  Pratt,  "our  liberties  were  gone! " 
On  the  7th  both  banks  were  lined  with  men,  women, 
and  children,  with  wagons,  provisions,  and  persoiuil 
effects.  Cold  weather  came  on  with  wind  and  rain, 
to  which  most  of  the  fugitives  wore  exposed,  few  of 
them  having  tents.  Some  took  refuge  in  Clay  county, 
some  in  Lafayette  county,  and  elsewhere.** 

Throughout    all    these    trying    scenes,    Governor 


"  Prate  a  Autobiography,  105;  Mackai/n  The  Mormons,  77-8;  Pratd 
Persecution,  31-0. 

"Ill  o,  memorial  to  the  legislature  of  Missouri,  "lated  Far  Wost,  Dec.  10, 
1838,  and  signed  by  nine  prominent  Mormons,  is  tills  statement:  'A  batllo 
took  place  in  wliicli  some  two  or  three  of  the  mob  and  one  <»f  our  people  \\i  td 
kiUe(l.  Tliia  raised,  us  it  were,  the  whole  county  in  .inns,  and  nothing  cmiM 
satisfy  them  but  an  iininc<liute  surrender  of  the  anna  of  our  {.cople,  iiud  they 
furtliwith  had  to  leave  tiie  county.  Fifty-one  guna  were  given  up,  wliii  li 
have  never  been  returned  or  paid  for  to  tiiis  day.' 

**  'About  l.-'iOO  people  wen;  expelled  from  Jackson  co.  in  Nov.  18.3:1.  ami 
about  300  of  their  houacs  burned.'  lieu.  A.  Smith,  in  Deservt  Xeica,  Jum'  30, 


77-8;    Pratt'i 


ATTITUDE  OP  OFFICIALS 

attornoy-genei-a),  ivmte  tn  ,,         '  """""'ants.     wWl 

he  2'»t,  Win,' 'that  r/thev'^rrf/'"  "■«  ^'"^  ek; 

".usee  m  JaclSon  count    th"''  '"'•«?'»'">  their 
fen,  an  adequate  foree  i„!     /,f ''™'"-  "-""'J  »end 

homsclves   ilto  eompames   1 '    «  ''i  ."""''^  '"•^"'""o 
w.th  arms.    Applicatfon  "^  L""^'^   ""PPV  then. 
IS  a  disgrace   to  tlio   «f,.   "       .''  accordingly.     "Jt 
•;.«>■•  Bueh  acts  to  ha„;i:'t;i.,r'?  ^"''S«  %land 
^■»«race  will  attach  tTour  offi  '  i"',  "■""»'  a>«l  the 
"oglcct  to  take  proper  mL    .""'.'  "^hai-acters  if  wo 

";o..t  due  such  offend^V^'T  *"  'T'"  *''<-'  PU'nsh- 
tho  .state  authorities  tL  •' 7'"'"  "^ thisadviiefron, 
t;.oir  h„n.es  as  S'"  ^  f  '^^f^«?  '»  'eturnTo 
t  '«n,  and  it  was  o^  bv  ?  ''l™'''  ''''  ""'"■•dod 
£jfi  ''o  -.  Bue   with-^liiSrallrL^'li: 

."'■'I  pumuing  the  us„"  t^^,„;"''f  f  "'■■■^  '"  Mi.s.s.^r 
''"'"vV'g  what  moment  lik        °f  '"'.  ^""y.  an.l  not 
a"d  his  fold  there  "   Tt  ,  V''  ""S'lt  'Jefall  In, 

«'"''-^-  that  the  s„.  st:rj  r  :;?^, f «- «-'.'": 

1-.=-    ■s.v...„„.. ■"  P-l^'-hed  at  Kirtland 


104 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


until  it  could  be  reinstated  in  Missouri ;  another  jour- 
nal, the  Fxtfter-day  Saints^  Messenger  and  Advocate, 
was  also  established  at  Kirtland,  and  a  mission  or- 
ganized for  Canada." 

The  work  of  proselyting  continued  cast  and  west 
without  abatement  through  the  year  1834.  Two  by 
two  and  singly  the  elders  went  forth:  Lyman  John- 
son and  Milton  Holmes  to  Canada,  also  Zcbedee  Col- 
trin  and  Henry  Harriman;  John  S,  Carter  and  Jesse 
Smith  should  go  eastward  together,  also  James  Dur- 
fee  and  Fdward  Marvin.  Elders  Oliver  Granger, 
Martin  Harris,  and  Brighani  Young  preferred  to 
travel  alone.  To  redeem  the  farm  on  which  stood 
the  house  of  the  Lord,  elders  Orson  Hyde  and  Orson 
Pratt  were  sent  east  to  solicit  funds.  The  movements 
of  many  others  of  the  brethren  are  given.  Parley 
Pratt  and  Lyman  Wight  were  instructed  not  to  return 
to  Missouri  until  men  were  organized  into  companies  of 

"  '  Concerning  our  means  of  diffuaing  the  princii)lc8  wo  profess,  wo  Iiave 
cscd  the  art  of  printing  almost  from  the  beginning  of  our  work.  At  Inde- 
pendence, Missouri,  in  I8.T2-.3-4,  two  volumes  of  the  En-tiimj  nml  Moniiiuj 
Star  were  issued  by  William  W.  I'helpa  and  Oliver  Cowdery.  This  was  !\ 
monthly  octavo  of  10  pages,  devoted  to  the  faith  and  doctrinca  of  the  churcli, 
and  was  continued  from  Independence  from  June  1832  until  July  18.1'$.  wlicn 
its  publication  was  transferred  to  Kirtland,  Ohio,  from  whenco  it  was  con- 
tinued until  September  1834,  when  it  gave  place  to  the  La'ter-iUvj  Saiii's'  M<>i- 
smgrr  nnd  Advocate,  which  continued  to  cheer  tlio  persecuted  saints  until 
August  1837,  when  there  appeared  in  its  columns  u  prospectus  for  a  new 
paper  to  be  published  at  Kirtland,  called  the  IiJIdfrt'  Jonrwd  of  the  CInirrh 
of  Latter-day  Saints,  also  a  numthly,  the  first  number  of  which  boro  date 
October  1837.  The  gathering  of  tho  people  from  Kirtland  to  Far  West  in 
Missouri  transferred  tho  publication  of  tlio  journal  also  t)  that  place,  from 
whence  it  issued  uutil  stopped  by  the  persecution  and  extermination  of  tho 
saints  in  tho  fall  and  winter  of  1838  from  the  state  of  Missouri.  Tho  first 
numlier  of  tho  Millennial  Star  was  issuctl  at  Liverpool  in  May  1840,  at  (irst  a 
montldy,  then  fortnightly,  and  for  many  years  a  weekly,  with  at  one  time  a 
circulation  of  22,000  copies,  edited  and  published  variously  by  ciders  appoiutod 
and  sent  to  edit  tho  jwpcr,  manage  the  emigration,  anil  preside  over  IIk; 
work  generally  in  the  European  countries.  This  work  is  still  issued  weekly, 
and  greatly  aids  tho  cause  in  Europe.     Tho  SkandiiiavieiiH'  S/Jcrne  lia:t  been 

Cublishcd  in  Copenhagen  nearly  thirty  years  in  tho  Danish  language,  edited 
y  those  who  have  from  time  to  time  presided  over  the  Scauiliiiu  viaii  mi.ssion'^. 
The  first  number  was  issued  in  18j1,  nnd  is  well  supported,  Jnuug  a  great  aid 
in  the  missionary  service  in  northern  Europe.  For  several  years  a  periudie;il 
entitled  tho  Udgorn  Svioii  was  published  at  Merthyr  Tydlil,  and  waj  conliu- 
ucd  until  the  number  of  saints  in  tlio  Welsh  mission  was  so  rciluce;!  by  ('.ni- 
gration  as  to  render  its  further  publication  impracticable.'  Itic'ianW  Jiibli- 
wjraphy  of  Utah,  MS.,  7-9. 


MIUTABY  OROAmZAnOK 

ten,  twenty,  fiftv  n,.  ^      i  '<* 

Missouri.     There  vL     '^?^^^''o-niiIitarv  oxnerlJH       f 
oeveral   annAolc    r 

&'.  -all  ^:tc[,^s-t37  -F^ 

«■„ "''"«' deacons,  with 


**"*  *  Mormons,  107. 


106 


THE  STORY  OP  MORMONISM. 


t;| 


t"  ■'?  ■ 


l^i^i 


F.  G.  Williams  paymaster  and  Zerubbabel  Snow  com- 
missary general.  They  had  twenty  wagons  loaded 
with  arms  and  effects,  and  next  day  set  out  for  Mis- 
souri, President  Smith  joining  them,  leaving  Rigdon 
and  Cowdery  to  look  after  matters  in  Ohio.  They 
passed  through  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  reaching 
Missouri*  in  June,  Pratt  and  others  still  continuing 

*" '  They  were  trying  times,  requiring  the  combined  wigdom  of  the  prophet 
and  hia  head  men. .  .But  the  prophet  more  rradily  discovered  the  new  advan- 
tages tliat  would  ultimately  accrue  to  his  cause  by  a  little  pcrscvcrunco.  Ho 
well  knew  tlint  tiio  laws  coulit  not  continue  to  bo  violated  in  our  country  for 
any  length  of  time,  and  tlmt  ho  aud  liis  followers  would,  in  the  end,  bo  the 
greatest  gainers  by  the  cry  of  persecution  which  they  could  raise. .  .A  revela- 
tion was  printed  in  the  form  of  a  handbill.  It  was  taken  up  by  all  their 
priests  and  carried  to  all  their  congregations,  some  of  which  were  actually  sold 
for  one  dollar  per  copy.  Preparations  immediately  began  to  bo  made  for  a 
crusade  to  their  holy  land  to  drive  out  tho  iutidels  .  .Old  muskets,  riUes,  pis- 
tols, rusty  swords,  and  Ijutcher  knives  were  soou  |)ut  in  a  (state  of  repair  and 
scourctl  up.  Some  were  borrowed  nnd  some  were  bought,  on  a  credit  if  possi- 
ble, and  otliers  were  manufactured  by  their  own  mechanics. .  .Alx)ut  the  lirst 
of  ^lay  the  grand  army  of  fanatics  commenced  its  march  in  small  detachments 
from  the  ditfercnt  places  of  concentration.  On  the  8d  the  prophet,  with  a  life 
guard  uf  ;.buut  80  men,  the  elite  of  his  army,  left  his  quarters  in  Kirtland 
with  a  few  baggage  wagon.s,  containing  their  arms,  ammunition,  stores,  etc. 
. .  .On  arriving  at  Salt  Creek,  Illinois,  they  were  joined  by  Lymaa  Wight 
and  llyrum  8uiith,  brother  of  the  prophet,  witii  a  retinforcement  of  twenty 
m^n,  wiiich  they  had  picked  up  on  the  way.  Here  the  grand  army,  which 
being  fully  completed,  encamped  for  the  space  of  three  days,  'i'iio  whole 
number  was  now  estimated  at  '220,  rank  and  file.  During  their  stay  hero  the 
ti'oop:4  were  kcj)!  under  a  constant  drill  of  manual  exercise  with  guns  and 
swords,  and  their  arms  put  in  a  state  of  repair;  tho  prophet  became  very  ex- 

{)crt  with  a  sword,  and  felt  himself  equal  to  his  prototype  Coriantumr.  Ho 
lad  tho  best  sword  in  the  army;  probaoly  a  true  model  of  Laban's,  if  not  the 
identical  one  itself,  an  elegant  brace  of  pistols,  which  were  purchased  on  a 
credit  of  si.\  moutiis,  a  rillc,  and  four  horses.  Wight  was  appointed  second 
in  command,  or  fighting  general,  who,  together  with  tho  prophet,  had  an  ar- 
mor-beurcr  apiJointe<l,  selected  from  among  the  most  expert  tacticians,  whose 
duiy  iu  was  to  be  in  constant  attendance  upon  their  masters  with  their  arms.' 
Jlowe's  Mormonium  Unre'dcil,  1 17-">0.  ' Cholera  broke  out  in  his  camp  oa 
tlio  '24th  of  June,  and  Joseph  attempced  to  cure  it  by  laying  on  of  hands  and 

i)rayor. .  .Joseph  lost  thirteen  of  his  band  l)y  the  ravages  of  tho  di:w:isc . . . 
Ic  arrived  in  Clay  co.  on  the  2d,  and  .started  back  for  Kirtland  oa  tlia  Oth. . . 
•Sliort  as  was  the  time  he  stayed,  he  di  1  not  depart  without  organizing  aucl 
encouraging  tho  main  l)o«ly . .  .and  establishing  the  community  in  Clay  co.  on 
a  Ijctter  footing  than  when  he  arrived.'  Mack(i;i\i  The  Mormons,  85.  Churclics 
were  visitcil  in  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  tho  New  En^^land  States,  about 
lot)  recruits  obtained,  and  50  more  in  the  vicinity  of  Kirtland.  The  lirst  tlo- 
tachment,  about  100  strong,  left  Kirtland  May  oth,  amd  by  vhe  ne.\t  Sunday 
about  GO  more  had  joined,  part  from  Ohio  and  part  from  the  east.  The  body 
was  org.mized  in  companies  of  tens,  each  being  furnished  with  camp  equipage. 
Messes  for  cooking  purposes  were  formed,  and  guards  mounted  at  niglit. 
JJesen't  A^cwa,  Oct.  10,  1800.  These  men  were  well  armed.  Adetaclimcnt  of 
twenty  men  had  preceded  theni  as  an  advanced  guard.  Uemy'x  Jouriic;/,  i. 
297.  They  were  divided  into  companies  of  12,  consisting  of  2  cooks,  2  lire- 
men,  2  teat-makers,  2  watermen,  one  nmucr  or  scout,  one  commissary,  and  2 


WAME  ADOPTBD. 
their  efforts  en  rn.,*^  "" 

I"  «™iy  of  the  W  rhe?T"''?'?»  o®**"-     It  was 
Mormons,  which  Was 'a  Sr*?'''  ?"'  "«  t"own^ 
t  ley  would  be  incognito  T„!l  ^^^^  ]'^^'  moreove^ 
P  ish  all  these  purnofp,  Vh     "^  *''«  '^'tter  to  aecom 
«-dnoy  Eigdon^  p  •P^;^*''?-^^  •'"f  before  they  started" 

^y  «2„ch  hereXrh:y  w'oXaST  "",'  *«  »''»« 
wJ.inI^    ^'""■"^  ""«»«  Christ  of  rtr'i™'  '"'«'"''' 

was. nfomed  that  the  Ws''^  i '^^^Jation  foIWccf  in  S",*T  '^'-'''^een 
'^clph,  who  served  unrl^if      "^  those  of  a  white  I°a^'  ?  *'"''''  the  prophet 

'">^i  the  Mormons  H%!l     Z^'"''  ^^-G;  i?e««W..  ^"''-   /"»**  «"'/  -SrawT- 
«i«f  ppi.  there  £g\Ji  ^^"r  ^^^  *«  «th  S^oeeuS  '•  ^"'  '''^'^^'  S 

t/reek,  Clav  m    «„  t  "^  **  horses  eaoli     Vi  '  ""**  consisted  of  •>n-;  i.,„ 

l>rother, 


108 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


ti 


ren  learned  of  the  outrages  which  had  again  occurred 
in  Jackson  county. 

Just  before  his  arrival  in  Clay  county,  Missouri,  a 
committee  of  citizens  waited  on  President  Smith  and 
proposed  the  purchase  of  the  lands  in  Jackson  county 
iVoni  which  tiie  Mormons  had  been  driven.  The  offer 
was  declined,  the  president  and  council  making  the 
following  proposal  in  return:  Let  each  side  clioose 
six  men,  and  let  the  twelve  determine  the  amount  of 
damages  due  to  the  Mormons,  and  also  the  value  of 
the  possessions  of  all  those  who  do  not  wish  to  live 
near  them  in  peace,  and  the  money  .shall  be  paid  with- 
in a  year.     The  offer  was  not  accepted. '^" 

On  the  3d  of  July  a  high  council  of  twelve  was  or- 
ganized by  the  head  of  the  church,  with  David  Whit- 
iner  as  president  and  W.  W.  Phelps  and  John  Whitmer 
as  assistant  presidents.  The  twelve  were:  Simeon 
Carter,  Parley  P.  Pratt,  Wm  E.  McLellan,  Calvin 
Beobo,  Levi  Jackman,  Solomon  Hancock,  Christian 
Whitmer,  Newel  Knight,  Orson  Pratt,  Lyman  Wight, 
Thomas  B.  Marsh,  and  John  Murdock.  Later  Phelps 
became  ])resident  of  the  church  in  Missouri.  In  com- 
pany with  his  brother  Hyrum,  F.  G.  Williams,  and 
W.  E.  IMcLellan,  President  Joseph  returned  to  Kirt- 
land,  arriving  about  the  1st  of  August. 

"  Now,  that  the  world  may  know  that  our  faith  in  the 
work  and  word  of  the  Lord  is  firm  and  unshaken,  and 
to  shew  all  nations,  kindreds,  tongues,  and  peoples  that 
our  object  is  good,  for  the  good  of  all,  we  come  before 
the  great  family  of  mankind  for  peace,  and  ask  their 
hospitality  and  assurance  for  our  comfort,  and  the  pres- 

Hyde,  Mormonixm,  202,  states  that  tho  sect  was  first  called  The  Church  of 
Jcsu3  Christ  uf  Latter-day  iSaints  by  Sidney  Higdou  at  a  couTcntion  at  Kirt- 
laud  May  4,  18.']4.     See  chap,  iii.,  note  22. 

**  When  tho  camp  arrived  near  Salt  River,  Orson  Hyde  and  Parley  P.  Pratt 
•Hero  despatched  to  JeSersou  City  to  request  military  aid  from  (iov.  Dunk- 
lin, in  reiiossessing  tlio  saints  of  their  lands  in  Jackson  co.,  which  aid  was 
refused.  Pralt'aAutobion.,  12;}-4.  Upon  the  approach  of  Smith  and  his  party 
tho  peoplu  of  Jackson  co.  held  a  meeting  and  sent  a  committee  to  Smith  with 
proposals  to  buy  all  tho  Mormon  property  in  the  county.  The  offer  was  Je- 
cliU';Ml,  and  tho  Mormons  in  turn  offered  to  buy  out  the  Missourians.  See 
correKpoudeuco  iu  Howe's  Mormon'um,  1G4-7G. 


ilr 


HISTORY  OF  JOSEPH  SMITH. 


100 


luirch  of 
It  Kirt- 


ervation  of  our  persons  and  property,  and  solicit  their 
charity  for  the  great  cause  of  God.  We  are  well  aware 
that  many  slanderous  reports  and  ridiculous  stories 
arc  in  circulation  against  our  religion  and  society;  but 
as  wise  men  will  hear  both  sides  and  then  judge,  wo 
sincerely  hope  and  trust  that  the  still  small  voice  of 
truth  will  be  heard,  and  our  great  revelations  road  and 
candidly  compared  with  the  prophecies  of  tlio  bible, 
that  the  great  cause  of  our  redeemer  may  be  supported 
by  a  liberal  share  of  public  opinion,  as  well  as  the  un- 
seen power  of  God.  The  faith  and  religion  of  the 
latter-day  saints  are  founded  upon  the  old  scriptures, 
the  book  of  Mormon,  and  direct  revelation  from  God." 
Thus  far  have  I  given  the  History  of  Joseph  Smith, 
in  substance  as  written  by  himself  in  his  journal,*"  and 

'^  Tlic  most  complete  history  of  the  early  Mormon  churcli  is  the  Journal 
of  Joseph  Smith,  extracts  from  which  were  mailo  by  liimsolf,  so  as  to  foiin  a 
consecutive  narrative,  under  title  of  /lixtorif  of  Joseph  Smith,  and  publislicd  in 
Tlmrs  and  6'  axons',  beginning  witli  vol.  iii.  no.  10,  March  l.'»,  184J,  and 
cndin;;  Feb.  1.5,  184G,  alter  tiie  prophet's  death.  The  narrative  wouhl  fill  a 
ijood-sizcd  I'Jmo  volume.  It  is  composed  largely  of  revelations,  which,  savo 
i:i  the  one  point  of  commandment  which  it  was  the  purpose  specially  to  give, 
lire  all  quite  similar.  Publication  of  the  Times  mid  Scasoin  was  bcj;un  at 
Commerce,  afterward  called  Nauvoo,  Illinois,  Nov.  18,19,  and  issued  monthly. 
The  number  for  May  1840  was  date(l  Nauvoo.  Later  it  was  publi.ihed  semi- 
monthly, and  was  so  continued  till  Feb.  1840.  It  is  filled  with  church  pro- 
ceedings, movements  of  ollicers,  correspondence  of  missionaries,  history,  and 
L'oneral  information,  with  some  poetry.  To  write  a  complete  history  of  the 
Mormons  down  to  1840  without  these  volumes  would  not  bo  possiljle.  The 
names  of  E.  Itobinson  and  D.  C.  Smith  first  appear  as  publishers,  then  Uobin- 
8)11  alone,  then  D.  0.  Smith,  then  E.  Robinson  and  (i.  Hills,  next  Joseph  Smith, 
niid  linally  John  Taylor.  The  organ  of  that  bnmeh  of  the  church  which  re- 
mained in  Iowa  was  the  Ffontkr  Guardian,  published  by  Orson  Hyde  at 
Potauatamie,  or  Kancsville,  l849-r)"J,  and  of  the  church  in  Utah  the  Dtscrtt 
Sew^,  whiih  was  first  issued  at  Salt  Lake  City  in  Juno  lSr)0. 

'At  the  organization  of  tliis  church,  the  Lord  commanded  Joseph  the 
prophet  to  keep  a  record  of  his  doings  in  the  great  and  imporUmt  work  that 
lio  was  commencing  to  perform.  It  thus  l)ce;ime  a  duty  imperative.  After 
John  Whitmer  ami  others  had  purloined  the  records  in  IS;{8,  the  persecution 
and  expulsion  from  Missouri  soon  followed.  When  again  located,  now  in 
Nauvoo,  Illinois,  and  steamboat  loads  of  emigrants  were  arriving  lioui  Eng- 
land via  New  Orleans,  the  sound  thereof  awakened  an  interest  in  the  coun- 
try tliat  led  Hon.  John  Wcntworth,  of  Chicago,  to  write  to  the  prophet, 
.loseph  Smith,  making  inquiries  about  the  rise,  progress,  pcrsceution,  ami 
f.iitli  of  the  Latter-day  Saints,  the  origin  of  this  work,  the  liook  of  Mormon, 
the  plates  from  which  the  record  was  translateil,  etc. ;  and  it  is  the  answer  to 
this  letter  contained  in  Times  and  Seiisonx,  March  1,  1842,  tliat  precedes 
or  prefaces  the  present  history  of  Joseph  Smith,  which  is  the  history  of  the 
Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter-day  Saints.  This  request  of  Mr  Went- 
worth's  seemed  to  forcibly  rcmiml  tlio  pro[ihet  of  the  importance  of  having 
tlie  history  of  his  wuudertul  work  rcsl;ored  to  such  a  condition  that  correct 


^ 


no 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


i 


frinted  in  the  Times  and  Sedsons,  which  ends  here, 
t  is  taken  up  in  the  Millennial  Star,  in  diary  form, 
be^rinning  with  volume  xv.  and  continuing  to  the  day 
of  his  death. 

infomiation  could  be  given  to  editors,  anthon,  publiahen,  and  any  or  all 
cIoMoi  of  inouirers  that  might  apply,  and  he  undertook  with  his  clerks,  ro- 
cordor,  and  all  available  aiu  from  private  journals,  correspondence,  and  his 
own  indelible  memory,  and  made  it  a  labor  to  get  his  own  history,  which  waa 
indeed  that  of  the  church  in  all  the  stages  of  its  growth,  while  he  remained 
with  his  people,  compiled  and  written  up  to  date,  which  with  his  own  cur- 
rent journal  enabled  the  historian  to  complete  the  history  to  the  time  of  his 
assassination,  with  the  utmost  fidelity  to  facts  aa  they  occurred.  Our  method 
of  verification,  after  compilation  and  rough  draft,  was  to  read  the  same  be- 
fore a  sesaion  of  the  council,  composed  of  the  First  Presidency  and  Twelve 
Apostles,  and  there  scan  everything  under  consideration.'  RicKardt*  Jiibliog- 
raphy  qf  Utah,  MS.,  2-6. 


CHAPTEK  V. 

THE  STORY  OP  MORMONISM. 
1836-1840. 
PfcwiDisNT  Smith  AT  KiRTLA»n    n- 

KiRTLAND  Tkmp,«  r  *^""''  Q^^Rt^M  OF  TWEtv-  A» 

ON  iJoTH   SiDKS-MoVEMENra    OF  Axn./  ^^""S-DkpwKDaTIONS 

ArrxTax..oFBooo.,-W,OHTAvnGxM "''•.''^'"^^'  '*^''  ^-m«^un1' 
Okoamzation-Okder   LoLe-h!;"'*"-^^^"' «' ^a hev-d" 4, 

7'V'ng  such  la.ge  acce^fon,  fh""  °^  ^""'  «"«  re- 
eliurch  was  still  at  Kirtif  j    '  t^"  ■»"">  Mv  of  thB 

^n  the  14th  of  l?«k 
jvore  chosen  at  kirtlL7''L'f ''  *r'^«  "P^Ues 

.'kovvise  a  little  later  Pariev  P  P  l"*^  **"=  """nber; 
'"""wng  summer,  they  ?S  th  ?"?"•     Whence,  the 
y=^^^  holding  conferences  and  *'iT.<'?Part'"-e  for  the 
'^S  elders  in  the  churches  thi,i.'""i"«^  "'«'  '■"stract- 
New  England,  and  thrXm-^?g^"ANej  York  and 
of  seventies  was  besun  ^p,'        ""'^the  first  quorum 
»  school  of  prophete  werftr  '^'" 'l^'^rtion,  and 
Rferdon  delivered  six  leS.nTfu'^^'  ""d  Sidney 


I*    t'i: 


H 


112 


TRK  STORY  OF  MORMOXISM. 


Caiupbollitc  cliurch  at  !Mcntor,  Parley  P.  Pratt  "\vas 
moMjed  midst  music  and  rotten  ejjcjs. 

Tlio  temple  at  Kirtland  beiiij^  finished,  was  dedicated 
on  the  'J7th  of  March,  183G,  and  on  the  3d  of"  Ajuil 
Joseph  and  Oliver  had  interviews  with  the  messjuh, 
Moses,  Klias,  and  Elijah,  and  received  from  them 
the  several  keys  of  priesthood,  which  insured  t»)  tiieir 
possessors  p;)wer  uidiniited  in  things  tenj[)oral  and 
spiiitual  i'or  the  accomplishment  of  the  lalmrs assij^ned 
hy  them  for  him  to  perform.^  The  building  of  this 
structure  by  a  few  hundred  persons,  who,  during  the 
ptriod  between  lH32and  183G,contributeil  voluntiirily 
of  their  money,  material,  or  labor,  the  women  knittii:g 
and  spinning  and  making  garments  for  the  men  who 
worked  on  the  temple,  was  regarded  with  wonder 
throughout  all  northern  Ohio.  It  was  CO  bv  80  feet, 
occupied  a  commanding  position,  and  cost  $40,000. 

During  its  erection  the  saints  incurre<l  heavy  <lebts 
for  material  and  labor.  They  bouj^ht  farms  at  hi'^U 
prices,  making  part  payments,  and  afterward  forieit- 
ing    them.      They    engaged    in    mercantile    pursuits, 

'  'A  aquaro  mile  was  laid  out  in  lialfacrc  lots,  an<l  a  nnmlK-r  t>f  fann« 
were  lioiiglit,  till*  cliiiirli  funii  hciii'^  half  a  ir.ilo  tlowii  uiic  of  tin-  iiiU'<t  Uciiiti- 
fill  vallt'VH  wliii'li  it  i.s  pnHsililo  to  cdncoive  in  a  range  of  country  so  luiiiDiinly 
i«!V«>!.'  MatiiiT,  in  l.ii'jiim'iill'n  M'hj.,  .Aug.  IsSU.     In  May  IVW  it  «a»  rrviali  ■! 
tliat  liuililinj^  t-iioiild  hei^in.     Two  liousca  iV»  by  •*.'>  fit-t  fai.-li  were  oi-iUtiiI, 
oni!  fiH"  the  j>ri'si"l»'n>'V,  thiM)tin'r  for  printing.      Ilyrnm  Smitl»  .in<l  i«<Mith<n 
%{iri'.  pre.seiiteil  with  lotx,  anil  diroctiiins  wcro  sent  to  the  faithful  tot<iil>!ioiilH' 
money  to  aid  in  Ituildin^  a  tt-niplnat  Kirtland.    '/'iih> ■<<!»•! S<  imhk,  \  i.  To!'  7t' 
licloro  it.-i  I'liinpletioM,  pr'ivate  a.sstMnhlies  were  held  at  the  liuUM'tof  tlir  i.iitii 
ful,   l'rei|iu'nlly  at  Snuth'H.     When  |>artly  tiniithed,  s«.bc>id><  %teru  oiiencd   in 
Mveral  of  iXw  ii|iarlinenlH.     It  was  Im'^iiii  in  .hine  l>:i.'l.  aii<l  dedu-attd  M:U'<  It 
'11,  ls;i(l.     .V  brief  deMcription  of  the  liailding.  arrangement  of  int' nor.  eti-., 
and  a  full  aiconnt  of  the  dedication  ainl  onlinury  strn-icest  are  given  in  '/'///- 
///;/.''■,  Woiiuii,  70,  «0-!),'>,  1»'J-1()I.     Daniel  Tyler,"in  JunniU  luimrtnr,  xiv. 
2»;i;  Hiiih,  (liurl,.  ikr  Monii.,  74;  A'/fA/c.'n  Miuino.ti'm,  l*J4-<J.     IVoIkiMv  Imt 
little  uiirk  was  done  on  it  in   \KV.\,  for  al>out  tiie  fn>ut  rntranee.H  tlie  gi.itd 
ins(  riiitioii,' Ihiilt  hy  the  einirch  of  .leans  Chrint,  IS'ti.' utill  Ktune-*  liri-lit  ,ih 
ever.   Suit  Luke   llrralil,  ,\\\\\m  (1,  1S77.     See  also  .Sniitli's  axHint  in  I'iitm 
iiti'l   Siiiiiiiii,  vi.   7ltS  II,  7-'l-(l,  and    It' in  if' ■^  J.xifm^.   \.    .'i.y   I.      l-'i'r  entn 
of  liuililiiiL',  Heo  }'(i"H7'.i  //(V.  ri/'/Af  Sm iitii^.  S;  Jur-nil-  It.ffnir'or,  \iv.  K\; 
I'ruli'i  Aiitiihi  •'!.,  110.     When  nearly  linithed  there  wa-ia-iehton  fhchailiini; 
of  Iroiii  §|,"i,0!»(»  loj-'.'O.OlK*.  Kiihl<r'.<  M,,iiii„iiiHiii,  )2i  •;.     M<«t't  the  \\«ik 
men  were  de|H>ndeiit  upon  their  lahor  for  their  iLiily  <'>«»1.  whi  li  «»lten  ri.n- 
(ti.stt'il  <pf  eorii  meal  alone,  and  that  li;.d  lieen  donated.  J'-rmif  f  ,<'riiititr,  .'^.'1. 
\>'ritiii'(  ill  |SS(),  Mather  Hayx:  ''i'ho  lesiilmees  ot  Snuth  aiul  j'ij^  hut  ai.- al 
niost  under  the  eavet  nt  the  temple,  ami  the  tli>-o!o;;icnl  m-im  iiai  v  is  now  occu- 
pied hy  the  niethodista  for  a  church.'   Li/i/ii.icott's  Slaj  ,  Aug.  I:>6UL 


»    ^^ 


AFF.1IRS  AT  KIRTUND. 

bn.vin;.  inerrl,a„,li.,i.  i„  X,.,„  -.-    ,         .  '" 

I""'f. '/"t  were  unable  t„  S-.^,  I     i  "'"'  •"'"■■'•■''  " 

'■'  ,"''■>''  "-y  eoul,      :^;;,  r-"---.  "'  oons.,,„;.,„, 
•""'  '">•''■  ■•'  I'rioC  .str +         ,;'    '":  '"'""■:>•  l"."ie,l, 

;: .  '■»■  '"'•i'tl..s  that  tl,ey  wo      v.,  t'":'-'^'  ,f' PP-i.-K  for 

l"lim!  of  tlio  bank  i„  isis   <!.  -17  ''"■'•       '  I tbo 

'"  .1  .s.s.,u,i,  leaving    ,0  bu,int ";.?'"    ^«'''"'    '"'t 

'■^'■l's..ini.i,t  u    I.       ,   *?  K'rtlan.l.'  (Will   ^^^p;;-^^        "^"liti.  a,„l  /■;„ 

i?;'^?' s'^^i;  e^if  :^i:t 


J 


114 


THE  STORY  OP  MORMOXIS.M. 


I:i^l 


An  endowment  meeting,  or  solemn  assembly,,  licid 
in  183G  in  the  temple  at  Kirtland,  is  thus  described 
by  William  Harris:  "It  was  given  out  that  those  who 
were  in  attendance  at  that  meeting  should  receive  an 
endowment,  or  blessing,  similar  to  that  experienced 
by  the  disciples  of  Christ  on  the  day  of  pentecost. 

flourisliing  3  or  4  weeks.'  Kidder's  Aformonistn,  128.  The  building  in  now 
occupied  by  a  private  family.  Salt  Lake  S.  W.  Herald,  June  (i,  1877. 
•In  order  to  pay  the  debt  on  the  temple,  they  concluded  to  try  mercantile 
LusiucBS,  and  ran  in  debt  in  New  York  anil  elscwhi-rc  some  $:iO,OOU  for 
goods  and  shortly  after,  §r>0,000  or  §00,000  more.  In  con8e<|uenco  of  their 
Ignorance  of  business  and  extravagance,  the  scheme  proved  a  failure.'  Kid- 
der'" Mormonium,  120,  128;  Smueher'g  J/int.  Mor.,  70.  'Gillicrt  and  Wliit- 
ney's  store  is  still  used  for  original  purposfs.'  Salt  Lake  //era/*/.  June  G.  1877. 
'A  |)oorly  furnished  country  store,  where  commerce  looks  starvation  in  the 
face.'  Id.,  Nov.  17,  1877.  'Smith's  store  waii  seized  and  goo<ls  sold  in  Nov. 
1830.'  l/yde'i^  Mormouimi,  ^3;  lirnnett'n  Mormonixm,  13.">.  They  also  spent 
some  thousands  of  dollars  °n  building  a  steam-mill,  which  never  profited 
thtm  anything.  Kidder'n  Mormonixm,  120.  'The  skeleton  of  a  supcrannu 
ated  engine  and  its  contrivances  half  buried  in  a  heapof  ashes— the  shed  that 
covered  it  having  recently  burned  to  the  ground — marks  the  spot  where  stood 
the  asliery  anil  its  successor,  the  Mormon  Kaw-mill,  at  the  foot  of  Temple 
hill.'  Sidt  Lake  Herald,  Nov.  17,  1877.  Helicr  C  Kimball,  who  went  to 
Nauvoo  in  1839,  built  a  pottery  at  Kirtland,  the  ruins  of  which  were  to  bu 
seen  in  1877.  Ihid.  'After  the  temple  was  deilicated,  the  Kirtlaml  hiirli 
school  was  taught  in  the  attic  story  by  H,  M.  Hawes,  jirof.  of  (ircck  and 
Liilin.  There  were  from  130  to  140  students,  dividwl  into  three  depart- 
ments— the  classic,  where  only  languages  were  taught;  the  English,  wlieio 
mathematics,  common  arithmetic,  geography,  English  grammar,  and  rcail- 
ing  and  writing  were  taught;  and  tho  juvenile  department.  The  last  two 
dcpiirtments  were  under  assistant  instructors.  The  school  was  begun  in  Nov. 
1830.'  TuUid(je'8  Women,  99.  'On  tho  3d  floor  arc  a  succession  of  sinuil 
rooms  containing  crippled  benches,  blacklxxirds,  riiincd  walls,  and  otiur 
paraphernalia,  wiiioh  mdicatcd  that  at  some  perio<l  of  the  temple's  histoiv 
this  part  had  been  used  as  a  primary  school.'  Salt  Lake  S.  W.  Ihm'd,  i-.uw 
C,  IS77.  A  lleurow  professorship  is  also  mcntionctl.  liemy'it  Journey,  i.  r)04. 
'Immediately  after  the  closing  of  tho  bank,  and  before  the  news  of  its  taii- 
ure  had  ti:  J  to  spread.  Smith  with  somo  4  or  u  terriers  (understrappers  in 
the  priesthood)  went  to  Toronto,  Cinad..,  where  he  preachcii,  whilst  lii,s  fnl- 
lowers  circulated  tho  worthless  notes  of  the  defunct  bank.  Itrigham  Youi't; 
also  succcei'cd  in  spreading  about  910,000  of  the  paiicr  through  several 
states.'  llalVa  Mormoninm.  19-20.  ' In  J.inuary  1838  Smith  and  Rigdon,  b.iiii,' 
at  Kirtland  together,  were  both  arrested  on  charges  of  swindling  ia  coiuvi; 
tion  with  their  wortl'.icss  paper  bank,' etc.  'The  prisoners,  however,  (s 
eapcd  from  the  sheriff  in  the  night  and  made  their  way  on  horseback  to  Mis 
Boui  i. '  Tucker's  Mormonism,  l.')5-fl.  Smith  nnd  Rigdon  ran  away  on  the  ninlit 
of  .Inn.  12,  1838.  Hyde's  Mormonism ,  203,  'A  new  year  dawned  upon  the 
church  nt  Kirtland,'  writcfi  Smith,  'in  all  tho  bitterness  of  the  spirit  •  f 
apostate  molwcracy,  which  continued  to  lago  and  grow  hot'er  nnd  hotter, 
until  Elder  Rigdon  and  myself  wore  obliged  to  flee  from  its  deadly  inlluiii.  , 
aa  dill  tho  iipostlea  and  prophets  of  old,  niul  as  desus  said.  "  When  tlicy  pi  r- 
Becuti'  you  in  ono  city,  tieeyo  to  another;"  and  on  the  evening  of  the  12tli  ^f 
January,  alxjut  ten  o'clock,  wo  left  Kirtland  on  horseltack  to  cscaiic  u\"h 
violence,  which  was  alK>ut  to  burst  ujion  ns,  under  tho  color  of  legal  process 
to  cover  their  hellish  designs  anni  save  themselves  from  thu  just  judgment  uf 
the  law.' 


nbly,  licid 
described 
those  who 
receive  an 
:perienced 
pentecost. 

lilding  is  now 
'line   0,    1877. 
ry  incrcantilo 
ic  $:{0,00U  fur 
lenco  of  their 
failure.'  A'i(/- 
rt  ami  Wliit- 
June  G.  1S77. 
■vation  in  thu 
3  sold  in  \ov. 
ley  also  spent 
lever  protiteil 
a  supcranmi 
-the  shed  tliat 
)t  where  stood 
ot  of  Tenip'.o 
who  went  to 
h  were  to  bo 
virtland  liiLrii 
of  (Jrcck  and 
three  dejiait 
nglish,  wluMo 
ir,  and  rcad- 
The  last  tw.) 
•egiin  in  Nov. 
sion  of  sinail 
8,  ami  othir 
liple's  lii^toiy 
ihd'ti'if,  Juno 
tirneij,  i.  "){)4. 
v.s  of  its  taii- 
rstrappcrs  in 
iiilst  hi.4  fol- 
ighani  Young 
ougli   several 
[iigdon,  h.iiig 
g  i»  conn'-'c- 
Tiowevei',  cs- 
iback  to  Mis- 
,'on  tlieni;,'ht 
led  upon  tiie 
the  spirit  of 
and   hotter, 
Uy  iniliioiic.', 
iin  they  prr- 

f  the  iL'tllnf 

escape  iii'l) 
legal  proccsH 
judgment  uf 


^wairs  in  Missoum. 

tlm'different'lhu'rll^s  Tfh  ""'"'^'^  ™''^<'»«l  from 
tl'eday  in  fasting  Zlpraver  """f^'^-  ^^  «P  "n™ 
perfuming  their  bSdios  the?  J^^**  ",'  "''"'"ng  and 
a..'!  anointed  their  heaV  vlh  wLfTj'^  t^^^r  (J, 
'<  and  pronounced  uZZ^l  ">* '"'"y  called  holy 
■"--;;  for  the  endowmenr^he  tf  *■""  '  ""'"S  '^4 

M.dsunm.er  of  I837  sa^t  pit    S'i'"-'"  '»•'*<'"• 
y.rkc.ty,,vhereheprinSthefi>J  ?V-^™"  ''"  ^"^ 
"->*,  at  fi-,,f  under  n.any  diieoi '^  «"">  gre^t  oarnost- 
;;'J.:nal  auceesa.     After  that  heTT"*''  '■"«■•  «'«• 
M.ssoun.     Others  were  ^in„  •  "?C'  "'"=«  "«"••>  to 
■•".n  Kirtland  and  elsewheHnrln  "l?  ™'"°  '"'^■"0" 
-t»ee„  183,  and  1838.     Thefe^"'"  ''"«'•'-■  period 
;-'vmg  been  discontinued    the  wT^f ''''"'' ^'^'•'««te 
™   "^  --o-Ph  Smith  t  SL'dt-^Lr 

-capod  as  best  ti.ey  weVelwfrr'i''''''"^'  "■"  ^-i"^ 
''>;>•  -vere  kindly  received     Sont?'?  '='"'"'•>'•  »''«'•« 
"  Lafayette  an  J  Van  Buren  ?      .""''  "'*  *''«'■•  "Mo 
fay  and  Clinton  co"n"e"  ^    vT^^'.  "!«'  »  fe''  i« 
urmture,  buildin.rs  and  ..t'l.  ""■■  ''""'«'  "tock 

Ja.kson  county,  they  rec^    :Z|"T^'y  d-trJyed t 
'  "";  on  the  contrary  „,„!'!,.  ''"'"  <"■  "°  coniiK-nsa- 
^"•-ts  were  eaughtlnJ'K."  Xtrfj  '"'"  /.'"^'^ 
n.      .  ■^^^^<2"'i<iless,  there 

It  consisted  of  4  n«vi  'v-tw 

,    'Most  of  those  fled  i.,t„  ri  '"^^ '  ^^tobiojrat.hy, 

•  a«  J«k™  "^..if  C'  f-  i-'i  till,  ;„i.    ■""" ''"« ••"  i"-i»«  1.T 


116 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


'  V. 


were  three  years  of  coniparati  vo  rest  for  the  people  of 
God,  the  effect  of  which  soon  appeared  in  Zion's 
wilderness. 

Tiie  men  of  Missouri  were  quite  proud  of  what  they 
had  done;  they  were  satisfied  on  the  whole  with  the 
results,  and  though  their  influence  was  still  felt,  no 
furll'.or  violence  was  ofl'ered  till  the  summer  of  183^). 
Then  the  spirit  of  njobocracy  again  a[)pear<i!d.  The 
Jackson-county  boys  had  served  themselves  well; 
why  should  they  not  help  their  neighbors?  So  they 
crossed  the  river,  in  small  squads  at  first,  and  began 
to  stir  up  enmity,  often  insulting  and  plundering  their 
victims,  until  the  people  of  Clay  county,  fearing 
actions  yet  w«)rse,  held  a  meeting,  and  advised  the 
saints  to  seek  another  home." 

For  their  unrelenting  hostility  toward  the  latter- 
day  saints,  for  the  services  rendered  to  their  country 
in  defying  its  laws  and  encouraging  the  outrages  upon 
citizens  at  Independence  and  elsewhere  during  tho 
first  Mormon  troubles  in  Missouri,  Boggs  was  mado 
governor  of  that  state,  Lucas  major-general,  and 
Wilson  brigadier-general.'*  After  his  election,  as  be- 
fore, Boggs  did  not  h^^itatc  to  let  it  be  known  that 


hclil  rtt  1'.  P.  Piatt's  house  in  Clay  co.  (some  time  during  the  winter  of  IS.IIi- 
4- -date  not  given),  at  which  it  was  resolved  to  appeal  to  Smith,  at  Kii'tlaml, 
for  Slid  and  counsel;  and  I*.  P.  Pratt  ami  Lyman  Wight,  having  volunteoivd 
thi  ir  services,  were  despatched  with  the  inessjige.  Starting  from  Liberty  t-ii 
Ftl>.  \,  1S;M,  on  iiorseliack,  hut  penniless,  on  n.  jo\irney  of  from  l,0;K)tc>  \,'tW 
vi.k-.i,  through  a  country  hut  partially  settled,  they  arrived  at  tlicir  dehtiim 
ti.ou  early  in  the  spi  ing  with  plenty  of  nu)ncy  received  from  friends  along  tlicir 
loutc.  I'rtilt'ii  Auloltinij.,  \\A-\V>;  Utah  Plonef-r^,  JUl  Anivernanj,  17;  i/omc'.i 
Miijriiioim,  MS.,  ,"5;  Yoiiiii/'h  Woiiiiiii's  L' i-jtfririicis,  MS., 'J. 

'  •  I'rom  threats,  public  meeting.")  were  called,  renolutions  were  passed,  ven 
gcKiice  ami  dcstructioa  were  threatened,  and  affairs  again  tissumcd  a  ieuit'iil 
Rltiiudo.'  Cor.  Joyf/th  Stiiilh,  etc.,  5.  Sec  also  f  .'/rrj/f'"*i  Facln,  I'J.  '  A  nuut 
in;;  <f  the  citizens  was  hold  at  Lilnu'ty  on  the  'Jl)th  of  .Tune,  ISIMi,  in  whi.  Ii 
tlice  matters  were  taken  into  "onsideration.  The  Mormons  wore  remiml,  I 
f)f  the  lircunistances  under  which  they  were  received,  and  recpu.'stetl  to  ic.ixi . 
time  lieiiiy  given  tlieni  to  harvest  their  crops  and  dispose  of  their  property. 
Fortunately  for  all  concerned,  the  saints. .  .agreed  to  leave  on  the  terms  pi  '• 

Eo.-ied,  denying  strcnuou.sly  that  thiy  had  evt-r  tampered  wilii  the  slaves,  ni 
ad  any  idea  of  exciting  an  Iixlian  war.'  Frrrix^  I'lithnwl  the  Muniionn,  S:2-.i 
*'l'he3c  officers  'all  very  readily  received  their  CDininissious  from  tlicir  ar 
complice,  (>ov.  Koggs;  and  thus  corruption,  relMillion,  and  conspiracy  hil 
•thread  on  every  sidr,  being  fostered  and  encouraged  by  a  large  majority  cf 
tuc  Hlatc;  and  thus  trooBon  became  general.'  Pratt's  Peratcution,  05-0. 


TOVm  BUILDIXO. 

finy  reports  ofmiVnnJ.,  i  .  "' 

J'lf  of  Missouri  I„      I  .""'"'  States  or  ,H>t  !        '"" 

"""• -"•'- l.oliti„     1,   r'l"-   "'«  *ro".,„„-   J'*"* 
|"'»™cc. .-.«  „,„„,|,X"'\f ''ff'ous  rights,  .,av  o"'';,  "" 

I'l'  ""  tlicir  lira,  „       '  "'"-'  ™""»omveait ,  „  °!' "'«"• 

.•.st„t,o„.  '"-' »-  p-t  of  the  po,.e;tf''tC:!;:;t'' 

\y.L  I     •         o^*" '^'tervvanll-.,^        '^'->  anti  t/io  thihlir 

^/'/^''^  kJ  ''^-'''''''-^ninr     irll"  ''' '  "'^""■'t  ./i.v'.u'    ,"^  "  '^'i.sl.K.i.i 
'^'""'«  K«vo  it  tl.«  „a,„o  „f  A,.  ,.  "  "'"''-''•  ^^'"""o"  nW„' 


118 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


m 


people  of  Daviess,  like  the  rest,  began  to  war  upon 
the  Mormons." 

To  add  to  the  ever-thickening  troubles  of  the 
prophet,  a  schism  broke  out  in  the  church  about  this 
time,  and  there  were  apostates  and  deserters,  some 
because  of  disappointed  ambition,  and  some  from  shamo 
of  what  they  now  regarded  as  a  delusion,  but  all  carry- 
ing away  with  them  vindictive  feelings  toward  their 
former  associates,  whom  they  did  not  hesitate  to  de- 
nounce as  liars,  thieves,  counterfeiters,  and  everything 
that  is  vile.  Among  these  were  Josc^ph's  old  friends 
Martin  Harris,  Oliver  Cowdery,  and  David  Whitmer, 
the  three  witnesses  to  the  book  of  Mormon;  Orson 
Hyde,  Thomas  B.  Marsh,  and  W.  W.  Phelps  also 
seceding.'' 

Sivoii  to  a  certain  valley  wlicro  Adam,  previous  to  his  <1catli,  called  his  cliil 
rcii  together aiulblcsjcd  tlieiii.'  Coi-rUVi*  Bri'^f  UiHtnty,  in  Kidiler'a  Marm'))i- 
urn,  i:{|.  'The  earth  wus  ilividetl,' Bays  Mr  RichanU,  'nil  the  land  hciii;; 
to};cthcr  nnd  all  the  water.  Adam  dwelt  there  with  his  people  for  Hotnu  tiiiio 
previous  to  his  death.  Adutn  coiistru'jted  an  altar  there,  ami  it  was  tliciu 
that  ho  bestowed  hit*  (iiial  hle.s8iugs  uiKtii  hi.<^  descendants.'  Tiic  place  was 
also  called  Adani-On-Diahnian,  Adani-on->1i-ahinan,  and  a^ain  Diahm:in.  'I'iio 
ftecond  of  these  uanics  appears  to  have  I)cen  the  one  in  use  nm()n>r  the  Hiiiiit^. 
After  the  foundation  J  of  tlie  temple  at  Far  West  were  rclaid,  between  iniil- 
iiight  of  tiio  2.'>th  and  dawn  of  the  '2(ith  of  April,  18.'{0,  the  (|iiorum  s mc;  ili« 
Bong  which  they  called  Adam-on-di-ahman.  'J'nllUlijc's  L'ij'e  of  lirijhnm 
You  III). 

"They  were  afraid  the  Mormons  would  'rule  the  county,  and  they  diil 
not  like  to  live  under  the  law.s  and  administration  of  Jo  amith.'  Ilild. 

"Tho  first  three  were  themselves  accused  of  counterfeiting  oin,  nnd  cK- 
faming  Smith's  character;  nnd  others  charged  Smith  witli  'lN;ingacee8d(>ry  t  > 
■everal  murders  and  many  thefts,  and  of  designing  to  rule  that  part  of  t!ie 
state  of  Missouri,  and  eventually  the  whole  republic'  Ui/ifi\-<  Moriiiotii^:ii, 
2(M;  Mackay'H  The  Mormonn,  8(5.  'At  lndepen''i.'nee,  Kigdou  pulilii.ly 
charged  Oliver  ("owderyand  |)avid  Whitmer  with  being  connected  witli  :i 
gang  of  counterfeiters,  etc.  Cowdery  was  afterward  arraigncil  befort;  tin; 
church,  and  found  guilty  of  "disgracing  the  ehurcli  Ity  being  eoimec^tiil  witli 
tlie  bogua  business,  as  eonmiou  report  says."'  Tiirurr*  Or'njiu  nml  /V;/. 
Uor.,  l.")8  9.  '  liruther  Turley  could  not  be  surpassed  ut  "bofjits."  A  press 
was  prepared,  and  the  muney,  composed  of  zinc,  glass,  etc.,  coated  with  t-il- 
ver,  was  executed  in  the  best  style.  ImiUitioni)  both  of  gohl  and  silver  vcte 
m  general  circulation  and  very  diiUeuIt  to  detect.  In  fact,  for  a  time,  scare  ly 
any  other  circulating  medium  was  t»  be  found  among  tlieni.'  When  leavi.i^ 
Illinois  for  Council  Hlull's,  Hall  carried  in  hi )  wn^,'ou7or  some  distance  on  t'it> 
way  a  lM>gus  prea4,  which  m'os  afterwards  sold  on  credit  in  Mistsouri,  but  the 
■cllcr  never  got  his  money,  l)eing  afraid  to  go  for  it.  //«'/'.<  ^for.,  "JO -I. 
Mall,  who  was  a  Mormon  from  1810  to  1817,  ntentions  this  counter. '.^icin^  in 
connection  with  the  Kirtland  bank  swindle,  but  docanot  state  wiien  the  uoik 
was  l>cgun.  It  may  have  originated  in  Kirtland,  but  probultlv  was  not  cir- 
ried  on  tDuny  great  extent  bi't'oro  tlie  migration  to  Illinois.  These  ramldiiig 
aud  gouoral  charges  bUuuld  be  received  with  every  allowance.     '  Front  tiuiae 


NATURE  SPEAKS. 


U9 


At  Far  West  on  the  4th  of  July,  1838,  assemble 
from  the  surrounding  districts  thousands  of  the  saints, 
to  lay  the  corner-stone  of  a  temj)le  of  Gml,  and  to  de- 
clare their  rij^hts  as  citizens  of  the  commonwealth  to 
safety  and  protection,  as  promised  by  the  constitution. 
They  are  hated  and  despised,  tliough  they  break  not 
the  laws  of  God;  they  are  hunted  down  and  killed, 
though  tliey  break  not  the  laws  of  the  land.  To 
otlurs  their  laith  is  odious,  their  words  are  ochous, 
tlair  persons  and  their  actions  are  altoujether  detest- 
able. They  are  not  idlers,  or  drunkards,  or  thieves, 
or  murderers;  they  are  diligent  in  business  as  well 
as  fervent  in  spirit,  yet  they  are  devils;  they  worship 
wiiat  they  choose  and  in  their  own  way,  like  the  ilis- 
siiiters  in  Germany,  the  <]uakers  in  Pennsylvania,  and 
the  pilgrims  from  England,  yet  their  spiritual  father  is 
8atan.  Ami  now,  though  thus  marked  for  painful 
oppression  by  their  fellow-citizens,  they  come  together 
on  the  birthday  of  the  nation  to  raise  the  banner  of 
tlic  nation,  and  under  it  to  declare  their  solemn  pre- 
rogative to  the  enjoyment  of  life,  liberty,  and  the 
pursuit  of  happiness,  to  the  maintainance  of  which 
they  .stand  read}'  to  pledge  their  lives,  their  ftrtunes, 
and  their  .sacretl  honor.  This  they  do.  They  raise 
ihv.  pole  of  liberty;  they  unfold  the  banner  of  liberty ; 
they  register  their  vows.  Is  it  all  in  irony  ^  Is  it  all 
a  mockery?  Or  is  it  the  displeasure  of  omnipotence, 
wliich  is  now  displayed  because  of  the  rank  inju.stice 
wiought  by  the  .sons  of  belial  umler  this  sacred  em- 
lilem!^  God  knoweth.  We  know  only  that  out  of 
heaven  comes  fire,  blasting  tin;  offering  of  the  saints!'* 

•  listaiit  liank,'  continued  Hull,  'they  woiiM  lniy  <)aniititios  c.f  its  tinsiuixNl 
bank  ii<»ti\s,  wliii'li  Ihey  tixik  lioiiie,  niiil  HfttT  liiiving  tlifiii  HijiiK-d  liy  coni- 
|>i'tt'iit  iirtiatH,  |)lac(ul  in  circulation.  In  ])l'(>c'U)'in){tllc^4u  l)ills,  noix'isons  met. 
'I'Ik'  |iackago  would  l)n  left  l>y  a  window  of  tliu  l>aiik,  witii  a  |iunc  out,  unil 
tlic  icukiigo  taken  and  it8  prico  left  l)y  the  juiiiliasci'.' 

'''lnu«lnyor  two  after  tiicMO  transactioiiM,  tlie  tlinnder  rolled  in  awful 
iniiji'sty  «iver  tlio  tity  of  Far  Wos*!,  and  tlio  aiinw.'*  of  liglitnin^;  fell  from  th« 
clomls,  and  sliiverud  the  liberty  ]>«>lu  from  top  to  liottoin;  tliuM  nianifrMtin<{  to 
iniiiiy  that  tliero  wua  an  <'nd  to  lilu'rty  and  law  in  that  Htate,  and  that  our 
Utile  city  Ktrovti  in  vain  to  niaintain  tlie  Idiertiesof  a  country  which  u°ua  rulvd 
1')  ^^ iekedueas  and  rcitelliou.'    1'iuU'k  Pfraerulioii,  'u. 


IM 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMOXISM. 


m 


im 


Sidney  Rigtlon  delivered  the  oration  on  this  occa- 
Bion;  and  hc'mg  an  American  citizen,  and  one  of  tlie 
foundi'rs  of  an  American  relifrion,  it  was  perhaps  nat- 
ural for  him  to  indulge  in  a  little  Fourth-of-July  ora- 
tory; it  was  natural,  but  under  the  circumstances  it 
was  exceedingly  impolitic.  "We  take  God  to  wit- 
ness," cries  Sidney,  "  and  the  holy  angels  to  witness 
this  day,  that  we  warn  all  men,  in  the  name  of  Jesus 
Christ,  to  come  on  us  no  more  forever.  The  man  or 
the  set  of  men  who  attempt  it,  do  it  at  the  expense  of 
their  lives;  and  that  mob  that  comes  on  us  to  disturb 
us,  tliere  shall  be  between  us  an<l  them  a*  war  of  ex- 
termination, for  we  will  follow  them  till  the  last  drop 
of  their  blood  is  spilled,  or  else  they  will  have  to  exter- 
minate us;  for  we  will  carry  the  war  to  their  own 
houses,  and  their  own  families,  and  one  party  or  the 
other  shall  be  utterl}'  destroyed." 

On  the  8th  of  July  there  was  a  revelation  on  tithing. 
Early  in  August  a  conference  was  held  at  IJialimun, 
and  a  military  company,  called  the  Host  of  Israel, 
was  organized  after  the  manner  of  the  priesthood,  in- 
cluding all  males  of  eiglitecn  years  and  over.  There 
were  captains  of  ten,  of  Pfty,  and  of  a  hundred;  the 
organization  included  the  entire  military  force  of  the 
church,  as  had  the  Kirtland  army  previously  a  part 
of  iV 

At  length  the  storm  burst.  The  state  election  of 
1838  was  held  in  Daviess  countv  at  the  town  of  (lal- 
latin  on  the  Gth  of  August.  Soon  after  the  polls 
were  opened,  William  Peniston,  camlidate  for  the  leg- 
islature, mounted  a  barrel  and  began  to  speak,  attack- 
ing the  JNIormons  with  degrading  epithets,  calling 
them  horse-thieves  and  robbers,  and  swearing  they 
should  not  vote  in  that  countv.  Sanmel  Brown,  a 
Mormon,  who  stood  by,  pronounced  the  charges  un- 
true, and  said  that  for  one  he  should  vote.  Im- 
mediately Brown  was  struck  by  one  Weldin,  whose 
arm,  in  attempting  to  repeat  the  blow,  was  caught  by 

'*  'Every  man  obeyctl  the  call.'   Lec'^  Mormoniiim,  57. 


WAR  BEGUX. 


121 


occa- 
[•  the 
;  uat- 
'  ora- 
tes it 
)  wit- 
itucss 
Jesus 
an  or 
nso  of 
isturl) 

t  drop 
cxtor- 
ir  own 
or  the 

ithini;. 

ahnuiu, 

Israel, 

)oil,  iii- 
Thoro 
I;  the 
of  the 
a  part 

;tion  of 
)t'  Cial- 
polls 

Ihe  le<^- 
\ittaok- 
[caUiii<; 
U  they 
[own,  a 
Ires  nn- 
l.n- 
whose 
kht  hy 


another  Mormon,  named  Durfce.  Thereupon  ei<;ht 
or  ten  men,  with  clubs  and  stones,  fell  upon  Durfee, 
wliose  friends  rallied  to  his  assistance,  and  the  lii^ht 
heoame  general,  but  with  indecisive  results.  The 
Alornions  voted,  however,  and  the  rest  of  the  day 
passed  quietly. 


Tub  Wak  is  Missocui. 


On  the  next  day  two  or  three  of  Peniston's  party, 
in  iirdcr  it  was  said  to  stir  up  tlio  saints  to  vi«)Ience, 
rude  over  to  Far  West,  one  after   another,  and  re- 


122 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


d' 


I 


ported  n  battle  an  lmvint»  been  fought  at  Gnllatin,  in 
vvhieh  several  of  the  fraternity  were  killed.  Consider- 
able exeitement  followed  the  announeoinent,  and  .sev- 
eral parties  went  to  Diahnian  to  learn  the  trutli  of 
the  matter.  Aseertaining  the  faets,  and  l)eing  desir- 
ous of  preventing  further  trouble,  one  of  the  bretinvn 
went  to  the  magistrate,  Adam  l^lack,  and  projjosed 
bonds  on  both  sides  to  keep  the  peace.  The  ]»rop()sition 
was  accepted,  Joseph  Smitli  and  Lyman  Wight  si'^n- 
ing  for  the  Mormons,  and  Black  for  the  gentiles. 
The  Mormons  then  returned  to  Far  West;  but  tlic 
peojde  of  Daviess  county,  not  a|)proving  the  ac- 
tion of  t!»e  magistrate,  disputed  Black's  right  to  bind 
them;  whereupon,  to  appease  them,  Black  went  to 
the  circuit  judge  and  obtained  a  writ  for  tiie  arrest 
of  Smith  and  Wight  on  acharj^e  of  having  forced  hnn, 
by  thn-ats  of  violence, to  sign  the  agreement.  Brou  .flit 
bel'ore  Judge  King  at  Gallatin,  Smith  and  Wi;^lit 
were  released  on  their  own  re<iognizances. 

Nevertheless  the  excitement  increased.  In  Daviess 
and  adjacent  counties,  three  hundred  gentiles  met  iiinl 
armed.  The  Mormons  say  that  the  gentiles  r.iade 
prisoners,  and  shot  and  stole  cattle,  and  the  gentiles 
say  that  the  Mormons  <lid  the  same.'"  Finally  afi'.iiis 
became  soalarmin'jf  that  ^laior-General  Atcliisou  cdii- 
eluded  to  call  out  the  militia  o{'  Hay  and  Clay  c;)Uii- 
ties,  under  command  of  generals  Doniphan  and  Pail;s, 
the  latter  being  stationed  in  Daviess  county.*  Tluir 
purposes  in  that  quarter  being  thus  defeated,  the  iiuii 
of  Missouri  threw  themselves  on  a  small  settlemeiif  of 
saints  at  Dcwitt,  where  they  were  joined  by  a  pai  ty 
with  a  six-pounder  from  Jackson  county.     Setting  .ire 

""'In  Daviess  county  the  S'liiits  killed  lictwocn  100  ami  233  ho;ji  ii:i(l  a 
nuiiilier  of  cattle,  took  at  loast  forty  or  fifty  stanila  of  honey,  anil  rt  the  t;  i.nc 
tiino  destroyeil  several  fielilj  of  corn.  Tlio  word  was  out  tliat  tho  LdhI  li.i  1 
consecrated  lhrouj.'h  the  bishop  the  spoils  unto  his  host,  //urrii'  Mormonism 
Portmi/nl,  .10-1, 

"'One  thousand  men  were  then  ordered  into  scrvico  under  the  comiiiMinl 
of  Major-(jcncral  AtchisDU  and  l)viL;:uli.T-;;c:ieral3  Parks  ami  noaiphaii. 
Thcso  marched  to  Daviess  co.,  ami  remained  in  service  thirty  days.  Hut 
judging  from  t!io  result,  they  ha  1  \\^  )a'.oui,io;i  of  coming  in  contact  witli  the 
mob,  but  only  to  make  a  nliow  of  ilefondinf  one  nci;^;hborhood  while  tlie  luub 
was  allowed  to  attack  another. '  Prull's  Aittobiotjraphi/,  I'Jl. 


MOVEMKNTS  OP  FORCES. 


12S 


to  the  houses,  they  drove  off  the  inmates  and  destroyed 
their  property.  General  Parks  then  moved  his  troops 
to  Dcwitt,  but  found  tlie  mob  too  many  for  him.  Tliey 
openly  defied  him,  would  make  no  compromise,  and 
swore  "thev  would  drive  the  Mormons  from  Daviess 
to  Caldwell,  and  from  Caldwell  to  hell."  General 
Atchison  then  went  to  Dewitt  and  told  the  Mormons 
that  his  men  were  so  disaffected"  that  tiiey  had  bitter 
apply  for  protection  to  Governor  Bojxgs.  This  official 
returned  answer  that,  as  thev  had  broujjht  the  war 
upon  th(!mselves,  they  must  tight  their  own  battles, 
and  not  look  to  him  for  help.  Thereupon  they  aban- 
doned the  place,  and  fled  to  Far  West. 

In  order  to  intercept  the  mob  General  Doniphan 
filtered  Daviess  county  with  two  hundred  men,  and 
tliencc  proceeded  to  Far  West,  where  he  camped  for 
the  night.  In  consultation  with  the  civil  and  military 
(»tiieers  of  the  place,  who,  though  Mormons,  were 
nevertheless  commissioned  by  the  state,  Doniphan 
advised  them  to  arm  and  march  to  Daviess  county 
and  defend  their  brethren  there.  Actinir  on  this  ad- 
viee,  all  armed,  some  going  to  Daviess  county  and 
some  remaining  ai  Far  West.*"  The  former  were  met 
by  Parks,  who  inquired  of  them  all  particulars. 
Shortly  afterward  some  families  came  in  from  beyond 
(Jrand  River,  who  stated  that  they  had  been  driven 
away  and  their  houses  burned  by  a  party  under  C. 
(Jilliam.*'  Parks  then  ordered  Colonel  Wight,  who 
licld  a  commission  under  him  as  commander  of  the 

'"At  length  tlio  general  (Atchison)  informed  the  citizens  that  liis  forces 
woi-e  so  !<mall,  and  many  of  thcni  so  much  in  favor  of  the  insurrectionists, 
that  it  was  useless  to  look  any  longer  to  them  for  protection. .  .After  the 
evacuation  of  Dcwitt,  when  our  citizens  were  oHicially  notiticd  that  they  must 
imitict  themselves, .  ..they  ossomhled  in  Far  West  to  the  number  of  one 
thmiMiuid  men,  or  thereabout,  and  resolved  to  defeml  their  riglits  to  the  last.' 
/'-((''".•<  Autobiography,  192-3. 

'"The  Mormons  in  Caldwell  were  the  regular  state  militia  for  that  county, 
and  were  at  the  time  acting  under  the  legal  authorities  of  the  county. '  Greeite'a 
lart.t,  20. 

'"  'A  noted  company  of  banditti,  under  the  command  of  Cornelius  Gilliam, 
wlio  had  long  infested  our  Iwrdcrs  and  been  notorious  for  their  murders  and 
daring  robberies,  and  who  (uinted  themselves  as  Indian  warriors,  camo 
jiuuriiig  in  from  the  west  to  strengthen  the  camp  of  the  cucmy.'  PratVa  Au- 
tobiuijraphy,  202. 


m 


THE  STORV  OF  MORMONISM. 


I-  N 


Mormon  militia,  to  dispiTsc  tin?  pnrty,  wliidi  wns 
doiK',  :iii(l  tlio  I'aiinon  in  tlicir  poHsossioii  Hoized,  with- 
out (iring  a  sliot.  Spreading  into  other  counties,  (Wil- 
liam's men  raised  everywhere  the  cry  tiiat  tiie  Mor- 
mons were  killing  people  an<l  hurning  property. 

Soon  afterward  the  Mormon  militia  returned  from 
Daviess  countv  to  Far  West,  where  thev  learned  that  a 
hirge  force  under  Samuel  liogart,  a  niethodist  clergy- 
nian,  was  j)lundering  and  burning  houses  south  of 
that  point,  in  Ray  county,  and  had  taken  thiee  n)en 

i)risoners,  one  only  of  whom  was  a  Mormon.  Elias 
lighee,  county  judge,  ordered  the  ^Mormon  militia 
under  Captain  Patten ''  to  retake  the  prisoners.  In 
passing  through  a  wooil  Patten  came  without  know- 
ing it  upon  the  encampment  of  Bogart,  whose  guard 
fired  without  warning,  killing  one  of  PatttMi's  men. 
Patt(!n  then  attacked,  routing  liogart's  force,  but  not 
pieveiiting  the  shooting  of  the  Mormon  prisomr, 
thouufh  he  afterward  recovered.  In  the  change  one 
man  was  killed,  and  Patten  and  one  other  were  mor- 
tally wounded.    The  comi)any  captured  forty  wagons.-'* 

About  this  time  arose  the  niy.sterious  and  nmcli 
dreaded  band  that  finally  took  the  name  of  Danites, 
or  scjus  of  Dan,  concerning  which  so  much  has  been 
said  while  so  little  is  known,  some  of  the  Mormons 
even  denving  its  existence.  Dut  of  this  there  is  no 
question.  Says  Burton:  "The  Danite  band,  a  name 
of  fear  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  is  said  by  anti- 
!Mornions  to  consist  of  uien  between  the  ages  of  sev- 
enteen and  forty-nine.  They  were  originally  terimd 
Daughters  of  Gideon,  Destroying  Angels — the  gentiles 
say  devils — and,  finally,  Sons  of  Dan,  or  Danites,  from 
one  of  whom  was  pro[)hesied  he  should  be  a  serpent  in 
the  path.     They  were  organized  about  1837  under  I). 

"  Pratt,  Persecntioii,  G8,  says  that  the  <lbL'u:linicnt  was  under  the  coiii- 
maml  of  Captain  Diirphcy,  aiiloil  hy  I'attcii. 

*- '  Till)  ctR'iny  liail  left  tlicir  liorrfL-.j,  wuldles,  camp,  and  Iiaggage  in  the  con- 
fusion of  t'.K'ir  Uiglit,  wliicli  fell  into  our  huudd. '  I'rail'i  Pcrxrciitioii,  7-.  '  \\  i; 
<hdi\c'rcd  t!ic  horsod  and  ijpuiiii  of  the  cueniy  tu  L'ul.  lliuuklc,  tho  cuinniuud- 
inguliiccrof  tho  rcgiuieut.'  Jd.,  74. 


Tin:  PAN'ITKS. 


130 


was 
with- 
,  (Jil- 
Mor- 

fiom 
that  a 

ilU  of 

o  men 

Eli  as 

militia 

s.       Ill 
klKAV- 

SJCuard 
s  n\v\\. 
)ut  not 
risoiiir, 

p<ro  OHO 

ro  mor- 
LVjons." 

much 
mites, 
lis  hetii 
)rm«»»>s 
o  is  n<» 
IX  nauH' 
anti- 
f  srv- 
tcrnu'tl 
viitilis 
s,  fn>ui 
)eni  ill 
dcrl). 

the  coin- 
Ill  the  con- 

:•.'.  -Wo 

boiaiuuiul- 


(> 


W.  Patten,  poiinlarly  called  (^iptain  Fonrnot,  for  tho 
j.iir(»ose  of  dealinjLf  as  avenocrs  of  blood  with  ^eiitiloH; 
in  I'act,  they  formed  iv  kind  o\'  death  soeit-tv,  des|K'ru- 
iliu's,  thuLjM,  haahshaHhiyun — in  plain  Kn^^lish,  assas- 
sins ill  the  name  of  tlu!  J^<jr<l.  Iho  Mormons  declare 
cutcLjorieally  tho  whole  and  every  particular  to  \h)  tho 
cihunnious  invention  of  the  impostor  and  arch  apos- 
t;ite,  y\v  John  C.  Benr.ett"*'' 

.l(»hn  Hyde,  a  seceder,  states  that  tho  Danite  hand, 
of  tho  United  Brothers  of  (jidoon,  was  organized  on 
tlu-  4th  of  July,  1838,  and  was  placed  under  the  coin- 
iiuuid  of  the  apostle  David  Patten,  who  for  tho  pur- 
|ii)sc  as-iumcd  tho  name  of  Captain  Fearnot.'-'* 

-  .Idhii  Corrill  says  that  nonio  time  in  Juno  a  secret  society  wna  formed  of 
p.  few  iiuliviihinU  who  sltouM  lie  agreed  in  all  things,  imd  stand  liy  each  oilier, 
rij^lit  or  wrong,  under  nil  circumstanocs.  Next  to  <iod  was  the  lint  presi- 
d.  my;  nnd  they  hound  theuiHidves  hy  the  most  sidenin  covenants  hcfirc  tho 
iiliiiijity  that  the  presidency  should  bo  obeyed.  'Who  started  tlii.i  Hoiicty 
1  kiinw  not,'  writeHt'orrill;  'hut  Doctor  Samson  Arvard  was  tho  mont  promi- 
nent leader  and  instructor,  and  was  assisted  by  others.  Tho  (irst  presidency 
<li<l  not  seciii  to  have  much  to  do  with  it,,  .  .but  I  thought  they  stood  anwire- 
wurki  r.-t  behind  the  curtain.'  'Arvard  was  very  forward  and  ind(j|'ati.i,'uldu  in 
aie(>ni|ilisliiiig  their  purposes,  for  he  devoted  his  whole  talents  t!)it,  and  spared 
no  I  iM  ins;  and,  I  thought,  was  as  grand  a  villain  as  his  wit  and  ability  Could  ad- 
mil  of  .  .Tliey  ranintuuwful  extremes,'  seeming  to  think  that  they  were  culled 
ii|i(inti)executethcjudgmentsof(.!odon  all  their  enemies.  'l)r.\i  vardi'v'ccivcd 
iirder.ifit  1  .Smith,  l!igdon,  and  eomiwny  to  «lcstroy  tho  papci  containing  tho 
cunsiitnlion  of  tho  Danite  society,  as,  if  it  should  be  tliscovcred,  it  would  bo 
considered  treasonablo.  Ho  did  not,  however,  ol)cy  tho  orders,  but  after  ho 
was  made  prisoner  ho  lianded  it  t.oCicneral  Clark.'  Kiilder'n  Mormoiii.im,  143. 
Tiic  eonstitution  is  published  in  Hfitiiflt'ii  Mormoiiism  L'xpoi>ril,  '2(i."t.  'Tho 
(latli  by  which  tho  DaMites  woro  bound  in  Missouri  was  altered  in  a  secret 
council  of  tho  inquisition  at  Nauvoo  so  as  to  read:  "In  the  name  of  desiis 
(^liri  t,  the  Son  of  (!od,  I  do  solemnly  obligate  myself  ever  to  re;;ar,l  tho 
piiipliet  and  lirst  presidency  of  tho  church  of  Jesus  (Jiirist  of  L:ittor-l)ay 
Sainis,  as  the  supremo  head  of  the  church  on  earth,  and  to  obey  them  in  all 
tliini;*  lh(!  same  as  the  supremo  (iod;  that  I  will  stand  by  my  brethren  in 
ilaiiT'T  or  dilhculty,  and  will  uphold  the  presidency,  right  or  wnnr,';  mid  that 
Iv.  ill  ever  conceal,  and  never  reveal,  the  secret  purposes  of  this  society, 
called  the  Daughter  of  Zion.  Should  I  ever  do  the  same,  I  hold  my  life  as 
tlie  t  irfeiture,  in  a  caldron  of  boiling  oil.'"  /(/.,  "JOT.  The  origin  of  the  name 
Uaii  Jiler  of  Zioii  may  bo  found  in  Slicah  iv.   \',\. 

■'  ////(/(•',■(  Mormonium,  104.  In  /(/.,  lOi-'i,  Hyde  writesas  follows;  'When 
llieeiti.tensof  I'arrolland  Daviess  counties,  Mo. ,  began  to  threaten  the  .Mormons 
with  expulsion  in  1S;)S,  a  death  society  was  organized  under  the  direction  of 
Siihi(  y  Itigdon,  and  with  tho  sanction  of  Smith.  Its  lirst  captain  was  ( 'a]>tiui» 
iVaiiiot,  alias  David  Patten,  anapostlo.  Its  object  was  the  puiii.shnient  of  tho 
iibiioxious.  Sonic  tinio  elapsed  before  tinding  a  suitable  name.  Tliey  desired 
one  ili:it  should  seem  to  combine  spiritual  authority  with  a  suitjiblo  soiuul. 
Mieah  iv.  \'A,  fuiTiished  the  first  name.  "Arise  and  thresh,  O  daughter  of  ZionI 
ft;r  1  will  make  thy  horn  iron,  and  thy  hools  brass;  and  thou  sIkiU  beat  in 
pievis  ni:my  people;  anil  I  will  con  cerate  their  gain  unto  the  Lord,  and 
liiuii'  subiiUiuce  uuto  the  Lord  of  the  whole  earth.'    This  furuisUcd  thorn  with 


126 


THE  8T0RY  OF  MORMOXISll. 


m 


It  is  tlio  opinion  of  Roino  that  tlic  Danito  band,  or 
Destroyinjj  AngelH  as  again  they  arc  called,  was  or- 
ganized at  the  recoinmcndution  of  tlie  govcnior  <.>f  MIh- 
8«)uri  as  a  means  of  self-defence  against  jiersecutions 
in  that  state. **  Thomas  B.  Marsh,  late  president  of 
th(^  twelve  apostles,  and  president  of  the  church  at 
Far  West,  but  now  a  dissenter,  having  "abandoned 
tin.'  faith  of  the  Mormons  from  a  conviction  of  their 
immorality  an«l  impiety,"  testilies  that  in  OctolxT, 
18:{8,  they  "hatl  a  meeting  at  Far  West,  at  which  thi-y 
appointe(l  a  company  of  twelve,  by  the  name  of  the 
l)estru(!tion  Company,  for  the  purpose  of  burning  and 
destr<>ying."*" 

The  apostate  Bennett  gives  a  nunil>cr  of  names  hy 
whi<h  the  same  society,  or  divisions  of  it,  were  known, 
such  as  Daughter  of  Zion,  Big  Fan,'^  "inasmuch  as  it 
fanned  out  the  clmtf  from  the  wheat,"  Brother  of 
Gideon,  Destructive,  Flying  Angel.  The  explani- 
tion  of  Jo.seph,  the  prophet,  was  that  one  Doctor 
Sampson  Arvard,  wlio  after  being  a  short  time  in  thf 
church,  in  order  to  add  to  his  importance  and  influc'.u-e 
secretly  initiated  the  order  of  Dunites,  and  hehl  meet- 

a  prutoNt;  it  accurately  dcticriliod  their  iiituntionf ,  an>l  they  callot  thcmwivi  t 
tlic  l>itii}|i!iturMof  liioii.  Mdiiio  ridiculo  wan  nuuli-at  these  lwanK-<l  rjkI  IiIimhIv 
(luuglitiTrt,  ami  tliu  iiuino  tliil  iutt  Hit  c^uiily.  I>c:itr<>yin2{  Au^-U  caiai*  next; 
the  iii.;^  Fun  uf  titu  tiirciiliar  tiiat  hIiouIi!  thoroughly  mr^'  the  ll'K>r  was  trii  /| 
anil  dropped,  (iunvait,  xlix.  17,  furnished  tli<<  imiim^  tliat  tiiey  linally  iutitiiiic  ■ 
The  vcrHo  in  <|Uito  aiuailicaiit:  "  Pun  Hhall  Ih'  u  »c'r|)cQt  l<y  tlif  wav.  nti  adiirr  m 
the  ])ath,  that  l)itcth  the  hurto'M  lio<  In,  ho  tluit  hii  ndcr  »lu!l  (aft  iKirkwarl  ' 
Thu  HoUd  of  Daii  Mas  the  atvlu  they  tuloptcd;  nail  many  liaTc  Ix-cn  t>i('  liin<'4 
that  tluy  huvu  beoti  addura  in  the  path,  and  inauy  a  p>-Jt  ka* (alien  l«M:Ww.<ril, 
aod  h:\n  l«<'ii  neon  no  niuro.' 

*^Sw  Sm,irk>r'*  Hint.  Mor.,  I  OH. 

'*  '  Tiiu  nii-niljera  uf  thiii  order  wcm  placed  uixler  tb<t  moat  aacred  olilii,'ik- 

tionn  that  languuuu  could  inwnt. .   tu  atumi  hy  each  other  unto  dcati t  • 

■uataiu,  prot<'ct,  defend,  and  uhuv  the  leadcra  ;>f  llic  church  under  any  anl 
all  lirciiuiMtani'cs  niito  death.'  lo  divul;j;ca  Ilonito  accrvt  wa«  duath.  Tli^n' 
were  HJgua  aud  token*,  r.he  refiiaul  to  res(MH-t  uhich  waatli-atb.  *ThiiiMr-ri 
or  token  of  dialrou  ia  niatle  hy  placing  the  light  liand  oa  the  right  aidouf  tlio 
face,  u  it'll  the  iM)inta  of  the  litigerH  upward*,  ah<-  in^  the  liaod  upward*  until 
thu  ear  i*  ^nag  up  hctwocu  the  thuinli  and  fore»iu^«'r.    Ltr't  Murnuniin  n,  .'>7  s. 

"  'The  HiKioty  waa  institutod  for  the  pur|)<ia>>  of  driving  out  ffoni  tli<> 
holy  land,  tlieit  earthly  naradiao,  in  Miasouri,  nil  apuataU-i  ur  diaac-iter^ 
They  inuku  no  Hcrunio  wliatover  t«  cominii  ptrjury.  wImth  dcemol  rtN|Ui*ili' 
for  the  welfare  of  their  church. .  .Tho  number  of  ifeinit<^  i«  now,  ',*4J,  u!*  t 
'AOOO  or  '2,:iO0.  From  the  elite  of  thu  .^>anitt'a,  or  ltjught4^Ti  «.i  Zion,  tw  ho 
men  uro  belvotcd,  who  are  callcil  DeatrvetiTva,  or  l>Mtroying  Angela,  or  I  ly- 
ing Angela.'  itormoHium  ExiKHitd,  203  0. 


HAUN'8  MILL  TRAGEDY. 


m 


band,  or 
,  was  ()r- 
r  *.»f  Min- 
jecutu)ns 
s'ulout  of 
liurch  iit 

I  <if  tlicir 
OctolxT, 

h'urh  tlu'V 
lie  of  tlu' 
ruing  aiitl 

names  l)y 
re  known, 
nucli  as  it 
Jrotlier  of 
!  cx|>lain- 
ne  Doctor 
inie  in  tlu> 

II  inMuemi! 
u'ltl  nicH't- 

|\p.l  thcmHflvn 
I.  «l  uii'l  lilix'ily 
■«-U  caint;  i"'^'; 
l!<K»r  wuM  tri<'''t 
Inally  am'tuuit  i 

IV.  nllililiirl  Ul 
Jl  Iwrkwar  1  ' 
|l»-cn  111'-  »»>'"■' 


|tu  tluatli, . .  t  ■ 

ijn«tcr  any  ;iii'l 
I.Usitli.  Til  !■■ 
J,.     •Tlii*   i-i> 

iht  »iJ"<'' '  "■ 
■uptrartU  «_ii'«l 
^niouM  n,  .'>T  *> 

lout  twm  >'i'' 
(liMC'iU-r^ 

Imcl  rc'i"  *ii" 


itipfs  organizing  hiH  men  into  companies  of  tens  and 
Jil'tios,  with  captains.  Then  he  called  the  olhcers 
to^rethcr  and  tt>id  them  that  they  were  to  go  forth 
and  spoil  the  gentiles;  but  they  rejected  the  proposal, 
ami  Arvard  was  cut  off  from  the  church.  All  the 
j)riMent  leaders  of  the  ^lormon  church  deny  om[)hat- 
ically  the  existence  of  any  such  band  or  society  as  a 
])urt  uf  or  having  anything  to  do  tvith  their  organiza- 
tion.** 

'"It  was  intended  to  enablo  him,' Smith,  'mora  ofTcctunUy  to  execute 
liin  (luiidestino  purposes.'  "'Milkin){  tho  guntilex"  is  a  kind  of  voi.incular 
t'  rill  of  the  Mormons,  and  sii^nilics  tho  ol>tuining  of  money  or  prop  rty  fmm 
tliiiso  who  are  not  mcinlK'ni  of  tho  Mormon  churuli.'  A/.,  *J7--8.  '  iu  -.ii  vx- 
uniiiiatioii  lieforo  .ludjjo  Kin^,  Samuel  (Samson?)  Arvard  testiiicd  intit  tho 
tiiHt  (ilijdct  of  the  Oaiiito  liaiid  was  to  drive  from  tho  county  of  ('alilwiU  u!l 
thoHc  whodiasuntod  from  tho  Mormon  ciuircli,  in  wliich  they  snuccodi-il  udiiiir- 
alily . .  .Tiio  proplictJoscpliSuiith.Jr,  together  with  his  two  coun8clh>rx  ilyriiin 
Smith  iukI  Sidney  Rij/don,  wore  considered  tho  Huprcmu  head  of  t!iu  i  liiin.h, 
ainl  thu  |)anitu  Itand  telt  thnniHelvus  un  iniiuli  Itoiind  t.>  oi)oy  thrin  iih  to  <il>i-y 
till!  Hiipremo  <iod.'  John  ('oi rill  swore:  *I  think  tlio  original  object  of  tho 
Itikiiito  InmuI  was  to  operate  on  >Uu  disHcnters;  Imi  ufterwurdi  il  nww  into  n 
syNtt'in  to  carry  out  the  designs  of  the  preMicU>ncy,  and  if  it  was  neces- 
luiry,  to  use  physical  force  to  upoo'd  thu  kingdom  ot  Uod.'  John  Cleminson 
mtiil:  'Whovvur  opposed  the  presitlency  in  what  they  suiil  or  deiir.il  dono 
slioiiM  lio  expirtled  tho  county  or  have  their  lives  taken.'  Win  W.  rhilpn, 
for  i'.  scaaon  an  apostate,  testified:  'If  any  person  spoko  agtiiuHt  tlx-  nivHi> 
d'li'y  tliey  would  hand  him  over  to  tho  liunds  of  tho  llrotiiori  ..f  (iiileon.' 
'Tlio  (ilijoct  of  tlio  mouting  seemed  to  bo  to  m:tk«  persons  confeMt  itnd  repent 
of  their  sins  to  liod  ami  tho  presidency.'  '  Wiglit  a.iked  Smith,  Jr,  twice  if 
I*,  had  coino  to  ttio  point  now  to  resist  tho  laws.  Smith  reidieil  tho  tiiiio  hud 
CD. nil  wlien  lie  should  ivtiist  all  law.*  ferrit'  f/Yi/i  Hint  ihr  MurmoiiH,  {^J-;|. 
.'Vivanl  *Hworo  false  concerninjj  u  constitution,  as  ho  said,  that  wax  iiiti->Mluced 
aiiioii;^  tho  Danitcs,  an<l  matio  many  otiier  lyin({  slAtcmcnts  in  connection 
tlirivwitii.'  Mfin.  (o  Lr;f.,  in  <!rn'iif  <i  Ftti'U,  ;i-J-.'l.  .Sayi  John  Corrill  in  his 
lliiif  lliilorii,  'A  com|)any,  called  tho  I'ur  I'omiwiny.  wan  raised  for  tlio  i)ur- 
posii  of  procurinjK  proviaions,  for  pros«in;|  tenmn,  and  even  men  Hoinctiincn, 
iiitii  tlie  army  in  Cahlwell.'  Iteed  I'eck  testiilcd  that  small  coin|Kinit's  were 
Kciiloiiton  various  plundering  e)(po<litiou<«-  that  ho  'Huwonoof  these  com- 
puiiie.i  on  its  roturn.  It  was  called  a  fur  -  >.  oany  Some  had  onu  thin;<, 
»>iiit!  nnolher;  ono  ha<l  a  feather  I M>d;  another  bii..iu  spun  yarn,  etc.  Thin  fur 
tlity  w:ire  to  take  to  tho  bishop's  store,  ivhcr.;  it  was  to  bo  tlei>ositcd,  and  if 
tiny  failcil  to  do  this  it  wouM  Im  c(  tinidurcd  st4uiling.'  K'uliVr  *  Mormoiiium, 
117  H.  Ailidovit  of  the  city  council,  Nuu.;»<»:  'Wo  do  further  testify  that 
tUvfr  is  i.y  tuuli  thin^^iisa  Uanite  society  in  this  city,  nor  any  eombinntion 
utiurthai  tho  Masonic  of  which  we  have  any  knowledge.'  iSigueil  by  Wd- 
noil  Uw,  J  <hn  Taylor,  Wilfonl  Wootlruft",  and  lOoihers.  MU'ennM  St<ii;  xix. 
Oil.  llcfcrtucoa  toautlioritios  jptjakiuK  of  tho  banites:  Ma-btijiThf  Mor- 
MuiM,  HD-Ol),  1 10;  Lit'*  y.irmoiUm,  .')7  «,  b'lil-^iO;  ohhitiinri),  Omh,  <l.  Marm., 
■!  .;  I'eiri*'  Ula':  aitil  ihe  Aformou*, SO;  Urtulh'n  Lij'r  in  Ulah,  :W'.»  !>(»;  Hii, ton's 
tih,  of  the.  St:  itM,  3o0;  Hinuclxr'a  IliM.  Mur.,  lOH  0;  Youn>jH  \Yi/,-  A'.).  19, 
47  S,  JiWi  lilt  h,  Omh.  tier  Morm.,  87i  MatAhiW^  T/iromjh  Am.,  '-M:»  10; 
JljliyH^  Morm  liU.n,  lOl-.'t;  BrnniU't  MormoHuni  KxfMml,  l!(KJ-7«;  MiUrr'a 
Kii-l  FiimiUft  01-  i;  llickmiii'*  Dri-iham't  Ufntroi/ioi]  Amjel;  //<«//'<  Moiinnn- 
wn.  U1.5;  b\  it.  ifcM,  iu  Utah  County  Sktirhf*,  MS  ,  41)  M,  the  last  uaoiea 
rvfurring  to  t'  i  rules  and  priuciplea  of  tho  order  of  Hnuch. 


123 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMOXISM. 


If  : 


%i 


f'l^- 1' 


Meanwhile  was  being  matured  tlie  bloody  trajrody 
which  occurred  on  the  30th  of  October  near  Haun's'* 
mill,  on  Shoal  creek,  about  twenty  miles  below  Far 
West.  Besides  the  Mormons  living  there,  were  a  num- 
ber of  emigrants  awaiting  the  cessation  of  liostilitios 
before  proceeding  on  their  journey.  It  had  been 
agreed  between  the  Mormons  and  Missourians  of  that 
locality  tliat  they  would  not  molest  each  other,  but 
live  togetlior  in  peace.  But  the  men  of  Caldwi-ll  and 
Daviessi  counties  would  not  have  it  SvO.  Suddenly 
and  witiiout  warning,  on  the  day  above  mentioned, 
mounted  and  to  the  number  of  two  hundred  and  ft)rtv, 
they  fell  upon  the  fated  settlement.  While  the  men 
were  at  their  work  out  of  doors,  the  women  in  the 
house,  and  the  children  playing  about  the  ^-ardn,  tiic 
crack  of  a  hundred  rifles  was  heard,  and  before  the 
firing  ceased,  eighteen  of  these  unoffending  people 
wore  stretched  dead  upon  the  ground,  while  many 
more  were  wounded.  I  will  not  enter  upon  the  .sick- 
ening details,  which  are  copious  and  fully  proven; 
suflicc  it  to  say,  that  never  in  savage  or  other  war- 
fare was  there  perpetrated  an  act  more  dastardly  and 
brutal. ^^  Indeed,  it  was  openly  avowed  by  the  nu  ii 
of  IMissouri  that  it  was  no  worse  to  shoot  a  ^lornion 
than  to  shoot  an  Indian,  and  killing  Indians  was  no 
worse  than  killing  wild  beasts. 

A  somewhat  singular  turn  affairs  take  at  this  junc- 
ture. It  appears  that  Boggs,  governor,  and  sworn 
enemy  of  the  saints,  does  not  like  the  way  the  war  is 
going  on.  Here  are  his  own  soldiers  fighting  his  own 
voters,  the  state  forces  killing  the  men  who  have  put 

'■"•Spcllnl  aim)  Ilnlin,  Holm,  Hawn. 

'" '  luniiiMliiiti'ly  uftrr  tliJM,  tliero  came  into  the  city  a  niesscng^'r  from 
Hiuui'h  mill,  Idingiiig  the  intulligvnco  of  an  awful  massacre  nf  tlio  i>oo|iiu 
MJio  wirr  iii.idim?  in  tliat  place,  ami  that  a  force  of  two  or  tlimo  hiiiiilnl, 
ilctaclicil  from  tlu!  niaiti  lioily  of  tlie  army,  under  the  iinp«'rior  comiii.iiul  "f 
(Jul.  A:ilili\v,l)utiinik'rtlu!  immudtatooominundof  ('apt.  Nt'iicmiiiliCoinpatoi !., 
wild,  llio  (lay  pri'vioiiR,  had  promised  tlicin  i>cace  and  protection,  but  on  iv- 
cfiviii;i(  a  coiiy  of  the  governor's  order  to  exterminate  or  to  exp*-!,  from  tlio 
handH  lit  ('ot.  Ashley,  ho  returned  upon  them  the  following  flay,  and  surprivl 
and  in:iHKacrc>l  the  whole  population,  and  then  came  ou  to  the  town  of  i'.ir 
West,  mill  cnterod  into  conjuuctiou  with  tho  luuin  body  of  the  army.' 
Mackay  »  The  Mormom,  >iA-V, 


BOOGS-  TACTICS. 

hun  in  office!     This  «;;ii       .   ,  ^^ 

•'-■H»gsomewl,eJ.'"rt''LX  M     '''"'«  '^  '-<  '''"n- 
t"  l«  killed  and  driven  off  „    T'"'"'"'"'  «i>ly  tl.at  „ro 

An,„rican  Bogg,  ^ol  J*^' ^.?  »"' ^'•'/'■oe  and  l!,;,d 
••7»3   be  turned   againS'  tl^^  ""■"'  ^'  »''«  »ta  ' 
"'"'tP'H-'text!    Any,     SavW  *' """"-■''   '«"''t»l    On 

<ljo  men  „f  Missour--  are  lir''^  ,1"   "''"   "'"I    l>ur«: 

;;'.>y  ^I'ould  they  not  rXti"^' v"V  ""''  ''«•"'"•' 

l"<ve.s  and  ba/n.en  amon"  1    ^"  f""'"  ""•■■•e  a?e' 

.■«o  "f  the  time  to  prS  h,'"'-"'  'V '<'  take  a.lv„,'? 

*r"v^'n,or,  «eats  llself  and"""'',',  A'"' -' J^-W^  the 
«o-.ora..  ,  ,  drive  or„V  eTtorm'    {  ""'""  "«  to  Ws 


'■"«/,'>>•<"<  (nroctrnVvT'l  ""•"'^•'^  Oct, 


1» 


THK  STORY  OF  MORMOXISM. 


r  i 


Thus  it  appears  that  the  Missouri  state  militia,  called 
out  in  the  first  instance  to  assist  the  Mormon  state 
militia  in  quelling  a  Missouri  mob,  finally  joins  the  mob 
against  the  Mormon  militia.  In  none  of  their  acts 
had  the  saints  placed  themselves  in  an  attitude  of  un- 
lawful opposition  to  the  state  authorities;  on  the  other 
hand,  they  were  doing  all  in  their  power  to  defend 
themselves  and  support  law  and  order,  save  in  thu 
matter  of  retaliation. 

The  first  the  saints  of  Caldwell  county  know  of  the 
new  tactics  is  the  appearance,  within  half  a  mile  of 
Far  West,**  of  three  thousand  armed  men,  under  Gen- 
eral Lucas,  generals  Wilson  and  Doniphan  being  pres- 
ent, and  General  Clark  with  another  army  being  a  fow 
days*  march  distant.  General  Lucas  states  that  tho 
main  business  there  is  to  obtain  possession  of  three  in- 
dividuals, whom  he  names,  two  of  them  not  Mormons; 
and  for  the  rest  he  has  only  to  inform  the  saints  that 
it  is  his  painful  duty  cither  wholly  to  drive  them  from 
the  state  or  to  exterminate  them.'*  Gilliam  and  his 
comrades,  who  as  disguised  Indians  and  white  njon 
had  been  fighting  the  Mormons,  now  that  tl»e  state  es- 
pouses their  cause,  join  Lucas.**  General  Atchison 
was  at  Richmond,  in  Kay  county,  when  the  gover- 
nor's exterminating  order  was  issued.  "I  will  have 
nothing  to  do  with  so  infamous  a  proceeding,"  ho  said, 
and  immediately  resigned. 

Cecil  iininndiatcly  toRicliinoncl  and  thcro  operate  again8t  the  Monnona.  Biii.'.- 
iffii.  Pnrka  uf  Kay  haa  l>oon  onlurotl  to  have  4UU  iiiun  of  hid  Itriuutlu  in  niKii- 
iiuait  to  join  you  at  Hichmoud.  Thu  whole  force  will  be  placed  uudor  yuur 
voinniancl.' 

'"The  govenior'ii  ordcnt  and  these  military  movcmenta  were  kentnn  oiitiru 

oven  the  inail  wua  witli- 


i^lv  iinffuanlcd,  and  atn)m>*  to 
.  Milking  all  duo  allowiinco  fur  tiu)  t\ii:( 


■ucrct  fn>in  tlie  citizena  of  (Vulwi'll  and  DiivioM. 
lielil  from  Far  West.'   I'nitl'A  Aiitobi^/rniihii, '2iM). 

'•■'Tlua  letter  of  tiie  govenior'a  wan  cxtreniol: 
hnve  l>ceit  too  literally  conHtrucd. , 

pi^ruted  Btat«i  of  the  public  mind,  tlutae  threata  of  vxterniination  sound  ii  lit 
tie  too  HAvngo  in  Anglo-Saxon  ears. .  .But  they  were  im|tolitic,  Imujiuko  tlnv 
gave  plauitii>ility  to  the  idea  that  the  aainta  were  tiie  victima  of  u  t-nu'l  aii'l 
iinnli-nting  ruli;{ious  persecution,  and  furniahed  them  with  one  of  the  Huir^t 
nieaua  of  future  auccess.'   FiTrin'  Utah  ami  tkf  Mormoim,  IK)-1. 

"  'Aliout  the  time  that  Lucjia  came  out  to  Far  Weat,  Smith  assemblfl  thf 
Monuon  tr(K>p8,  ami  attid  tiiat  for  every  one  they  laeked  in  nunibi-r  of  th "ii 
who  came  out  among  them,  the  I»rd  would  send  augeU,  who  would  tight  i"r 
Ihcui,  oud  they  ahould  be  victoriutia.'   Kiilil>r'it  MormonUm,  143. 


IMPOLITIC  MEASURES. 


ine  day  roII<,u;,irr  i  •        .  "* 

'    "I  -l./o,Hlecl  murder." L/r'  ,'*'""«'  any 

'  •"''-"  ".ii  ia  t./^; '"  ^''r- ''/S  "f  •::  .""'"•  '-twee  '!&'••  •" 


«n««  J^xiHrlence,  .M.S., 


132 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


tho  stato  in  putting  down  a  mob,  were  forced  at  the 
point  of  tJio  bayonet  to  sign  an  obligation,  binding 
not  only  themselves  but  the  civilians  within  their 
settlements  to  defray  the  entire  expense  of  the  war. 
This  proceeding  was  sufficiently  peculiar;  but,  as  a 
oiirnax  to  their  conduct,  some  of  the  officers  and  men 
laid  hands  on  the  Mormons'  property  wherever  they 
could  find  it,  taking  no  thought  «)f  payment. 

General  Clark "  now  comes  forward,  and  ejitering 
the  town  of  Far  West,  collects  the  saints  in  tho  pul)- 
lic  square,  reads  them  a  lecture,''  and  selecting  fifty 
of  tlieir  number,  thrusts  them  into  prison.  Next  day 
forty-six  of  tho  fifty  are  taken  to  Richmond,'"*  and 
after   a  fortnight's  confinement   half  are  liberated," 

""  I'ratt  nays  that  Clark  has  Ixicn  commended  by  some  writers  fur  lii.^ 
heroic,  merciful,  and  prudent  conduct  towiird  tho  MormonH,  but  that  tliu 
truth  ib  that  ho  o|>cnly  avowed  his  approval  of  all  tho  priH!i>edin;;8  of  <<uii. 
Lut'iiK,  o.nd  said  that  ho  should  not  alter  his  decrees.    Aulobioijrnphii,  'JJT  ><. 

''  It  runs  OS  follows:  '(iuntlemcn,  You  whoxo  names  uru  not  attucliud  to 
tliis  list  of  names  will  now  haw  tho  privileuo  of  uoiug  to  your  fields  tu  olt- 
tain  iM>rn  for  your  fainiliits,  wood,  etc.  Those  tiiitt  nro  now  taken  will  ^o 
friiiu  tlivnoo  to  prison,  tolw  tried,  and  rcusivo  tho  due  demerit  of  their  oriiiirs, 
but  you  uro  nov^'  at  lilHirty,  all  but  such  as  charges  may  lie  hereafter  prefm >  il 
against.  It  now  devolves  uiwn  you  to  fulfil  tho  treaty  that  you  have  entun'l 
into,  tho  leading  items  of  wiiich  I  now  lay  l)eforo  you.  Thu  lirst  of  them'  >'  n 
huvo  already  complied  with,  which  is,  that  you  (lelivor  up  your  lca<ling  im  ii 
to  bo  tried  according  tu  lav.  >Sccond,  that  you  deliver  up  your  aniiM;  thii 
hus  lH!cn  attended  to.  Tho  third  is,  that  you  sign  over  your  property  to  <li 
fray  tho  exiienses  of  the  war;  this  you  have  also  done.  Anothertliing  yrt  i' 
niniiis  for  you  to  comply  with,  that  i»,  that  you  leave  this  stato  fortlnutli, 
and  whatever  your  leolings  concerning  thisatfuir,  whatever  your  innociii'  . 
it  is  nothing  to  mo.  Uen.  Lucus,  wno  is  c!i]nal  in  authority  with  inc,  Imi 
niadt!  this  treaty  with  ywa.  I  am  dotenninod  to  see  it  executed.  The  (inl>  ix 
of  the  goTomor  to  me  were,  that  you  should  \ki  ixterminuteil,  and  n<>t  .d 
lowjd  to  continue  in  tho  state,  and  hud  your  Iciidern  not  U'on  given  up  ui  I 
the  treaty  comi>liod  with  Iwforo  this,  you  and  your  families  would  have  Ix iii 
destroycil,  and  your  housei  in  ashes.* 

'•"'  I'ruttsays  in  hia  A  utohioijra/ih;/  p.  210,  tliat  arrvelntimi  to.losepli  S>";i)i 
buoyi'il  up  their  spirits  continually  ilurint:  tl>  ir  captivity.  'As  wk  aroH.  1 
coiiunenced  our  march  on  the  morning  ot  thn  3d  «if  \ovcm'.*r,  .Itmcph  Su  ''. 
spoke  to  mu  and  (he  otiii-r  prisoners  in  a  lo^v  but  clii-rful  and  coiiiidi'iiii  i 
tone;  snid  ho,  "Ibi  of  good  cheer,  brethren;  the  word  t  thv  Lord  oMue  to  uf. 
lu.st  night  that  our  lives  should  Iws  given  us,  and  that  what*fviT  wt-  may  i>u;!>  r 
during  this  captivity,  not  one  of  our  lives  should  lie  taken.'"  '  VViuiu  *«•  n 
ri\<'  I  in  Uichmond  as  prisoners  there  wito  some  fifty  otb***,  mostly  iii .i  l^ 
of  families,  who  hml  been  inarclied  from  (/ubKvi-ll  on  fiHii.  distiuu'o  tliiits 
miles,  and  wore  now  penned  uj>  in  a  cold,  open,  untiniHluMt  i-ourr-hou-' ',  in 
wiiich  situation  tliey  remained  for  some  works,  while  their  familie;'  »  r.' 
sutFering  severe  p-'vations.'    /(/.,  227. 

"*.\  eiuirt  <.f  iiKiuiry  wa^  institut^ul  at  RiiMimoml  Iwfore  .rudtrv  .Anstiii 
A.  King,  lasting  from  thu  llili  t.>  2sthof  \ovom4wr.  !*Tntt8ays:  "The  i  'li!' 
coiilil  not  Ih)  prevailed  on  to  exuiniuu  the  eoiidiiet  of  tiie  niurderera  and  <'>'>' 


THE  SAINTS  MUST  00. 


lai 


(1  at  tho 

tiin  their 
the  war. 
but,  as  a 
i  and  men 
over  they 


1  entering' 
I  the  i)ul)- 
ctii»g  titty 
Next  ilay 
lond,^'  ai»<l 
liberated," 

writeni  fi""  '"'^ 
H,  but  that  th.' 
i3c«lm>;»  i»f  *^"' 
oifraphii,  '2-7  '^ 
uot  attuclicil  ti 
,ur  lieUU  to  <il' 
w  token  will  K" 
bo(  their  trim.  :*, 
rcttfter  prcdi  1 '  I 
oil  have  t'lituK  'I 
irst  of  thfsf  >  " 
our  leatli"«  >i"" 
your  ariiiM;  tlni 
■  juoporty  ti>  'ir 
[hor  tiling  yt  i 
lUta  forth«ii!i. 
your  iniuH:L'ii    . 
ty  with   IIU',  li't 
,j.    Tho  oi-a.  1  ■< 

;cil,  auil  II"'  •'' 
u  given  "I'  '"' 
•ould  hikvt!  Ihi" 


|t«).li)iiei>h  S' 
l\s  we  iu'i>"i 
Ir,  Jimcph  Sn 
Vi'l  con»i«li  I'"' 
Liril  o*«i«'  '  '  ' 
|.r  wr  may  >  ■ 
'  When  " 
^,,  nnwtly  !>'  ' 
l.lirtUuieo  tl" 
J  ,(iijrt-hi'U- 
Ir   diuulu:'  vi 


1 


111 


.  Ju.Il"  ^'  •"" 
,V8:  Th.-  !  'Ijl* 
lioruTH  ami  "•"' 


most  of  the  remainder  beiii}^  set  free  a  week  later  on 
j^'ivinjj:  bail.  Lucas  *'  then  retires  witli  his  troops, 
Itavin;^  the  country  to  be  ravaj^ed  by  armed  squads 
that  burn  houses,  insult  women,  and  drive  off  stock 
ml  libitum.*^  The  faint  pretext  of  justice  on  the  part 
(tf  tiie  state,  attendin<^  fonred  sales  and  forcetl  si^ttle- 
iiionts,  might  as  well  have  been  dispensu'd  with,  as 
it  was  but  a  cloak  to  cover  otiicial  iniquity." 

h(i«  wlio  ha<l  ileaolated  our  •ocicty,  nor  woulil  ho  receivo  tcatiniony  cxct-pt 
jiL.'ain8t  UM. .  .Tho  judge  in  open  court,  while  addrcMing  a  witnowt,  proclaimed 
tliat  if  tlie  meinltera  ot  tho  ciiurch  remained  on  their  lands  to  put  in  another 
<  I np  tiny  should  \hi  destroyed  indiscriminately,  and  their  l>oneii  Ui  left  to 
hU-.ich  on  the  plains  without  a  burial... Mr  l>uuiphun,  attormy  for  tho 
ili'tViiee,  and  Hinco  fantod  as  a  ^cnoriil  in  tho  Mexican  war,  tinally  udviiied  the 
I'liHciiiira  to  otfcr  no  defence;  "for,"  tuiid  he,  "though  a  legion  of  ungcis  from 
till' opening  heavens  hIiouKI  doolaro  your  innocence,  tho  court  an<l  (lopulaca 
have  (luereed  your  ilcstruction.". .  .JoMepli  and  liyrum  Smith,  (Sidney  Uig- 
iloii,  Lyman  W  ight,  Caleb  Italdwin,  and  Alexander  McIChv  were  committed 
to  the  jail  of  Clay  CO.  on  «'hargu  of  treason;  an<l  Morrit  I'helpH,  Lyman  (iililts, 
Margin  ('liaMo,  Norman  Shearer,  and  myself  were  committed  to  the  jail  of 
Kit'limund,  Itay  co.,  for  the  alleged  crime  of  murder,  sitnl  to  Itu  committed  in 
tlie  aet  of  di8|MT)ting  the  bandit  Ii4igart  and  his  gang.'  Id.,  '^'Mt-'A. 

'"Ingloriously  conspicuous  in  the  Missimri  jM-rsecutions  were  uenemis 
Clark,  Wilson,  ami  Lueas,  Colonel  I'rice,  Captain  llogart,  and  Cornelius  liil- 
h.iia,  'whose  zeal  in  the  eauNo  of  oppreision  and  injustice,  '  miys  Smith,  'was 
uMei|ualled,  and  whose  delight  has  been  to  rob,  muiiler,  and  spread  devastji- 
tiiiii  among  the  saints. .  .All  the  threats,  murders,  an<l  robUtries  which  tliesu 
elliii  Tit  have  been  guilty  of  are  etitirely  ignored  bv  the  executive  of  the  state, 
will)  til  hide  his  own  inniuity  must  of  c><>>irse  shield  and  protiv't  those  whom 
Ik  t'inpliiyed  to  carry  into  eifect  his  murderous  puri>osos.'  TimeH  tiuil  Sm- 
»iiiiJ<,  i.  7. 

"  I'ages  of  evidence,  iMth  Mornum  and  anti-Mormtm,  might  lie  given,  anil 
ran  imleed  at  any  time  lie  produced,  to  prove  tho  commiHation  of  innumeitiblu 
wniii^t  and  revolting  atrocities  on  the  juirt  of  the  iMNiph-  nf  Miitsouri,  while 
tiix  tied  therein  by  state  fnrces,  connuiiuded  by  stato  olUcnra,  aud  all  under 
^iiiilanco  of  the  state  governor. 

"There  is  abundance  tif  testimony  frnm  disinter»i«ted  sour'-es,  oven  from 
tho  (i|)|Hmers  of  .Morniiini!4m  tliem.>>elves,  tn  pruvu  the  iM'rHecuti'in  nn  the  p.irt 
of  thr  )MMii)le  of  .Mi.i.Hoiii  i  nnjust  and  niitraK'eiHis.  1  will  <|uiit<  ■nly  three  from 
iiniiy  Niniiliir  ennniitrits  thai  have  been  nimle  on  tiii-i  unbj'  •  i  iml  all,  Imi  it  re- 
iiii'iiiKirril,  emanating  from  the  (>|H'n  and  avnweil  enemii-<  ut  ilii.«  reli^iun. 

.■^ayt  I'rof.  Turner  of  lliini>i'>  enllego:  'Wli.>  U'ljan  the  iiiiarrel?  W.'is  it 
tile  .Miiimom*?  1h  it  nut  nutm-uMiH,  in  tin-  i'i«iitrar\,  that  tlii  y  «>'re  Imnted 
like  wilil  beaxts,  from  eoiinty  to  enunly,  Uf  ire  they  made  any  den|STato  re- 
iii.Htaiii'i'?  Dill  they  ever,  as  a  ImmIv.  n  Iu-  "liciliciiee  t.v  the  laws,  when 
'  illi'il  tipnn  to  do  po,  until  driven  t  •  li-i.  utuin  by  nix'ated  thieatt  and 
a.tvuilt)i  fi'olll  the  mob?  I>ii|  the  Ht<iU'  rvrr  m.ike  Khi'  ilei-i  '  I  rll'ort  to  dell  till 
tluiii  ;is  fclli)\v-''iti/en»  in  their  rights,  ur  to  ri-dreits  tii,.(i  Hrnng^T  l.et  tlie 
I'li'liii't  of  its  governnrs,  attorneys,  and  the  fate  n|  ilu'ii  linal  |M-tilioiM  an- 
"W.r.  Have  at.y  who  plunderts)  and  I'lM-uly  iiiassaereil  the  MoriuniM  e\er 
Ihi-u  brought  to  tho  nunishmeni  due  to  their  eriinesV  Let  tlie  IsNiHtiiii,'  niur- 
ilrrii<  (if  begj,'iiig  unit  helpless  infancy  answer,  lias  the  "ate  cm'I  'cmuner- 
atnl  iM'ii  thoHc  known  to  Iki  iniiiK'ent,  fur  the  Ions  i|  eifli  r  their  )>rop«rty  or 
tliiir  arms?  l)id  either  the  pulpit  or  the  priMS  thruiiuh  the  ntale  raise  •  note 
of  n-uonstrancc  or  ularmT    Let  the  cKixymen  who  als'tted  and  the  editor* 


134 


THE  STORY  OP  MORMOXISM. 


It  did  not  soeiu  possible  to  a  community  convicted  of 
no  crime,  and  living  in  the  nineteenth  century,  under 
the  flag  of*  the  world's  foremost  republic,  tliat  such  fla- 
grant wrongs  as  the  Boggs  exterminating  order,  and 
the  enforced  treaty  under  which  they  were  deprived  of 
their  property,  could  be  carried  into  effect.  They  ap- 
])ealeu,  therefore,  to  the  legislature,"  demanding  jus- 
tice. But  that  body  was  too  much  with  the  peo- 
ple and  with  Boggs  to  think  of  justice.  To  make  a 
show  t>f  decency,  a  committee  was  appointed  and  sent 
to  Caldwell  and  Daviess  counties,  to  look  into  the 
matter,  but  of  course  did  nothing.  Another  was 
appointed  with  like  result.  Debates  continued  witii 
more  or  less  show  of  interest  through  the  month  of 
])Lcember.  In  January,  1839,  the  Mormons  were 
plainly  told  that  they  need  expect  no  redress  at  the 
hand  of  the   legislature  or  other  body  of  Missouri. 

will)  encouraged  thu  mob  anawor.'  Vorreirpoiulence  JoHrph  Smith,  2.  Ou  tliu 
lUtli  (if  Miirt'li,  18.'t{),  tlio  ctlitor  of  tliu  OHinrt/ /I iv/im  wrotu  tut  follows:  '  \Vn 
huv(t  no  luiif{iiii>;c  Hutticicntly  stmnt^  for  tliu  oxpruHHioa  of  our  iiuliguutiun  and 
bIiiiiiic  lit  tilt)  recfiit  ti'uiiHUctioD  in  a  HJittcr  ntutu,  and  that  Mtitto  Misiiouri,  ii 
h'  iMif  wliii'li  Mu  had  ton({  lN>eii  proud,  aliku  for  livr  iiion  and  hiittory,  liut 
I  .'  HO  falli'ii  timt  wu  coultl  wish  lier  atur  stricken  out  from  tlio  briglit  con- 
HuJIutiiiii  of  tlio  I'liioii.  We  say  wti  know  of  no  language  siiflicicntly  strong 
for  lliu  t'X]ii'<'HMloii  of  our  itliaiiii)  unil  uliliorronce  of  her  roceiit  conduct.  Slui 
him  written  her  own  character  in  letters  of  lilood,  and  stuined  it  hy  uct.i  of 
nii'iTileHH  cruelty  and  liriitulity  that  thu  waters  of  agi.-H  cannot  etruue.  It  uill 
l)(i  (ihserved  that  nn  oi'^uni/cd  iiioli,  aided  liy  niuny  of  thu  civil  ami  military 
oIlicei-M  of  Missouri,  with  (iov.  lioggs  at  their  head,  have  Ixicii  thu  promiiK  iit 
nctoi'H  in  this  luisini'sii,  incited,  tiM>,  it  appears,  against  tlio  Mormons  liy  iKtiit- 
ical  hatred,  and  l>y  tliii  additional  motives  of  plunder  and  revenge.  I'ln'v 
have  liiit  ItMi  well  put  in  execution  their  threats  of  extermination  and  c\|iiil- 
sion,  and  fully  wreaked  thoir  vcngeaifu  ou  a  iiody  of  industrious  and  eiiUr- 
pricing  men  who  had  never  wronged  nor  wished  to  Wiong  them,  but  on  tlio 
contrary  had  (!ver  coiii|mrt«!d  themselves  as  good  u'ld  lioncHt  citizens,  liviii;/ 
under  thu  Name  laws,  and  having  the  sainu  right  with  themselves  to  the  sacii'tl 
immunities  of  life,  lilMTty,  and  pro|ierty.'  '  Ity  enlightened  {tcoplo  tho  M"' 
mons  were  regarded  as  thu  victims  of  misguided  vengeance  in  Missouri.  'I  In' 
nitliaiily  violence  they  encountered  at  thu  hands  of  lawless  ni(d)s,  iu  sevrt^ii 
iiistaiu'cs  eventuating  in  delilN<rute  murder,  finds  no  extenuation  in  any  uIIcli  I 
provocation.  Thu  due  process  </f  law  might  liavu  alfordetl  adequatu  redr<-ii 
for  the  criminalities  of  which  they  should  he  found  guilty  on  legal  tn.il 
Such  was  tlie  view  of  thu  sidijeet  rightly  tiikun  by  thu  jiooplu  of  lUinoiii  mil 
of  till'  worlil,  though  it  may  liavo  liuun  wrongfully  applied  in  favor  of  tin: 
euuHc  of  the  |icrsecutcil.'  'J'ufkrr't  MonnimiHm,  KMS. 

''A  memorial  was  sent  to  thu  legislature  of  Missouri,  dated  Far  Wr^t, 
Deo.  10,  lS.'i8,  setting  forth  tliesu  facts,  and  ])raying  that  tho  goveritni  i 
novel,  unlawful,  tyrannical,  and  oppressivu  order  be  tvseinded.  It  v.  1.1 
■i;,'ned  by  Kdward  Partridge,  llelier  1'.  Kimball,  .John  Taylor,  TlieiMJ  iro 
Turley,  Ibighani  Voung,  Isaac  Morluy,  (jiuorgo  W.  Harris,  John  Murdo  k, 
John  M.  Uuik. 


GLORIOUS  PERSECUTION. 


135 


There  was  no  help  for  thcin;  they  must  leave  the 
Htnto  or  be  killed;  of  this  they  were  assured  ou  all 
nidoa,  publicly  and  privately. 

And  now  begins  another  painful  march — painful  in 
the  thought  of  it,  painful  in  the  telling  of  it.  It  is 
iiiitlwinter;  whither  can  they  go,  and  how?  They 
have  homes,  but  they  may  not  enjoy  them;  land 
whic'h  they  have  bought,  houses  which  they  have 
l*uilt,  and  barns  and  cattle  and  food,  but  hereabout 
tliuy  are  hunted  to  death.  Is  it  Russia  or  Tar- 
lary  or  Hindostan,  that  people  are  thus  forced  to  fly 
for  opinion's  sake?  True,  the  people  of  the  United 
States  do  not  like  such  opinions;  they  do  not  like  a 
iiligious  sect  that  votes  solid,  or  a  class  of  men  whom 
i\wy  look  upon  as  fools  and  fanatics  talking  about 
tiiking  the  country,  claimed  as  theirs  by  divine  right; 
but  in  any  event  this  was  no  way  to  settle  the  diffi- 
culty. Here  are  men  who  have  been  stripped  in  a 
nionientof  the  results  of  years  of  toil — all  that  they 
Iiavo  in  the  world  gone;  here  are  women  weighed 
down  with  work  and  care,  some  whose  husbands  are 
in  prison,  and  who  are  thus  left  to  bear  the  heavy 
l)urden  of  this  infliction  alono;  hero  are  little  chil- 
dren, some  comfortably  clad,  others  obliged  to  en- 
counter the  wind  and  frozen  ground  with  bare  heads 
und  bleeding  feet. 

Whither  can  they  go?  There  is  a  small  following 
of  tlie  prophet  at  Quincy,  Illinois;  some  propose  to 
140  there,  some  start  for  other  places.  But  what 
if  tlicy  are  not  welcome  at  Quincy,  and  what  can 
they  do  with  such  a  nmltitude?  Thero  is  no  hell) 
tor  it,  however,  no  other  spot  wIutc  the  outeassts 
can  hope  for  refuge  at  the  moment.  Some  havo 
liorscs  and  cattle  and  wagons;  some  have  none. 
Some  have  tents  and  bcddin«jf;  .some  have  none.  I^ut 
the  start  is  made,  and  the  nuireh  is  slowly  to  the 
tustward.     In  the  months  of  February  and  March" 

**'0n  tho  20th  of  April,  IH.')!),  tlio  lout  of  tho  society  departed  from  Far 
Went.    Thus  had  a  wholo  jMiopIo,  viiriuuHly  oatiiiutvd  at  from  tuii  to  tiftoeu 


m 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


.Ij.i! 


1;^ 


over  one  hundred  and  thirty  fuuiiliea  are  on  the  west 
hank  of  the  MisHisuippi  unable  to  cross  the  rivur, 
wliioh  is  full  of  floating  ice.  There  they  wait  and 
suffer;  they  scour  the  country  for  food  and  clothing 
for  the  destitute;  many  sicken  and  die. 

Finally  they  reach  Quincy,  and  are  kindly  reccivisd. 
Not  only  the  saints  but  others  are  there  wlio  imvu 
human  hearts  and  human  Mympathies.  Indeed,  upon 
the  expulsion  of  the  Mormons   from  Missouri  the 


Skttlehknts  in  Illinois. 

people  of  Illinois  took  a  stand  in  their  favor.  Tlio 
citiisons  of  Quincy,  in  particular,  offered  their  warnast 
sympathy  and  aid, on  the  ground  of  humanity.  A  select 
committee,  appointed  to  ascertain  the  facts  in  the  case, 
reported,  on  the  27th  of  February,  1839,  "that  the 

thouHand  souls,  boon  driTon  from  houses  and  lands  and  reduccil  t-j  povoity. 
and  liud  removed  to  unotliur  state,  during  ono  short  winter  and  part  ot  a 
spring.     Tho  sacriliuo  of  property  wus  ininiunso.'  PraU'n  AiUobUn/rai>hy,  l^^y 


ATTITUDE  OF  ILLINOIS  AND  IOWA. 


m 


stranjijors  recently  arrived  hero  from  the  state  of  Mis- 
souri, known  by  the  name  of  latter-day  saint;^,  are 
ciititK'd  to  our  sympathy  and  kindest  regard."  The 
working-men  of  the  town  should  be  informed  "that 
tljt'sc  people  have  no  design  to  lower  the  wages  of 
tlio  lai)()ring  class,  but  to  procure  something  to  save 
them  from  starving."  Finally  it  was  resolved:  "That 
wi'  iccoinnjend  to  all  the  citizens  of  Quincy,  in  all 
their  intercourse  with  the  strangers,  that  they  use 
and  observe  a  becoming  decorum  and  delicacy,  and 
be  particularly  careful  not  to  indulge  in  any  conver- 
sation or  expressions  calculated  to  wound  their  feel- 
ings, or  in  any  way  to  reflect  upon  those  who,  by 
every  law  of  humanity,  are  entitled  to  our  sympathy 
and  commiseration."** 

J  low  in  regard  to  neighboring  states?  In  case  the 
pt'ople  of  Illinois  soon  tire  of  them,  what  will  they 
tlun  do?  From  Commerce,  Isaac  Galland  writes  to 
Ivobirt  Lucas,  governor  of  Iowa,  asking  about  it. 
The  answer  is  such  as  one  would  expect  from  the 
aM  rage  American  citizen — neither  better  nor  worse. 
It  is  such,  however,  as  to  condemn  throughout  all 
time  the  conduct  of  the  people  of  Missouri.^ 


46 


*'■•  Piatt'M  Pei'KffUtioH  of  the.  Saints,  183. 

"  'On  my  return  tu  tliU  city,'  writes  Lucaa  from  tho  executive  ofSce  ut 
Iiiirliii;{t(iii,  lowix,  'after  a  few  weeks'  al>Hcnco  iu  tho  interior  of  the  terri- 
tory, i  rt'Liived  your  letter  of  tho  *J.">th  ult.  [Feb.  IS.'iOJ,  in  which  you  give 
a  ^Ilol■t  ('.('( oiiiitof  tiie  ButTeriugs  of  tho  reonlo  called  Mormons,  ami  ask  whether 
tiny  iimlil  he  |)ern)itted  to  purehano  hinds  nml  settle  ujwn  them  in  the  terri- 
ti>iy  of  Iowa,  and  there  worsiiip  Almighty  Ood  occonhng  to  tho  dictates  of 
till  ii-own  I'onsiuiences,  secure  from  oppression,  etc.  In  answer  to 3'ourini|uiry, 
1  \\<i\il>l  Hiiy  that  I  know  of  no  authority  that  can  coustitutionally  deprive 
tlicin  of  tiii.s  right.  Tliey  are  citizens  of  tho  United  State.t,  and  aro  all 
iiititliil  to  nil  tho  rights  and  privileges  of  other  citizens.  The  2d  section 
of  tho  -ttii  article  of  tho  constitution  of  tho  United  States  (which  ull 
iirii  Kohiiiiily  bound  to  BUii{)ort)  declares  that  "tho  citizens  of  eoch  state 
sliall  lie  entitled  to  all  tlie  privileges  and  imniunitics  of  citizens  in  tho 
8ivi  ral  Htnti's;"  this  privilege  exteniis  in  full  force  to  tho  territories  of  tho 
I'liili'il  .States.  Tho  first  nincndment  to  tho  constitution  of  the  United  States 
(loclurrs  tiiiit  "congress  shall  niuko  no  law  respecting  au  establishment  of  re- 
li^Mn  or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof."  Tho  ordinances  of  congress 
of  tlie  i.'Jth  July.  1787,  for  tiio  government  of  tho  territory  north-west  of  tho 
rivi  f  Ohio,  secures  to  tho  citizens  of  S4iid  territory  and  tho  citizens  of  tho 
Ruitt  H  thereafter  to  bo  formed  therein,  certain  privileges  which  were  hy  tho 
late  mt  of  e(>ng>'e88  organizing  tho  territory  of  Iowa  extended  to  the  citizens 
ut  tiii.s  territory,     Tho  first  fuudumontal  article  iu  that  ordiuuuco,  which  i« 


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188 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


'r.u 


IP    ■ 


During  these  trying  times  the  prophet  was  moving 
about  among  his  people,  doing  everything  in  his  power 
to  protect  and  encourage  them.  Late  in  Septem- 
ber he  was  in  the  southern  part  of  Caldwell  county, 
whence  in  October  he  passed  into  Carroll  county, 
where  he  soon  found  himself  hemmed  in  by  an  en- 
raged populace.  He  appealed  to  the  people,  he  ap- 
plied to  the  governor,  but  all  to  no  purpose.  After- 
ward he  went  to  Daviess  county,  and  then  back  to  Far 
West,  where  he  was  arrested  and  incarcerated  with 
the  others.     Shortly  afterward    the  prisoners,  now 

declared  to  be  forever  unalterable  except  by  common  consent,  reads  as  fol- 
lows, to  wit :  No  person  demeaning  himself  in  a  peaceable  and  orderly  man- 
ner shall  ever  be  molested  on  account  of  his  mode  of  worship  or  religious 
sentiments  iu  said  territory.  These  principles  I  trust  will  ever  be  adhered 
to  in  the  territory  of  Iowa.  They  make  no  distinction  between  religious 
sects.  They  extend  equal  privileges  and  protection  to  all;  each  must  rest 
upon  its  own  merits  and  will  prosper  in  proportion  to  the  purity  of  its  prin- 
ciples, and  tho  fruit  of  lioliness  and  piety  produced  thereby.  With  regard  to 
the  peculiar  people  mentioned  in  your  letter,  I  know  but  little.  They  had  a 
community  iu  the  northern  part  of  Ohio  for  several  years,  and  I  have  no  rec- 
ollection of  ever  having  heard  in  that  state  of  any  complaint  against  them  of 
violating  the  laws  of  the  country.  Their  religious  oniuions  I  conceive  have 
nothing  to  do  with  our  political  transactions.  They  aro  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  and  are  entitled  to  the  same  political  rights  and  legal  protection  that 
other  citizens  aro  entitled  to.  The  foregoing  are  briefly  my  views  on  the  sub- 
ject of  your  inquiries. ' 

In  a  memorial  sent  to  Washington  in  the  autumn  of  1839,  it  was  claimed 
by  the  Mormons  that  their  property  destroyed  in  Jackson  co.  was  worth 
$120,000;  i.liat  12,000  souls  were  banished;  that  they  purchased  and  impi'oved 
lauds  in  Clay  co.,  and  in  three  years  were  obliged  to  leave  there  with  heavy 
loss;  that  they  then  purchased  and  improved  '  in  Daviess  and  Carroll 

counties;  that  for  the  most  part  these  count i  o  wild  and  uncultivated; 

that  they  had  converted  them  into  large  u.  icU  improved  farms,  well 
stocked,  which  were  rapidly  advancing  in  culti\ation  and  wealth;  and  that 
they  were  finally  compelled  to  fly  from  these  counties.  In  a  petition  pre- 
sented by  Sidney  Rigdon  to  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  it  is  stated  that  'Lil- 
burn  Boggs,  governor  of  the  state,  used  his  executive  influence  to  have  us  all 
massacred  or  driven  into  exile;  and  all  this  because  we  were  not  lawless  and 
disobedient.  For  if  the  laws  had  given  them  a  sufficient  guaranty  against 
the  evils  complained  of. .  .then  would  they  have  had  recourse  to  the  laws.  If 
we  had  been  transgressors  of  laws,  our  houses  would  not  have  been  rifled,  our 
women  ravished,  our  farms  desolated,  and  our  goods  and  chattels  destroyed, 
our  men  killed,  our  wives  and  children  driven  into  the  prairies,  and  made  to 
suffer  all  the  indignities  that  tho  most  brutal  barbarity  could  inflict;  but 
would  only  have  had  to  sufier  that  which  the  laws  would  inflict,  which  were 
founded  in  justice,  framed  in  righteousness,  and  administered  in  humanity. . . 
W^hy,  then,  all  this  cruelty  ?  Answer :  because  the  people  had  violnted  no  law; 
and  they  could  not  \ye  restrained  by  law,  nor  prevented  from  exercising  tho 
rights  according  to  the  laws,  enjoyed,  and  had  a  right  to  be  protected  ui,  in 
any  state  of  the  Union.'  Mr  Corrill  remarks:  'My  opinion  is,  that  if  tho 
Mormons  had  been  let  alone  by  the  citizens,  they  would  have  divided  and 
subdivided,  so  as  to  have  completely  destroyed  themselves  and  thoir  power 
as  a  people  iu  a  short  time.' 


ili> 


IN  PRISON. 


139 


consisting  of  the  prophet  Joseph  Smith,  with  Sid- 
ney Rigdon,  Hyrum  Smith,  Parley  P.  Pratt,  Lyman 
Wight,  Amasa  Lyman,  and  George  W.  Robinson, 
were  removed  to  Independence;  why  they  did  not 
know,  but  because  it  was  the  hot-bed  of  mobocracy, 
they  said,  and  peradventure  they  might  luckily  be 
shot  or  hanged.  A  few  days  later  they  were  taken 
to  Richmond  and  put  in  irons,  and  later  to  Liberty 
jail  in  Clay  county,  where  they  were  kept  confined 
for  four  months.  Habeas  corpus  was  tried,  and  many 
petitions  were  forwarded  to  the  authorities  on  their  be- 
half, but  all  to  no  purpose.  At  length  they  obtained  a 
hearing  in  the  courts,  with  a  change  of  venue  to 
Boone  county  where  they  were  still  to  be  incarcerated. 
Rigdon  had  been  previously  released  on  habeas  corpus, 
and  one  night,  when  the  guard  was  asleep,  Smith  and 
the  others  escaped  and  made  their  way  to  Quincy. 

"I  was  in  their  hands  as  a  prisoner,"  says  Smith, 
"about  six  months;  but  notwithstanding  their  deter- 
mination to  destroy  me,  with  the  rest  of  my  brethren 
who  were  with  me,  and  although  at  three  different 
times  we  were  sentenced  to  be  shot  without  the  least 
shadow  of  law,  and  had  the  time  and  place  appointed 
for  that  purpose,  yet  through  the  mercy  of  God, 
in  answer  to  the  prayers  of  the  saints,  I  have  been 
preserved,  and  delivered  out  of  their  hands. "*^ 

*'  In  1839  Carlin  waa  governor  of  Illinois,  and  on  him  the  governor  of 
Missouri  made  a  formal  demand  for  the  surrender  to  the  authorities  of  Smith 
and  Rigdon,  but  little  attention  was  paid  to  it.  One  of  the  most  complete 
documents  extant  covering  this  period  is,  Facts  Relative  to  the  Expul.iion  oj 
the  Mormons,  or  Latter-day  Saints,  from  the  State  of  Missouri  under  the  Ex- 
terminating Order.  By  John  P.  Greene,  an  authorized  representative  of  the 
Mormons  (Cincinnati,  1839).  The  work  consists  of  43  8vo  pages,  and  was 
written  for  the  purpose  of  showing  to  what  wrongs  the  Mormons  had  been 
subjected  at  the  hands  of  the  people  and  politicians  of  Missouri,  and  also 
to  obtain  contributions  for  the  destitute.     The  contents  are  lai^ely  dooumen- 


tiiry,  and  if  we  allow  for  some  intensity  of  feeling,  bear  the  impress  of  truth. 

less  pretentious  and  less  inipo 
Correspondence  between  Joseph  Smith,  the  prophet,  and  Col.  John   Went  worth. 


Pointing  in  the  same  direction  but  less  pretentious  and  less  important  is 


editor  of  the  '  Chicago  Democrat,  'and  memher  of  congress  from  Illinois;  General 
James  Arlington  Bennett,  of  Arlington  llonse.  Long  Island;  and  the  Honor- 
able John  C.  Calhoun,  Senator  from  South  Carolina,  in  u'hich  is  given  a  sketch 
of  the  life  of  Joseph  Smith,  liise  and  Progress  of  the  Church  of  Latter-day 
'''■'  xnd  their  persecution  by  the  state  of  Missouri;  vnththe  peculiar  views 
zph  Smith  in  relation  to  Political  and  Religious  matters  generally;  to 
i  is  added  a  concise  account  of  the  prexent  stale  and  prospects  of  the  city  oJ 


m 


iiii 


m 


140 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


Notwithstanaing  their  enormous  losses,  and  the  ex- 
treme indigence  of  many,  the  saints  were  not  all  as 
destitute  of  credit  as  they  were  of  ready  means,  if 
we  may  judge  by  their  business  transacted  during 
the  year  1839.  Bishop  Knight  bought  for  the  church 
part  of  the  town  of  Keokuk,  Iowa,  situated  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  forty  miles  above  Quincy, 
Illinois.  He  also  purchased  the  whole  of  another 
town-site  called  Nashville,  six  miles  above  Keokuk. 
Four  miles  above  Nashville  was  a  settlement  called 
Montrose,  part  of  which  Knight  bought,  together 
with  thirty  thousand  acres  of  land.*** 

Opposite  Montrose,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi where  was  a  good   landing,  stood   a  village 

Nauvoo.  (New  York,  1844).  With  a  title-page  from  which  so  much  infor- 
mation is  to  be  derived,  we  must  not  expect  too  much  from  the  book  itself. 
A  portion  of  this  correspondence  was  published  in  the  Times  and  Seasons. 

Late  Persecution  of  the  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter-day  Saints.  Ten 
thousand  American  citizens  robbed,  plundered,  ami  banished ;  others  imprlg- 
oned,  and  others  viartyred  for  their  Religion,  With  a  sketch  of  their  Rise,  Prog- 
ress,  and  Doctrine.  By  P.  P.  Pratt,  Minister  of  the  Gospel.  Written  in  prison 
(New  York,  1840).  This  is  a  IGmo  vol.  of  215  pages,  most  of  which  is  devoted 
to  the  Missouri  persecutions,  with  but  little  other  history,  except  what  is  thrown 
in  incidentally.  An  appendix  of  37  pages  is  made  up  mostly  from  Greene's 
Facts.  Pratt  gives  a  graphic  account  of  his  lifo  iu  prison,  and  of  tlic  means 
whereby,  with  the  cooperation  of  his  wife,  he  rescued  from  jail  the  manuscript 
of  this  book,  which  was  written  there.  After  mentioning  them,  ho  says: 
'Thus,  kind  reader,  was  this  little  book  providentially,  and  I  may  say  mirac- 
ulously, preserved,  and  by  this  means  you  have  it  to  read.'  The  first  edition 
was  published  at  Detroit,  Michigan,  the  book  consisting  then  of  84  pages. 

Full  roferenco  for  the  persecutions  of  the  Mormons  in  Missouri,  1831-39. 
Memorial  to  Legislature  Mass.  iu  1844,  against  such  conduct,  in  Times  and 
Seasons,  i.  17-20,  33-0,  49-50,  05-0,  81-0,94, 97-104, 113-10, 128-34,  145-50, 
101-7,  177;  V.  514-19;  Pratt's  Persecution  of  the  Saints,  21-215;  Utah  Tracts, 
no.  4,  50-04;  Pratt's  Autobiography,  190-237,  311-22, 336-40;  Smucker's  Hist. 
Mor.,  SO;  Dcserct  News,  Dec.  27,  1851,  Nov.  29  and  Dec.  27,  1851,  June 
30,  1809;  Maclcay's  The  Mormons,  106-14;  Tucker's  Origin  and  Prog.  Mor., 
100-0;  Ifoice's  Mormonism  Unveiled,  138-76;  Ferris'  Utah  and  the  Mormons, 
87-8,  90;  While's  Ten  Years  in  Or.,  144;  Taylder's  Mormon's  Own  Book,  xliii.- 
xlvi.;  Gunnison's  Mormons,  104-14;  Millennial  Star,  xx v.,  535-6, 550-2,  599- 
600,  014-10,  031;  Burnett's  Rec,  56;  Beadle's  Life  in  Utah,  60;  Lee's  Mor- 
monism, 55-90;  Tullidge's  Women,  116-74;  Richards'  Narrative,  MS.,  0-9; 
Young's  Wife  No.  19,  43-53;  Atlantic  Monthly,  Dec.  1809;  Stenhouse,  Les 
Mormons,  154-71;  Liberty  Tribune;  Margaret  Smoot's  Experiences  of  a  Mor- 
mon Wife,  MS.,  2-3:  Farnham's  Travels  Rocky  Mts.,  0;  Bertrand's  Mem. 
Mor.,  51;  Busch,  Gesch,  der  Mor.,  85-7,  90-7;  Juvenile  Instructor,  xv.  78; 
Kidder's  Mormonism,  133-5;  Iowa  Frontier  Guardian,  March  21, 1849;  Rabbi- 
$on's  Growth  of  Towns,  MS  ,2-5. 

" '  Since  their  expulsion  from  Missouri  a  portion  of  them,  about  one  hun- 
dred families,  have  settled  in  Lee  county,  Iowa  Territory,  and  are  generally 
considered  industrious,  InofTensive,  and  worthy  citizens.'  Letter  from  Robert 
Lucas,  governor  of  Iowa,  to  A.  Ripley,  dated  Jon.  4,  1840. 


FOUNDING  OF  NAUVOO. 


141 


Mis- 


9nc  hun- 

tcuerally 

llobert 


called  Commerce,  where  were  some  twenty  houses. 
This  was  purchased  by  the  saints,  with  the  lands  sur- 
rounding, and  a  town  laid  out  which  was  named 
Nauvoo,  "from  the  Hebrew,  which  signifies  fair,  very 
beautiful,  and  it  actually  fills  the  definition  of  the 
word;  for  nature  has  not  formed  a  parallel  on  the 
banks  of  the  Mississippi  from  New  Orleans  to  Ga- 
lena." The  post-office  there  was  first  called  Com- 
merce, after  the  Mormons  had  purchased  the  village, 
but  the  name  was  changed  to  that  of  Nauvoo  in  May, 
1 8 40.**  The  place  was  started  by  a  company  from  New 
York,  but  it  was  so  sickly  that  when  the  agent  for  the 
Mormons  came  they  were  glad  to  sell.  The  Mormons 
drained  it  and  made  the  place  comparatively  healthy. 
On  his  escape  from  prison.  Smith  visited  Commerce 
among  other  places,  and  seeing  at  once  the  advan- 
tages of  its  site,  determined  to  establish  there  the 
headquarters  of  the  church.  For  so  great  had  his 
power  now  become,  so  extensive  his  following,  that  he 
might  choose  any  spot  whereon  to  call  into  existence 
a  city,  had  but  to  point  his  finger  and  say  the  word 
to  transform  a  wilderness  into  a  garden.  During  the 
winter  of  1840  the  church  leaders  applied  to  the  leg- 
islature of  Illinois  for  several  charters,  one  for  the 
city  of  Nauvoo,  one  for  agricultural  and  manufactur- 
ing purposes,  one  for  a  university,  and  one  for  a  mili- 
tary body  called  the  Nauvoo  Legion.  The  privileges 
asked  were  very  extensive,  but  were  readily  granted; 
for  the  two  great  political  parties  were  pretty  equal  in 
numbers  in  Illinois  at  this  time,  and  the  leaders  of 
the  party  in  office,  perceiving  what  a  political  power 
these  people  were,  determined  to  secure  them. 

** '  Nauvoo  was  one  of  the  names  of  one  of  the  numerous  petty  chiefs  in 
British  India.'  Ferris*  The  Mor.,  97.  'Nauvoo  is  a  Hebrew  word,  and  sig- 
nifies a  beautiful  habitation  for  man,  carrying  with  it  the  idea  of  rest;  it  is 
not,  however,  considered  by  the  Mormons  their  final  home,  but  a  resting 
place  only;  for  they  only  intend  to  remain  there  until  they  liave  gathered 
force  suMcient  to  enable  them  to  conquer  Independence  in  tJackson  co.,  Mis- 
souri, which  is  one  of  the  most  fertile,  pleasant,  and  desirable  countries  on 
the  face  of  the  earth,  possessing  a  soil  unsurpassed  in  any  region.  Indepen- 
dence they  consider  their  Zion,  and  there  they  intend  to  rear  their  great  tem- 
ple, the  comer-stone  of  which  is  already  laid.     There  is  to  be  the  great  gath- 


142 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


There  were  now  saints  everjnvliere,  all  over  the 
United  States,  particularly  throughout  the  western 
portion;  there  were  isolated  believers,  and  small  clus- 
ters, and  small  and  great  congregations.  There  were 
also  many  travelling  preachers,  men  full  of  the  holy 
ghost,  or  believing  themselves  so,  who  travelled 
without  purse  or  scrip,  whom  no  buffetings,  insults, 
hunger,  or  blows  could  daunt,  who  feared  nothing 
that  man  could  do,  heaven's  door  being  always  open 
to  them.  See  now  the  effects  of  these  persecutions 
in  Missouri.  Twelve  thousand  were  driven  iroin 
their  homes  and  set  moving  by  Boggs  and  his  gen- 
erals; three  fourths  of  them  found  new  homes  at 
Quincy,  Nauvoo,  and  elsewhere;  but  three  thousand, 
who,  but  for  the  persecutions,  would  have  remained 
at  home  and  tilled  their  lands,  were  preaching  and 
proselyting,  making  new  converts  and  establisliing 
new  churches  wherever  they  went.  One  of  their 
number,  William  Smith,  was  a  member  of  the  Illi- 
nois legislature.  In  the  very  midst  of  the  war  they 
were  preaching  in  Jackson  county,  among  their  old 
enemies  and  spoilers,  striving  with  all  their  souls  to 
win  back  their  Zion,  their  New  Jerusalem.  From 
New  York,  February  19,  1840,  Brigham  Young,  H. 
C.  Kimball,  Orson  Pratt,  and  Parley  P.  Pratt  indited 
a  letter  to  tlio  saints  at  Commerce,  speaking  of  the 
wonderful  progress  of  the  faith,  and  of  their  own  in- 
tended departure  for  England.^** 

Thus,  despite  persecution,  the  saints  increased  in 
number  year  by  year.  Before  the  end  of  1840  there 
were  fifteen  thousand  souls  at  Nauvoo,  men,  women, 
and  children,  not  all  of  them  exiles  from  Missouri, 
but  from  every  quarter,  old  believers  and  new  con- 
verts from  different  parts  of  the  United  States,  from 
Canada,  and  from  Europe;  hither  came  they  to  the 
city  of  their  God,  to  the  mountain  of  his  holiness. 

ering  place  for  all  the  saints,  and  in  that  delightful  country  they  expect  to  find 
their  Eden,  and  build  the  New  Jemsalem. '  Bennett's  Mormoniatn  Exp. ,  1 92-3. 
^"See  J.  D.  Hunter's  letter  of  Dec.  26,  1839,  from  Jackson  county,  111.,  in 
Times  and  Seasons,  i.  59. 


CHAPTER  VI. 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 

1840-1844. 

TiiK  City  of  Nauvoo — Its  Temple  and  UNiVEnsixv— The  Nauvoo  Le- 
gion—The Mormons  in  Illinois — Evil  Reports— Revelation  on 
Polygamy — Its  Reception  and  Practice — The  Prophet  a  Candi- 
date FOR  THE  Presidency — The  'Nauvoo  Expositor' — Joseph  Ar- 
rested— Governor  Ford  and  his  Measures — Joseph  and  IIvrum 
Proceed  to  Carthage — Their  Imprisonment — The  Governor's 
Pledge — Assassination  of  the  Prophet  and  his  Brother — Char- 
acter OF  Joseph  Smith — A  Panic  at  Carthage— Addresses  of  Rich- 
ards and  Taylor — Peaceful  Attitude  of  the  Mormons 

To  the  saints  it  is  indeed  a  place  of  refuge,  the 
city  of  Nauvoo,  the  Holy  City,  the  City  of  Joseph.^ 
It  stands  on  roUing  land,  covering  a  bed  of  limestone 
yielding  excellent  building  material,  and  bordered  on 
three  sides  by  the  river  which  here  makes  a  majestic 
curve,  and  is  nearly  two  miles  in  width.  The  abo- 
rigines were  not  indifferent  to  the  advantages  of  tlie 
spot,  as  the  presence  of  their  mounds  testifies.  In 
area  it  is  three  miles  by  four.  The  city  is  regularly 
laid  out  in  streets  at  right  angles,  of  convenient  width, 
along  which  are  scattered  neat,  whitewashed  log  cabins, 
also  frame,  brick,  and  stone  houses,  with  grounds  and 
gardens.  It  is  incorporated  by  charter,'^  and  contains 
the  best  institutions  of  the  latest  civilization;  in  the 

'  'Among  the  more  zealous  Mormons,  it  became  the  fashion  at  this  time 
(1845)  to  disuse  the  word  Nauvoo,  and  to  call  the  jjlace  the  holy  city,  or  the 
city  of  Joseph.'  Mackay's  The  Mormons,  191. 

'The  charter  granted  by  the  legislature  was  signed  by  Gov.  Carlin  Sept. 
10,  1840,  to  take  eflFect  Feb.  1,  1841.  '  So  artfully  framed  that  it  was  found 
that  the  state  covemment  was  practically  superseded  within  the  M(irmon  cor- 
poration. Under  the  judicial  clause  its  courts  were  supreme.'  Mc Bride  in 
International  Revieio,  Feb.  1 882.  Charters  were  also  grouted  to  the  university 
aud  the  Nauvoo  legion.   Times  and  Seasons,  ii.  281. 

(143) 


144 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


■ '     fe  9 


country  are  hundreds  of  tributary  farms  and  planta- 
tions. The  population  is  I'rom  seven  to  fifteen  thou- 
sand, varying  with  the  ebb  and  flow  of  new  converts 
and  new  colonizations.^ 

Conspicuous  among  the  buildings,  and  chief  archi- 
tectural feature  of  the  holy  city,  is  the  temple,  glisten- 
ing in  white  limestone  upon  the  hill-top,  a  shrine  in 
the  western  wilderness  whereat  all  the  nations  of  the 
earth  may  worship,  whereat  all  the  people  niay  in- 
quire of  God  and  receive  his  holy  oracles.*     Next  in 

'The  blocks  contain  'four lots  of  eleven  by  twelve  rods  each,  making  all 
comer  lots. .  .For  three  or  four  miles  upon  the  river,  and  about  the  same  disi- 
tance  back  in  the  country,  Nauvoo  presents  a  city  of  gardens,  ornamented 
with  the  dwellings  of  those  who  liave  made  a  covenant  by  sacriiico. .  .It  will 
be  no  more  than  probably  correct,  if  we  allow  the  city  to  contain  between 
700  and  800  houses,  with  a  population  of  14,000  or  15,000.'  Times  and  Sm- 
sons,  iii.  936.  A  correspondent  of  the  New  York  Herald  is  a  little  wild  wliou 
lie  writes  about  tliis  time:  'The  Mormons  numlier  in  Europe  and  America 
about  150,000,  and  are  constantly  pouring  into  Nauvoo  and  the  neighboring 
country.  There  are  probably  in  and  about  this  city  and  adjacent  territories 
not  far  from  30,000.*  Fifteen  thousand  in  1840  is  the  number  given  in 
Mackay'a  The  Mormons,  115,  as  I  mentioned  in  the  last  chr.ptcr.  A  corre- 
spondent's estimate  in  the  Tinw.s  and  Seaaojis,  in  1842,  was  for  tlio  city  7,000, 
and  for  the  immediate  surroundings  3,000.  Phelps,  in  The  Prophet,  estimates 
the  population  during  the  height  of  the  city's  prosperity  in  1844  at  14,000,  of 
whom  nine  tenths  were  Mormons.  Some  2000  houses  were  built  the  first  year. 
Joseph  Smitli  in  Times  and  Seasons,  March  1842,  says:  'We  number  from  six 
to  eight  thousand  here,  besides  vast  numbers  in  the  county  around,  and  iu 
almost  every  county  in  the  state.' 

*The  structure  was  83  by  128  feet,  and  GO  feet  high.  The  stone  was  quar- 
ried within  city  limits.  There  was  an  upper  story  and  basement;  and  iu  tlio 
latter  a  baptismal  font  wrought  after  the  manner  of  King  Solomon's  brazen 
sea.  A  huge  tank,  upon  whose  panels  were  painted  various  scenes,  and  ascent 
to  whicli  was  made  by  stairs,  was  upborne  by  twelve  oxen,  beautifully  carved, 
and  overlaid  with  gold.  'The  two  great  stories,'  says  a  Mormon  eye- 
witness, 'each  have  two  pulpits,  one  at  "ach  end,  to  accommodate  the  Mel- 
chizedek  and  Aaronic  priesthoods,  graded  into  four  rising  seats,  the  fust 
for  the  president  of  the  elders  and  his  two  counsellors,  the  second  for  the 
president  of  tlie  high  priesthood  and  his  two  counsellors,  and  the  third  for 
the  Mclchizedek  president  and  his  two  counsellors,  and  the  fourth  for  the  presi- 
dent of  tho  whole  church  aud  his  two  counsellors.  There  are  thirty  hewn 
stone  pilasters  which  cost  about  $3,000  apiece.  The  base  is  a  crescent  new 
moon;  the  capitals,  near  50  feet  high;  the  sun,  with  a  human  face  in  bold  re- 
lief, about  two  and  a  half  feet  broad,  ornamented  with  rays  of  light  and 
waves,  surmounted  by  two  hands  holding  two  trumpets.'  All  was  crowncil 
by  a  high  steeple  surmounted  with  angel  and  trumpet.  The  cost  was  nearly 
81,000,000,  and  was  met  by  tithes  contributed  by  some  in  money  or  produce, 
and  by  others  in  labor.  The  four  corner-stones  of  the  temple  were  laid  with 
much  ceremony  on  the  Cth  of  April,  1841,  on  tho  celebration  of  the  anniver- 
sary of  the  church.  Sidney  Kigdon  delivered  the  address,  and  upon  the 
placing  of  the  first  stone,  said:  'May  the  persons  employed  in  tho  erection  of 
this  house  bo  preserved  from  all  harm  while  engaged  in  its  construction,  till  the 
whole  is  completed — in  the  name  of  the  father,  and  of  the  sou,  and  of  the  holy 


NAITVOO. 


^auvoo  House/  ^yhicht  to  l\i  ""'l^^P?'  ^^"^^^I  the 

Khost..  oven  so.  amen..  r.W,  J,  ^'^^  '''''^^''''^  «'«»  as    tho 

111  Jan.  184J      '  I  ot  nU  .     ^"^on.i,  ii.  a^n       *„      w 

KHs,  yea,  chosen  mlii^c^''""^  •^"'"''  ^''^'n^far  4cl  10^1* '""  ^'^  P"''"^''«l 
••'"  "'>o  have  kSleZ^.f  "T**°"««.  ^nJ  wU hall  vn  °^V'"' '  ""y"">-«ol  I 
tiofsof  thcearth   an       ".'?''"''  *''"  Pi"c-treo   to?r?.f    '  '""^y  *-'0'ne;  and  b.in 
'"^mo  for  the  most  ll2 T?'  ,V"°S«  "^  f'oeaS  ?»,,!  Y'V/.l^niso  ««.!  with 

-M.S/fi;  church  claim«    7'-!^     '     .'  (-^"ctnnnti  Tim,'^-   iV      /  J  ^Vormoim. 

^>>'^nUm  Exposed  liTfi  ^'•p72-3;  misappropriation  nf".'  "^-^'J^-'-'O:  AV;«. 
vcntclforn.ovini.  W  '•  ^"f  ""^  *'»°  most  pSf.l  I  "^^""'Js,  llnlV,  M„r. 
f'n'  the  dca/l  '"^'aK?''^  in  temple  bS^^^^^^^  ''«  La-U;. 

Pl^ccwouhlciveittlw.,  P*'.'™  """St  bo  perfoS  In  fK  '"/'*""'' "^ ''"I't'sm 
other  mocio  of  mak  "  tCT'"'^  "'^^'"'y- '  /"tK'a^V/-^"  *'"^P''''  ''»  «the™ 
from  heaven.     Sifj^.,''^^'^^^«'totaiyL^^^^  97-8.     'Anf 

"•«  <loath,  was  eScislThv  ?r?'''"  PJ^^-'n^"  of  tff  p^S.^ff',  f^t  was  sai,". 
less  than  ono  rlr>ii       .^  "'•'an' Smith      Kn    1  '^■'^'^"' ^'"ch  office   til 
tl.irty.  and  even  foS  d^^  ''°.'-T-ntly  retivS'foT  tT" ^^^  '°  ^"^^'-^   « 

a"<l  I'cter  ifaws  „nTr','°"  "^  ^^orge  Milled °?,^''"««i, "'a*  it  shou  ,1  £ 
to  he  formed  for'th«V'^  "^''^^  «'»«»1<1  bo  preside.,/^""  >^'«''*'  J"''"  «ni Jer 
1^«3  tlian  Jiftvclnu  ^"'■P'''^'  '^"'l  that  stock  lu  *  ^-  ?•  J°^t-8tock  con.pan  v 
">-.  nnd  that  J^^^fc  abor'""  ^'^''»  Sen^tTsa-,«  .^bouH  ''''  ^""S 
Hvrum  Smith.  Wo  Jalla„1  {^,/"  ^^^  »^ook  o  Mormon  "vh  ^'^  'i?^  °"° 
■am  Law  were  directed  fv„'  ^^'"'^m  Marks,  Henrvtf  4h»  "^°"  knight, 
««  pertaining  to  mv  £1,7  "?™°  *«  take  stock     "Z^-^i'^T^'O'''  and  NVill! 

l'ct,ru„....  --•^,'  ^«41,  by  Gcorffo  Miller,  Lyman  W^^T'/^to"  ^^'^  incr 


tlie  biiildin„  dn^^^^^^^'^'<f- Saints    ISS-OI       1  •  ^"'.   ^auvoo  Lecnon 
t'  o"gI'  intended  ch  eflv  f    ^^,J^'''^^''e.     The  Nauvm  Vt!       '''^'^"""t  chiclly 


.  says 

It  of  8 

.^iy-'i.lopthof  40  feet°fh„h'   *  ^^ntago  on  two  VtrJt      *',3°  ^auvoo 

"•  a«'.    Another  buildfn^  estimated  cost  was  $100  Sf  %-^  ^'^  ^^-^t  «ach. 

W  vlTi^S  openud  in  Nov.  1843  wSff  nS^  m^ £7 ""' 


148 


THE  STORY  OP  MORMONISM. 


)4- 


temple  to  the  spiritual  man.  Unfortunately  both  the 
one  and  the  other  are  destined  to  an  occupancy  and 
enjoyment  all  too  brief  in  view  of  the  vast  labor  be- 
stowed upon  them.  Besides  these  buildings  are  the 
Hall  of  Seventies,  in  which  is  a  library,  the  Masonic 
Hall,  and  Concert  Hall;  also  there  a  university  and 
other  institutions  are  established,  though  having  as 
yet  no  separate  edifices. 

The  president  of  the  university  and  professor  of 
mathematics  and  English  literature  is  James  Kelly, 
a  graduate  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  a  ripe 
scholar ;  Orson  Pratt,  a  man  of  pure  mind  and  high  or- 
der of  ability,  who  without  early  education  and  amidst 
great  difficulties  had  to  achieve  learning  as  best  he 
could,  and  in  truth  has  achieved  it;  professor  of  lan- 
guages, Orson  Spencer,  graduate  of  Union  College 
and  the  Baptist  Theological  Seminary,  New  York; 
professor  of  church  history,  Sidney  Rigdon,  versed 
m  history,  belles-lettres,  and  oratory.  In  the  board 
of  regents  we  find  the  leading  men  of  the  church;" 
connected  with  the  university  were  four  common- 
school  wards,  with  three  wardens  to  each. 

In  1840  all  the  male  members  of  the  church  be- 
tween the  ages  of  sixteen  and  fifty  were  enrolled  in 
a  military  organization  known  as  the  Nauvoo  Legion, 
which  eventually  numbered  some  four  thousand  men, 
and  constituted  part  of  the  state  militia.  It  was  di- 
vided into  two  cohorts,  and  then  into  regiments,  bat- 
talions, and  companies,  Lieutenant-general  Joseph 
Smith  being  commander-in-chief.^     The  organization 

*  Chancellor,  John  C.  Bennett;  registrar,  William  Law;  regents,  Joseph 
Smith,  Sidney  Rigdon,  Hynim  Smith,  William  Marks,  Samuel  H.  Smith, 
Daniel  H.  Wells,  N.  K.  Whitney,  Charles  C.  Rich,  John  T.  Bamett,  Wilson 
Law,  John  P.  Greene,  Vinson  Knight,  Isaac  Galland,  Elias  Higbee,  Robert 
D.  Foster,  James  Adams,  Samuel  Bennett,  Ebenezer  Robinson,  John  Snider, 
George  Miller,  Lenos  M.  Knight,  John  Taylor,  Heber  C.  Kimball.  The 
tuition  fees  were  five  dollars  per  quarter,  payable  twice  each  quarter  in  ad- 
vance. 

^  Among  his  generals  were  Robert  D.  Foster,  George  W.  Robinson,  Charles 
C.  Rich,  W.  P.  Lyon,  Davison  Hibbard,  Hirum  Kimball,  A.  P.  Rockwood; 
majors,  Willard  Richards,  Hosea  Stout;  colonels,  John  F.  Weld,  Orson  Pratt, 
Francis  M.  Higbee,  Carlos  Gove,  C.  L.  Higbee,  James  Sloan,  George  Schindle, 
Anuua  Lyman,  D.  B.  Smith,  George  Coulson,  Alexander  McRea,  J.  R.  Back- 


l'  'I '. 


PROSPERITY  AGAIN. 


147 


hthe 
J  and 
•r  be- 
•c  the 
isonic 
y  and 


ng 


as 


sor  of 
Kelly, 
a  ripe 
igh  or- 
amidst 
)est  lie 
of  Ian- 
College 
York; 
^  versed 
e  board 
hurch;' 
)mmon- 

[rch  be- 
'oUed  in 
[Legion, 
id  men, 
iwas  di- 
its,  bat- 
Joseph 
lization 

Lts,  Joaepb 
IH.  Smith, 
btt,  Wilson 
kee,  Robert 
Ihn  Sniiler, 
Iball.  The 
Irter  in  ad- 

on,  Charles 

lEockwoodj 

Irson  Pratt, 

Ic  Scbinille, 

R.  Back- 


was  modelled  after  the  Roman  legion.  The  men  were 
well  disciplined,  brave,  and  efficient.  These  troops 
carried  their  name  to  Utah,  where  they  were  reor- 
ganized in  May  1857. 

Though  all  are  soldiers,  there  are  no  dandy  warriors 
in  their  midst.  Each  one  returns  after  drill  to  his 
occupation — to  his  farm,  factory,  or  merchandise. 
Among  other  workshops  are  a  porcelain  factory  es- 
tablished by  a  Staffordshire  company,  two  steam  saw- 
mills, a  steam  flouring-mill,  a  foundry,  and  a  tool- 
fiictory.  A  joint-stock  company  is  organized  under  the 
style  of  the  Nauvoo  Agricultural  and  Manufactur- 
ing Association.  Just  outside  the  city  is  a  commu- 
nity farm,  worked  by  the  poor  for  their  own  benefit; 
to  each  family  in  the  city  is  allotted  one  acre  of 
ground;  the  system  of  community  of  property  does 
not  obtain. 

Most  of  the  people  in  and  about  Nauvoo  are 
Mormons,  but  not  all.  The  population  is  made  up 
chiefly  from  the  farming  districts  of  the  United  States 
and  the  manufacturing  districts  of  England;  though 
uneducated,  unpolished,  and  superstitious,  the}  are 
for  the  most  part  intelligent,  industrious,  competent, 
honest,  and  sincere.®     With  a  shrewd  head  to  direct, 

enstos,  L.  Woodworth;  captains,  D.  B.  Huntington,  Samuel  Hicks,  Amos  Da- 
vi?,  Mavcellus  Bates,  Charles  Allen,  L.  N.  Scovil,  W.  M.  Allred,  Justus  Morse, 
John  F.  Olney,  Darwin  Chase,  C.  M.  Krcymyer,  and  others.  'Col.  A.  P.  Rock- 
wood  was  drill-master.  Rockwood  was  then  a  captain,  but  was  afterward  pro- 
moted to  colonel  of  the  militia,  or  host  of  Israel.  I  was  then  fourth  corporal 
of  a  company.  The  people  were  regularly  drilled  and  taught  military  tactics, 
so  that  they  would  be  ready  to  act  when  the  time  came  for  returning  to  Jackson 
county,  the  promised  land  of  our  inheritance.'  Lee^a  Mormonism,  112.  'Re- 
views were  held  from  time  to  time,  and  flags  presented,  and  Joseph  appeared 
on  all  those  occasions  with  a  splendid  staff,  in  all  the  pomp  and  circums<  ance 
of  a  full-blown  military  commander.'  Ferris'  Utah  and  the  Mormons,  100-1. 
'At  the  last  dress  parade  of  the  legion,  he  was  accompanied  in  the  field  by  a 
display  of  ten  of  his  spiritual  wives  or  concubines,  dressed  in  a  lino  uniform, 
ontl  mounted  on  elegant  white  horses.'  Tucker's  Mormonism,  170.  After  the 
force  reached  Utah  it  was  'regularly  drilled  by  competent  officers,  many  of 
whom  8er%'ed  in  Mexico  with  the  Mormon  battalion  under  Gen.  W.  Scott. 
They  are  well  armed,  and  perfectly  fearless.'  Hyde's  Mormonism,  183.  See 
furtlier  Times  and  Seasons,  ii.  321-2,  417-18,  435,  517;  iii.  Cr>4,  700-1,  718, 
73.3-4,  921;  Stenhouse's  Tell  It  All,  306;  Deseret  News,  April  15  and  July  1, 
1857,  July  6,  1859;  Ounnison'i  Mormons,  133;  Smuckers  Hist.  Mor.,  149; 
Kidder's  Mormonism,  182-9. 

'Says  the  St  Louis  Atlas  of  September  1841:  The  people  of  Nauvoo  'hava 


148 


TIIR  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


'Ill 


. 


"i    ■::'■ 


l'6 


like  that  of  the  prophet,  a  wisdom  like  his  to  concen- 
trate, a  power  like  hia  to  say  to  ten  thousand  men,  do 
this,  and  it  is  done,  with  plenty  of  cheap,  vir<]jin  land, 
with  a  collective  knowledge  of  all  arts,  and  with  hub- 
its  of  economy  and  industry,  it  were  a  wonder  if  they 
did  not  rapidly  accumulate  property,  and  some  of 
them  acquire  wealth.  This  they  do,  though  tithed 
by  the  church,  and  detested  by  the  gentiles,  and  they 

f)rosper  in  a  remarkable  degree.     Of  course,  in  po- 
itical,  as  in  spiritual  and  pecuniary  affairs,  the  proph- 
et's word  is  law. 

"Nauvoo  is  the  best  place  in  the  world  1"  exclaims 
an  enthusiastic  saint.  Nauvoo,  the  beautiful  indeed ! 
And  "as  to  the  facilities,  tranquillities,  and  virtues  of 
the  city,  they  are  not  equalled  on  the  globe."  Hero 
the  saints  find  rest.  "No  vice  is  meant  to  be  toler- 
ated; no  grog-shops  allowed;  nor  would  we  have  any 
trouble,  if  it  were  not  for  our  lenity  in  suffering  the 
world,"  as  I  shall  call  them,  to  come  in  and  trade,  and 

been  grossly  miaundcrstoo'.l  and  shamefully  libelled. .  .The  present populatiuii 
is  bet  wctn  oiyht  and  nine  thousand,  and  of  course  it  is  the  largest  town  in 
Illinois.  Tho  people  are  vciy  enterprising,  industrious,  and  thrifty.  Tiuy 
arc  lit  least  (piite  as  lioncst  as  tho  rest  of  us  in  this  part  of  tho  world,  and 
probably  in  any  other.  Soino  peculiarities  they  have,  no  doubt.  Their  relij,'- 
ion  is  a  peculiar  one;  that  is,  neither  Buddhism,  nor  MahoinetaniHUi,  nor 
Judaism,  nor  Christianity,  but  it  is  a  faith  which  they  say  encouragi-s  no 
vioi'  nor  immorality,  nor  departure  from  cstablisiied  laws  and  iis-^ges;  neither 
polygamy,  nor  promiscuous  intercourse,  nor  community  of  property ...  Ar- 
dent Kpirits  as  a  drink  arc  not  iu  use  among  them. .  .Tobacco,  also,  is  a  weed 
which  they  seem  almost  universally  to  despise.  Wo  don't  know  but  that  tlio 
Mormons  ought  to  be  expatriated  for  refusing  to  drink  whiskey  and  chow 
tobacoo;  but  wc  hope  tho  question  will  no  bo  decided  hastily,  nor  until  their 
judges  liavo  slept  otf  tho  fumes  of  their  o'  a  liquor  and  cigars.'  'They  have 
enclosed  largo  farms  on  tho  prairie  ground,  on  which  they  have  raiseil  coin, 
wheat,  hemp,  etc.,  and  all  this  they  have  accomplished  within  the  .sliort 
space  of  four  years.  I  do  not  believe  there  is  another  people  in  cxi.itfiico 
who  could  have  made  such  improvements  in  tho  same  length  of  time  under 
the  same  circumstances.  And  hero  allow  mc  to  remark,  that  there  are  some 
here  who  have  lately  emigrated  to  this  place,  who  have  built  themselves 
largo  and  convenient  homes  in  tho  town;  others  on  their  farms  on  the  prairie, 
who,  if  they  had  remained  at  home,  might  have  continued  to  live  in  rented 
houses  all  their  days,  and  never  onco  have  entertained  tho  idea  of  building 
one  for  themselves  at  their  own  expense.'  Sinucker's  Mormonimn,  \i)9. 

•(  Jcntilcs  were  not  excluded  from  tho  holy  city.  In  BcnnclCit  Hint.  Saints, 
158,  is  given  an  ordinance,  dateil  March  1,  1841,  running  as  follows:  'IJeit 
ordained  by  the  city  council  of  tho  city  of  Nauvoo,  that  tho  catholics,  pris- 
byterians,  mcthodists,  baptists,  latter-day  saints,  quakers,  episcopalian.'^, 
imiversalists,  unitarians,  mohammedans,  and  all  other  religious  sects  and  dc- 
nomiiiations  whatever,  shall  havo  toleration  and  equal  privileges  ia  this  city; 


Tin-n-  CAICU  AX  KKL. 


t^'U'^y  our  socich'  n«  f  i  "" 

I'll  Iir  . .  *      "';";^'.>,  as  thoy  suv  "  "Ti 

'^^^•'"    ^'"procation  or  ,^  r        "'^Jf'  "^''"tl^or  does  tl  o 
7'''  ^"<^  ^vliiJo  ali  is  st(  rn   nn    ?^^^'  '^^'^^'^'  "i>"n  your 
abroad  rospectin<r  thoM '       "^  *^*'"P^'«<^  a"'i  ^n  ill    . 
'-''J  at  I.!,n.o.».^  ''''  ^"""""«>  «I1  is  peace  a    1^:;;" 

A(K)ut  til  is  timo  fl 
,^;;-7l-tHi„^.u,,,,.„j^-«^-^^^^^^^^^^       Joseph  Snn-th  u 
;     advances.     Ho  is  a  van  -^7  ^'.""""^^^^'^^^  sino,,. 

^.hJcs  and  wooden  rX^^tl^'f'   ''  V^^ 

!"•'  ;'"^'t'-^ry  wares.     Tl  1  ;   •   '' -'^"'^^"^^  ^>f  Pul  n^'l 
'."•'^  '*»".^'  iio  openly  annou.u       P'  ''  ^  ^'■^"^'  ^"       e 
"^  H'anhood  Is  fo-^r  tZZi    T'""^^  ^«  «»«'^-     As 

"!"' «lo..i.i  any  p.„„„  ,„     .,  ""*  '*™"'»  and  fiiigcrs  •  b,  t 

',"'  l'!'nnittc,l  witliin  t^  .^  °^  t«^'npcrancc.     Tho  ,w^,r  ^''''?'  P™«c  for  the 


160 


THE  STORY  OP  MORMONISM. 


1.'; 


he  has  no  soul.  He  comes  to  Joseph  and  says, 
"Hail,  master  1"  and  worships  him.  He  professes  all 
that  the  Mor»i  ons  profess,  and  more;  he  does  all 
that  the  Mormons  do,  and  more.  So  the  prophet 
makes  him  general  of  his  legion,  mayor  of  the  city, 
chancellor  of  the  university,  not  to  mention  his  func- 
tions as  attorney,  doctor,  and  privy  counsellor.  All 
this  is  done  with  quick  despatch;  and  the  result 
is  that  the  great  man  soon  tires  of  his  greatness, 
or  thinks  to  become  yet  greater  by  turning  rene- 
gade, and  writing  a  book  against  his  late  friends  and 
associates." 

''  Representative  of  a  class  of  anti-Mormon  literature,  not  altogether 
creditable  to  either  its  authors  or  supporters,  are  the  following: 

The  HiHtory  of  the  Saints;  or.  An  Expose  of  Jot  Smith  and  Mormonism. 
fijf  John  C.  Bennett.     (Boston,  1842.) 

The  Abominations  of  Mormonism  Exposed;  containing  many  Fads  and 
Doctrines  concerning  that  singvlar  people  during  seven  yenra'  membership  with 
Urnn,  from  1840  to  1847.    By  William  HaU.     (Cincinnati,  18o2,) 

Mormonism:  Its  Leaders  and  Designs.  By  John  Hyde,  Jun.,  formerly  a 
Mormon  elder  and  resident  of  Salt  Lake  City.    (New  York,  1857.) 

Mormonism  Unveiled;  or.  The  Life  ana  Confessions  of  the  late  Mormon 
Inshop,  John  D.  Lee;  Written  by  Himself;  Embracing  a  history  of  Mormonism 
frofm  its  inception  down  to  the  present  time,  tvith  an  exposition  of  the  secret  his- 
tory, signs,  symbols,  and  crimes  of  the  Mormon  Church;  aho  the  true  history 
of  the  lunrible  butchery  knoum  as  the  Mountain  Meadovj  Massacre.  (St  Louis, 
1877.) 

The  role  of  traitor  is  not  one  which  in  any  wise  brings  credit  to  tlie 
performer,  either  from  one  side  or  the  other.  However  great  the  service  he 
may  render  us,  ve  cannot  but  feel  that  he  is  false-hearted  and  vile.  &lany 
of  the  apostates,  though  they  may  not  have  written  books,  declare  that  tlicy 
joined  the  sect  only  to  learn  their  secrets  and  then  expose  them.  These  arc 
the  most  contemptible  of  all.  There  may  be  cases  where  a  young  or  inex- 
perienced person,  through  ignorance  or  susceptibility,  has  been  carried  away 
tor  a  time  contrary  to  the  dictates  of  cooler  judgment;  but  the  statemcnta  of 
such  persons  are  justly  regarded  with  more  or  less  suspicion.  Far  better  is 
it,  far  more  honest  and  praiseworthy,  for  him  who,  having  unwittingly  inado 
a  mistake,  seeks  to  rectify  it,  to  go  his  way  and  say  nothing  about  it;  for  if 
he  talks  of  writing  a  book  for  the  good  of  others,  as  a  warning,  and  that 
they  may  avoid  his  errors,  few  will  believe  him.  '  If  ho  has  proved  traitor 
once,'  they  say,  'he  will  deceive  again;  and  if  he  is  sincere,  we  cannot  more 
tlian  half  believe  him,  for  such  an  individual  is  never  sure  of  himself.'  John 
C.  Bennett,  general,  doctor,  methodist  preacher,  and  quack,  is  from  his  own 
showing  a  bad  man.  He  devotes  some  fifty  pages  to  the  vindication  of  liis 
character,  which  would  not  be  necessary  were  he  honest;  other  fifty  are 
given  to  defaming  his  late  worshipful  patron  Joseph  Smith,  which  wmild 
never  have  been  written  were  he  true.  When  a  man  thrusts  in  your  face 
three-score  certificates  of  his  good  character,  each  signed  by  from  one  to  a 
dozen  persons,  you  may  know  that  he  is  a  vtry  great  rascal.  Nor  arc  we 
dLsappuinted  here.  This  author  is  a  charlatan,  pure  and  simple;  such  ^^'as 
he  when  he  joined  the  Mormons,  and  before  and  after.  Wo  may  credit  liim 
fully  when  ho  says,  'I  never  belicveil  in  them  or  their  doctrines;' altlioii'^'h 
in  a  letter  to  Dr  Dyer,  dated  Nauvoo,  Jan.  20,  1842,  ho  declares:  '  My  heart  is 


SPECIMENS  OP  LITERATURE. 


151 


There  is  another  individual  of  similar  name,  and 
yet  more  similar  character,  James  Arlington   Ben- 

filled  with  indignation,  and  my  blood  boils  within  me,  when  I  contemplate 
the  vast  injustice  and  cruelty  which  Missouri  has  meted  out  to  the  great 
philanthropist  and  devout  Christian,  General  Joseph  Smith,  and  his  honest 
and  faithful  adherents. '  When,  however,  he  affects  patriotism  and  lofty  devo- 
tion to  the  welfare  of  his  fellow-men,  pretending  to  have  joined  the  society 
in  order  to  frustrate  'a  daring  and  colossal  scheme  of  rebellion  and  usurpa- 
tion throughout  the  north-western  states, . .  .a  despotic  militaiy  and  religious 
empire,  the  head  of  which,  as  emperor  and  pope,  was  to  be  Joseph  Smith,' 
we  know  that  the  writer  is  well  aware  that  it  is  all  nonsense.  Nor  do  we  be- 
lieve that  he  was  induced  to  print  his  book  '  by  a  desire  to  expose  the  enor- 
mous iniquities  which  have  been  perpetrated  by  one  of  the  grossest  and 
most  infamous  impostors  that  ever  appeai'ed  upon  the  face  of  the  earth.' 
We  have  heard  and  are  still  hearing  so  much  of  that  kind  of  talk  from  some 
of  the  worst  men  in  the  community  that  it  is  becoming  somewhat  stale,  and 
if  the  general  really  does  not  know  better  than  this  why  he  wrote  his  book, 
perhaps  ho  will  excuse  me  for  telling  him  that  it  was,  first,  for  notoriety;  sec- 
ond, for  money;  and  third,  in  order  to  make  people  think  him  a  better  and 
greater  man  tlian  ho  is.  When  a  man's  ambition  is  pitched  so  low,  it  is 
a  pity  that  he  should  not  have  the  gratification  of  success.  Bravely,  then,  the 
general  proceeded  to  offer  himself  on  tlie  altar  of  his  country,  'to  overthrow 
the  impostor  and  expose  his  iniquity '  by  '  professing  himself  a  convert  to  his 
doctrines;'  for  'the  fruition  of  his  hopeful  project  would,  of  course,  have 
been  preceded  by  plunder,  devastation,  and  bloodshed,  and  by  all  the  count- 
less horrors  which  invariably  accompany  civil  war.'  We  are  still  more  im- 
{iressed  when  wo  read:  'I  was  quite  aware  of  the  danger  I  ran'— that  of 
)cing  kicked  out  of  some  back  door — 'but  none  of  these  things  deterred  me.' 
Witliout  wasting  more  time  and  space  upon  the  man,  we  arc  well  enough  pre- 
pared to  place  a  proper  estimate  upon  his  statements,  particularly  when  wo 
take  into  account  that,  in  May  of  tne  very  year  in  which  his  book  was  pul>- 
lishcd,  ho  went  before  Alderman  Wells  and  made  affidavit  that  Joseph  Smith 
was  an  honest,  virtuous,  sincere,  high-minded,  and  patriotic  man.  He  says 
himself  that  he  solemnly  sworo  to  be  true  to  the  Mormons  and  not  reveal 
their  secrets,  and  now  in  breaking  that  oath  he  has  the  audacity  to  ask  us  to 
regard  him  as  an  honest  and  truthful  manl  In  some  measure,  at  least,  the 
statements  of  such  men  as  this,  taken  up  by  the  press  and  people,  and  reiter- 
ated throughout  the  land,  have  given  the  latter-day  saints  a  worse  name 
than  they  deserve.  Some  of  his  charges  are  too  coarse  and  filthy  for  repe- 
tition. I  will  cite  a  few  specimens,  however,  to  show  how  far  mendacity  is 
sometimes  carried  in  this  direction. 

Joseph  Smith  is  a  'monster  who  is  using  tl, )  powei  he  possesses  to  gratify 
a  brutal  lust;'  'a  Giovanni  of  some  dozens  of  mistresses;'  'must  be  branded 
as  a  consummate  knave;'  one  'of  the  most  heaven-daring  liars  the  world  ever 
saw;'  'notoriously  profane;'  'gets  most  gloriously  drunk,'  etc.  In  the  most 
vulgar  and  licentious  language,  he  goes  on  to  desciibe  what  he  calls  the  '  Mor- 
mon seraglio,'  'tho  female  inquisition,'  'Joe's  cloistered,  chambered,  and  cy- 
priau  maids.'  Ho  revels  in  all  tho  wickedness  of  this  kind  during  past  ages 
which  ho  can  make  up,  rolling  it  as  a  sweet  morsel  under  his  tongue,  finally 
allirming  that  '  the  holy  Joe  outdoes  them  all  1'  Ho  says  that  any  woman  be- 
longing to  the  society  who  lapses  from  virtue  is  condemned  to  a  life  of  se- 
ciet  prostitution,  the  n)Ost  tnistworthy  niembers  of  the  church  having  knowl- 
edge of  it;  another  class  indv.^ge  in  illicit  intercourse  by  8i)e('ial  permission  of 
the  prophet;  another  class  arc  the  spiritual  wives.  All  this  is  said,  be  it  re- 
membered, within  two  or  three  months  of  the  time  he  made  oath  that  Smith 
was  one  of  tho  best  and  purest  of  men.  Next  comes  an  exposd  of  several  se- 
cret societies,  the  Danites,  Destroying  Angel,  etc.,  and  finally  a  list  of  mur- 
ders and  robberies  perpetrated  in  that  section  during  a  certain  time,  all  of 


152 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


Iffif* 


km 


^*l 


hett,  also  called  general,  whom  Mackay,  Siuucker, 
a  reviewer  in  the  Edinburgh,  and  others  have  mis- 

wliich  are  charged  to  these  agencies.  Sidney  Rigdon  is  praised  by  Bennett; 
80  iniich  the  woi'se  for  Sidney.  Doubtless  this  book  played  its  part  in  bring- 
ing abuut  the  assassination  oi  Joseph  Smith.  Says  John  Taylor  of  John  C. 
Bennett:  'At  one  time  ho  was  a  good  man,  but  fell  into  adultery,  and  was 
«ut  oil'  fruin  the  church  for  his  iniquity;. .  .ho  was  also  expelled  from  the  mu- 
nicipal court,  of  which  he  was  a  member.'   Public  Dincussion,  5-G. 

William  iiall  was  an  old  gentleman  of  simple  mind  and  manners  wlien  he 
wrote  li is  book;  lie  appears  to  Ije  earnest  and  trulhful.  As  he  says  of  the 
saints,  so  I  should  say  of  him:  he  meant  well,  but  he  should  beware  of  bad 
leaders.  Hull  was  not  a  great  man  in  the  church,  like  Bennett;  nevertheless, 
like  Bennett  he  wrote  a  book,  but  unlike  Bennett's,  his  book  reads  like  that 
of  an  honest  man,  although  it  is  full  of  bitter  accusations  against  the  Mor- 
mons. All  such  works  should  bo  taken  with  sonio  degrees  of  allowance;  for 
when  a  person  begins  to  rail  against  any  peopio  or  individual,  he  is  apt  to  be 
carried  away  and  misrepresent,  intentionally  or  unintentionally.  The  period 
that  Hall's  experiences  cover  is  quite  an  important  one,  including  as  it  does  the 
Illinois  expulsion  and  the  exodus  to  Great  Salt  l.Ake. 

Quito  (litferent  from  any  of  his  brother  apostates  is  John  Hyde,  Jr,  who 
cannot  by  right  be  placed  in  the  category  of  vulgar  ranter  or  hypocritical  re- 
former. I  regard  him  as  an  able  and  honest  man,  sober  and  sincere.  Ho 
does  not  denounce  the  sect  as  hypocrites.  'I  know  your  sincerity;  I  know 
also  your  delusion,' he  writes.  Ho  does  not  even  denounce  all  the  leaders; 
oven  to  Brigham  Young,  whom  he  mercilessly  scourges,  he  gives  credit  for 
ability  and  sincerity.  'That  you  arc  sincere  in  your  confidence  in  Joseph 
Siiiith,  tiiid  in  your  own  pretensions,'  he  writes  to  him,  'I  believe  and  ac- 
knowledge; l)ut  at  the  same  time,  that  you  are  leading  confiding  thousands 
to  misery  and  ruin  is  evident. .  I  admire  your  genius,  but  I  deplore  its  exercise. 
...  I  aduiii'e  the  industry  of  your  people,  their  notable  labors,  and  their  general 
sincerity;  but  I  deplore  their  delusion,  and  I  denounce  their  deceivers.'  Hi" 
book  is  dedieatod  'To  the  honest  believers  in  Mormonism, '  and  ho  says  to 
them:  'In  writing  the  following  work  I  was  not  actuated  by  the  base  design 
of  helping  to  malign  an  unpopular  people,  nor  by  the  unworthy  ouo  of  ad- 
niinistei'ing  to  a  mere  idlo  curiosity.'  John  Hyde  was  born  in  England,  in 
18o3,  antl  joined  the  Mormons  there  when  fifteen  years  of  age.  He  was  al- 
most inimeiliately  ordained  a  priest  and  began  to  preach.  In  ISol  he  was 
ordained  one  of  the  seventies,  an  office  of  equal  power  but  inferior  jurisdic- 
tion to  that  ot  one  of  the  twelve,  and  joined  John  Taylor  in  France.  With 
about  400  Mormon  converts  ho  sailed  from  Liverpool  in  Feb.  1853,  visited  Nau- 
voo,  and  thence  crossed  the  plains  in  company  with  '2,500  brethren  to  Salt  Lake 
City,  where  he  married  and  began  teaching  school.  In  Fob.  1854  ho  was  'in- 
itiated into  the  mysteries  of  tlie  Mormon  endowment,'  became  shaken  in  tlie 
faith,  and  the  following  year,  having  accepted  a  mission  to  the  Hawaiian  Isl- 
and.s,  he  threw  off  Mormonism  and  preaciicd  and  wrote  against  it  instead  i)f 
for  it.  In  his  book  ho  gives  a  description  of  Salt  Lake  City  in  1853-4,  u  chap- 
ter entitled  'Practical  I'olj'gamy,' and  others  on  Mormon  Mysteries,  Educa- 
tion, Brigham  Young,  Book  of  Monnon,  Theoretical  Polygamy,  and  Sup- 
prcssiou  of  Mormonism.  Hyde's  book  would  be  quite  useful  were  he  not  so 
loose  about  his  dates;  it  would  appear  from  the  way  ho  throws  statements 
together  that  in  the  absence  of  a  date  he  guessed  at  it. 

Still  another  style  of  book  is  that  of  John  D,  Lee,  purporting  to  have 
been  written  by  him,  but  as  a  matter  of  fact  written  for  the  most  part  by 
W.  W.  Bishoi)  while  Lee  was  in  prison  condcnnicd  to  death.  The  work,  there- 
fore, tliough  tlic  story  of  a  Mormon,  and  of  one  who  under  the  eircumstanci's 
could  not  1)0  expected  to  \tc  very  friendly,  is  not  by  a  Jlormon.  The  hook 
is  not  essentially  dilferent  from  the  matter  published  in  the  newspapers  about 
the  time  of  Lee's  execution,  under  the  title  of  'Confessions.'    Leo  gives  tko 


SOCIAL  CONDITIONS, 
taken  for  the  orio-ina?      T7  ..  ^^^ 

•^PPea.  .  f„„,  in  the  .eSVotl[.1,;r«tT.t 

cess  wLiIca  youiiffman   1  ^"">°'«>  l>ora  in  ISl^  Zrt„ii  '  ".""^  ''xectition  of 
f,.  M.„3„„,i  ^^^;ji^,^m.u,,  became  an  enthusin^H;. 'l?5^.°'^  ^^-J  an.I  withTuc 


vv  IJrigham  Young     In'lSTyT'"^*'^''^'*''  ^^^^^toiZ^TT^-     "°  ^'^ 
t^'iii  Mcadon-  massacre  "xpn,;       7"'  "*'^"t«'»  for  parS/-^'^^'''^  ^'lopted 

tl-Ui^h  entered  lco';,S'  Fn"?'^'^^^  '»  NewYorf '  at  f '•  >  *''«  «"« 
a  book  on  sJiort  accnmffi '*  ".V'°  y*"""  '842.  Mr  Kifn  ^'^'"■"'?  "«  «lato, 
I'c  knew  little  al«^^^  f  \f      X"  ^''''  t'lc  subject-  ,«  L        '*"*  ^^''tainly  wrote 

I^osirousof  knowing  SL*^,"  *''«  Passengers  an  1  crew    '  "'''1'^' ^'^'cr, 
"'p'  most  is  to  bo  learnP,?  I.     """'  ""'^  'lol'lm-r  to  t  n  m     •  "'"'°  ^^ormons 
'•""^  ""d  C^trnan^'"?i'trrpcuvoa  copies  of  tL*''«™^^'"\t 'at  by  teach! 


,."""«  "1  tins  kind, 

-'^f'-  lionnett,    while     ov  '        ,  '"^  '•''bnkod  the  v-'inifr.'    ?  ^ ''""  ^'-■'■'''^.  the 
;''-"ld  have  some  sTi't    '""  -r  '"'^tainin.  hi,"  fn^  £  ""'  P'-«'"'mption  of 


154 


THE  STORY  OP  MORMONISM. 


!*:•  i 


cancelled,  old  debts  forgiven."  There  were  no  great 
riches  among  them ;  yet  he  who  had  nothing  could 
not  be  called  poor  amid  such  surroundings.  Head 
over  all,  temporal  and  spiritual,  was  Joseph  Smith, 
not  only  prophet  and  president,  but  general  and 
mayor."  He  had  now  approached  the  summit  of  his 
career,  and  for  a  brief  space  was  permitted  to  enjoy 
his  fame,  wealth,  and  power  in  some  degree  of  quiet. 
They  were  salutary  lessons  that  the  prophet  and 
his  people  had  received  in  Missouri,  and  for  a  time 
their  speech  and  manner  were  less  arrogant  than  of 
old.  But  soon  prosperity  was  far  greater  here  than 
ever  before,  and  as  with  Israel  of  old  the  chastise- 
ments of  the  Lord  were  soon  forgotten.  From  the 
moment  they  crossed  the  river  from  Missouri  into 
Illinois  their  position  as  men  and  members  of  the 
commonwealth  was  changed.  In  the  one  state  they 
were  regarded  as  fanatics,  dangerous  to  the  govern- 
ment and  to  the  people,  having  associated  assassins  to 
do  their  bidding,  and  holding  to  a  doctrine  of  divine 
inheritance  with  regard  to  all  that  country;  in  the 


H  i 


"  'At  the  conferenco  in  April  1840,  the  prophet  delivered  a  lengthy  ad- 
dress upon  the  history  and  condition  of  the  saints.  Ho  reminded  the  brctli- 
ren  that  all  had  auflfercd  alike  for  the  sake  of  the  gospel.     The  ricli  and  the 

goor  had  beta  brought  to  a  common  level  by  persecution;  that  many  of  tlio 
rethrcn  were  owing  debts  that  they  had  been  forced  to  contract  in  order  to 
get  out  of  Missouri  alive.  He  considered  it  was  unchristian-liko  for  the 
brethren  to  demand  the  payment  of  such  debts;  that  he  did  not  wish  to 
screen  any  one  from  the  just  payment  of  liis  debts,  but  ho  did  think  that  it 
would  be  for  the  glory  of  the  Kingdom  if  the  people  would,  of  their  own  will, 
freely  forgive  each  other  for  all  their  existing  indebtedness,  one  to  the  other, 
then  renew  their  covenants  with  ahniuhty  God  and  with  each  other;  refrain 
from  evil,  and  live  their  religion;  by  this  means,  God's  holy  spirit  would  sup- 
port and  bless  the  people.  The  peoplo  were  then  asked  if  they  were  in  favor 
of  thus  bringing  about  the  year  of  jubilee.  All  that  felt  so  inclined  were 
asked  to  mako  it  known  by  raising  their  hands;  every  hand  in  the  audicnco 
was  raised.'  The  prophet  then  declared  all  debts  of  tiie  saints,  to  and  from 
each  other,  forgiven  and  cancelled.  He  tlien  gave  the  following  words  of 
advice  to  the  people:  'I  wish  you  all  to  know  that  because  you  were  justified 
in  taking  property  from  your  enemies  while  engaged  in  war  in  Missouri, 
which  was  needed  to  support  you,  there  is  now  a  different  condition  of  things 
existing.  We  are  no  longer  at  war,  and  you  must  stop  stealing.  When  tlio 
right  time  conies  we  will  go  in  force  and  take  the  whole  state  of  Missouri.  It 
belongs  to  us  as  an  inheritauce;  but  I  want  no  more  petty  stealing.'  Lee'a 
Mormoimm,  110-11. 

"  Smith  was  first  mayor.  Feb.  1,  1841,  Bennett  was  elected  mayor  and 
■o  continued  till  May  lU,  1842,  when  8mitli  again  a&suined  the  office. 


BACKSLlDlNa 


^^^^r^nItZtth^::^f-orkir.g  and  thrift" 

Such  was  their  naaf  „^j 
""nity.      They  wCe  ?„  J?^"'  ^'«'™  «  the  com 

Thomas  Carlin,  goverZ!  "f  1"^!^"^  ''^  Politicians 
»nd  granted  them  all  th„  n^;  '  '  """^  *•"='■•  fri™<l 
ert  Lucas,  governor  of /''^^''^  *''«y  askod  •  Rob 
promised  thlmtlxelrotl^^' 7^'  *'"^'-  friend  and 
the  United  Statefrf  "*i°» ''"'^  *°  ^^'"'^  "''tiin  of 
^pmtition,  fanaticism  ^t^""'  V'^'e^o",  creed 
■''■gl>t  choose  to  call  it  '      ^'   °'   whatever  people 

Ford*:  wKn'ewltXVh^r  °"'  "-"«'  Thomas 
2,"  ""?"g'''  »«t  Wood  tStrhk„T "'"*'"  "'0'-""ng 
»<!  cool-headed  like  Carh  ,  L  ,   ,^''«^^"' ''°'-  strong 

S?  ""''  "P''"*""  lite  LucL  ff;>*,!?''rfP''^'tivS 
ted  man,  and  if  the  sainte  h^dV  i'  ^"""^  ""«  "ot  a 
ac«ordmg  to  the  wisdom  of  th.  '"',".'"'''  ">en,selvcs 
time  perhaps,  have  oZoLf,u'"^'^:^^''y  ""S^t  in 
people.  But  prosneritv  21  j*"  P'-''J«dices  of  the 
adversity  was  ^roS'/  'l^;^  -^  fatal  to  them  as 

earth  was  uo/thei^,  and  t!jnuT  "'■''^'^™»  »»d 
and  liicked,  revelation.       ^  •     ""^eshurun  waxed  fnt 

-nt  of  i;tXt,?rnrt4r«'  ''•°  -aet. 

state  or  of  the  United  Qt.t"*.  "'*'»  those  of  tho 
y'-'t  "f'^beascor'u^i^^^-  ?'"'  Particularly  that  a 
"'S  under  cityordfnrn^'fe"?'' '"  f  paL  al? 
„,  ,■■.?"-.>..„  *„„„. !  *■'*'  '"'-P-tation  of  this 


106 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMOXISM. 


<     i 

;    i 
) 

I.     '^{ 


provision  the  saints  allowed  themselves  rather  a  wide 
latitude,  even  assuming  authority  opposed  to  superior 
powers,  and  sometimes  questioning  the  validity  of  state 
documents  not  countersigned  by  the  mayor  of'Nauvoo. 
The  counties  surrounding  Hancock,  in  which  was  Nau- 
voo,  were  fearful  of  the  prosperity  of  the  saints,  and  of 
their  political  influence;  there  were  angry  words  and 
bickerings  between  the  opposing  societies,  and  then 
blows.  The  old  Missouri  feud  was  kept  alive  by  suits 
instituted  against  Smith  and  others.*"  An  attempt 
made  to  assassinate  Governor  Boggs  was,  of  course, 
charged  to  the  Mormons,  and  probably  with  truth. 
In  fact,  if  we  may  believe  their  enemies,  they  did  not 
deny  it.  Boggs  had  unlawfully  ordered  all  the  Mor- 
mons in  Missouri  killed  if  they  did  not  leave  the 
state ;  why  had  not  they  the  same  right,  they  argued, 
to  break  the  law  and  kill  him?" 

Among  the  reports  circulated,  besides  those  of 
assassination  and  attempted  assassinatio!i,  the  follow- 
ing will  serve  as  specimens:  That  the  plan  of  Smith 

'"  Wlien  on  his  return  from  Quincy,  to  which  place  ho  had  accompanied 
Hynun  Smith  and  William  Law,  who  were  on  a  mission  to  the  cast,  Josepli 
was  arrested  the  5th  of  June,  1S41,  on  a  warrant  from  Gov.  Carlin  to  deliver 
liim  to  tho  Missouri  state  authorities.  In  return,  Joseph  Smith  brought  suit 
against  J.  II.  Reynolds  and  H.  O.  Wilson  for  false  imprisonment.  This  as 
well  as  other  affairs  of  the  kind  kept  up  a  bitter  excitement. 

"On  the  Gth  of  May,  1S42,  Gov.  Boggs  was  fired  at  through  a  window, 
and  narrowly  escaped  being  killed.  The  crime  was  charged  to  O.  P.  Rock- 
well, '  with  the  connivance  and  under  the  instructions  of  Joseph  Smith.'  Hyde's 
Mormonism,  105,  206.  Boggs  swore  he  believed  Smith  a  party  to  tho  at- 
tempted assassination,  and  instituted  legal  proceedings.  Mackaij's  The  Mor- 
mons, 1.39.  Bennett,  lliat.  Saints,  2S1-2,  labors  hard  to  prove  that  Smith 
wanted  Boggs  killed,  and  said  as  mucli,  which  it  seems  to  mc  few  would  deny. 
Bennett  states  that  in  1S41  Smith  prophesied  that  Boggs  would  die  by  violent 
hands  within  a  year.  '  In  the  spring  of  the  year  184'2  Smith  olFered  a  reward  of 
$500  to  any  man  who  would  secretly  assassinate  Gov.  Boggs. '  Joseph  (.).  Boggs, 
brother  of  tho  governor,  writes  Bennett,  Sept.  12,  1842,  'Wo  have  now  no 
doubt  of  tho  guilt  of  Smith  and  Rockwell.'  /(/.,  2SG.  Rockwell  was  arrested, 
discharged,  and  went  to  Utah.  '  Brigham  has  had  him  into  tho  pulpit,'  says 
Hyde,  'to  address  the  meetings.'  Wcre.ad:  '  Grin  Porter  Rockwell,  the  Mor - 
mon  confuicd  in  our  county  jail  some  time  since  for  the  attempted  assa^^siuatiuu 
of  ex-governor  Boggs,  was  indicted  by  our  last  grand  jury  for  escaping  from  the 
county  jail  some  weeks  since,  and  sent  to  Clay  county  for  trial.  Owing,  how- 
ever, to  somo  informality  in  tho  proceedings,  lie  waa  remanded  to  this  touiity 
again  for  trial.  There  was  not  sufficient  proof  adduced  against  him  to  justify 
an  indictment  for  shooting  at  ex-governor  Boggs;  and  tho  grand  jury,  there- 
fore, did  not  indict  him  for  that  olfence.'  IinUpouknt  Expositor;  Nilca*  Jiejis- 
Ur,  Sept.  30,  1843. 


WITLESS  PRETENsiOXs. 


«ec  .on  .nati      „  „„r"j„ '^« ';';*  "^orld;  that  any 

*oa..  of  bC'trthr£a^^^^^^ 

^"-^l*  ^^^^y  ^^ountains  to  the 

•••«  for  perils,  they  seem  L"    ^f  •"•"."  he  sai.l;  "aS 
envy  and  wrath  of  n,a„  Vf^     '  *'""««  *<>  "le,  for  the 
the  days  of  „,y  life  ^^'""j^^"'"  "'?en  my  common  lot "  ] 
"|e.Wd,  let  the  work  of  ?nv  f '"i  "^""'^'  ">„.  "ai?" 
'•■'"ch  I  have  appointed  unto'""^'''' ■""<' «"  «'"  'vorkt 
ot  ceaae.     Let  all  the  rooo*?  ^""i  '^  ''""tinued  and 
thoy  may  be  put  in  nl     T*  '"' '"«'  '«  order  tW 
I  7'1  write  th"^  vo"d  of  Z^t"'  f.  ™^  ''"'X  ^np f 
"d  send  it  to  you  bv  mlil      I    '''^  "i"™  *"»e  to  tfmo 
he  present,  for  thelrntof  l""'!-''"^*  mj  letter  for 
ou  tho  alert;  and  Tt  °        ^'^  *"»«'  ^f  tlio  ene,„v 
th^  world  Cometh,  b^t  he  hSToH  •"''  ""^  P"'-"  "f 

F'vo  days  later  the  nronhnf       ."""«  '"  '»e-" 
s»;nts,  mainly  touchL  H,     .    ^"P*  ="'  address  to  th« 
*hich  more  hereafter  ^  ,'ij  hapt.sm  for  the  dead  „f 
f ^Pel  which  we  have  receh  d  "'f'  ''."  '''  '"=••"•  h.  the 

pat J,,y.     A"„'da^ir;,';f.7''  ''?''•■  ALTo} 


1S8 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


':? .;  It. 


i::i  -':^^ 


8    t      i 


of  Fayette,  Seneca  county,  declaring  the  three  wit- 
nesses to  bear  record  of  the  book.  The  voice  of  Mi- 
chael on  the  banks  of  the  Susquehanna,  detecting  the 
devil  when  he  appeared  as  an  angel  of  light.  The 
voice  of  Peter,  tfames,  and  John  in  the  wilderness  be- 
tween Harmony,  Susquehanna  county,  and  Colesville, 
Boone  county,  on  the  Susquehanna  River,  declaring 
themselves  as  possessing  the  keys  of  the  kingdom, 
and  of  the  dispensation  of  the  fulness  of  times.  And 
again,  the  voice  of  God  in  the  chamber  of  old  Father 
Whitmer,  in  Fayette,  Seneca  county,  and  at  sundry 
times  and  in  divers  places,  through  all  the  travels 
and  tribulations  of  this  church  of  Jesus  Christ  of 
Latter-day  Saints." 

We  come  now  to  a  most  momentous  epoch  in  the 
history  of  the  church,  to  the  most  important  act  of 
the  prophet  during  the  entire  course  of  his  wonderful 
life,  to  the  act  of  all  others  pregnant  with  mighty 
results,  if  we  except  the  primary  proceedings  relative 
to  the  sacred  book  and  its  translation. 

Twenty  years  had  passed  since  the  plates  of  Mor- 
mon had  been  revealed  to  Joseph,  during  which  time 
he  had  suffered  divers  and  continued  persecution. 
He  and  his  followers  had  been  reviled  and  spit  upon 
from  the  beginning;  some  of  them  had  been  robbed, 
and  beaten,  hunted  down,  imprisoned,  and  slain. 
Yet  they  had  prospered;  the  church  had  rapidly 
increased,  and  its  members  were  blessed  with  plenty. 
Their  neighbors  spoke  much  evil  of  them  and  com- 
mitted many  violent  acts.  The  saints  were  exceed- 
ingly annoying;  they  voted  solid  and  claimed  the 
whole  world  as  theirs,  including  Jackson  county, 
Missouri;  they  were  wild  in  their  thoughts,  extrava- 
gant in  their  pretensions,  and  by  no  means  temperate 
in  the  use  of  their  tongues;  they  were  not  always 
prudent;  they  were  not  always  without  reproach. 

Just  how  far  certain  members  or  leaders  erred, 
bringing  evil  on  all,  it  is  impossible  at  this  day  to 


ADVENT  OF  POLYGAMY. 


determine.     The  evWl  ''* 

••g>t  their  conduct.       '^       ^'"""^  *°  "over  or  make 

^t  was  easy  for  #K«        ^m 
wear  plau^V  in  f  W '!ff  '?." "^^  ^» *  a  charge 

tt  V™^  *'■«  ''o^i-e  o7p,°Llto^-  *'""  "S 
t'scd  and  promulo-ater}   in'^/u     ^  ^^  ^^^es  as  nrao 

n^uch  attention  l£  i".  /^  scriptures  attraS" 
f  d  ordinances  of  the  *  M  *\^  ^*^^^  ^^ts,  cusTomf 
been  adopted  in  oo^n  ^itt't,  "^"  ^-^-^-'s  Tad' 
book  of  Mormon   by  ^h^  Inf.  """f  ««"tained  in  the 

S     ""^  ^'tf'e'-  Jews  or  ChT't     ""^  ""t  "ow  in 
rhus  argued  the  elderf    Th  '"'^j^.'^^ny  repetitions 


160 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


>.  ' 


it  appear  plausible.  If  any  had  the  right  to  adopt  part 
of  the  bible  as  their  rule  of  conduct,  accepting  it  all  as 
true,  they  claimed  the  right  to  adopt  the  whole  of  it 
for  their  rule  of  conduct  if  they  chose.  It  was  civil- 
ization, and  not  the  holy  scriptures,  that  forbade 
polygamy,  and  they  cared  very  little  comparatively 
for  civilization. 

Finally,  on  the  12th  of  July,  1843,  while  the  chief 
men  of  the  church  were  thinking  the  matter  over, 
though  sa^^ing  little  even  among  themselves,  it  is 
stated  that  there  came  to  Joseph  a  revelation,  the  last 
of  the  prophet's  revelations  of  which  there  is  any 
record. 

"Verily,  thus  saith  the  Lord  unto  you,  my  servant 
Joseph,  that  inasmuch  as  you  have  inquired  of  my 
band  to  know  and  undc .  stand  wherein  I,  the  Lord, 
justified  my  servants  Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Jacob;  as 
also  Moses,  David,  and  Solomon,  my  servants,  as  touch- 
ing the  principles  and  doctrine  of  their  having  many 
wives  and  concubines:  Behold!  and  lo,  I  am  the  Lord 
thy  God.  and  will  answer  thee,  as  touching  this  matter. 

"Abraham  received  concubines,  and  they  bare  him. 
children,  and  it  was  accounted  unto  him  for  righteous- 
ness, because  they  were  given  unto  him,  and  he  abode 
in  my  law;  as  Isaac  also,  and  Jacob,  did  none  other 
things  than  that  which  they  were  commanded. 
David  also  received  many  wives  and  concubines,  as 
also  Solomon,  and  Moses,  my  servant,  as  also  many 
others  of  my  servants,  from  the  beginning  of  creation 
until  this  time,  and  in  nothing  did  they  sin,  save  in 
those  things  which  they  received  not  of  me. 

"David's  wives  and  concubines  were  given  unto  hiui 
of  me  by  the  hand  of  Nathan,  my  servant,  and  others 
of  the  prophets  who  had  the  keys  of  this  power;  and 
in  none  of  these  things  did  he  sin  against  me,  save  in 
the  case  of  Uriah  and  his  wife;  and,  therefore,  he  hath 
fallen  from  his  exaltation,  and  received  his  portion; 
and  he  shall  not  inherit  them  out  of  the  world,  for  I 
gave  them  unto  another,  saith  the  Lord. 


EMMA  EXHORTED. 


161 


"Verily,  I  say  unto  you,  a  commandment  I  give 
unto  mine  handmaid,  Emma  Smith,  your  wife,  whom 
I  have  given  unto  you,  that  she  stay  herself,  and  par- 
take not  of  that  which  I  commanded  you  to  offer  unto 
her;  for  I  did  it,  saith  the  Lord,  to  prove  you  all,  as 
I  did  Abraham,  and  that  I  might  require  an  offer- 
ing at  your  hand  by  convenant  and  sacrifice;  and  let 
mine  handmaid,  Emma  Smith,  receive  all  those  that 
have  been  given  unto  my  servant  Joseph,  and  who 
are  virtuous  and  pure  before  me. 

"And  I  command  mine  handmaid,  Emma  Smith,  to 
abide  and  cleave  unto  my  servant  Joseph,  and  to  none 
else.  And  again,  verily,  I  say,  let  mine  handmaid 
forgive  my  servant  Joseph  his  trespasses,  and  then 
shall  she  be  forgiven  her  trespasses,  wherein  she  hath 
trespassed  against  me;  and  I,  the  Lord  thy  God,  will 
bless  her  and  multiply  her,  and  make  her  heart  to  re- 
joice. 

"And  again,  as  pertaining  to  the  law  of  the  priest- 
hood: if  any  man  espouse  a  virgin,  and  desire  to  espouse 
another,  and  the  first  give  her  consent;  and  if  he 
espouse  the  second,  and  they  are  virgins,  and  have 
vowed  to  no  other  man,  then  he  is  justified;  he  can- 
not commit  adultery,  for  they  are  given  unto  him; 
for  he  cannot  comm^j  adultery  with  that  belonging 
unto  him,  and  to  none  else;  and  if  he  have  ten  virgins 
given  unto  him  by  this  law  he  cannot  commit  adultery, 
for  they  belong  to  him,  and  they  are  given  unto  him ; 
therefore  he  is  justified." 

It  is  said  that  as  early  as  1831  the  will  of  the  Lord 
in  this  respect  had  been  revealed  to  Joseph.  In 
translating  the  bible  he  had  come  upon  the  passages 
relating  to  plural  wives  and  concubines,  and  had  in- 
quired of  the  Lord  what  he  should  do.  He  was  told 
to  wait,  and  not  make  the  matter  public  then,  the  peo- 
ple not  yet  having  faith  to  receive  it.  It  was  one  of 
the  severest  trials  the  church  had  yet  been  called  upon 
to  undergo,  and  the  wisest  circumspection  was  neces- 
sary lest  Joseph  should  be  repudiated  by  his  followers 

Hut.  Utab.   U 


162 


THE  STORY  OP  MORMONISM. 


as  a  fttlae  prophet.  So  ho  approachod  persons  singly, 
first  the  man  of  the  family  and  then  the  woman.  In 
1841  Joseph  began  to  take  to  hiniself  plural  wives, 
and  his  example  was  followed  by  some  of  the  others. 
Finally,  in  order  that  all  might  know  that  ho  was  not, 
acting  on  his  own  responsibility  alone,  the  revelation 
came,  sanctioning  and  enforcing  the  system.  This,  as 
I  have  given  it,  is  the  orthodox  and  authorized  ex- 
planation of  the  matter. 

Thus  came  to  the  saints  the  doctrine  of  polygamy, 
first  to  the  leaders  and  for  a  time  kept  secret,  and 
finally  to  the  whole  church,  as  one  of  its  most  prom- 
inent tenets."  For  years  it  was  known  only  to  a  few, 
and  it  was  not  formally  promulgated  until  after  tiic 
great  exodus,  when  the  church  had  become  well  es- 
tablished in  the  valleys  of  the  Yutas.^" 

There  were  several  reasons  for  adopting  this  course. 
First,  the  hate  and  obloquy  which  would  be  engendered 
by  its  publication,  and  the  wide-spread  and  bitter  oppo- 
sition it  would  meet.  Tho  work  of  missionaries  in  the 
field  would  greatly  suffer.  Many  in  tho  church  would 
oppose  it;  women  would  rebel ,  while  their  sisters 
throughout  Christendom  would  hold  them  in  derision. 
It  was  all  so  new  and  strange.  Even  in  theory  it 
was  startling  enough;  but  put  it  in  practice,  ami  who 
could  foretell  the  result?     The  very  foundations  of 

"John  Hyde  mentions  a  previous  revelation.  He  says  that  about  tho 
year  1838  'Smith  pretended  to  obtain  a  revelation  from  God  authorizing  liiiu 
to  practise  polygamy,  and  began  to  practise  it  accordingly.'  MormonUm,  JO.t. 
See  also  Slater's  Mormonism,  84,  and  Deseret  News,  Oct.  22,  1879.  Tlu:iu  is 
no  truth  whatever  in  this  assertion.  And  yet  John  Hyde  is  regarded  as  pretty 
eood  authority;  but  in  this  loose  way  thousands  of  false  statements  liavu 
been  made  regarding  the  secrets  of  the  saints. 

"This  revelation  was  first  published  in  the  Deaeret  News  in  1852,  ami 
next  in  the  Millennial  Star  at  Liverpool,  England,  in  1853.  It  is  givi'ii  cntiio 
elsewhere  in  this  volume.  Tho  Edinhimjh  Ryvie.  of  April  1854, 335,  says,  *  Not 
many  months  have  ;  )t  passed  since  the  Mormon  leaders  have  dccidcvl  on  u 
bolder  policy  and  hi  'e  publicly  avowed  this  portion  of  the  system,' wliioli 
shows  that  the  fact «  publication  was  not  generally  known  to  tho  gcntilo  liiiro 
pean  world  until  tw  earsafter  the  official  notice  in  Salt Lako  City  aiipeared. 
Copies  of  it  will  alst  ?  found  \i\  Doc.  and  Coi>.,  423-3'.:;  Youm/'n  iV//!' A'o. 
19,  77-86;  Ferris'  Uti.  and  the  Mormons, 
451-7;  Tucker's  Mori  .ism,  172-^2; 
Piarl  of  Oreat  Price,  :-10;  Stenhotue'i 
Expos6  q/"  Polyijamy,  i   7-15. 


IOC.  ana  uov.,  V£A-sz;  lounijn  »iji-  ,\u. 
rmons,  app.;  Burton's  City  of  the  Saiiil'% 
2;  Smiths  Rise,  Prog,  and  Traveli,  US; 
>tMe'«  Tell  It  All,  l?5-8;  and  Stenhoim's 


POLYGAMY  AT  FIRST  SECRET. 


183 


singly, 
n.  in 
wives*, 
Dthors. 

elation 
Hiis,  as 
zed  ex- 

ygaiuy, 
ret,  and 
,t  prom- 
o  a  few, 
fter  tlic 
well  os- 

s  course. 
TGiulereil 
ter  oppo- 
ies  in  tUo 
ch  would 
sistor3 
derision, 
theory  it 
anil  who 
,tious  of 

It  about  the 
llioriziiii;  l>i;>> 

19.     Tlicro  is 

llcilaainctty 

Bincnta  liavo 

lin  18.?:,  iuul 
Igivi'H  out  lit) 
|i,Bays,  *N"t 
Icciiloil  ""  " 
Vtcm.'  wlii^li 
icntili)  Kiiro- 
[ty  appeal  i"'l- 
Vs  lVi/>  'Vo- 
V  the  Saints, 

travel'i,  ■^--^,' 
Htcnhonn  s 


flio  church  niij^ht  thorohy  be  broken  up.  If  it  must 
iiii.'ds  be,  then  let  discretion  bo  used.  Let  the  mat- 
ter be  broken  to  the  churcli  as  it  is  able  to  receive  it; 
let  the  system  bo  introduced  gradually,  anil  practised 
.secretly;  by  the  chief  men  at  finst,  and  later  by  all.-"" 
It  wa.s  indeed  a  heav}'  load  that  thejsaints  thus  took 
upon  themselves,  willingly  or  unwillingly,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  God  or  in  the  service  of  Satan.     Up  to  this 

'"  It  is  iloitied  by  some  that  polygamy  was  practised  by  tlio  Monnons  at 
tliia  (late.  Ill  tlio  Ihsi'i-ft  Newaoi  Oct.  122,  1870,  arc  sevoral  HUitoiiH'iita  iiiiiU>r 
uiilli  to  tlio  cfrcct  that  l)utwocn  1840  and  1843  Josopli  biiidit  tlio  tlot-tiiiio  of 
I'cli'siial  or  pliirul  iniirriaijc,  that  Hcvonil  woineii  wcro  sealfd  to  him  nci-ortliiij; 
to  lhi:<  doctrine,  and  this  with  tlio  consent  of  JoHeph'x  wife,  Kinnia  Siiiitli. 
On  liiuother  hand,  it  i.s  stated  in  i\\o  Salt  Luke  Vihj  Trihunc,  Oct.  ',\,  I87!>, 
tliiit  Imiiiiia  denied  that  her  htisltand  was  ever  married  to  another,  or  tliiit,  so 
fill-  .H  hIio  knew,  ho  over  had  improper  rolati'<ns  with  any  woniiin.  KUler  I'lutt 
ri'liDi'teil  lit  I'lano,  111.,  in  tho  suininer  «>f  !87S,  severul  instuiiues  of  JoMoph'a 
haviiiL;  had  wives  scaled  to  him,  one  at  least  ua  early  as  April  r>,  1841.  '.Smith 
iiitri>iluce<l  (.it  Nauvoo)  tho  system  of  spiritual  wifeism,  and  had  largely  in- 
cite c'l  Ilia  Iriusehold  by  celestial  enMculiiicnt.  Tliin  was  the  prelimiiiury  Miop 
(if  |>(ilyg!iniy,  or  its  practical  adoption,  though  it  had  not  yet  been  revealed 
as  a  U'liet  in  tho  Mormon  crood.'  'J'uci:er\i  Monnonixm,  170.  The  revelation 
\va-i  written  after  ho  liad  taken  other  wives.  Sh'nhoiine'ii  Kxpox/'.  of'  Polf^tidnii/, 
70.  Jos.  Smith  adopts  it  and  is  sealed  to  Eli/a  Snow.  Tiilliitiie'n  IJ/r  of 
Yoinrj,  Suppl.  '22.  In  a  letter  to  tho  Di:ieri-t  Artvn,  Oct.  '22,  I87!>,  Eli/.;i  It. 
Snow  Higiis  lier  name  as  'a  wife  of  Joseph  Smith  tho  prophet.'  '  Bri;-;h:iin 
Yoiin;^  delivered  over  to  Jo  Smith  all  his  wives  except  one,  and  soon  uficr 
SniKli  liud  n  revelation  that  Young  hIiouM  1>o  his  successor  us  head  of  tho 
cliiiii'ii.'  S/filer'n  Mortnonitm,  84.  John  1).  Leo  siiys:  '  I  understood  that 
iJri,'.  Young's  wife  was  sealed  to  Joseph.  After  his  ileath  Brig.  Young  told 
niu  tiiiit  Joseph's  timo  <m  earth  was  short,  and  that  tliu  Lord  allowed  him 
piiviicgci  that  wo  could  not  have.'  Monnoiiism,  147.  Jos.  .Smith  had  taken 
Sonic  iiioro  wives,  but  the  revelation  renuircd  that  he  should  do  it  without 
puMii'ity  (for  fear  of  tho  mob),  liirhamn'  llfmiHisrenren,  M.S.,  18.  'Jonepli 
S.nitli  lost  his  life  «  ntirely  through  attempting  to  persuado  a  Mrs  Or  Foster, 
at  Nauvoo,  that  it  was  tho  will  of  Uod  she  should  become  his  spiritual  wife; 
not  to  tho  exclusion  of  her  husband,  Dr  Foster,  but  only  to  become  IiIm  in 
ti:itc  for  eternity.  This  nofarious  oircr  slio  confessed  to  her  husband.  >Somo 
otliiMs  of  a  similar  nature  were  discovered,  and  Dr  Foster,  William  Law,  and 
otlu'i-.i  begun  to  expose  Smith.  Thtir  paper  was  burned,  typo  an<l  pi-esi  de- 
iiioliHiicd,  fur  which  Smith  was  arrcstcci,  and  afterward  shot  by  Miasouriana, 
at  C.irtlia'^c,  III.'  Ili/de'it  Mormonism,  85. 

'  Siiiilh  and  Noblo  repaired  by  night  to  the  banks  of  tho  Mi8aissip])i,  where 
Nol)k''s  sister  was  sealed  to  Smith  by  Noble,  and  tho  latter  to  another  woman 
liy  .Smith.  These  were  the  first  plural  marriages,  and  a  son  born  to  Nohlo 
tlio  (list  child  born  in  polygamy.*  Yoiiiiff\i  U'i/c.  No.  19,  7--3.  'That  polyg- 
amy existed  at  Nauvoo,  and  is  now  a  matter  scarcely  attempted  to  be  con- 
ccaloil  among  tho  Mormons,  is  certain.'  Gi(niii!<ou\t  Mormoitx,  1'20.  On  tho 
otIiiT  side,  in  TimeH  and  HcoJionn,  iv .  143  (March  15,  184.S),  wo  read,  'The 
ciiargo  of  advocating  a  plurality  of  wives  is  as  false  as  tho  many  other  ridiou- 
loiis  eharoea  brought  against  us.'  In  Iil.,  v.  474  (March  15,  1844),  llyium 
Smith  declares  that  no  such  doctrine  is  taught  or  pr.tctised;  and  on  p.  715  it 
id  (luuhircd  that  'tho  law  of  the  land  and  tho  rules  of  tho  church  do  not  allow 
one  inau  to  have  more  than  one  wife  alivo  at  once.*  For  additional  denials 
by  I'urlcy  Pratt,  John  Taylor,  and  othcra,  see  S.  L.  Tribune,  Nov.  II,  1879. 


161 


THE  STORY  OP  MORMONISM. 


f!' 


■ 


time,  though  citizens  of  the  commonwealth,  they  had 
not  been  in  sympathy  with  other  citizens;  though 
religionists,  they  were  in  deadly  opposition  to  all  other 
religions;  as  a  fraternity,  bound  by  friendly  compact, 
not  alone  spiritually  but  in  temporal  matters,  in  buying 
and  selling,  in  town-building,  farming,  and  stock-rais- 
ing, in  all  trades  and  manufactures,  they  stood  on  vant- 
age-ground. They  were  stronger  than  their  immediate 
neighbors — stronger  socially,  politically,  and  indus- 
trially ;  and  the  people  about  them  felt  this,  and  while 
hating,  feared  them. 

It  is  true,  that  on  their  first  arrival  in  Zion  they 
were  not  wealthy ;  neither  were  their  neighbors.  Thoy 
were  not  highly  educated  or  refined  or  cultured; 
neither  were  their  neighbors.  They  were  sometimes 
loud  and  vulgar  of  speech ;  so  were  their  neighbors. 
Immor'^lity  cropped  out  in  certain  quarters;  so  it  did 
among  the  ancient  Corinthians  and  the  men  of  mod- 
ern Missouri ;  there  was  some  thieving  among  them ; 
but  they  were  no  more  immoral  or  dishonest  than 
their  persecutors  who  made  war  on  them,  and  as 
they  thought  without  a  shadow  of  right. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  among  the  Mormons  as 
among  the  gentiles,  perhaps  among  the  Mormon 
leaders  as  among  the  gentile  leaders,  fornication  and 
adultery  were  practised.  It  has  been  so  in  other  ages 
and  nations,  in  every  age  and  nation;  it  is  so  now, 
and  is  likely  to  be  so  till  the  end  of  the  world.  But 
when  the  testimony  on  both  sides  is  carefully  weighed, 
it  must  be  admitted  that  the  Mormons  in  Missouri 
and  Illinois  were,  as  a  class,  a  more  moral,  honest, 
temperate,  hard-working,  self-denying,  and  thrifty 
people  than  the  gentiles  by  whom  they  were  sur- 
rounded. Says  John  D.  Lee  on  entering  the  ^lis- 
souri  fraternity  and,  at  the  time  of  this  remarking,  by 
no  means  friendly  to  the  saints,  "The  motives  of  the 
people  who  composed  my  neighborhood  were  pure; 
they  were  all  sincere  in  their  devotions,  and  tried  to 
square  thei»*  actions  through  life  by  the  golden  rule . . . 


t^\t 


Missouri,  the  vile  seum  whfcl,  ^        '."habitants  of 
great  ocean,  washes  upo"    te  fr*?'""^^' ''''«  the 
sauits  were  "persons  of  refined  IT"""  ,''""^«'"  'he 
decent  language. "  ''®''  "'«'  "'eanly  habits  and 

visit:™on  tt''V^^«  °f  ">«  enti,.  section  must  be 
around,  they  were  ct  d  by  thii  ™'''^'^^»  «"  »''«« 
Mormons;  were  there  an v  K        'I  """^"'^^  "Pon  the 
nations  anywhereTm^nJ  th!!;  n '"«?  "' '^'«- 
Daniteswhodidit.     Of  aH^th,.  i?    u''^''  "'  ^^  the 
door  I  find  little  proved  ^ill  ^u^  ^^^  '"^  at  their 
are  general,  and  prefe^eS^H  1h  ''""• .  ^''^  "hai^es 
sponsible  men;  in  answe^J^  tk      *  P"^'  Pa^  by  i„e 
~ords.     On  the  o^Wht?:?  '^"^  '^^^^  ^t^Z 
enemies  are  easily  followed  ."1*  tL""''^"'  <""  their 
out  are  rather  gloried  in  K     ,,  "o^  are  not  denvd 
» loot  a  Mormon^wZ  indeed^  vl  '""Pot'-ators.     To 
the  average  gentile  citi.e„„?  in-'"?"™  ""^eted  b^ 
?ntl  was  no  more  re^ardS  .         •  ""'*  and  Missouri 

">?  of  a  Blackfoot  Sr'patnee"  Of"''  """>  "•«  *S 
niOTs  retaliated.  -Pawnee.    Of  course  the  Mor 

7  Attd'^oTiei::?,-'"  one  .nse;  m  another 
f  the  world  its  open  avrl^ri  i '  .  *"'«  '"  the  eves 
he  pale  of  respe^^bmtytfZ^,  "1^"'"*'  ""^e 
to  the  law,  among  t..emselvp,  .  "^^^^them  amenable 
^^f^Pg  the  W,%„rpja,in!,,,'''''V''«".  openly 
'eligion  above  all  iZ    th      «■  themselves  and  the(^ 

M  offender,  subS  to'',,^'"'^  <■"?*  «?  being  tts 
"'ents  of  the  law  b-oulht  ff      Penalties  and  punish 
l"  acting  into  cWrXiol'i.!"''"'^^'-^  "'  theSety 

'^-^™....-ponth„.ns:Li?„:,CT„]^-^:5 


166 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


I 


while  laying  themselves  open  to  the  chaise  of  being 
law-breakers,  and  assuming  an  attitude  of  defiance 
toward  the  laws  and  institutions  of  the  country  in 
which  they  lived,  this  bond  of  sympathy,  of  crim- 
inality if  you  will,  particularly  when  made  a  mat- 
ter of  conscience,  when  recognized  as  a  mandate  from 
the  almighty,  higher  than  any  human  law,  and  in 
whose  obedience  God  himself  was  best  pleased,  and 
would  surely  afford  protection,  could  but  prove  in  the 
end  a  bond  of  strength,  particularly  if  permitted  to 
attain  age  and  respectability  among  themselves,  and 
assume  the  form  of  a  concrete  principle  and  of  sacred 
obligation. 

If  instead  of  falling  back  upon  the  teachings  of  the 
old  testament,  and  adopting  the  questionable  practices 
of  the  half-civilized  Jews;  if  instead  of  taking  for  their 
models  Abraham,  David,  and  Solomon,  the  saints  at 
Nauvoo  had  followed  the  advice  of  Paul  to  the  saints 
at  Ephesus,  putting  away  fornication  and  all  unclean- 
ness,  and  walking  worthy  of  their  vocation,  in  all 
lowliness  and  meekness,  as  children  of  light,  they  would 
probably  have  remained  in  their  beautiful  city,  and 
come  into  the  inheritance  of  their  Missouri  Zion  as 
had  been  prophesied.  Had  they  consulted  more 
closely  the  signs  of  the  times,  had  they  been  loss 
orthodox  in  their  creed,  less  patriarchal  in  their  prac- 
tices, less  biblical  in  their  tenets,  less  devoted  in  their 
doctrines — in  a  word,  had  they  followed  more  closely 
the  path  of  worldly  wisdom,  and,  like  opposing  chris- 
tian sects,  tempered  religion  with  civilization,  giving 
up  the  worst  parts  of  religion  for  the  better  parts  of 
civilization,  I  should  not  now  be  writing  their  history, 
as  one  with  the  history  of  Utah. 

But  now  was  brought  upon  them  this  overwhelming 
issue,  which  howsoever  it  accorded  with  ancient  scrip- 
ture teachings,  and  as  they  thought  with  the  rights 
of  man,  was  opposed  to  public  sentiment,  and  to  tho 
conscience  of  all  civilized  nations.  Forever  after  they 
must  have  this  mighty  obstacle  to  contend  with;  tor- 


POLYGAMY  DENIED. 


187 


ever  after  they  must  live  under  the  ban  of  the  chris- 
tian world;  though,  with  unshaken  faith  in  their 
prophet  and  his  doctrine  of  spiritual  wedlock,  thejr 
might  scorn  the  world's  opinion,  and  in  all  sincerity 
and  singleness  of  heart  thank  God  that  they  were 
accounted  worthy  to  have  all  manner  of  evil  spoken 
of  them  falsely. 

During  this  period  of  probation  the  church  deemed 
it  advisable  to  deny  the  charge,  notably  by  Elder 
Pratt  in  a  public  sermon,  and  also  by  Joseph  Smith. 
"Inasmuch  as  this  Church  of  Christ  has  been  re- 
proached with  the  crime  of  fornication  and  polygamy, 
we  declare  that  we  believe  that  one  man  should  have 
one  wife,  and  one  woman  but  one  husband,  except  in 
case  of  death,  when  either  is  at  liberty  to  marry 
again." ^^  In  the  Times  and  Seasons  of  February  1, 
1844,  we  have  a  notice  signed  by  Joseph  and  Hyrum 
Smith:  "As  we  have  lately  been  credibly  informed 
that  an  elder  of  the  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter- 
day  Saints,  by  the  name  of  Hiram  Brown,  has  been 
preaching  polygamy  and  other  false  and  corrupt  doc- 
trnies  in  the  county  of  Lapeer,  state  of  Michigan,  this 
is  to  notify  him  and  the  church  in  general  that  he 
has  been  cut  of  from  the  church  for  his  iniquity." 

Notwithstanding  these  solemn  denials  and  denun- 
ciations in  high  places,  the  revelation  and  the  prac- 
tices which  it  sanctioned  were  not  easily  concealed.^'* 
As  yet,  however,  the  calumny  of  the  gentiles  and 
the  bickering  of  the  saints  vexed  not  the  soul  of  Jo- 
seph. He  was  now  in  the  zenith  of  his  fame  and 
power;  his  followers  in  Europe  and  America  numbered 

"  Doctrinr.  and  Covenants,  app.  331. 

'^  'It  is  believed,'  writes  Governor  Ford  not  long  afterward  to  the  Illinois 
legislature,  'that  Joseph  Smith  hail  announced  a  revelation  from  heaven 
sanctioning  polygamy,  dv  soma  kind  of  spiritual-wife  system,  which  I  never 
cuiild  well  understand;  but  at  any  rate,  whereby  a  man  was  allowed  one 
wife  in  pursuance  of  the  laws  of  the  country,  and  an  indefinite  number  of 
otiicrs,  to  be  enjoyed  in  some  mystical  and  spiritual  mode;  and  that  he  him- 
Bclf,  and  many  of  his  followers,  liad  practised  upon  the  precepts  of  this 
revelation,  by  seducing  a  large  number  of  women.'  Message  to  III.  Sen,,  14th 
A»3.  Ist  Seas.,  6.  A  copy  of  Ford's  message  will  be  found  iu  Utah  Tracts, 
DO.  11. 


168 


THE  STORY  OP  MORMONISM. 


more  than  a  hundred  thousand;  his  fortune  was  es- 
timated at  a  million  dollars;  he  was  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Nauvoo  Legion,  a  body  of  troops 
"which,"  remarks  an  artillery  officer,  from  his  own 
observation,  "would  do  honor  to  any  body  of  armed 
militia  in  any  of  the  states,  and  approximates  very 
closely  to  our  regular  forces;"  he  was  mayor  of  the 
city ;  and  now,  as  the  crowning  point  of  his  earthly 
glory,  he  was  announced  in  February  1844  as  a  candi- 
date for  the  presidency  of  the  United  States,  while  Sid- 
ney Rigdon  was  named  for  vice-president.  Whether 
this  was  done  for  effect  or  in  earnest  is  somewhat 
doubtful,  for  it  appears  that  the  prophet's  head  was 
a  little  turned  about  this  time;  but  it  is  certain  that 
the  people  of  Illinois  and  Missouri  believed  him 
to  be  in  earnest.  Addressing  letters  to  Clay  and 
Calhoun,  near  the  close  of  1843,  he  asked  each  of 
them  what  would  be  his  rule  of  action  toward  the 
Mormons  as  a  people  should  he  be  elected  to  the 
presidency.  The  reply  in  both  cases  was  non-com- 
mittal and  unsatisfactory;^  whereupon  Joseph  issues 
an  address  setting  forth  his  views  on  the  government 
and  policy  of  the  United  States,  and  foreshadows  his 
own  policy,  in  which  we  find  many  excellent  features 
and  many  absurdities.  "No  honest  man  can  doubt 
for  a  moment,"  he  says,  "but  the  glory  of  American 
liberty  is  on  the  wane;  and  that  calamity  and  con- 
fusion will  sooner  or  later  destroy  the  peace  of  the 
people.  Speculators  will  urge  a  national  bank  as  a 
savior  of  credit  and  comfort.  A  hireling  pseudo- 
priesthood  will  plausibly  push  abolition  doctrines 
and  doings  and  'human  rights'  into  congress,  and 
into  every  other  place  where  conquest  smells  of  fame 
or  opposition  swells  to  popularity."^* 

**  Copies  of  the  correspondence  may  be  found  in  Times  and  Sea»onn,  v. 
393-0,  544-8;  Mackaif's  Tine  Momwm,  151-62;  Olshauaen,  Geachiehte  tl,r 
Mormouen,  202-19. 

**  'Now,  oh  people  I'  he  continues,  'turn  unto  the  Lord  and  live;  ami  re- 
form this  nation.  Frustrate  the  designs  of  wicked  men.  Reduce  cougroHS 
at  least  one  half.  Two  senators  from  a  state  and  two  members  to  a  milliun  of 
population  will  do  more  business  than  the  army  that  now  occupy  the  lialli 


FATAL  ASPIRATIONS. 


169 


The  aspirations  of  the  prophet,  pretended  or  other- 
wise, to  the  highest  office  in  the  republic,  together 
with  renewed,  and  at  this  juncture  exceedingly  dan- 
gerous, claims,  pointing  toward  almost  universal  em- 
pire,^" brought  upon  him  afresh  the  rage  of  the 
surrounding  gentile  populace,  and  resulted  in  an 
awful  tragedy,  the  circumstances  of  which  I  am  now 
about  to  relate.  "The  great  cause  of  popular  fury," 
writes  Governor  Ford  shortly  after  the  occurrence, 
"  was  that  the  Mormons  at  several  preceding  elections 
had  cast  their  vote  as  a  unit;  thereby  making  the 
fact  apparent  that  no  one  could  aspire  to  the  honors 
or  offices  of  the  country,  within  the  sphere  of  their 
influence,  without  their  approbation  and  votes." 

Indeed,  a  myriad  of  evils  about  this  time  befell  the 
church,  all  portending  bloody  destruction.    There  were 


of  the  national  legislature.  Pay  them  two  dollars  and  their  board  per 
dicii),  except  Sundays;  that  is  more  than  the  farmer  gets,  and  he  lives  hon- 
estly. Curtail  the  offices  of  government  in  pay,  number,  and  power,  for 
the  |>hi]istino  lords  have  shorn  our  nation  of  its  goodly  locks  in  thu  lap  of 
Delilah.  I'ctition  your  state  legislature  to  pardon  every  convict  in  their 
8c\  oral  penitentiaries,  blessing  them  as  they  go,  and  saying  to  them  in  the 
iiamo  of  the  Lord,  Go  thy  way  and  sin  no  more. .  .Petition  also,  yo  goodly  in- 
habitants of  the  slave  states,  your  legislators  to  abolish  slavery  by  the  year 
1S.')(),  or  now,  and  save  the  abolitionist  from  reproach  and  ruin,  infamy 
and  shtuue.  Pray  congress  to  pay  every  man  a  reasonable  price  for  ids  slaves 
out  of  the  surplus  revenue  arising  from  the  sale  of  public  lands,  and  from  the 
dtdiiction  of  pay  from  the  members  of  congress. .  .Give  every  man  liis  con- 
8titi(jiial  freedom,  and  the  president  full  power  to  send  an  army  to  suppress 
uioIjk;  and  the  states  authority  to  repeal  and  impugn  that  relic  of  folly 
v'hich  makes  it  necessary  for  the  governor  of  a  state  to  make  the  demand  of 
tliii  jiresidcnt  for  troops  in  cases  of  invasion  or  rebellion.  The  governor  him- 
self may  bo  a  mobber,  and  instead  of  being  punished  as  ho  should  bo  for 
niunlcr  and  treason,  he  may  destroy  the  very  lives,  rights,  and  property  ho 
shuuld  protect.  Liko  the  good  Samaritan,  send  every  lawyer  as  soon  as  Iio 
rcpunts  and  obeys  the  ordinances  of  heaven,  to  preach  tho  gospel  to  the  des- 
titute, without  purse  or  scrip,  pouring  in  the  oil  and  the  wine. .  .Were  I 
tho  president  oi  the  United  States,  by  tho  voice  of  a  virtuous  people,  I 
would  honor  the  old  paths  of  the  venerated  fathers  of  freedom;  I  would 
walk  in  tho  tracks  of  tlio  illustrious  patriots,  who  carried  the  ark  of  the  gov- 
ernment upon  their  shoulders  with  an  eye  single  to  tho  glory  of  tho  people . . . 
When  a  neighboring  realm  petitioned  to  join  the  union  of  the  sons  of  liberty, 
my  voice  would  be,  Come;  yea,  come  Texas;  come  Mexico;  como  Canada;  and 
come  all  tho  world — let  us  be  brethren;  let  us  bo  ono  great  family;  and  let 
there  bo  universal  peace. '  A  full  copy  of  the  address  is  given  in  Times  and 
S''usoiiK,  V.  5"29-533;  Mackay's  The  Mormom,  141-51;  Jiemy's  Jour,  to  (J.  S. 
L.  Cih/,  353-71. 

''''  Two  months  after  announcing  himself  a  cardidate  for  the  presidency, 
Jdseph  again  publicly  declared  that  all  America,  from  north  to  south,  consti- 
tuted the  Zion  of  the  saints,  tiieirs  by  right  of  heavenly  iulieritance. 


170 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


suits  and  counter-suits  at  law;  arrests  and  rearrests; 
schisms,  apostasies,  and  expulsions;  charges  one  against 
another  of  vice  and  immorahty,  Joseph  himself  being 
implicated.  Here  was  one  elder  unlawfully  trying 
his  hand  at  revelations,  and  another  preaching  polyg- 
amy. Many  there  were  whom  it  was  necessar}'^  not 
only  to  cut  off  from  the  church,  but  to  eradicate  with 
their  evil  influen(;es  from  society.  Among  the  proph- 
et's most  inveterate  enemies  were  William  Law,  who 
sought  to  betray  Smith  into  the  hands  of  the  Mis- 
sourians,  and  almost  succeeded — Doctor  Foster  and 
Francis  M.  Higbee,  who  dealt  in  scandal,  charging 
Joseph,  Hyrum,  Sidney,  and  others  with  seducing 
women,  and  having  more  wives  than  one.  Suits  of 
this  kind  brought  by  the  brethren  against  each  other, 
but  more  particularly  by  the  leaders  against  high 
officials,  were  pending  in  the  Nauvoo  municipal  court 
for  over  two  years. 

Early  in  June  1844  was  issued  the  first  number  of 
the  Nauvoo  Expositor,  the  publishers  being  uj^ostate 
Mormons  and  gentiles.*  The  primary  object  of  the 
publication  was  to  stir  up  strife  in  the  church,  and 
aid  its  enemies  in  their  work  of  attempted  extermina- 
tion. Its  columns  were  at  once  filled  with  foul  abuse 
of  the  prophet  and  certain  elders  of  the  church, 
assailing  their  character  by  means  of  affidavits,  and 
charging  them  with  all  manner  of  publi'  and  private 
crimes,  and  abusing  and  misrepresenting  the  people. 
The  city  council  met,  and  pronouncing  the  journal 
a  nuisance,  ordered  its  abatement.  Joseph  Smith 
being  mayor,  it  devolved  on  him  to  see  the  order 
executed,  and  he  issued  instruction  to  the  city  mar- 
shal and  the  policemen  accordingly.  The  officers 
of  the  law  forthwith  entered  the  premises,  and  de- 


'•  In  Remy's  Jour,  to  O.  S.  Late  City,  i.  388,  it  is  ststed  that,  among  others, 
B  renegade  catholic  priest,  J.  H.  Jackson  by  name,  '  conceived  the  idea  of 
starting  at  Nauvoo  a  newspaper  called  the  Expositor,  with  the  avoweil  object 
of  opposing  the  Mormons.  I  find  no  confirmation  of  this  statement.  Tlie 
first  number  of  the  Nauvoo  Neighbor  had  been  issued  May  3,  1843,  in  place 
of  the  Wasp,  suspended. 


THE  COUNTRY  IN  ARMS 

strayed  the  establishmpnf  ^      •  '^' 

and  throwing  the  ^p^^^^^^^^^^  [f^'^^l^  clown  the  presses 
the  proprietors  obtained  f?  ^^^f"-^^^-''  For  this  acf 
to.,  of  ^^^^^^^^  ^^-  the  authorities  ol^^  ^^ 

r.mt  for  the  arrest  of  Josenho"^  ""^^«  distant,  a  war- 
^"  the  hands  of  the  Carthai  "*^  .^V"'^^'  ^a.  placed 
,/t  was  a  proceedinrnot^«^^  *«  be  served 

Mormons  thaf  ^hJ^  ^    ^  ^*  ^^^  to  the  ti«f.>    r  . i 

out  «,e  country  that  Joseph  Smit  ^'"'  ."^""'^  *'"-°"gh" 

?P°"d.  to  the  can  7jutt    '^^  ^''''- ''^("^'"siot 
I"".o,s,to  the  number  oft"  '  "^f^^Pon  the  men  of 

tlTalr"  '■"»'  WrTrh^r  Ir "'"''  ^^« 

t'SaifT-""^^""^ 

'"ore  and  more  demonstra"t17- 'l*''?'*^  ""d  ff'-ew  yet 
prepared  for  defence  the  W     '"  "V*'*"  ""rath,  the  toln 
""t  and  placed  undr^arms  hv^^^'^^'""  ^oing  cdllj 
"nor  Ford  to  Joseph  sSi^  "'"'"""""^  from  Gov 
Th«  gave  rise  to  a  report  th'^^^f^'"''' '»  ''"""'^nd 
■"ak«  a  raid  on  the  neigKrft^*  '^«^  '^«'«  "bout  to 
„  "i^Mt  of  Job,  s  p  „       snoonng  gentile  settlements  ^ 


l«,  T  "^  '"^  ground. '  »,.«,„*..'«  ^^  f'o  office  of  f  i,„  *  '  *""«'u  forth 
•^y  -Joseph  waii,nmerf,nr1^^**'^«'t''at 'an order  tn,?  J  ^^i'osifcr,  speediJv 
.^.f  ;^^'/  the  same Ty ttSlf  "*  !?*«  ««cuSf  [*°^^;^„*!;«y  ^''^^unia/si^^^^^^^ 
tliatthe  marshal  Sd  byTLr?- "'°  f''^^^^^- '  ""Sv^i  ^V'"^'  ^^'«  P™ 


m 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


■ 

1 

1 

1 

Hj^HI' 

||h 

Hm 

ffl 

!P 


In  consequence  of  these  rumors  ana  counter-rumors 
the  governor  went  to  Carthage.  Previous  to  this, 
frequent  communications  were  sent  to  him  at  Spring- 
field by  Joseph  Smith,  informing  him  of  the  position 
of  affairs  in  and  around  Nauvoo.  The  governor  in 
his  History  of  Illinois,  referring  to  these  times,  writes: 
"These  also  were  the  active  men  in  blowing  up  the 
fury  of  the  people,  in  hopes  that  a  popular  movement 
might  be  set  on  foot,  which  would  result  in  the  expul- 
sion or  extermination  of  the  Mormon  voters.  For  this 
purpose  public  meetings  had  been  called,  inflammatory 
speeches  had  been  made,  exaggerated  reports  had  been 
extensively  circulated,  committees  had  been  appointed, 
who  rode  night  and  day  to  spread  the  reports  and 
solicit  the  aid  of  neighboring  counties,  and  at  a  public 
meeting  at  Warsaw  resolutions  were  passed  to  expel 
or  exterminate  the  Mormon  population.  This  was 
not,  however,  a  movement  which  was  unanimously 
concurred  in.  The  county  contained  a  goodly  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  in  favor  of  peace,  or  who  at  least 
desired  to  be  neutral  in  such  a  contest.  These  were 
stigmatized  by  the  name  of  Jack  Mormons,  and  there 
were  not  a  few  of  the  more  furious  exciters  of  the 
people  who  openly  expressed  their  intention  to  involve 
them  in  the  common  expulsion  or  extermination." 

Thomas  Ford,  governor  of  Illinois,  was  as  a  man 
rather  above  the  a%erage  politician  usually  chosen 
among  these  American  states  to  fill  that  position. 
Not  specially  clear-headed,  and  having  no  bram  power 
to  spare,  he  was  quite  respectable  and  had  some  con- 
science, as  is  frequently  the  case  with  mediocre  men. 
He  had  a  good  heart,  too,  was  in  no  wise  vindictive, 
and  though  he  was  in  no  sense  a  strong  man,  his  sense 
of  right  and  equity  could  be  quite  stubborn  upon  oc- 

6th  inst,  it  was  resolved  to  call  in  the  people  of  the  surrounding  counties  and 
states,  to  assist  them  in  delivenng  up  Joe  Smith,  if  the  governor  of  Illinois 
refused  to  comply  with  the  requisition  of  the  governor  of  Missouri.  The  meet- 
ing determined  to  avenge  with  blood  any  assaults  made  upon  citizens  by  the 
Mormons.  It  was  also  resolved  to  refuse  to  obey  officers  elected  by  the  Mor- 
mons, who  have  complete  control  of  the  country,  being  a  numerical  majority. ' 
Mianouri  Reporter,  in  NiUa  Hegiater,  Ixv.  70,  Sept.  30,  1843. 


locre  men. 


OOVERNOR  FORD. 

casion.     Small  m  k^j     i  '?• 

■ndeed,  there  V°"^f ''<'«'«' likewise  small  !„  „,;  ^ 
there  was  no,Zm  in  S:  ""!"«»*  «'  theti^thti 
a  th,„„  a,  ^  ,„„,•»  'jj°;;*™„ut,     oi^anism  for  such 
sured  by  some  of  fk    vr     "®^®®S'  though  bfffo^i 

a"  the  rumors  fn  ihZ     t^'     ^"^^  he  did  nof  uJ- 
of  the  most  fearful   cCS^^^fP^^^^  and  rumors 

^'-'■y.    Again,  durL  the  t  T''  """^^^ning  tht 

ty  a  Mormon:"'  ''"'  '^'  P^of  that  C^r'dSllf 

Wht  to^T''"^-'"  '''"■«'»  he  refers  tl. 

and  the  ike      ff  "!^  Mp,^ssed  of  Sff,?f    "P*"'" 

~,,  The  io™^';-M:  ^''irfY 


174 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


and  would  trust  him.  What  he  purposed  doing  was 
to  demand  the  surrender  of  Joseph  Smith  and  others. 
He  wislied  them  to  promise  him  that  they  would  lend 
their  assistance  to  protect  the  prisoners  from  violence, 
which  they  agreed  to  do. 

After  his  arrival  at  Carthage  the  governor  sent  two 
men  to  Nauvoo  as  a  committee  to  wait  on  Joseph 
Smith,  informing  him  of  his  arrival,  with  a  request 
that  Smith  would  inform  him  in  relation  to  the  diffi- 
culties that  then  existed  in  the  county.  Dr  J.  M. 
Bernhisel  and  Elder  John  Taylor  were  appointed  as  a 
committee  by  Smith,  and  furnished  with  affidavits  and 
documents  in  relation  both  to  the  proceedings  of  the 
Mormons  and  those  of  the  mob;  in  addition  to  the 
general  history  of  the  transaction  they  took  with  them 
a  duplicate  of  those  documents  which  had  previously 
been  forwarded  by  Bishop  Hunter,  Elder  James,  ami 
others.  This  committee  waited  on  tLe  governor,  who 
expressed  an  opinion  that  Joseph  Smith  and  all  par- 
ties concerned  in  passing  or  executing  the  city  law  in 
relation  to  the  press  had  better  come  to  Carthago; 
however  repugnant  it  might  be  to  their  feelings,  ho 
thought  it  would  have  a  tendency  to  allay  public  ex- 
citement, and  prove  to  the  people  what  they  professed, 
that  they  wished  to  be  governed  by  law.  The  next 
day  the  constable  and  a  force  of  ten  men  were  de- 
spatched to  Nauvoo  to  make  the  arrests.  The  accused 
were  told  that  if  they  surrendered  they  would  be  pro- 
tected ;  otherwise  the  whole  force  of  the  state  would 
be  called  out,  if  necessary,  to  take  them. 

Upon  the  arrival  of  the  constable  and  his  posse,  the 
mayor  and  the  members  of  the  city  council  declared  that 
they  were  willing  to  surrender.  Eight  o'clock  was  the 
hour  appointed,  but  the  accused  failed  to  make  their 
appearance;  whereupon  the  constable  returned,  and 
reported  that  they  had  fled.  The  governor  was  of  opin- 
ion that  the  constable's  action  was  part  of  a  plot  to 
get  the  troops  into  Nauvoo  and  exterminate  the  Mor- 
mons.    He  called  a  council  of  officers  and  proposed  to 


TREASON  OR  NO  TREASON. 


175 


march  on  the  town  with  the  small  force  under  his 
command,  but  was  dissuaded.  He  hesitated  to  make  a 
fiirtlier  call  on  the  militia,  as  the  harvest  was  nigh  and 
tlio  men  were  needed  to  gather  it.  Meanwhile,  ascer- 
taining that  the  Mormons  had  throe  pieces  of  cannon 
and  two  hundred  and  fifty  stand  of  arms  belonging  to 
the  state,  the  possession  of  which  gave  offence  to  the 
gentiles,  he  demanded  a  surrender  of  the  state  arms, 
again  promising  protection. 

On  the  24th  of  June''"  Joseph  and  Hyrum  Smith, 
the  members  of  the  council,  and  all  others  demanded, 
proceeded  to  Carthage,  gave  themselves  up,  and  were 
charged  with  riot.  All  entered  into  recognizances 
before  the  justice  of  the  peace  to  appear  for  trial, 
and  were  released  from  custody.  Joseph  and  Hyrum, 
however,  were  rearrested,  and,  says  Ford,  were  charged 
with  overt  treason,  having  ordered  out  the  legion 
to  resist  the  posse  comitatus,  though,  as  he  states, 
the  degree  of  their  crime  would  depend  on  circum- 
stances. The  governor's  views  on  this  matter  are 
worthy  of  note.  "The  overt  act  of  treason  charged 
against  them,"  he  remarks,  "consisted  in  the  alleged 
levying  of  war  against  the  state  by  declaring  martial 
law  in  Nauvoo,  and  in  ordering  out  the  legion  to  resist 
the  posse  comitatus.  Their  actual  guiltiness  of  the 
charge  would  depend  upon  circumstances.  If  their 
opponents  had  been  seeking  to  put  the  law  in  force  in 
good  faith,  and  nothing  more,  then  an  array  of  a 
military  force  in  open  resistance  to  the  posse  comitatus 
and  the  militia  of  the  state  most  probably  would 
have  amounted  to  treason.  But  if  those  opponents 
merely  intended  to  use  the  process  of  the  law,  the 
militia  of  the  state,  and  the  posse  comitatus  as  cat's- 
paws  to  compass  the  possession  of  their  persons  for 
the  purpose   of  murdering   them   afterward,  as  the 

"  Report,  ut  supra,  10-1 1 .  In  Times  and  Seasoru,  v.  560,  it  is  stated  that '  on 
Monday,  June  24th,  after  Ford  liad  sent  word  that  eighteen  persons  demanded 
on  a  warrant,  among  whom  were  Joseph  Smith  and  Hyrum  Smith,  should  be 
protected  by  the  militia  of  ♦IiC  state,  they  in  company  with  ten  or  twelve 
others  start  for  Carthiigo.  • 


176 


THE  STORY  OP  MORMONISM. 


Bequcl  demonstrated  the  fact  to  be,  it  might  well  bo 
doubted  whether  they  were  guilty  of  treason." 

With  the  Nauvoo  Legion  at  tlieir  back,  the  two 
brothers  voluntarily  placed  themselves  in  the  power  of 
the  governor  who,  demanding  and  aceeptiug  their 
surrender,  though  doubting  their  guilt,  nevertheless 
declared  that  they  were  not  his  prisoners,  but  the  pris- 
oners of  the  constable  and  jailer.  Leaving  two  com- 
panies to  guard  the  jail,  he  disbanded  the  main  boily  of 
his  troops,  and  proceeding  to  Nauvoo,  addressed  the 
people,  beseeching  them  to  abide  by  the  law.  "Thov 
claimed,"  he  says,  "to  be  a  law-abiding  peo|)le;  and 
insisted  that  as  they  lool-od  to  the  law  alone  for  their 
protection,  so  were  they  careful  themselves  to  observe 
its  provisions.  Upon  the  conclusion  of  my  address,  I 
proposed  to  take  a  vote  on  the  question,  whether  thoy 
would  strictly  observe  the  laws,  even  in  opposition  to 
their  prophet  and  leaders.  The  vote  was  unanimous 
in  favor  of  this  proposition."  The  governor  then  set 
forth  for  Carthage,  and  such  in  substance  is  his  report 
when  viewed  in  the  most  favorable  light.*" 

It  is  related  that  as  Joseph  set  forth  to  deliver 
himself  up  to  the  authorities  he  exclaimed:  "I  am 
going  like  a  lamb  to  the  slaughter;  but  I  am  calm  as 
a  summer's  morning;  I  have  a  conscience  void  of 
offence  toward  God  and  toward  all  men.  I  shall 
die  innocent,  and  it  shall  yet  be  said  of  nie.  He  was 
murdered  in  cold  blood."**  Nevertheless,  for  a  moment 
he  hesitated.  Should  he  offer  himself  a  willing 
sacrifice,  or  should  he  endeavor  to  escape  out  of  tlieir 
hands?  Thus  meditating,  he  crossed  the  river  thinking 

'"  Message,  ut  supra.  Tho  above  appear  to  bo  the  facts  of  the  case,  so  fur 
as  they  can  be  sifted  from  a  lengthy  report,  which  consists  niaiuly  of  upology 
or  explanation  of  what  tho  governor  did  oi  left  undone. 

'^^  Smith's  Doc.  and  Cov.,  aj)i>.  3;i5.  I'ho  same  morning  ho  read  in  tho 
fifth  chapter  of  Ether,  'And  it  came  io  lyaaa  that  I  prayed  unto  tho  Lord  timt 
he  would  give  unto  tho  gentiles  fiv'ww,  :hat  they  might  havo  charity.  And  it 
camo  to  pass  that  the  Lord  said  uuta  lac,  If  they  have  not  charity  itniattinth 
not  unto  you,  thou  hast  been  faithful;  wherefore  thy  garments  nru  cle^i. 
And  because  thou  hast  seen  thy  weakness,  thou  shalt  be  mado  strong,  oven 
uuto  tho  sitting  down  in  the  place  which  I  have  prepared  in  tho  mousioiia  uf 
uiy  father.' 


AT  CARTHAGE. 


WT 


to  depart.  On  reacliiug  tho  opposite  bank  he  turned 
and  gazed  upon  tho  boautitul  city,  tho  holy  city,  his 
own  hallowed  creation,  tho  city  of  Joseph,  with  its 
sinning  temple,  its  busy  iiuui  ot*  Industry,  and  its 
thousand  happy  homes.  And  thoy  wore  his  people 
who  were  there,  his  very  own,  given  to  him  ot  God; 
and  he  loved  them  1  Were  ho  to  leave  them  now,  to 
abandon  them  in  this  time  of  danger,  they  would  bo 
indeed  as  sheep  without  a  shepherd,  stricken,  and 
scattered,  and  robbed,  and  butchered  by  the  destroyer. 
No,  he  could  not  do  it.  Better  die  than  to  abandon 
them  thus  I  So  ho  recrossed  tho  river,  saying  to  his 
brother  Hyrum,  "Come,  lot  us  go  together,  and  let 
God  determine  what  we  shall  do  or  suffer." 

Bidding  their  families  and  friends  adieu,  the  two 
brothers  set  out  for  Carthage.  Their  hearts  were 
very  heavy.  There  was  dire  evil  abroad ;  the  air  was 
oppressive,  and  the  sun  shot  forth  malignant  rays. 
Once  more  they  returned  to  their  people;  once  more 
they  embraced  their  wives  and  kissed  their  children, 

if  they  knew,  alas!  that  thoy  should  never  see 


as 

tliem  again. 


The  party  reached  Carthage  about  midnight,  and 
on  the  following  day  the  troops  were  formed  in 
lino,  and  Joseph  and  Hyrum  passed  up  and  down  in 
company  with  the  governor,  who  showed  them  every 
respect— either  as  guests  or  victims — introducing  them 
as  military  officers  under  tho  title  of  general.  Pres- 
ent were  the  Carthage  Greys,  who  showed  signs  of 
mutiny,  hooting  at  and  insulting  tho  prisoners — for 
such  in  fact  they  wore^  being  committed  to  jail  the 
same  afternoon  until  discharged  by  due  course  of  law. 

A  few  hours  later  Joseph  asked  to  see  the  governor, 
and  next  morning  Ford  went  to  the  prison.  "All  this 
is  illegal,"  said  the  former.  "  It  is  a  purely  civil  matter, 
not  a  question  to  be  settled  by  force  of  arms."  "  I  know 
it,'"  said  the  governor,  "but  it  is  better  so;  I  did  not 
call  out  this  force,  but  found  it  assembled;  I  pledge 
you  my  honor,  however,  and  the  faith  and  honor  of 

Hnx.  Vtjlh.   la 


J;! 


178 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


the  state,  that  no  harm  shall  come  to  you  while  un- 
dergoing this  imprisonment."  The  governor  took  his 
departure  on  the  morning  of  the  27th  of  June. 
Scarcely  was  he  well  out  of  the  way  when  measures 
were  tiken  for  the  consummation  of  a  most  damning 
deed.  The  prison  was  guarded  by  eight  men  detailed 
from  the  Carthage  Greys,  their  company  being  in 
camp  on  the  public  square  a  quarter  of  a  mile  dis- 
tant, while  another  company  under  Williams,  also 
the  sworn  enemies  of  the  Mormons,  was  encamped 
eight  miles  away,  there  awaiting  the  development  of 
events. 

It  was  a  little  after  five  o'clock  in  the  evening.  Jo- 
seph and  Hyrum  Smith  were  confined  in  an  upper 
room.  With  the  prisoners  were  John  Taylor  and  Wil- 
lard  Richards,  other  friends  having  withdrawn  a  few 
moments  before.  At  this  juncture  a  band  of  a  hun- 
dred and  fifty  armed  men  with  painted  faces  appeared 
before  the  jail,  and  presently  surrounded  it.  The 
guard  shouted  vociferously  and  fired  their  guns  over 
the  heads  of  the  assailants,  who  paid  not  the  slightest 
attention  to  them.^^  I  give  what  followed  from 
Burtons  City  of  the  Saints,  being  the  statement  of 
President  John  Taylor,  who  was  present  and  wounded 
on  the  occasion. 

"I  was  sitting  at  one  of  the  front  windows  of  the 
jail,  when  I  saw  a  number  of  men,  with  painted  faces, 
coming  around  the  corner  of  the  jail,  and  aiming 
toward  the  stairs.  The  other  brethren  had  seen  the 
same,  for,  as  I  went  to  the  door,  I  found  Brother 
Hyrum  Smith  and  Dr  Richards  already  leaning 
against  it.  They  both  pressed  against  the  door  with 
their  shoulders  to  prevent  its  being  opened,  as  the 
lock  and  latch  were  comparatively  useless.  While  in 
this  position,  the  mob,  who  had  come  up  stairs,  and 
tried   to   open   the   door,  probably   thought  it  was 

''  Littlefield  sa^s  the  Carthage  Qreys  were  marched  in  a  body, '  within  about 
eight  rods  of  the  jail,  where  they  baited,  in  plain  view  of  the  whole  transac- 
tion, until  the  deed  wa*  executed.'  Narrative,  9. 


DEATH  OP  HYRUM. 


179 


hile  un- 
took  his 
)f  June, 
neasures 
damning 
detailed 
being  in 
mile  dis- 
ims,  also 
3ncamped 
)pment  of 

ling.     Jo- 
an upper 
r  and  Wil- 
awn  a  few 
of  a  hun- 
s  appeared 
I  it.     The 
guns  over 
le  slightest 
►wed   from 
itement  of 
d  wounded 

3WS  of  the 
nted  faces, 
nd  aiming 
kd  seen  the 
Brother 
[y   leaning 
door  with 
[ed,  as  the 
While  in 
stairs,  and 
:ht  it  was 

'  within  about 
1  whole  transac- 


d 


locked,  and  fired  a  ball  through  the  keyhole ;  at  this 
Dr  Richards  and  Brother  Hyrum  leaped  back  from 
the  door,  with  their  faces  toward  it;  almost  instantly 
another  ball  passed  through  the  panel  of  the  door, 
and  struck  Brother  Hyrum  on  the  left  side  of  the 
nose,  entering  his  face  and  head.  At  the  same 
instant,  another  ball  from  the  outside  entered  his  back, 
passing  through  his  body  and  striking  his  watch. 
The  ball  came  from  the  back,  through  the  jail  window, 
opposite  the  door,  and  must,  from  its  range,  have  been 
fired  from  the  Carthage  Greys,  who  were  placed  there 
osteneibly  for  our  protection,  as  the  balls  from  the 
fire-arms,  shot  close  by  the  jail,  would  have  entered 
the  ceiling,  we  being  in  the  second  story,  and  there 
never  was  a  time  after  that  when  Hyrum  could  have 
received  the  latter  wound.  Immediately,  when  the 
balls  struck  him,  he  fell  flat  on  his  back,  crying  as  he 
fell,  'I  am  a  dead  man!'  He  never  moved  after- 
ward. 

"I  shall  never  forget  the  deep  feeling  of  sympathy 
and  regard  manifested  in  the  countenance  of  Brother 
Joseph  as  he  drew  nigh  to  Hyrum,  and,  leaning  over 
him,  exclaimed,  *  Oh !  my  poor,  dear  brother  Hyrum ! ' 
He,  however,  instantly  arose,  and  with  a  firm,  quick 
step,  and  a  determined  expression  of  countenance,  ap- 
proached the  door,  and  pulling  the  six-shooter  left  by 
Brother  Wheelock  from  his  pocket,  opened  the  door 
slightly,  and  snapped  the  pistol  six  successive  times; 
only  three  of  the  barrels,  however,  were  discharged. 
I  afterward  understood  that  two  or  three  were 
wounded  by  these  discharges,  two  of  whom,  I  am  in- 
fornied,  died.^  I  had  in  my  hands  a  large,  stroiig 
hickory  stick,  brought  there  by  Brother  Markham, 
and  left  by  him,  which  I  had  seized  as  soon  as  I  saw 
the  mob  approach;  and  while  Brother  Joseph  was 
firing  the  pistol,  I  stood  close  behind  him.     As  soon 

'"He  wounded  three  of  them,  two  mortally,  one  of  whom,  as  he 
rushed  down  out  of  the  door,  was  asked  if  he  was  badly  hurt.  Ho  replied, 
"Yes;  my  arm  is  shot  all  to  pieces  by  old  Joe;  but  I  don't  care,  I've  got  re- 
venge; I  shot  Hvn'm  1 " '  Id.,  11. 


E[ri!i 


180 


THE  STORY  OP  MORMONISM. 


\im 

ijS  'v'j  ?|i 

13  mid 


as  he  had  discharged  it  he  stepped  back,  and  I  im- 
mediately took  his  place  next  to  the  door,  while  he 
occupied  the  one  I  had  done  while  he  was  shooting. 
Brother  Richards,  at  this  time,  had  a  knotty  walking- 
stick  in  his  hands  belonging  to  me,  and  stood  next  to 
Brother  Joseph,  a  little  farther  from  the  door,  in  an 
oblique  direction,  apparently  to  avoid  the  rake  of  the 
fire  from  the  door.  The  firing  of  Brother  Joseph 
made  our  assailants  pause  for  a  moment;  very  soon 
after,  however,  they  pushed  the  door  some  distance 
open,  and  protruded  and  discharged  their  guns  into 
the  room,  when  I  parried  them  ofi"  with  my  stick, 
giving  another  direction  to  the  balls. 

"It  certainly  was  a  terrible  scene:  streams  of  fire 
as  thick  as  my  arm  passed  by  me  as  these  men  fired, 
and,  unarmed  as  we  were,  it  looked  like  certain  death. 
I  remember  feeling  as  though  my  time  had  come,  but 
I  do  not  know  when,  in  any  critical  position,  I  was 
more  calm,  unruffled,  energetic,  and  acted  with  moif 
promptness  and  decision.  It  certainly  was  far  from 
pleasant  to  be  so  near  the  muzzles  of  those  fire-arms 
as  they  belched  forth  their  liquid  flames  and  deadly 
balls.  While  I  was  engaged  in  parrying  the  guns, 
Brother  Joseph  said,  'That's  right,  Brother  Taylor, 
parry  them  off  as  well  as  you  can.'  These  were  the 
last  words  I  ever  heard  him  speak  on  earth. 

"Every  moment  the  crowd  at  the  door  became 
more  dense,  as  they  were  unquestionably  pressed  on 
by  those  in  the  rear  ascending  the  stairs,  until  the 
whole  entrance  at  the  door  was  literally  crowded  with 
muskets  and  rifles,  which,  with  the  swearing,  shout- 
ing, and  demoniacal  expressions  of  those  outside  the 
door  and  on  the  stairs,  and  the  firing  of  the  guns, 
mingled  with  their  horrid  oaths  and  execrations,  made 
it  look  like  pandemonium  let  loose,  and  was,  indeed, 
a  fit  representation  of  the  horrid  deed  in  which  they 
were  engaged. 

"After  parrying  the  guns  for  some  time,  which  now 
protruded  thicker  and  farther   into  the   room,  and 


TAYLOR  BADLY  WOUNDED. 


181 


id  I  im- 

vhile  he 
ihooting. 
walking- 
[  next  to 
or,  in  an 
ie  of  the 
r  Joseph 
irery  soon 
!  distance 
guns  into 
tny  stick, 

,ma  of  fire 
men  fired, 
tain  death. 
.  come,  but 
lion,  I  was 
with  morr 
IS  far  from 
fe  fire-arms 

ind  deadly 
the  guns, 
[ler  Taylor, 

le  were  the 


LA* 

|)or  became 
ressed  on 
,,  until  the 
iwded  with 
[ing,  shout- 
outside  the 
■  the  guns, 
tions,  made 
(ras,  indeed, 
?hich  they 

[which  now 
room,  and 


seeing  no  hope  of  escape  or  protection  there,  as  we 
were  now  unarmed,  it  occurred  to  me  that  we  might 
liave  some  friends  outside,  and  that  there  might  be 
some  chance  to  escape  in  that  direction,  but  here 
tlierc  seemed  to  be  none.  As  I  expected  them  every 
inomcnt  to  rush  into  the  room — nothing  but  extreme 
cowardice  having  thus  far  kept  them  out — as  the 
tumult  and  pressure  increased,  without  any  other 
hope,  I  made  a  spring  for  the  window  which  was 
right  in  front  of  the  jail  door,  where  the  mob  \vas 
standing,  and  also  exposed  to  the  fire  of  the  Carthage 
Greys,  who  were  stationed  some  ten  or  twelve  rods 
oft*.  The  weather  was  hot,  we  had  our  coats  off,  and 
the  window  was  raised  to  admit  air.  As  I  reached 
the  window,  and  was  on  the  point  of  leaping  out,  I 
\vus  struck  by  a  ball  from  the  door  about  midway  of 
ijiy  thigh,  which  struck  the  bone  and  flattened  out 
'most  to  the  size  of  a  quarter  of  a  dollar,  and  then 
iiassed  on  through  the  fleshy  part  to  within  about 
half  an  inch  of  the  outside.  I  think  some  prominent 
neive  must  have  been  severed  or  injured,  for,  as  soon 
as  the  ball  struck  me,  I  fell  like  a  bird  when  shot,  or 
an  ox  when  struck  by  a  butcher,  and  lost  entirely  and 
instantaneously  all  power  of  action  or  locomotion.  I 
fell  upon  the  window-sill,  and  cried  out,  *I  am  shot!' 
Not  possessing  aay  power  to  move,  I  felt  myself  fall- 
ing outside  of  the  window,  but  immediately  I  fell 
inside,  from  some,  at  that  time,  unknown  cause. 
When  1  -struck  the  floor  my  animation  seemed  re- 
stored, as  1  iiave  seen  it  sometimes  in  squirrels  and 
birds  after  '  eing  shot.  As  soon  as  I  felt  the  power 
ot  n  >t '-n  X  crawled  under  the  bed,  which  was  in  a 
corner  ot  ■  he  room,  r,ot  far  from  the  window  where  I 
received  iny  wound.  While  on  my  way  and  under 
the  bed  I  was  wounded  in  three  other  places;  one  ball 
entered  a  little  below  the  left  knee,  and  never  was 
extracted;  another  entered  the  forepart  of  my  left 
arm,  a  little  above  the  wrist,  and  passing  down  by  the 
joint,  lodged  in  the  fleshy  part  of  my  hand,  about 


182 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


III 


midway,  a  little  above  the  upper  joint  of  my  little 
finger;  another  struck  me  on  the  fleshy  part  of  my 
left  hip,  and  tore  away  the  flesh  as  large  as  my  hand, 
dashing  the  mangled  fragments  of  r  esh  and  blood 
against  the  wall. 

"It  would  seem  that  immediately  after  my  attempt 
to  leap  out  of  the  window,  Joseph  also  did  the  same 
thing,  of  which  circumstance  I  have  no  knowledge 
only  from  information.  The  first  thing  that  I  noticed 
was  a  cry  that  he  had  leaped  out  of  the  window.  A 
cessation  of  firing  followed,  the  mob  rushed  down 
stairs,  and  Dr.  Richards  went  to  the  window.  Im- 
mediately afterward  I  saw  the  doctor  going  toward 
the  jail  door,  and  as  there. was  an  iron  door  at  the 
head  of  the  stairs  adjoining  our  door  which  led  into 
the  cells  for  cT"iminals,  it  struck  me  that  the  doctor 
was  going  in  I  and  I  said  to  him,  'Stop,  doctor, 
and  take  me  aU  He  proceeded  to  the  door  and 

opened  it,  and  then  returned  and  dragged  me  along  to 
a  small  cell  prepared  for  criminals. 

"Brother  Richards  was  very  much  troubled,  and 
exclaimed,  *0h!  Brother  Taylor,  is  it  possible  that 
they  have  killed  both  Brothers  Hyrum  and  Joseph? 
it  cannot  surely  be,  and  yet  I  saw  them  shoot  them ; ' 
and,  elevating  his  hands  two  or  three  times,  he  ex- 
claimed, 'Oh  Lord,  my  God,  spare  thy  servants!' 
He  then  said,  'Brother  Taylor,  this  is  a  terrible 
event ; '  and  he  dragged  me  farther  into  the  cell,  saying, 
'I  am  sorry  I  can  not  do  better  for  you;'  and,  taking 
an  old  filthy  mattress,  he  covered  me  with  it,  and 
said,  'That  may  hide  you,  and  you  may  yet  live  to 
tell  the  tale,  but  I  expect  they  will  kill  me  in  a  few 
moments.*  While  lying  in  this  position  I  sufterod 
the  most  excruciating  pain.  Soon  afterward  Dr. 
Richards  came  to  me,  informed  me  that  the  mob  had 
precipitately  fled,  and  at  the  same  time  confirmed  my 
worst  fears  that  Joseph  was  assuredly  dead."  It  ap- 
pears that  Joseph,  thus  murderously  beset  and  in  dire 
extremity,  rushed  to  the  window  and  threw  himself 


|i-,X- 


DEATH  OP  JOSEPH. 

out,  recseivinff  in  f Ha  «  *  ^^ 

cry  "0  Lorf,  rnyGo^.-'XA^f'^-'i  ^tk  the 

ourb.  riddled  .t  wfSTbto™^''^'  ^n.t\:V^ 

mean  these  latter-day  manSV*""*  ^f"™*?  w£t 
efficacy,  if  the  great  hSh  5^^*'°"''  ^'^^"  truth  and 
"cw  dispensation  can  tt^t*  ^""^  P»t™rch  of  ?he 
W'ctedn>en?    Practice  p^Ty  i^fd''^  "»'  "f   ^7 


rieht  i.ii«.,i  j-_    ",  '?*™-     He  seemed  to 


from  the  other  side  of  thiV^"^  ^^^^  by  a  younf  ^""""l '°«tantly  oa  Ws 
barefooted  and  bareheadS  h!"-"'  ""^^  ^^'^  Tpe^ter  fif'' •*'  fP^'-g  to  h?" 
t-'ces,  and  shirt-sleevea  „K  ^"i!"^  °«  «<>  coat  Slw  ^®  '°  ^"^  '»^d,  wm 
"•0  south  side  of  the  '  I^''^^'\^^^«^«•     He  set  S  P^"*« '""ed  abo^el^!^ 

hJ^i^"  ?'-««ident  T&ylor'ft  '  ^^^r'^^ive,  13.        ^  *'''*  Miasourians  who 

mmMmmm 

J?»«o«(»»,  is^.wi '"?'"""•  "ill  be  found  in/r.^""*""  CUv  oHi, 

'«''..4i/."i*°o&ii«'w„'£4'^ti;:ttt^^^^^ 


1  i] 

Ml 
m 


i*-^- 


184 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


I 


Iff 


and  faith  must  cease  not  though  prayer  be  unan- 
swered ;  and  they  ask  where  was  the  father  when  the 
son  called  in  Gethsemane?  It  was  foreordained  that 
Joseph  and  Hyrum  should  die  for  the  people ;  and  the 
more  of  murder  and  extermination  on  the  part  of  their 
enemies,  the  more  praying  and  believing  on  the  part 
of  saints,  and  the  more  praise  and  exultation  in  the 
heavenly  inheritance. 

The  further  the  credulity  of  a  credulous  people  is 
taxed  the  stronger  will  be  their  faith.  Many  of  the 
saints  believed  in  Joseph;  with  their  whole  mind 
and  soul  they  worshipped  him.  He  was  to  them  as 
God;  he  was  their  deity  present  upon  earth,  their 
savior  from  evil,  and  their  guide  to  heaven.  What- 
ever he  did,  that  to  his  people  was  right;  he  could 
do  no  wrong,  no  more  than  king  or  pope.  t>o  more 
than  Christ  or  Mahomet.  Accordingly  t'aey  obeyed 
him  without  question;  and  it  was  this  belief  and 
obedience  that  caused  the  gentiles  to  fear  and  hate. 
There  are  still  open  in  the  world  easier  fields  than  this 
for  new  leligions,  which  might  recommend  themselves 
as  a  career  to  young  men  laboring  under  a  fancied  in- 
exorable necessity. 

Whatever  else  may  be  said  of  Joseph  Smith,  it 
must  be  admitted  that  he  was  a  remarkable  man. 
His  course  in  life  was  by  no  means  along  a  flowery 
path;  his  death  was  like  that  which  too  often  conies 
to  the  founder  of  a  religion.  What  a  commentary  on 
the  human  mind  and  the  human  heart,  the  deeds  of 
those  who  live  for  the  love  of  God  and  man,  who  die 
for  the  love  of  God  and  man,  who  severally  and  col- 
lectively profess  the  highest  holiness,  the  higlicst 
charity,  justice,  and  humanity,  higher  far  than  any 
held  by  other  sect  or  nation,  now  or  since  the  world 
began — how  lovely  to  behold,  to  write  and  meditate 
upon  their  disputings  and  disruptions,  their  cruelties 
and  injustice,  their  persecutions  for  opinion's  sake, 
their  ravenous  hate  and  bloody  butcheries ! 


RELIGION  AS  A  VOCATION. 


185 


unan- 
en  the 
d  that 
nd  the 
►f  their 
le  part 

in  the 

jople  is 
'  of  the 
e  mind 
ihem  as 
h,  their 
What- 
le  could 
no  more 
f  obeyed 
ilief  and 
nd  hate, 
than  this 
cmsclvos 
mcied  in- 


5mith,  it 
Die  man. 
flowery 
en  conies 
sntary  on 
deeds  of 
who  die 
and  col- 
higlicst 
than  any 
the  world 
meditate 
cruelties 
n's  sake, 


The  founder  of  Mormonism  displayed  a  singular 
genius  for  the  work  he  gave  himself  to  do.  He 
made  thousands  believe  in  him  and  in  his  doctrines, 
liowsoever  good  or  evil  his  life,  howsoever  true  or 
false  his  teachings.  The  less  that  can  be  proved 
the  more  may  be  asserted.  Any  one  possessing  the 
proper  abilities  may  found  a  religion  and  make  pros- 
elytes. His  success  will  depend  not  on  the  truth  or 
falsity  of  his  statements,  nor  on  their  gross  absurdity 
or  philosophic  refinement,  but  on  the  power  and  skill 
with  which  his  propositions  arc  promulgated.  If  he 
has  not  the  natural  and  inherited  genius  for  this  work, 
though  his  be  otherwise  the  greatest  mind  that  ever 
existed,  he  is  sure  to  fail.  If  he  has  the  mental  and 
physical  adaptation  for  the  work,  he  will  succeed, 
whatever  may  be  his  abilities  in  other  directions. 

There  was  more  in  this  instance  than  any  consid- 
eration short  of  careful  study  makes  appear:  things 
spiritual  and  things  temporal;  the  outside  world  and 
the  inside  workings.  The  prophet's  days  were  full  of 
trouble.  His  people  were  often  petulant,  his  elders 
quarrelsome,  his  most  able  followers  cautious  and 
captious.  While  the  world  scoffed  and  the  neighbors 
used  violence,  his  high  priests  were  continually  ask- 
ing him  for  prophecies,  and  if  they  were  not  fulfilled 
at  once  and  to  the  letter,  they  stood  ready  to  apostatize. 
Many  did  apostatize ;  many  behaved  disgracefully,  and 
hrought  reproach  and  enmity  upon  the  cause.  More- 
over, Joseph  was  constantly  in  fear  for  his  life,  and 
though  by  no  means  desirous  of  death,  in  moments 
of  excitement  he  often  faced  danger  with  apparent 
indifference  as  to  the  results.  But  without  occupy- 
ing further  space  with  my  own  remarks,  I  will  give 
the  views  of  others,  who  loved  or  hated  him  and 
know  him  personally  and  well. 

Of  his  physique  and  character,  Parley  P.  Pratt  re- 
marks: "President  Joseph  Smith  was  in  person  tall 
and  well  built,  strong  and  active;  of  a  light  complex- 
ion, light  hair,  blue  eyes,  very  little  beard,  and  of  an 


186 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


expression  peculiar  to  himself,  on  which  the  eye  natu- 
rally rested  with  interest,  and  was  never  weary  of  be- 
holding. His  countenance  was  ever  mild,  affable, 
and  beaming  with  intelligence  and  benevolence,  min- 
gled with  a  look  of  interest  and  an  unconscious  smile 
of  cheerfulness,  and  entirely  free  from  all  restraint,  or 
affectation  of  gravity;  and  there  was  something  con- 
nected with  the  serene  and  steady,  penetrating  glance 
of  his  eye,  as  if  he  would  penetrate  the  deepest  abyss 
of  the  human  heart,  gaze  into  eternity,  penetrate  the 
heavens,  and  comprehend  all  worlds.  He  possessed 
a  noble  boldness  and  independence  of  character;  his 
manner  was  easy  and  familiar,  his  rebuke  terrible  as 
the  lion,  his  benevolence  unbounded  as  the  ocean, 
his  intelligence  universal,  and  his  language  abounding 
in  original  eloquence  peculiar  to  himself." 

And  thus  a  female  convert  who  arrived  at  Nauvoo 
a  year  or  two  before  the  prophet's  death:  "The  first 
time  I  ever  saw  Joseph  Smith  I  recognized  him  from  a 
vision  that  once  appeared  to  me  in  a  dream.  His  coun- 
tenance was  like  that  of  an  angel,  and  such  as  I  had 
never  beheld  before.  He  was  then  thirty -seven  years 
of  age,  of  ordinary  appearance  in  dress  and  mann(3r, 
but  with  a  child-like  innocence  of  expression.  His  hair 
was  of  a  light  brown,  his  eyes  blue,  and  his  complex- 
ion light.  His  natural  demeanor  was  quiet;  his  char- 
acter and  disposition  were  formed  by  his  life-work;  he 
was  kind  and  considerate,  taking  a  personal  interest  in 
all  his  people,  and  considering  every  one  his  equal,"*' 

On  the  other  hand,  the  author  of  Mormonism  Un- 
veiled says:  "The  extreme  ignorance  and  apparent 
stupidity  of  this  modern  prophet  were  by  his  early 
followers  looked  upon  as  his  greatest  merit,  and  as 
furnishing  the  most  incontestable  proof  of  his  divine 
mission .  .  .  His  followers  have  told  us  that  he  could 
not  at  the  time  he  was  chosen  of  the  Lord  even  write 
his  own  name.     But  it  is  obvious  that  all  these  defi- 

'*  Another  account  says  that  at  36  he  weighed  212  lbs,  stood  6  feet  iu  his 
pumi>s,  was  robust,  corpulent,  anxl  jovial,  but  when  roused  to  anger  his  ex 
pregsiou  was  very  severe. 


CHARACTERISTICS  OF  JOSEPH. 


187 


'e  natu- 
y  of  be- 
affable, 
ce,  min- 
as  smile 
raint,  or 
ing  con- 
g  glance 
!st  abyss 
rate  the 
)Ossessed 
cter;  his 
rrible  as 
e   ocean, 
bounding 

;  Nauvoo 
'The  first 
im  from  a 
His  comi- 
as  I  had 
sven  years 
"  raannt3r, 
His  hair 
complex- 
his  char- 
work;  he 
Interest  in 
equal."^ 
lism  Un- 
apparent 
his  early 
it,  and  as 
lis  divine 
he  could 
ven  write 
Ihese  defi- 

.  G  feet  iu  his 
I  anger  his  ex 


ciencies  are  fully  supplied  by  a  natural  genius,  strong 
inventive  powers  of  mind,  a  deep  study,  and  an  unusu- 
ally correct  estimate  of  the  human  passions  and  feel- 
ings. In  short,  he  is  now  endowed  with  all  the  re- 
quisite traits  of  character  to  pursue  most  successfully 
the  humbug  which  he  has  introduced.  His  address 
is  easy,  rather  fascinating  and  winning,  of  a  mild  and 
sober  deportment  when  not  irritated.  But  he  fre- 
quently becomes  boisterous  by  the  impertinence  or 
curiosity  of  the  skeptical,  and  assumes  the  bravado, 
instead  of  adhering  to  the  meekness  which  he  pro- 
fesses. His  followers,  of  course,  can  discover  in  his 
very  countenance  all  the  certain  indications  of  a  di- 
vine mission." 

One  more  quotation  will  serve  to  show  the  impres- 
sion that  Joseph  Smith's  doctrines  and  discourse  made 
not  only  on  his  own  followers  but  on  the  gentiles,  and 
even  on  gentile  divines.  In  1843  a  methodist  minis- 
ter, named  Prior,  visited  Nauvoo  and  was  present 
during  a  sermon  preached  by  the  prophet  in  the  tem- 
ple. "I  took  my  seat,"  he  remarks,  "in  a  conspicu- 
ous place  in  the  congregation,  who  were  waiting  in 
breathless  silence  for  his  appearance.  While  he  tar- 
ried, I  had  plenty  of  time  to  revolve  in  my  mind  the 
character  and  common  report  of  that  truly  singular 
personage.  I  fancied  that  I  should  behold  a  counte- 
nance sad  and  sorrowful,  yet  containing  the  fiery  marks 
of  rage  and  exasperation.  I  supposed  that  I  should 
be  enabled  to  discover  in  him  some  of  those  thought- 
ful and  reserved  features,  those  mystic  and  sarcastic 
glances,  which  I  had  fancied  the  ancient  sages  to  pos- 
sess. I  expected  to  see  that  fearful  faltering  look  of 
conscious  shame  which  from  what  I  had  heard  of  him 
he  might  be  expected  to  evince.  He  appeared  at  last ; 
but  how  was  I  disappointed  when,  instead  of  the  head 
and  horns  of  the  beast  and  false  prophet,  I  beheld 
only  the  appearance  of  a  common  man,  of  tolerably 
large  proportions. 

"I  was  sadly  disappointed,  and  thought  that,  al- 


IM 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


4r^ 


»!?*■  i 


though  his  appearance  could  not  be  wrested  to  indi- 
cate anything  against  Lira,  yet  he  would  manifest  all  I 
had  heard  of  him  when  he  began  to  preach.  I  sat 
uneasily  and  watched  him  closely.  He  commenced 
preaching,  not  from  the  book  of  Mormon,  however, 
but  from  the  bible;  the  first  chapter  of  the  first  of 
Peter  was  his  text.  He  commenced  calmly,  and  con- 
tinued dispassionately  to  pursue  his  subject,  while  I 
sat  in  breathless  silence,  waiting  to  hear  that  foul 
aspersion  of  the  other  sects,  that  diabolical  disposi- 
tion of  revenge,  and  to  hear  that  rancorous  denuncia- 
tion of  every  individual  but  a  Mormon.  I  waited  in 
vain;  I  listened  with  surprise;  I  sat  uneasy  in  my 
seat,  and  could  hardly  persuade  myself  but  that  he 
had  been  apprised  of  my  presence,  and  so  ordered 
his  discourse  on  my  account,  that  I  might  not  be 
able  to  find  fault  with  it;  for  instead  of  a  jumbled 
jargon  of  half-connected  sentences,  and  a  volley  of 
imprecations,  and  diabolical  and  malignant  denuncia- 
tions heaped  upon  the  heads  of  all  who  differed  from 
him,  and  the  dreadful  twisting  and  wresting  of  the 
scriptures  to  suit  his  own  peculiar  views,  and  attempt 
to  weave  a  web  of  dark  and  mystic  sophistry  around 
the  gospel  truths,  which  I  had  anticipated,  he  glided 
along  through  a  very  interesting  and  elaborate  dis- 
course, with  all  the  care  and  happy  facility  of  one 
who  was  well  aware  of  his  important  station  and  his 
duty  to  God  and  man."  ^ 

No  event,  probably,  that  had  occurred  thus  far  in 
the  history  of  the  saints  gave  to  the  cause  of  Mor- 
monism  so  much  of  stability  as  the  assassination  of  Jo- 
seph Smith.  Not  all  the  militia  mobs  in  Illinois,  in 
Missouri,  or  in  the  United  States  could  destroy  this 
cause,  any  more  than  could  the  roundheads  in  the 


"  Machay^s  The  Mormons,  131-3.  Of  course  views  as  to  Joseph  Smith's 
character  are  expressed  in  nearly  all  the  works  published  on  Mormonism. 
With  the  exception,  perhaps,  of  Mahomet,  no  one  has  been  so  much  bespat- 
tered with  praise  by  his  followers  and  with  abuse  by  his  adversaries  as  the 
founder  of  tnis  faith. 


AFTER  THE  MASSACRE. 


IM 


seventeenth  century  destroy  the  cause  of  monarchy. 
The  deed  but  reacted  on  those  who  committed  it. 

When  two  miles  on  his  way  from  Nauvoo,  the  gov- 
ernor was  met  by  messengers  who  informed  him  of  the 
assassination,  and,  as  he  relates,  he  was  "  struck  with  a 
kind  of  dumbness."  At  daybreak  the  next  morning  all 
the  bells  in  Carthage  were  ringing.  It  was  noised 
abroad  throughout  Hancock  county,  he  says,  that  the 
Mormons  had  attempted  the  rescue  of  Joseph  and  Hy- 
rum ;  that  they  had  been  killed  in  ordef  to  prevent  their 
escape,  and  that  the  governor  was  closely  besieged  at 
Nauvoo  by  the  Nauvoo  Legion,  and  could  hold  out 
only  for  two  days.  Ford  was  convinced  that  "  those 
whoever  they  were  who  assassinated  the  Smiths 
meditated  in  turn  his  assassination  by  the  Mormons," 
thinking  that  they  would  thus  rid  themselves  of  the 
Smiths  and  the  governor,  and  that  the  result  would 
be  the  expulsion  of  the  saints,  for  Ford  had  shown  a 
determination  to  defend  Nauvoo,  so  far  as  lay  in  his 
power,  from  the  threatened  violence.  Arriving  at 
Carthage  at  ten  o'clock  at  night,  he  found  the  citi- 
zens in  flight  with  their  families  and  effects,  one  of 
his  companies  broken  up,  and  the  Carthage  Greys  also 
disbanding,  the  citizens  that  remained  being  in  instant 
fear  of  attack.  At  length  he  met  with  John  Taylor 
and  Willard  Richards,  who,  notwithstanding  the  ill- 
usage  they  had  received,  came  to  the  relief  of  the 
panic-stricken  magistrate,  and  addressed  a  letter  to 
their  brethren  at  Nauvoo,  exhorting  them  to  preserve 
the  peace,  the  latter  stating  that  he  had  pledged  his 
word  that  no  violence  would  be  used. 

The  letter  of  Richards  and  Taylor,  signed  also  by 
Samuel  H.  Smith,  a  brother  of  the  deceased,  who  a 
few  weeks  afterward  died,  as  the  Mormons  relate,  of  a 
broken  heart,  prevented  a  threatened  uprising  of  the 
saints."^  On  the  29th  of  June,  the  day  after  the  news 
was  received,  the  legion  was  called  out,  the  letter  read, 

''To  the  letter  waa  appended  a  postscript  from  the  governor,  bidding  the 
Mormons  defend  themselreanntil  protection  could  be  furnished,  and  one  from 


110 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


and  the  fury  of  the  citizens  allayed  by  addresses  from 
Judge  Phelps,  Colonel  Buckmaster,  the  governor's 
aid,  and  others.  In  the  afternoon  the  bodies  of 
Joseph  and  Hyrum  arrived  in  wagons  guarded  by 
three  men.  They  were  met  by  the  city  council,  the 
prophet's  staff,  the  officers  of  the  legion,  and  a  vast 
procession  of  citizens,  crying  out  "amid  the  most 
solemn  lamentations  and  wailings  that  ever  ascended 
into  the  ears  of  the  Lord  of  hosts  to  be  avenged  of 
their  enemies."  Arriving  at  the  Nauvoo  House,  the 
assemblage,  numbering  ten  thousand  persons,  was 
again  addressed,  and  "  with  one  united  voice  resolved 
to  trust  to  the  law  for  a  remedy  of  such  a  high-handed 
assassination,  and  when  that  failed,  to  call  upon  God 
to  avenge  them  of  their  wrongs.  Ohl  widows  and 
orphans !  Oh  Americans  I  weep,  for  the  glory  of  free- 
dom has  departed  1" 

Meanwhile  the  governor,  fearing  that  the  Mormons 
would  rise  in  a  body  to  execute  vengeance,  issued  an 
address  to  the  people  of  Illinois,  in  which  he  attempted 
to  explain  his  conduct,®''  and  again  called  out  the 
militia.  Two  officers  were  despatched  to  Nauvoo, 
with  orders  to  ascertain  the  disposition  of  the  citizens, 
and  to  proceed  thence  to  Warsaw,  where  were  the 
headquarters  of  the  anti-Mormon  militia,  and  forbu 
violent  measures  in  the  name  of  the  state.  On  arriv- 
ing at  the  former  place  they  laid  their  instructions 
before  the  members  of  the  municipality.  A  meeting 
of  the  council  was  summoned,  and  it  was  resolved  that 
the  saints  rigidly  sustain  the  laws  and  the  governor, 
so  long  as  they  are  themselves  sustained  in  their 
constitutional  rights;  that  they  discountenance  ven- 
geance on  the  assassins  of  Joseph  and  Hyrum  Smith; 
that  instead  of  an  appeal  to  arms,  they  appeal  to  the 
majesty  of  the  law,  and,  should  the  law  fail,  they 

General  Deming,  telling  them  to  remain  qniet,  that  the  assassination  would 
be  condemned  by  three  fourths  of  the  people  of  Illinois,  but  that  they  were 
in  danger  of  attack  from  Missouri,  and  'prudence  might  obviate  material 
destruction.'  Times  and  Seasoris,  v.  561, 

'•Copies  of  it  will  be  found  in  Id.,  v.  564-5;  Mackay't  The  Mormons,  17S- 
9;  and  Smucher'a  Hist.  Mor.,  186-7. 


VENGEANCE  BELONGS  TO  GOD. 


>Tiate  material 
Vormona,  I7&- 


of  Nauvoo,  appfr  °r'.:^^^:it'  \''''  '"i^- 

ornor,  and  will  uphold  him  bv  !"  k        ^  ^''^  K"^" 

A  meeting  of  c/tiEens  C  tif  K  iT™""  "«»^- 

square;   the  people  weJ^  1 1        '','''<'  '"  *'«>  Publie 

road  and  all  Vonded  witS  h^f'  ">«  ^«^°'"«0"» 

The  two  offio^rs  f  h»n      *      ^^y  ""en. 
reported  to  the  governo,  wt"™'''  *°  ^''^hage  and 
-th  the  forbeafaneerf^fc";/"  ?"•««%  pleased 
declared  them   "hiin.„„   k  •        '"'^  ">»*  hn  officiallv 
state,"    He  clsedTi?,  tu^-   """^  '^'^'^"^  otthl 
throe  of  the  murde;:S^X«  T'^J'^I  ">«  "■•-'' o? 
m   Missouri."     The  assaslf  *  7  ^"^  *«''«''  --rfuge 
however;  and  now  that  S     ^''^P"^    Punishment 

,rg-trate  disbanded  the  i":r'*".'^'''  *«  "h  ef 

orhSrltof.!!i;t?P    '^  *""'^'' 

Richards.  Taylo"  ?nd"'&  tTT''''''--''  ^^ 
voo.andafortniD-htlafpr  o^    •  .,    ^  citizens  of  ^n,, 
persons  and  also^  b^  pS^  ?&"'"'  '^y  «^e  -uTe" 
to  all  the  saints  throusWf  ti.        ",  Y""   'espatched 
•ihle,  quiet  citizens  dom '  *h         T"''''-     "Be  Peace 
»nd  as  soon  as  th  '  tw    fe*aM'  '''^SbteooZZ 
assemble,  or  a  majority  of  thlnf^f  «"*''°rities  can 
to  the  great  gathering  of  uTi      ^  "'"'»'•'•  oourse 
summation  of  the  dispfnsation  *f  Ik  "^  ^^^  «»»'  ""n- 
'"II  b.  pointed  out,  so  that  th»*'"/"'"««^°'' times 
assassmation  of  hundreds  th.riZ'"''"'  f,  ^^  ^e 
the  holy  prophets,  from  Abel  ??°"'  '''"'^  "^  »" 
with  the  best  blood  ofThelon    ^  ^"T^^'  sprinkled 
*".«'gn  of  remission  only  ealvl^'"''."^  *''e  crim 
busmessandbosornsofanish  th»r*r'"''°"  '»  ^e 

shedding  of  innoc;^'"woTh>  "°T"«»ff  *»  *' 
this  world  nor  in  the  worU'tJ  If  "°  ^-gi^eness  In 


188 


THE  STORY  OF  MORMONISM. 


and  foolish  plans  or  imaginations  scatter  us  abroad 
and  divide  us  asunder  as  a  people,  to  seek  to  save  our 
lives  at  the  expense  of  truth  and  principle,  but  rather 
let  us  live  or  di(!  together  and  in  the  enjoyment  of 
society  and  union."*' 

At  this  time  the  saints  needed  such  words  of  ad- 
vice and  consolation.  Some  were  already  making 
preparations  to  return  to  the  gentiles;  some  feared 
that  their  organization  as  a  sect  would  soon  come  to 
an  end.  To  reassure  them,  one  more  address  was 
issued  on  August  15th,  in  the  name  of  the  twelve 
apostles,"  and  signed  by  Brigham  Young,  the  presi- 
dent of  the  apostles.  The  saints  were  told  that 
though  they  were  now  without  a  prophet  present  in 
the  flesh,  the  twelve  would  administer  and  regulate 
the  affairs  of  the  church ;  and  that  even  if  they  should 
be  taken  away,  there  were  still  others  who  would 
insure  the  triumph  of  their  cause  throughout  the 
world. 

In  1830,  as  will  be  remembered,  the  church  of 
Jesus  Christ  of  Latter-day  Saints  was  organized  in  a 
chamber  by  a  few  humble  racii;  in  1844  the  prophet's 
followers  mustered  scores  of  thousands.  Speedy  dis- 
solution was  now  predicted  by  some,  while  others 
argued  that  as  all  his  faults  would  lie  buried  in  the 
tomb,  while  on  his  virtues  martyrdom  would  shed  its 
lustre,  the  progress  of  the  sect  would  be  yet  nioro 
remarkable.  The  latter  prediction  was  verified,  and 
after  the  Mormons  had  suffered  another  period  of  [)er- 
secution,  Joseph  Smith  the  martyr  became  a  greater 
power  in  the  land  than  Joseph  Smith  the  prophet. 

"  The  fall  text  of  both  letters  is  given  in  Times  and  SeoMna,  v.  HQS,  oSii- 
7;  Machay  3  The  Mormons,  180-2;  Smucker'a  Hist.  Mormons,  189-92. 

"  Who  are  thiu  described  in  a  letter  addressed  by  Phelps  to  the  editor  of 
the  New  York  Prophet,  a  small  journal  established  to  promulgate  the  vic\\8 
of  the  sect:  '  Brigham  Young,  the  lion  of  the  Lord;  Heber  C.  Kimball,  the  her- 
ald of  grace;  Parley  P.  Pratt,  the  archer  of  paradise;  Orson  Hyde,  tlio  olive 
-.  wiiiard  Richards,  the 
;  William  Smith,  the 
r  of  the  gospel;  Qeorge  J>. 
truth;  Oison  Pratt,  the  gauge  of  philosophy;  John  E.  Page,  the  sun-dial; 
and  Lyman  Wight,  the  wila  ram  of  the  mountains.  They  ar«  good  men; 
the  best  the  Lord  can  find.'    See  Maday't  The  Mormmu,  IW, 


Millard  Richards,  the  keeper  of  the  rclls;  John  Tavlor, 

mpion  of  ngbt;  William  Smith,  the  patriarchal  staflf  of  Jacob;  Wilfurd 

WoodruD,  the  banner  of  the  gospel;  Qeorge  A.  Smith,  the  entablaturo  of 


}  abroad 
save  our 
it  rather 
^ment  of 

is  of  ad- 
r  making 
ae  feared 
come  to 
dress  was 
le  twelve 
the  presi- 
told   that 
present  in 
i  regulate 
tiey  should 
irho  would 
shout  the 

church  of 
anized  in  a 
e  prophet's 

peedy  dis- 

ile   others 
iried  in  the 

Id  shed  its 
yet  more 
[erified,  and 
Iriod  of  per- 
le  a  greater 

►rophet. 

h>M,  V.  568,  5S«- 
[  189-92. 
I  to  the  editor  ot 
lilaate  the  views 
tiSiball,  tlie  lier- 
Hyde,  the  wlive 
^b;  John  Taylor, 
E  Jacob;  Wilford 
n  entablature  ot 
be,  the  aun-di*'; 
r  are  good  men; 


CHAPTER  VII. 

BMGHAM  YOUNG  SUOJEEDS  JOSEPH. 

1844-1845. 

The  QtTEsnoN  of  Succession — Biography  of  Bbioham  Youno— His  Earlt 
Life — Conversion — Missionary  Work — Made  PnEsiDEirr  o»  th« 
T\VEr.vE — His  Devotion  to  the  Prophet— Sidney  Riodon  and  Brio- 
ham  YotTNG  Rival  Aspirants  for  the  Presidency— Rigdom's  Claims 
—Public  Meetings- Brioham  Elected  President  of  the  Church  — 
Hia  Cilaracter — Temple-building — Fresh  Disasters — The  Affair  at 
MoRLEY — The  Men  of  Quincy  and  the  Men  of  Carthage — The  Mor- 
mons Consent  to  Abandon  theib  City, 

Upon  the  death  of  Joseph  Smith,  one  of  the  ques- 
tions claiming  immediate  attention  was,  Who  shall 
bo  his  successor?  It  was  the  first  time  the  question 
had  arisen  in  a  manner  to  demand  immediate  solution, 
and  the  matter  of  succession  was  not  so  well  deter- 
mined then  as  now,  it  bein,^  at  present  well  established 
that  upon  the  death  of  the  president  of  the  church 
the  apostle  eldest  in  ordination  and  service  takes  his 
place. 

Personal  qualifications  would  have  much  to  do  with 
it;  rules  could  be  established  later.  The  first  consid- 
eration now  was  to  keep  the  church  from  falling  in 
pieces.  None  realized  the  situation  better  than  Brig- 
ham  Young,  who  soon  made  up  his  mind  that  he  him- 
self was  the  man  for  the  emergency.  Then  to  make 
it  appear  plain  to  the  brethren  that  God  would  have 
him  take  Joseph's  place,  his  mind  thus  works:  "The 
first  thing  that  I  thought  of,"  he  says,  "was  whether 
Joseph  had  taken  the  keys  of  the  kingdom  with  him 

Hut.  Vtab.    18  ( 133  ) 


194 


BRIGHAM  YOUNG  SUCCEEDS  JOSEPH. 


from  the  earth.  Brother  Orson  Pratt  sat  on  my 
left;  we  were  both  leaning  back  on  our  chairs.  Bring- 
ing my  hand  down  on  my  knee,  I  said,  'The  keys  of 
the  kingdom  are  right  here  with  the  church.'"  But 
who  held  the  keys  of  the  kingdom  1  This  was  the  all- 
absorbing  question  that  was  being  discussed  at  Nauvoo 
when  Brigham  and  the  other  members  of  the  quorum 
arrived  at  that  city  on  the  6th  of  August,  1844. 

Brigham  Young  was  born  at  Whitinghara,  Wind- 
ham county,  Vermont,  on  the  1st  of  June,  1801.  His 
father,  John,  a  Massachusetts  farmer,  served  as  a  pri- 
vate soldier  in  the  revolutionary  war,  and  his  grand- 
father as  surgeon  in  the  French  and  Indian  war.^  In 
1804  his  family,  which  included  nine  children,"  of  whom 
he  was  then  the  youngest,  removed  to  Sherburn, 
Chenango  county,  New  York,  where  for  a  time  hard- 
ship and  poverty  were  their  lot.  Concerning  Bri^- 
ham's  youth  there  is  little  worthy  of  record.  LacK 
of  means  compelled  him,  almost  without  education, 
to  earn  his  own  livelihood,  a^  did  his  brothers,  finding 
employment  as  best  they  could.  Thus,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-three,  when  he  married  he  had  learned  how 
to  work  as  farmer,  carpenter,  joiner,  painter,  and 
glazier,  in  the  last  of  which  occupations  he  wa3  an  ex- 
pert craftsman. 

In  1829  he  removed  to  Mendon,  Monroe  county, 
where  his  father  then  resided,  and  here,  for  the  first 
time,  he  saw  the  book  of  Mormon  at  the  house  of  his 
brother  Phineas,  who  liad  been  a  pastor  in  the  lo- 
formed  mothodist  church,  but  was  now  a  convert  to 
Mormonism.^ 

'  Waite's  Thf  Aformon  Prophet  and  hi»  Hurem.  Linforth,  Route  from 
Liverpool,  ll'2,  note,  states  that  his  grandfather  was  on  ollicer  in  tlio  roxulu- 
tionnry  war;  this  is  not  confirmed  by  Mrs  Wuite,  who  quotes  from  Rrigh.iiu's 
BUtohiogr.-i.pIiy.  Again,  Nabby  Howe  was  the  maiden  name  of  Hrighani'a 
mother,  as  given  in  liis  autoliiography ;  wliile  Linforth  reads  Nancy  Howe:  ami 
Remy,  Juiir.  *o  <}.  S.  /..  Citi/,  i.  41H,  Nalcl)y  Howe. 

'Born  iw  follow;  Nancy,  Aug.  (i,  l/SO,  Fanny,  Nov.  8,  1787,  lihoda,  .Sept. 
10,  1789,  John,  May  '2-2,  171M,  Nabby,  Apr.  -j;},  1793,  Susannah.  Juno  7.  ITi'J, 
Joseph,  Apr.  7,  17!>7,  Phinens,  Feb.  IG,  1799,  and  Brigham,  June  1,  1801.  Two 
oth<;rB  were  born  later:  Louisa,  Sept.  25,  1804,  and  Lorenzo  Dow,  Oct.  I'.V 
1807. 

'In  Ibid.,  it  is  mentioneil  that  iMifore  tf:3  organization  of  the  latter-day 


THE  GIFT  OF  TONGUES. 


1«B 


on  my 
Bring- 
keys  of 
"  But 
the  all- 
Nauvoo 
quorum 
,44. 

I,  Wind- 

II.  Hia 
as  a  pri- 
s  grand- 
;var.^    In 
'of  whom 
>herburn, 
ime  hard- 
ing  Brig- 
•d.     Lack 
jducation, 
rs,  finding 
^he  age  of 
rned  how 
nter,  and 
wa3  an  ex- 


)e 


county, 
r  the  first 
)use  of  ins 
11  tlie  re- 
onvert  to 

1,  Route  J'rom 
in  the  rovDlii- 
rom  liiiKtiiims 
j„{  Uriglwms 
key  Howe;  M<\ 

I,  Rho'la,  Sept. 
I,  Juno  7.  1"''''' 
ll.lftOl.  Two 
IDow.  Oct.  !'■• 

[the  lattev-tl>y 


About  two  years  later  he  himself  was  converted*  by 
the  preaching  of  Elder  Samuel  H.  Smith,  brother  of 
tlie  prophet;  on  the  14th  of  April,  1832,  he  was  bap- 
tized, and  on  the  same  night  ordained  an  elder,  his 
father "*  and  all  his  brothers  afterward  becoming  pros- 
elytes. During  the  same  month  he  set  forth  to  meet 
the  prophet  at  Kirtland,  where  he  found  him  and 
several  of  his  brethren  chopping  wood.  "Here,"  says 
Brigham,  "my  joy  was  full  at  the  privilege  of  shak- 
ing the  hand  of  the  prophet  of  God . . .  He  was  happy 
to  see  us  and  bid  us  welcome.  In  the  evening  a  few 
of  the  brethren  came  in,  and  we  conversed  together 
upon  the  things  of  the  kingdom.  He  called  upon  me 
t(t  pray.  In  my  prayer  I  spoke  in  tongues.  As  soon 
as  we  rose  from  our  knees,  the  brethren  flocked 
around  him,  and  asked  his  opinion.  .  .He  told  them 
it  was  the  pure  xVdamic  language; ...  it  is  of  God,  and 
the  time  will  couio  when  Brother  Brigham  Young 
will  preside  over  this  church."  In  1835  he  was  chosen, 
as  will  be  remembered,  one  of  the  quorum  of  the 
twelve,  and  the  following  spring  set  forth  on  a  mis- 
sionary tour  to  the  eastern  states.  Returning  early 
in  the  winter,  he  saved  the  life  of  the  prophet,  and 
otherwise  rendered  good  service  during  the  great 
apostasy  of  1836,  when  the  church  passed  through  1.3 
darkest  hour.' 

Brigham  was  ever  a  devoted  follower  of  the  ])rophet, 
and  at  the  risk  of  his  own  life,  shielded  him  at^ainst 
t'^o  persecutions  of  apostates.  At  the  close  i>f  1837 
lie  was  driven  by  their  machinations  from  Kirtland,' 

churcli,  Phineos  had  wrought  a  miracle,  'whereby  a  young  girl  on  tlie  point  of 
dcatli  hail  been  restored  to  life.'    Kemy  docs  not  give  hia  authority. 

'  At  a  branch  of  the  church  at  Columbia,  I'enn.  TalUdije'H  Life  of  Voiinfj,  78. 

Mohn  Young  waa  made  first  patriarch  of  the  church.  He  died  at  Quincy, 
Ill.,()ct.  12,  1839.  ?:'..« .V  T'"'  Mor>non  Prophet,  '2. 

^TtiUklije'a  L{ie  qf  Briqham  Young,  83.  In  a  speech  delivered  after  he 
bcaiino  president,  Brigham  says:  'Ascertaining  that  a  plot  was  laid  to  waylay 
Josipli  for  the  purpose  of  taking  his  life,  on  his  return  from  Monroe,  Michi- 
gan, to  Kirtland,  I  procured  a  liorsoand  buggy,  and  took  brother  William 
Stmtli  along  to  meet  Joseph,  whom  wo  met  returniug  iu  the  stage-coach. 
'o8L'ph  requested  William  to  take  his  sent  in  the  stage,  and  ho  rode  with  me 
in  the  buggy      Wo  arrived  at  Kirtland  iu  sjifcty.' 

'  'On  the  morning  of  Dec.  22d  1  left  Kirtland  in  consequence  of  the  fury 


196 


BBIGHAM  YOUNG  SUCX3EEDS  JOSEPH. 


and  took  refuge  at  Dublin,  Indiana,  where  he  was  soon 
afterward  joined  by  Joseph  Smith  and  Sidney  Rigdon. 
Thence,  in  company  with  the  former,  he  went  to  Mis- 
souri, arriving  at  Far  West  a  short  time  before  the 
massacre  at  Haun's  Mill.  Once  more  Brigham  was 
compelled  to  flee  for  his  life,  and  now  betook  himself 
to  Quincy,  where  he  raised  means  to  aid  the  destitute 
brethren  in  leaving  Missouri,'  and  directed  the  first 
settlement  of  the  saints  in  Illinois,  the  prophet  Joseph, 
Parley  P.  Pratt,  and  others  being  then  in  prison. 

By  revelation  of  July  8,  1838,®  it  was  ordered  that 
eleven  of  the  quorum  should  "  depart  to  go  over  tho 
great  waters,  and  there  promulgate  my  gospel,  tho 
Fulness  thereof,  and  bear  record  of  my  name.  Lot 
them  take  leave  of  my  saints  in  the  city  Far  West,  on 
the  26th  day  oi'  April  next;  on  the  building  spot  of  my 
house,  saith  the  Lord."  As  the  twelve  had  been  ban- 
ished from  Missouii  and  could  not  return  with  safety, 
many  of  the  church  dignitaries  urged  that  the  latter 
part  of  this  revelation  should  not  be  fulfilled.  "But, 
says  Brigham,  "  I  felt  differently,  and  so  did  those  of 
the  quorum  who  were  with  me."  The  affairs  of  the 
church  were  now  in  the  hands  of  the  twelve,  and  thoir 
president  was  not  the  man  to  shrink  from  dangor. 
"  The  Lord  had  spoken,  and  it  was  their  duty  to  obey. " 

The  quorum  started  forth,  and  reaching  Far  West 
toward  the  end  of  April,  hid  themselves  in  a  grove. 
Between  midnight  of  the  25th  and  dawn  of  the  2GtIi 


of  the  mob,  and  the  spirit  that  prevailed  in  the  apostates,  who  threatened  to 
destroy  me  because  I  would  proclaim  publicly  and  privately  that  I  knew,  by 
the  power  of  the  holy  ghost,  that  Joseph  Smith  was  a  projr>het  of  the  must 
high  God,  and  had  not  transgressed  and  fallen,  asapostatea  declared.'  Id.,  84. 

'  '  I  held  a  meeting  with  the  brethren  of  the  twelve  and  the  membera  of 
the  church  in  Quincy,  on  the  17th  of  March,  when  a  letter  was  road  to  tliu 
people  from  tho  committee,  on  behalf  of  the  saints  at  Far  West,  who  were 
left  destitute  of  the  moans  to  move.  Though  the  brethren  were  poor  ami 
stripped  of  almost  cvcrythiug,  yut  they  manifested  a  spirit  of  willinj'ucss  to 
do  their  utmost,  ofieriug  to  sell  their  hats,  coats,  and  shoes  to  accompliMli  tho 
object.  At  the  close  ofthe  meetiuj^  $oO  was  collected  in  money  ana  several 
teams  were  subscribed  to  go  and  bring  the  brethren.'  Id.,  89-00. 

•This  is  the  date  given  in  Doctrine,  and  Coveiianta,  381  (ed.  S.  L.  Tity, 
187C).  See  also  LiiiJ'orth*s  Route  from  Liverpool,  }  12,  note.  Tullidge  gives 
July  8,  1836.  L\fe  of  lirigham  Youtig,  90. 


MISSIONABY  LABORS. 


197 


was  soon 
Rigdon. 
t  to  Mis- 
efore  the 
bam  was 
k  himself 
destitute 
,  the  first 
;t  Joseph, 
rison. 
lered  that 
)  over  the 
ospel,  the 
irae.     Let 
r  West,  oil 
spot  of  my 
I  been  bau- 
dth  safety, 
;  the  latter 
i.     "But, 
id  those  of 
airs  of  the 
J,  and  their 
>m  danger, 
y  to  obey." 
Far  West 
In  a  grove. 
V  the  2Gth 


Lo  threateueil  to 
>hat  I  knew,  by 
Ket  of  the  most 
iolared.'  Id-,^^-. 
Itbe  membei-8  ot 
Iwas  roail  to  the 
llVest,  who  were 
[were  poor  ami 
If  willint-uess  to 
1  accoinpU:<li  the 
hey  and  several 


(ed.  S.  L.  City, 
TulUdge  gives 


they  held  a  conference,  relaid  the  foundation  of  the 
house  of  the  Lord,^°  and  ordained  Wilford  Woodruff 
and  George  A.  Smith  as  apostles  in  place  of  those 
who  had  fallen  from  grace.  "Thus,"  says  Brigham, 
'•was  this  revelation  fulfilled,  concerning  which  our 
oiiLinies  said,  if  all  the  other  revelations  of  Joseph 
Smith  came  to  pass,  that  one  should  not  be  fulfilled." 

Upon  the  excommunication  of  Thomas  B.  Marsh, 
in  1839,  the  office  of  president  of  the  twelve  devolved 
hy  right  on  Brigham  by  reason  of  his  seniority  of 
membership.  On  the  14th  of  April,  1840,  he  was 
])ublicly  accepted  by  the  council  as  their  head,  and  at 
tlie  reorganization  of  the  church  councils  at  Nauvoo 
he  was  appointed  by  revelation  on  the  19th  of  Janu- 
ary, 1843,  president  of  the  twelve  travelling  council. 

After  the  founding  of  Nauvoo,  the  president,  to- 
gether with  three  others  of  the  quorum,"  sailed  for 
Liverpool,  where  they  arrived  on  the  6th  of  April, 
1840,  the  tenth  anniversary  of  the  organization  of 
the  church.  Here  he  was  engaged  for  about  a  year 
in  missionary  work,  of  which  more  hereafter.  Taking 
.ship  for  New  York  on  the  20th  of  April,  1841,  he 
readied  Nauvoo  on  the  1st  of  July,  and  was  warmly 
welcomed  by  the  prophet,  who  a  few  days  afterward^' 
received  the  following  revelation:  "Dear  and  well- 
beloved  brother  Brigham  Young,  verily  thus  saith 
the  Lord  unto  you,  my  servant  Brigham,  it  is  no  more 
reijuired  at  your  hand  to  leave  your  family  as  m  times 
past,  for  your  offering  is  acceptable  to  me;  I  have 
seen  your  labor  and  toil  in  journcyings  for  my  name. 
I  therefore  command  you  to  send  my  word  abroad, 
and  take  special  care  of  your  family  from  this  time 
henceforth  and  forever.     Amen." 

Already  the  mantle  of  the  prophet  was  falling  upon 
the  president  of  the  twelve;  already  the  former  had 

'"  'Elder  Cutler,  the  master  workman  of  the  house,  recommenced  laying 
tbc  foundation  by  rolling  up  a  largo  stone  near  the  south-east  corner.'  Id.,  9'2. 

"  Ileber  C.  Kimball,  George  A.  Smith,  and  Parley  P.  Pratt.  Reuben 
HeiUuck  also  accompanied  them. 

'•On  July  9th.  Doctrine  uiid  Coveiiantu,  409. 


198 


BRIGHAM  YOUNG  SUCCEEDS  JOSEPH. 


foretold  his  own  death ;  but  notwithstanding  the  rev- 
elation, Brigham  was  sent  as  a  missionary  to  the 
eastern  states,  and  at  Peterborough,  New  Hampshire, 
received  news  of  the  tragedy  at  Carthage  jail. 

When  Governor  Ford  and  his  militia  were  prepar- 
ing to  march  on  Nauvoo  for  the  purpose  of  forestall- 
ing civil  war,  the  only  course  open  to  the  prophet 
and  his  followers  was  a  removal  from  Illinois.  In  1 842 
an  expedition  had  been  planned  to  explore  the  coun- 
try toward  or  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains;  but 
when  Joseph  Smith  put  himself  forward  as  a  candi- 
date for  the  presidency  of  the  United  States,  all 
other  matters  were  for  the  time  forgotten.  Brigham 
claimed  that  had  he  been  present  the  assassination 
would  never  have  occurred;  he  would  not  have  pei- 
mitted  the  prophet's  departure  for  Carthage :  rathoi- 
would  he  have  sent  him  to  the  mountains  under  ;i 
guard  of  elders.  But  Brigham  had  no  reason  to 
complain  of  the  dispensation  of  providence  which  was 
now  to  bring  his  clear,  strong  judgment  and  resolute 
will  to  the  front. 


Prominent  among  the  aspirants  for  the  presidency 
of  the  church  was  Sidney  Rigdon,  one  of  the  first  and 
ablest  to  espouse  the  cause,  and  not  altogether  without 
grounds  for  his  pretensions.  He  had  performed  nuuh 
labor,  had  encountered  many  trials,  and  had  receivcil 
scanty  honors,  being  at  present  nothing  more  than 
preacher,  and  professor  of  history,  belles-lettres,  and 
oratory.  By  revelation  of  January  19,  1841,  he  had 
been  offered  the  position  of  counsellor  to  the  prophet,'" 

"  Doctrine  and  Covenant.  406.  In  this  saino  revelation  the  ofBoeis  ot 
tlio  pricstlioful  were  iikcwiso  nanietl:  llynim  Sinitli,  patriarch;  Joseph  Siuitli, 
presiding  elder  over  the  whole  church,  also  translator,  revelator,  seer,  ami 
propiiet,  with  Sidney  Rigdon  and  William  Law  aa  councillors,  the  throo  tn 
constitute  a  quorum  and  first  presidency.  Brigham  Young,  president  ovci 
the  twelve  traYcUing  council,  who  were  Heber  0.  Kimball,  Parley  P.  I'ratt, 
Orson  I'rutt,  Orson  Hyde,  William  .Smith,  John  Taylor,  John  E.  Page,  Willonl 
Woodrurt",  Willard  Richards,  George  A.  Smith,  and  some  one  to  bo  appointi  li 
in  place  of  David  Patten;  a  high  council,  Samuel  Bt!nt,  II.  G.  ShcrwiKMl, 
George  W.  Harris,  Charles  C.  Rich,  Thomas  (Jrover,  Newel  Knight,  l)iiviil 
Dort,  Dunbar  Wilson,  Aaron  Johnson,  David  Fulmer,  Alphcus  Cutler,  Will 


SIDXEY  RIGDON 

f  W  =:  tS'«  ^3'-^  B.  SM.r 

Pittebui^h."  Visi  tTfhar.ir?"''*.  *«  «»i»t7t„ 
not  yet  rTpe  for  this  mea,nr„  %  '"^  '^""d  «Je  time 
'og  to  Nauvoo,  the  Sd^  A  '  *"''  '"^anwhile  leturT 
"!>  the  following  day  a3 a. «^?."'*'  ''''  "^'^'^d  '>Sf 
"Hied  by  ElderS      "*""'"^'"«  '■"^  ">«  presidenoy 

^'  ;e  disposed  of  in  J*^-  To^Lff-  -l"-'-"  "« 
bHlne;^  could  now  Iiave  visio,,.  ™f*antiate  his  claim 

"I'  ^=^'0"»  occasions  he  tl  dhow  h'  t*''"  !«=«'  °<'*e"  ' 
l"m  counselled  the  peonle  f.  •'"'  I'°'<^  ''ad  throuW,' 
d'an.     Ho  requested  ?h!f      PP°"" '"'"  <«  their  ffna, 

« the  foii„w,vtbbX  :h:r''s  f -<<'  -^^  s 

further  consideration  ,.ftl  e  nmtf  °*^ugust,  tbr  tlio 
rf'f  Parley  Pratt  and  two  Ih.  ^"'r'»r  tothi 
bade  the  candidate  go  wit  Ithmn  f  .t","*  "'«  ''"oive 
%lor,  who  yet  lay  prostmfi?"*u  ,*•'"' '"'"'«  "f  John 
foroxpostulated  wftlf hin  Tut  f !  "^  *"'  '^"""d^  IV 
^tinned  to  press  his  cla  ns  evt""  P"?"*-  S'dni 
oftco,  prophesying  and     rl^  •    "^^'^'ng  the  sacred 

-™ed.  according  fo:;po-f^'';;;'^Sid*^"  "'^  -'''^"' 
porters  met  in  the  grove    ear  i^     ."^  ""d  his  sup. 

-.routed   by  the  tpoltles    wit  1.°,?™?'"'  >""  ''"fe 

<TI"-1.|     Daniel  Miles    He""!'."  "    "^'^""t'os.  J  S,  V  ''''*'"^'  *""'  '^^^so 


200 


BRIOHAM  YOUNG  SUCCEEDS  JOSEPH. 


brethren  for  nearly  two  hours.  Yet  he  seemed  to 
make  no  impression.  "The  Lord  has  not  chosen 
him,"  said  one  to  another.  The  assembly  then  ad- 
journed to  two  o'clock,  when  the  saints  in  and  about 
Nauvoo  gathered  in  great  numbers.  After  singing 
and  prayer,  through  the  vast  assemblage  was  heard  a 
voice,  strikingly  clear,  distinct,  and  penetrating.**  It 
was  the  voice  of  Brigham,  who  said:  "Attention,  all! 
For  the  first  time  in  my  life  I  am  called  to  act  as  chief 
of  the  twelve;  for  the  first  time  in  your  lives  you  are 
called  to  walk  by  faith,  your  prophet  being  no  longer 
present  in  the  flesh.  I  desire  that  every  one  present 
shall  exercise  the  fullest  liberty.  I  now  ask  you,  and 
each  of  you,  if  you  want  to  choose  a  guardian,  a  prophet, 
evangelist,  or  something  else  as  your  head  to  lead  you. 
All  who  wish  to  draw  away  from  the  church,  let  them 
do  it,  but  they  will  not  prosper.  If  any  want  Sidney 
Rigdon  to  lead  them,  let  them  have  him;  but  I  say  unto 
you  that  the  keys  of  the  kingdom  are  with  the  twelve."" 

It  was  then  put  to  vote,  Brigham  meanwhile  say- 
ing, "All  those  who  are  for  Joseph  and  Hyrum,  the 
book  of  Mormon,  book  of  Doctrine  and  Covenants,  tlio 
temple,  and  Joseph's  measures,  they  being  one  party, 
will  be  called  upon  to  manifest  their  principles  boldly, 
the  opposite  party  to  enjoy  the  same  liberty."*^  The 
result  was  ten  votes  for  Sidney,  the  quorum  with 
Brigham  at  their  bead  getting  all  the  rest.  Elder 
Philips  then  motioned  that  all  "who  have  voted  for 
Sidney  Rigdon  be  suspended  until  they  can  have  a 
trial  before  the  high  council."*^ 

The  truth  is,  Sidney  was  no  match  for  Brigham. 
It  was  a  battle  of  the  lion  and  the  lamb;  only  Brig- 


"^  'He  [Brigham]  said,  as  ho  stood  on  the  stand,  he  would  rather  sit  in  sack- 
cloth and  ashos  for  a  month  than  appear  before  the  people,  but  he  pitied  their 
loneliness,  and  was  constrained  to  step  forward,  ana  we  knew  ho  was,  because 
he  had  the  voice  and  manner  of  Joseph,  as  hundreds  can  testify. '  Reminiscevre* 
of  Mrs  F.  D.  RkharcUi,  MS.,  p.  14. 

"  Woodruffs  Journal,  MS.,  Aug.  8,  1844. 

"  Hist.  Brigham  Yonnff,  1844,  MS.,  25. 

"Wilford  Woodruff  states  that  lUgdon  did  not  receive  a  single  vote. 
Beminiiicences,  MS.,  2. 


BRIGHAM'S  CHARACTER. 


Ml 


ham  did  not  know  before  that  he  was  a  Hon,  while 
Sidney  received  the  truth  with  reluctance  that  he  was 
indeed  a  lamb.  Something  more  than  oratory  was  nec- 
essary to  win  in  this  instance;  and  of  that  something, 
with  great  joy  in  his  heart,  Brigham  found  liimself  in 
possession.  It  was  the  combination  of  qualities  which 
wc  find  present  primarily  in  all  great  men,  in  all  leaders 
of  men — intellectual  force,  mental  superiority,  united 
with  personal  magnetism,  and  physique  enough  to  give 
weight  to  will  and  opinion;  for  Brigham  Young  was 
assuredly  a  great  man,  if  by  greatness  we  mean  one 
who  is  superior  to  others  in  strength  and  skill,  moral, 
intellectual,  or  physical.  The  secret  of  this  man's 
power — a  power  that  within  a  few  years  made  itself 
felt  throughout  the  world — was  this :  he  was  a  sincere 
man,  or  if  an  impostor,  he  was  one  who  first  imposed 
upon  himself  He  was  not  a  hypocrite;  knave,  in 
tho  ordinary  sense  of  the  term,  he  was  not;  though  he 
has  been  a  thousand  times  called  both.  If  he  was  a  bad 
man,  he  was  still  a  great  man,  and  the  evil  that  he  did 
was  done  with  honest  purpose.  He  possessed  great  ad- 
ministrative ability;  he  was  far-seeing,  with  a  keen  in- 
sight into  human  nature,  and  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
tho  good  and  evil  qualities  of  men,  of  their  virtues  and 
frailties.  His  superiority  was  native  to  him,  and  he 
was  daily  and  hourly  growing  more  powerful,  develop- 
ing a  strength  which  surprised  himself,  and  gaining  con- 
stantly more  and  more  confidence  in  himself,  gaining 
constantly  more  and  more  the  respect,  fear,  and  obe- 
dience of  those  about  him,  until  he  was  able  to  con- 
sign Sidney  to  the  buflfetings  of  Satan  for  a  thousand 
years,  while  Brigham  remained  president  and  suprem 
ruler  of  the  church.^" 


o 


'*  Sidney  had  a  trial,  aud  was  convicted  and  condemned.  Sidney  Rigdon 
Wits  a  native  of  Saint  Clair,  Penn.,  where  ho  was  bom  in  1793.  Until  his  26th 
year  ho  worked  on  his  father's  farm,  but  in  1810  received  a  license  to  preach, 
from  the  society  known  as  tho  regular  baptists,  being  appointed  in  1822  to  the 
charge  of  tho  firat  baptist  church  in  Tittsburgh,  where  he  became  very  popu- 
lar. In  1821  he  resigned  his  position,  from  conscientious  motives,  and  joined 
tlic  Campbcllites,  supporting  himself  by  working  oa  a  jounieynian  tanner. 
Two  years  later  he  accepted  a  call  as  a  Cainpbellite  preacher  at  Bainbridge,  0., 


II 


202 


BRIOHAM  YOUNG  SUCCEEDS  JOSEPH. 


iV], 


nr 


Thus  Brighain  Young  succeeded  Joseph  Smith. 
The  work  of  the  latter  was  done.  It  was  a  singular 
work,  to  which  he  was  singularly  adapted ;  the  work  yet 
to  be  done  is  no  less  remarkable,  and  a  no  less  remark- 
able agent  is  raised  up  at  the  right  moment.  Mat- 
ters assume  now  a  more  material  turn,  and  a  more 
material  nature  is  required  to  master  them — if  coarser- 
grained,  more  practical,  rougher,  more  dogmatical, 
dealing  less  in  revelations  from  heaven  and  more  in 
self-protection  and  self-advancement  here  on  earth, 
so  much  the  better  for  the  saints.  "Strike,  but  hear 
me  I"  Joseph  with  Themistocles  used  to  cry;  "I  will 
strike,  and  you  shall  hear  me,"  Brigham  would  say. 

No  wonder  the  American  Israel  received  Brigham 
as  the  gift  of  God,  the  Lion  of  the  Lord,^  though 
the  explanation  of  the  new  ruler  himself  would  have 
been  nearer  that  of  the  modern  evolutionist,  wh(j 
would  account  for  Brigham's  success  as  the  survival 
of  the  fittest.  It  was  fortunate  for  the  saints  at  this 
juncture  that  their  leader  should  be  less  prophet  than 
priest  and  king,  less  idealist  than  business  manager, 
political  economist,  and  philosopher.  Brigham  holds 
communion  with  spiritual  powers  but  distantly,  ptM- 
haps  distrustfully;  at  all  events,  he  commands  the 
spirits  rather  than  let  them  command  him ;  and  the 
older  he  grows  the  less  he  has  to  do  with  them;  and 
the  less  he  has  to  do  with  heavenly  affairs,  the  more 
his  mind  dwells  on  earthly  matters.  His  prophecies  are 
eminently  practical;  his  people  must  have  piety  that 
will  pay.  And  later,  and  all  through  his  life,  his  posi- 
tion is  a  strange  one.  If  the  people  about  Nauvoo  are 
troublesome,  God  orders  him  west;  and  then  he  tells 

and  afterward  built  up  churches  at  Mantua  and  Mentor  in  that  state.  In 
1830  he  joined  the  Mormon  church,  being  converted  by  the  preachinp;  of  Par- 
ley. Further  particulars  will  be  found  in  Times  and  Seasomi,  iv.  177-^,  VXi-i, 
209-10;  Cobb's  Mormon  Problem,  MS.,  12;  Tucker's  Mormonism,  12.3-7;  Pi't-^- 
burgh  Oax.,  in  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Aug.  4,  1876.  Returning  to  Pittsbureh  after 
his  excommunication,  Sidney  led  a  life  of  utter  obscurity,  and  finaUy  died 
at  Friendship,  Alleghany  County,  N.  Y.,  .Tnly  14,  1876.  Lippincott'x  Ma'j., 
Aug.  1880. 

'"See  note  41,  p.  192,  this  vol. 


BRIGHAM'S  POWER. 


SOS 


him  if  roads  are  opened  and  canals  constructed  it  will 
please  him.  From  these  practical  visions  come  ac- 
tions, and  on  a  Sunday  the  great  high-priest  rises 
in  the  tabernacle  and  says:  "God  has  spoken.  He 
has  said  unto  his  prophet,  'Get  thee  up,  Brigham,  and 
build  me  a  city  in  the  fertile  valley  to  the  south, 
where  there  is  water,  where  there  are  fish,  where 
the  sun  is  strong  enough  to  ripen  the  cotton  plants,  and 
give  raiment  as  well  as  food  to  my  saints  on  earth. 
Brethren  willing  to  aid  God's  work  should  come  to 
me  before  the  bishop's  meeting.'"  "As  the  prophet 
takes  his  seat  again,"  says  an  eye-witness,  "and  puts 
on  his  broad-brimmed  hat,  a  hum  of  applause  runs 
around  the  bowery,  and  teams  and  barrows  are  freely 
promised." 

To  whatsoever  Brigham  applied  himself  he  directed 
his  whole  strength,  provided  his  whole  strength  was 
necessary  to  the  accomplishment  of  his  purpose. 
There  were  others  in  the  field  against  him,  aspirants 
for  the  late  prophet's  place,  besides  Sidney ;  but  direct- 
ing his  efibrts  only  against  the  most  powerful  of  them, 
the  president  of  the  twelve  summoned  the  quorum  and 
the  people,  as  we  have  seen,  crushed  Rigdon  and  his 
adherents  by  one  of  the  master-strokes  which  he  was 
now  learning",  declared  the  revelations  of  Rigdon  to  be 
of  the  devil,  cut  him  ofi^,  cursed  him,  and  was  himself 
elected  almost  without  a  dissenting  voice,  giving  all 
ostensibly  the  fullest  liberty  to  act,  yet  permitting 
none  of  them  to  do  so,  and  even  causing  ten  to  be  tried 
for  dissenting.  Henceforth  none  dared  to  gainsay  his 
authority;  he  became  not  only  the  leader  of  the  Mor- 
mons, but  their  dictator ;  holding  authority  for  a  time 
as  president  of  the  twelve  apostles,  and  finally  in  the 
capacity  of  the  first  presidency,  being  made  president 
of  the  whole  church  in  December  1847. 

Brigham  Young  was  now  in  his  forty-third  year,  in 
the  prime  of  a  hale  and  vigorous  manhood,  with  ex- 
uberant vitality,  with  marvelous  energy,  and  with  un- 
swerving faith  in  his  cause  and  in  himself     In  stat- 


I   : 


IM  UltKillAM  YOUNO  SUCCEEDS  JOSEPH. 

ure  he  was  a  littlo  above  medium  height;  in  frame 
well-knit  and  compact,  though  in  later  years  rotund 
and  portly;  in  carriage  somewliat  stately;  preseiuf 
imposing,  even  at  that  time,  and  later  much  more  so; 
faee  clean  shaven  now,  but  afterward  lengthened  by 
full  beard  except  about  the  mouth;  features  all  good, 
rej^ular,  well  formed,  sharp,  and  smiling,  and  wearinji; 
un  expression  of  self-sufficiency,  bordenng  on  the  su- 
percilious, which  later  in  life  changed  to  a  look  of  suh- 
dued  sagacity  which  he  could  not  conceal;  deep-sot, 

f^ray  eyes,  cold,  stern,  and  of  uncertain  expression, 
ips  thin  and  compressed,  and  a  forehead  broad  ant! 
massive — his  appearance  was  that  of  a  self-reliant  and 
strong-willed  man,  of  one  born  to  bo  master  of  him 
.self  and  many  others.  In  manner  and  address  he  was 
easy  and  void  of  affectation,  deliberate  in  speech,  ooii 
veying  his  original  and  suggestive  ideas  in  apt  though 
homely  phrase.''*  When  in  council  he  was  cool  aiui 
iir.l)erturbable,  slow  to  decide,  and  in  no  haste  to  act; 
but  when  the  time  for  action  came  he  worked  with  an 
eneigy  that  was  satisfied  only  with  success. 

Like  his  predecessor,  he  was  under  all  circumstances 
naturally  a  brave  man,  possessing  great  physical 
strength,  and  with  nerves  unshaken  by  much  excos" 
or  sickness.  That  he  was  give, .  to  strong  drink  has 
often  been  asserted  by  his  enemies,  but  never  by  his 
friends,  and  rarely  by  impartial  observers.  He  was 
always  in  full  possession  of  himself,  being  far  too 
wise  a  man  to  destroy  himself  through  any  indis( k - 
tion. 

He  was  undoubtedly  the  man  for  the  occasion, 
however,  for  no  other  could,  at  this  juncture,  save 
the  Mormons  from  dissolution  a?  a  sect  and  as  a 
people.  If  the  saints  had  selected  as  their  Icadtf  i 
man  less  resolute,  less  confident,  less  devoted  to  liis 
cau&;e  and  to  his  people,  a  man  like  Sidney  Rigtlon, 

"  Bcwles,  Across  the  Conthient,  8G,  says  that  eveu  at  04  he  spoko  uuKiani- 
matically.  This  criticism  is  a  fair  commentary  ou  the  difference  betwcuu  a 
Bowles  and  a  Brigham. 


THE  MORMON  LEADKRS  COMPARED. 


a05 


f(ir  oxaniplo.  Mornionism  would  have  split  into  half  a 
dozen  petty  factions,  the  strongest  of  which  would 
hardly  be  worthy  of  notice. 

Discussing  the  great  Mormon  leaders,  Hyde,  who 
though  an  apostate  was  one  of  the  most  impartial  of 
writrs,  says:  "Brighani  Young  is  far  superior  t*) 
Smith  in  everything  that  con  ^titutes  a  great  leader. 
Smith  was  not  a  man  of  genius;  his  forte  was  tact. 
Ho  only  embraced  opportunities  that  presented  them- 
selves. He  used  circumstances  but  did  not  create 
them.  The  compiling  genius  of  Mormonism  was 
Sidney  Rigdon.  Smith  had  boisterous  impetuosity, 
but  no  foresight.  Polygamy  was  not  the  result  of  his 
policy,  but  of  his  passions.  Sidney  gave  point,  direc- 
tion, and  apparent  consistency  to  the  Mormon  system 
of  theology.  He  invented  its  forms  and  many  of  its 
arguments.  He  and  Parley  Pratt  were  its  leading 
orators  and  polt  mIcs.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  acces- 
sion of  these  two  men,  Smith  would  have  been  lost, 
and  his  schemes  frustrated  and  abandoned.  That 
Brighara  was  superior  not  only  to  Smith  but  also  to 
Rijjdon  is  evident." 

Burton  says:  "His  manner  is  at  once  affable  and 
impressive,  simple  and  courteous,.  .  .shows  no  sign  of 
Jogmatism, ...  impresses  a  stranger  with  a  certain 
sense  of  power;  his  followers  are,  of  course,  wholly 
fascinated  by  his  superior  strength  of  brain."  Temper 
even  and  placid,  manner  cold,  but  he  is  neither  morose 
nor  methodistic.  Often  reproves  in  violent  language; 
powers  of  observation  acute;  has  an  excellent  mem- 
ory, and  is  a  keen  judge  of  character.  "If  he  dis- 
likes a  stranger  at  the  first  interview,  he  never  sees 
him  again.  Of  his  temperance  and  sobriety  there  is 
but  one  opinion.  His  life  is  ascetic;  his  favorite  food 
is  baked  potatoes  with  a  little  buttermilk,  and  his 
drink  water, 


>23 


"  City  of  the  SairUs,  292-3;  Mormonum,  170.  Hyde  is  by  no  means  one  of 
Bri^Lam's  flatterers,  but  appears  to  speak  from  uonviotion.  On  the  same 
page  he  remarks:  '  Brigham  may  be  a  great  man,  greatly  deceived,  but  he 


2M 


BRI6HAM  YOUNO  SUGCEEDS  JOSEPH. 


Further:  though  he  made  his  people  obey  him,  he 
shared  their  privations.  Soon  we  shall  find  him 
rousing  his  followers  from  the  lethargy  of  despair, 
when  their  very  hearts  had  died  within  them,  and 
when  all  cheeks  blanched  but  his;  speaking  words  of 
cheer  to  the  men,  and  v;lth  his  own  sick  child  in  his 
arms,  sharing  his  scant  rations  with  women  and 
children  who  held  out  their  hands  for  bread. 


Ell 


I    ' 


For  a  brief  space  after  the  election  of  Brigham  the 
saints  had  rest.  The  city  of  Nauvoo  continued  to 
thrive;^  a  portion  of  the  temple  was  finished  and 
dedicated,'**  the  building  of  the  Nauvoo  house  and 
council-house  was  progressing  rapidly. 

Their  buildings  were  erected  with  great  sacrifice 
of  time,  and  amidst  difficulties  and  discouragement  in 
consequence  of  poverty.  Money  was  exceedingly 
scarce."^  The  revelation  requiring  tithing,  made  in 
1838,  was  first  practically  applied  in  Nauvoo;  the 
tenth  day  was  regularly  given  to  work  on  the  temple ; 
the  penny  subscriptions  of  the  sisters  are  mentioned, 
which  was  a  weekly  contribution,  and  was  intended 
for  the  purchase  of  glass  and  nails.  Every  eflfort  was 
made  to  encourage  manufacture,  and  to  utilize  their 
water-power.     At  a  meeting  of  the  trades  delegates 

Unota  hypocrite;'  and  on  the  next  page:  'Brigham,  however  deceived,  is 
■till  a  bad  mau,  and  a  dangerous  man;  and  as  much  more  dangerous,  being 
ainccro  in  thinking  he  is  doing  God's  work,  as  a  madman  is  than  an  impostur. ' 
In  /(/.,  13G-40,  wo  have  a  short  and  succinct  narrative  of  Brigham's  career 
up  to  the  assassination  of  Jowph  Smith,  probably  the  best  that  has  yet  boon 
written  in  such  brief  space. 

^  'Almost  every  stranger  that  enters  our  city  is  excited  with  astonish- 
ment that  80  much  has  been  done  in  so  short  a  time.'  Likewise  there  was 
always  work  enough  for  them  among  the  gentiles,  who  '  did  not  know  how  to 
make  a  short  johnny-cake  until  our  giru  taught  them.'  Speech  of  EUkr 
Kimball,  April  8,  1845,  in  fd.,  vi.  973.  Savs  John  Taylor:  'When  wo  lii^t 
settled  in  Nauvoo, . .  .farming  lamis  out  of  the  city  were  worth  from  $l.'2'>  tu 
$.'>  per  ticnr,  when  we  left  they  were  worth  from  |5  to  |50  per  acre.  We 
turned  the  desert  into  a  city,  and  the  wilderness  into  a  fruitful  field  or  floliU 
and  gardens.'  AfilteHnial  Slnr,  viii.  115.  Bennett  mentions  a  community  furin 
near  Nauvoo,  which  was  cultivated  in  common  by  the  poorer  classes.  Hin'nry 
of  the  Saints,  191. 

*«It  was  dedicated  May  1,  1846,  by  Wilford  Woodruff  and  Orson  Hy.lo 
Two  davs  later  they  held  their  last  me3ting  there.    W\.<odruff'$  Hem.,  MS.,  3. 

**  'When  com  was  brought  to  my  door  at  ten  centtt  a  bushel,  and  sadly 
needed,  the  raoney  coald  not  be  raised.'  Utah  Note$,  MS.,  p.  6. 


THE  NAm'^00  TEMPLE. 


%j7 


him,  he 
nd  him 
despair, 
lem,  and 
words  of 
Id  in  his 
uen  and 


arham  the 
tinaed  to 
shed  and 
louse  and 

t  sacrifice 
orenaent  in 
Lceedingly 
,  made  in 
,uvoo;  the 
he  temple ; 
entioned, 
intended 
effort  was 
ilize  their 
delegates 

|er  deceived,  u 
.ngerouB,  Ueing 
1  an  impostor. ' 
igham'a  career 
,t  has  yet  *)cen 

.vith  aatouish- 
kise  there  was 
i  know  liow  to 
«r.ch  of  Killer 
KVhea  we  lirst 
from  Jl'^">  to 
kor  aero.  ^^'J 
I  field  or  fu-lili 
Immunity  farm 
History 


.  Orson  ny.lc 
htm.,  MS.,  3. 
Tjel,  and  wully 


there  was  intelligent  discussion  as  to  the  place  becom- 
ing a  great  manufacturing  centre.** 

In  January  1845  it  was  proposed  that  a  building 
for  the  high-priests  should  be  erected,  to  cost  $15,000, 
and  the  work  was  cheerfully  undertaken.  There  were 
frequent  entertainmonts  given  in  the  way  of  dances 
and  public  dinners  in  the  Nauvoo  mansion  and  in  the 
bowery  six  miles  out  of  the  city.*'  At  their  confer- 
ence in  April,  thousands  gathered.  The  temple  was 
pushed  forward,  as  the  people  were  counselled  to  re- 
ceive their  endowments  there  as  early  as  possible.  On 
the  24th  of  May  the  walls  were  finished,  and  the 
event  was  duly  celebi  ated.**  On  the  5th  of  October 
their  first  neeting  in  the  temple  was  held.**  From 
mites  and  tithings  it  was  -estimated  that  a  million  dol- 
lars had  been  raised.  Brigham,  Parley,  and  others 
of  the  quorum  administered  in  the  terjples  to  hun- 
dreds of  people,  the  services  often  cor.dnuing  all  day 
and  night.*"  At  the  end  of  December  one  thousand 
of  the  people  had  received  the  ord  .lances.  And  all 
this  was  'lone  midst  renewed  peniecutions,  and  while 
the  peopie  were  making  preparations  to  evacuate  the 
city. 

The  masons  withdrew  the  dispensation  previously 
granted  to  Nauvoo,  and  to  this  day  they  refuse  to 
admit  Mormons  into  their  order. 

''There  was  9500  or  $600  aiicady  collected  from  the  penny  subsoriptioni, 
whicii  wna  (h-awn  by  order  of  Uri{{ham  to  meet  a  debt  on  land  which  must  be 
imiiiediatoly  paid.  Hist.  B.  Younq,  MS.,  Dec.  5,  1844.  John  Taylor  says  it 
Wiut  iiiteiuled  to  eatalilish  manufactures  at  Nauvoo  on  a  largo  scale,  for  which 
tliu  Hervieea  of  English  emigrants  were  to  be  secured.  At  the  head  of  th« 
rapid^.,  nenr  Nauvoo,  stood  au  island,  to  which  it  was  proposed  to  build  • 
(bi !  leaving  spaces  for  water-whuels,  and  thus  stcuriug  power  'or  mills. 
/?<•/».,  MS..  19-*J0. 

"  lu  IIM.  B.  Younii,  M8.,  July  9  1845,  is  a  description  of  a  puMio  dinner 
for  the  benefit  of  the  church,  whore  Young,  Kir.i)>all,  Taylor,  and  others  offi- 
ciated at  the  tiiblo, 

"  At  six  o'clock  in  the  morning  the  i)eople  assembled.  The  *  Cap-stone 
Mui  :li,'  composed  for  the  occasion,  was  played  by  Pitt's  band;  Urigham  laid 
oil  the  lost  stone,  and  pronounced  the  benediction,  and  the  whole  congregation 
(hunted,  '  Hosanna  t  hosaona  to  Ood  and  the  lamb  I  amen,  amen,  aiid  omen  I' 
//w<.  li.  Vouiig,  MS.,  83. 

'*Tho  first  stone  waa  laid  April  6,  1841. 

'° '  I  commenced  administering  the  ordinances  of  endowment  at  five  o'clock 
sn>l  continued  until  half-pMt  three  in  the  morning.*  Id.,  MS.,  Deo.  10,  1846. 


208 


BRIGHAM  YOUNG  SUCCEEDS  JOSEPH. 


(I  ; 


Fresh  disaster  now  approached  Nauvoo.  Th  • 
whigs  and  the  democrats  of  Illinois  had  both  sought 
to  secure  the  Mormon  vote,  until  finally  they  began 
to  declare  that  Mormonisiu  signified  a  government  not 
in  accord  with  that  of  the  United  States.  The  city 
charter  had  been  repealed  in  January  1845,  and  Dan- 
iel Spencer,  wh(j  had  been  elected  to  fill  the  remain- 
der of  the  term  of  the  murdered  mayor,  was  deposed, 
as  were  all  the  other  city  officers;  a  new  charter  was 
before  the  legislature,  but  never  granted.  These  and 
like  measures,  followed  as  they  were  by  the  discharge 
of  Joseph  Smith's  assassins,  imparted  to  the  gentiles 
renewed  courage.  The  crimes  of  the  whole  country 
were  laid  at  the  door  of  the  saints.  Nauvoo  was  de- 
nouncetl  as  a  den  of  counterfeiters,  cattle-thieves,  and 
assassins,"  the  leaders  of  the  gang  being  men  who  in  the 
name  of  religion  outraged  all  sense  of  decency .  The 
saints  retaliated  in  kind ;  and  shortly  it  came  about  that 
in  sections  settled  by  Mormons  gentiles  feared  to  travel, 
and  in  sections  .settled  by  gentiles  Mormons  feared 
to  travel.  In  view  of  this  state  of  afifairs,  which  was 
more  like  old-time  feudalism  than  latter-day  repub 
licanism.  Governor  Ford  made  an  inspection  of  the 
city,  and  declared  that  fewer  thefts  were  committed 
in  Nauvoo  in  proportion  to  population  than  in  any 
other  town  in  the  state.  The  cause  of  this,  however, 
may  have  lain  in  the  fact  that  the  population  of  Nau- 
voo was  chiefly  Mormon,  and  whatever  might  be  their 
depredations  upon  the  gentiles,  the  saints  were  not 
accustomed  to  steal  from  each  other. 

At  a  place  called  the  Morloy  settlement,  in  Han- 
cock county,  in  September  1845,  the  people  hehl  ;v 
meeting  to  devise  means  for  the  prevention  of  thievery. 
Though  few  definite  charges  were  advanced,  there 
was  much  said  derogatory  to  Mormon  honesty. 
Presently  the  discharge  of  a  gun  was  heard,  once  or 
twice,  perhaps  more.     It  was  said  the  shots  were  tired 


*'  For  ipeciment  of  the  MOUMtioiu  brooght  agaitut  them,  sse  JIaWi  Mot- 
mmtiam  Expoted,  24-34. 


THE  RIOT  AT  MORLET. 


by  MorDions,  and  that  they  took  aim  at  the  house  in 
which  tie  meeting  was  held.  Soon  the  cry  went 
abroad  that  the  Mormons  were  in  arms,  and  there 
were  quickly  volunteers  at  hand  to  help  the  men  of 
Morloy.  A  meeting  was  held,  and  it  was  resolved  to 
expel  the  saints.  At  the  time  appointed,  armed  bands 
appeared  and  burned  some  twenty  JV^.r-mon  dwellings, 
diiving  the  inmates  into  the  bushes.^  The  people  of 
Illinois  were  evidently  now  determined  to  adopt  the 
previous  policy  of  the  uien  of  Missouri.  This  was  not 
all.  Word  had  come  that  forces  from  Nauvoo  were 
movi-Q  to  the  aid  of  the  Mormons  at  Morley,  where- 
upon the  gentiles  throughout  all  that  region  banded, 
threatening  to  burn  and  drive  out  the  saints  until  not 
one  should  remain.  As  a  beginning.  Duel's  flouring 
mill  and  carding  machine,  near  Lima,  the  property  of 
a  M  )rmvon,  was  reduced  to  oshes.^ 

And  now  the  men  of  Quincy,  their  old  friends  and 
benefactors,  turned  against  them;  and  though  not 
manifesting  the  deadly  hate  displayed  in  some  quar- 
ters, were  nevertheless  resolved  that  the  Mormons 
should  depart  from  the  state.  On  the  22d  the  citi- 
zens met  and  agreed  that  further  efforts  to  live  in 
peace  with  the  Mormons  were  useless.** 

Indeed,  the   saints   themselves   had   reached    the 

"Says  the  Qmncy  Whig:  '  If  the  Mormons  havo  been  guilty  of  crime,  why, 
punish  them;  but  do  not  visit  their  sins  on  defenceless  women  and  children. 
riiis  is  :ia  bad  oa  the  savages.'  ShurifTBackcnstos  thus  testifies:  '  It  is  proper 
to  state  that  the  Mormon  community  liave  acted  with  more  than  ordinary  lor- 
bearnnce,  remaining  perfectly  quiet,  and  offering  no  resistance  when  their 
dwellings,  other  buildings,  stacks  of  grain,  etc.,  were  sot  on  fire  in  their 
presence,  and  thoy  have  forborne  until  forbearance  is  no  longer  a  virtue.' 
l-'nllmer'M  ErpvUiion,  19. 

'^ '  Mobs  commenced  driving  out  the  Mormons  in  the  lower  ^mrt  of  Uau- 
t'uck  CO.,  und  burning  their  houses  ar.:l  property. .  .The  bummg  was  con- 
tinued from  settlement  to  settlement  for  1  en  or  eleven  days  without  any  re- 
Histancc  whatever.  The  people  at  Nau>(Mi  sent  out  wagons  and  teams  to 
brioj,'  those  people  in  whom  the  mob  had  tiriven  out  of  tiieir  homes.'  Welh' 
Narralivi',  MS. ,  ."15-0.  '  The  mob  said  they  would  drive  all  into  Nauvoo,  and 
all  \,uuoo  into  the  Mississippi.'  Rkhnrdx,  Rnn.,  MS.,  18. 

'"' It  is  a  settled  thing  that  the  public  sentiment  of  the  state  is  against 
tlie  Morinous,  and  it  will  be  in  vain  for  them  to  oontuud  against  it;  and  to 
pnvfut  bloodshed  and  the  sacrifice  of  so  many  livcE  on  both  sides  it  ia  their 
duty  to  oliey  the  public  will,  and  leave  the  statu  as  speedily  aa  possible. 
That  they  will  do  this,  we  have  a  conlidcnt  liopc,  and  that,  too,  before  the 
■act  extreme  is  resorted  to,  that  of  force.'  Pallmer't  KxpuUkut,  20. 
Hut.  Ciab.    14 


210 


BRIGHAM  YOUNG  SUCCEEDS  JOSEPH. 


ll 


same  conclusion.  It  was  no  new  idea  to  them,  seek- 
ing a  home  elsewhere.  It  was  a  rough  element,  that  by 
which  they  were  surrounded,  an  element  which  brought 
upon  them  more  of  evil  than  of  good.  Compara- 
tively few  additions  were  made  to  their  number  from 
the  bold  border  men  of  Missouri  and  Illinois,  most 
of  their  proselytes  coming  from  other  parts  of  the 
United  States  and  from  Europe.  The  whole  great 
west  was  open  to  them;  even  during  the  days  of 
Jose[)h  there  had  been  talk  of  some  happy  Arca- 
dian retreat  far  away  from  every  adverse  influence;"' 
and  in  the  fertile  brain  of  Brigham  the  idea  assumed 
proportions  yet  broader  and  of  more  intensified  form, 
significant  of  western  empire  and  isolation  somewhuro 
in  Calilbrniu  or  the  Pacific  isles,  with  himself  as 
leader,  and  followers  drawn  from  every  quarter  of 
the  globe. 

A  general  council  was  held  on  the  9th  of  Septem- 
ber, lit  which  it  was  resolved  that  a  company  of  fift  uon 
hundnd  men  be  selected  to  go  to  Salt  Lake  Valley, 
and  ti  committco  of  five  was  appointed  to  gather  ii)- 
formation  relative  to  the  subject.""  There  were  fre- 
quent meetings  of  the  authorities  and  consultations  in 
regard  to  emigrating  to  California." 

Tiie  saints  would  go,  they  said,  but  they  must  have 
a  reasonable  time  in  which  to  dispose  ot  their  prop- 

»»0'i  the  aoth  of  Feb.,  1S44,  according  to  the  JUillennial  Stnr,  xxii.  Sill, 
Joseph  uouiiHellccI  the  twelve  to  Beuil  out  a  delegatiou  and  '  invcstijjuto  tlu: 
locations  of  California  and  Oregon,  and  hunt  out  a  good  location  win  re 
wo  can  rrniovo  to  after  tlic  tt-niplo  is  completed,  where  wo  can  build  ii  city 
in  a  day  and  iiave  a  government  of  our  own.  In  Taylor's  lieminisceiuri,  M.S., 
11>,  ia  f.lie  following:  'A  favorite  song  in  Nauvoo,  and  of  my  own  coiniKisi 
tion,  was  entitled  "  The  Upper  California,  O  that's  the  land  forme!"  what 
is  now  Utali  being  known  by  that  name.  Joseph  Smith  was  the  first  wh" 
talked  of  the  latter-day  8».ints  coming  to  this  region.  As  early  as  Aiij.;ust 
i84'2  he  prophesied  that  tlic  Miints  would  be  driven  to  the  Jiocky  Mouutaui», 
and  tiiere  bncomc  a  miglity  people.' 

»«Seo  //ist.  /J.  Voitit;),  1845,  MS.,  19. 

•'  F.  D.  Kichr.rds  read  Fremont's  Journal  to  the  twelve,  and  later  Hastings 
account  of  California  was  read.  I  list.  It.  Vounif,  MS.,  308-16.  A  letter  wiia 
also  read  to  the  authorities  from  Brother  Sam  Urannon,  stating  tliat  tiio  aocre- 
tary  of  war  and  others  of  the  cabinet  were  plauuing  to  prevent  their  moving 
west — alleging  that  it  was  against  the  taw  for  an  armed  body  to  go  fn^tu  ilie 
U.  S.  to  any  other  government;  thu.t  it  would  not  do  to  let  tuern  go  to  Cali> 
fomiaor  Oregoa,  but  that  th«y  must  be  obliterated.  Hist.  B.  Youag,  MS.,  liOo. 


THE  MORMONS  MDST  00. 

erty  and  leave  the  country"    Th        \-  "' 

"otjce  of  which  with  a  copy  of  It      f'l'-^  "'  Q™n<=y. 
to  Nauyoo,  named  six  S^^^     ™'P,''"""'»  »'»s  sent 

«'»ch  the  Mormons  muTdetrT  't'  *'■■"«  ''''hi- 
council  of  the  chun-hrpnlfLP^.'-     ^n  answer,  the 

bor,  that  they  could  no  sfe"'''*  '«^  "^  S«Pto» 
when  there  would  be  neitWf„'^T  ^ '" '''<^  T '"?• 
ior  oven  running  water  but  fi,  vt  *°'"  ""»"  or  W 
ti-ution  to  depart  as  soon  »  *''**.'',  was  their  fuuT' 
would  go  far  enoughX°,Vt  P''^'"«.  and  that  h"' 
for  to  be  free  &^j;teS.«>«->  forever  therZ 
iioy  asked  was  that  they  shouM  '    ;  K*^°/"«''>i'e  all 

«»tod  by  armed  bands  or  su"te  2il  ^  ^?"''«'-  ""o- 
assisted  m  RA]Ii'r,»  xl  •  suits  at  law    huf  «„iu 

cfetB."      '""'"»  "'-^  property  and  coliectingTeIr' 

To  this  the  men  of  On.v 
''";« .'lodging  thentfcn:!''^'".'  "t^-^^ame 
'»'  ■"■0  "■'  tho  part  of  the  satrrf  "11°"  '»  «ase  of 
an.   takmg  measures  to  secure  a  ^  rf^  *•"-''■•  promise, 
"f  ^tbo  |.eoplo  of  Adams  eounr»  "''^'^''^  otganization 

™.,ai,:id,;;'l,it  othe'rTotf  *"'  '^"«"««  >™uld 
volition  of  delegates  fmn,"     "'""'  "««"»     A  con 

;-  hold  .tbere''''atu[7he"'e":d™„7Tt^  «°""fe 
four  commissioners  amonn.  „t      °'^  September,  and 
"«""'-■•  "f  the  state  Si  """";  T"  Hardin,  com 
«rc  »e„t  to  Nauvoo  to  deman^'l^^''^'*''  ^«'«"o"" 
>'<innons.     The  dnn..*.*-         "  ""*  departure  of  nL 

;f  t„o  '-velve  witteXEt^afi^-'''/"-"^ 
--was  promptly  maSetaT'tS^  tZLttZt 

^' ■'•:;  Sir- «:£,^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

;,  ,^VMswer  in  fuji  ,„  ^,,    ^  ""'^'i  >n  full  in  Ful 


r 


212 


BUOHAM  YOUNO  SUCCEEDS  JOSEPH. 


take  place  as  speedily  as  possible.  "  What  guarantee 
will  you  give  us?"  asked  U  din.  "You  have  our 
all  as  guarantee,"  answered  Brigham.  "Young  is 
right,"  said  Douglas.  But  this  reply  would  not  sat- 
isfy all  the  commissioners,  and  the  twelve  were  re- 
quested to  submit  their  intentions  in  writing,  in  order 
that  they  might  be  laid  before  the  governor  and 
people  of  the  state.     This  was  done.** 

The  commissioners  then  returned  home;  but  not 
even  yet  were  the  men  of  Carthage  content.  To  the 
resolutions  passed  at  Quincy  wero  added  others  of 
similar  nature,  and  the  whole  adopted.  A  plan  of 
organization  was  agreed  upon,  and  arrangements  were 
made  for  calling  meetings  and  securing  volunteers, 
who  were  to  select  their  own  oflScers  and  report  to  the 
Quincy  military  committee.  The  judge  of  Hancock 
county  was  requested  by  this  convention  not  to  hold 

**  In  answer  to  the  letter  of  the  oommiarionera,  the  saints  on  the  aanie 
day  said,  after  referring  to  their  commnnication  of  the  24th  to  the  Quincy 
committee:   '  In  addition  to  this,  we  would  say  that  we  had  commcuccd 
making  arrangements  to  remove  from  the  country  pi-cvious  to  the  recent  diM 
turbonces;  tl.at  we  have  four  companies  of  100  families  each,  and  six  mnif 
companies  now  organizing,  of  the  same  number  each,  preparatory  to  a  rcuiovul. 
That  1,000  famUics,  including  the  twelve,  the  high  council,  the  trustees,  and 
general  authorities  of  the  church,  are  fullv  determined  to  remove  in  th« 
spiing,  independent  of  the  contingencies  of  selling  our  property;  ami  this 
company  will  comprise  from  5,000  to  6,000  souls.     That  the  cnnrch,  as  a 
body,  desire  to  remove  with  us,  and  will  if  sales  can  bo  effected  so  as  to  raise 
the  necessary  means.     Tiiat  the  organization  of  the  church  we  represent  it 
such  that  there  never  can  exist  but  one  head  or  presidency  at  any  one  time. 
And  all  good  members  wish  to  be  with  the  organization;  and  all  are  determined 
to  remove  to  some  distant  point,  where  wj  shall  neither  infringe  nor  be 
infringed  upon,  so  soon  as  time  and  mcami  will  permit.    That  we  have  some 
hundreds  of  farms  and  some  2,000  houses  for  sale  in  this  city  and  county, 
and  we  request  all  good  citizens  to  assist  in  the  disposal  of  our  property. 
That  we  do  not  exptv^t  to  find  purchasers  for  our  temple  and  other  public 
buildings;  but  we  are  willing  to  rent  them  to  a  respectable  community  wiiu 
may  inhabit  the  city.     That  we  wish  it  distinctly  understood  that  although 
we  may  not  find  purchasers  for  our  property,  we  will  not  sacrilice  it,  nor 
give  it  away,  or  suffer  it  Ulegallv  to  be  wrested  from  us.    That  we  do  not 
intend  to  sow  any  wheat  this  fall,  and  should  we  all  sell,  we  shall  not  put  iu 
any  more  crops  of  any  description.     That  as  soon  as  practicable  wo  will 
appoint  committees  from  the  city.  La  llarpe,  Macedonia,  Bear  Creek,  auil 
all  necessary  places  in  the  country,  to  give  information  to  purchasers.    Tliat 
if  these  testimonies  are  not  sufficient  to  satisfy  any  people  that  we  mv  in 
earnest,  we  will  soon  give  them  a  sign  that  cannot  be  mistaken — we  will 
leave  them.'    In  Hist.  U.    Young,  MS.,  Nov.  1845,  it  is  stated  that  tliere 
were  familiea  onraniied  3,285:  waicoiu  od  hand  1,508;  wagons  commeuctd 
1.802. 


SAMUEL  BRANNAN'S  PARTY. 


9U 


larantec 
ftve  our 
oung  ia 
not  sat- 
j^rere  re- 
in order 
•nor  and 

but  not 
To  the 
others  of 
i,  plan  of 
ents  were 
olunteers, 
)ort  to  the 
'  Hancock 
ot  to  hold 

a  on  the  same 
to  the  Quincy 
^  coumieuccu 
the  recent  di« 
I,  and  BIX  more 
•4  to  a  removul. 
le  tmstecs,  hihI 
remove  in  the 
)orty;  ami  this 
,0  chnrch.  as  a 
pd  BO  as  to  raise 
re  represent  w 
i  any  one  tinv'- 
are  determined 
ifringe  nor  be 
5  we  have  some 
ity  and  county, 
^  our  property. 
id  other  public 
oromunity  «lio 
,  that  although 
-acritice  it,  "0«" 
Kat  we  do  not 
Ihallnotputm 
'licable  wo  wiU 
«ar  Creek,  anJ 
Qaaers.    That 
Ithat  we  uve  m 
Itoken— wcwili 
Ited  that  there 
bna  comnieu*^^''' 


court  during  that  autumn,  for  fear  of  collision  between 
saints  and  gentiles,  and  the  governor  was  recommended 
to  station  in  that  vicinity  a  small  military  force  to 
keep  peace  during  the  winter. 

During  the  height  of  the  troubles  at  Nauvoo,  Orson 
Pratt  was  in  New  York,  where  on  the  8th  of  No- 
vember, 1845,  he  addressed  a  farewell  message  to  the 
brethren  in  the  east,  calling  upon  such  of  them  as 
had  means  to  sell  their  property,  buy  teams,  and  join 
the  overland  emigration,  and  those  who  had  none  to 
tak.  passage  in  the  ship  Brooklyn,  chartered  for  the 
purpose  by  Elder  Samuel  Brannan,  and  which  was  to 
siiii  round  Cape  Horn,  via  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  for 
California.  Shortly  after,  the  Brooklyn  sailed  with 
2.'18  emigrants,  the  price  of  passage  being  ^50  for 
adults,  with  $25  additional  for  subsistence.  The  de- 
tiiils  of  this  expedition,  with  names  of  the  emigrants, 
their  doings  in  California,  and  the  departure  for  the 
Great  Salt  Lake  of  a  large  portion  of  them,  is  gi»ren 
in  volume  V.  chapter  XX.  of  my  Histoinf  of  California. 
Upon  his  return  to  Nauvoo,  Pratt  brought  $400  worth 
of  Allen's  six-shooting  pistols. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


J I 


EXPULSION  FROM  NAUVOa 

1846-1848. 

A  Bust  Citt— Mkriiio  ik  thi  Templk— SAOiunoE  of  Pbopibtt— Detaoh- 
MBNTS  Movi  Forward — A  Sinoclab  Exodus — Thb  Firht  Encampment 
— Cool  Pboposal  fbom  Brothir  Bhanman— The  Jocrnet— Couragk 

AMD  OOOD  CmtER — SWELUN'O  OF  THEIR    NCHBERS— THS    RkMNAMT  OP 

THE  Saints  in  NAtrvoo — Attitddb  of  the  Gentiles — Thx  Mormons 
Attacked— Continued  Hostilities— The  Final  Departures— The 
Poor  Camp— A  Deserted  City. 

The  holy  city  now  presented  an  exciting  scene. 
Men  were  making  ready  their  merchandise,  and  fami- 
lies preparing  to  vacate  their  homes.  Hundreds  were 
making  tents  and  wagon  covers  out  of  cloth  bought 
with  anything  they  happened  to  have;  companies  were 
organized  and  nurabi  red,  each  of  which  had  its  own 
wagon-shop,  wheelwrights,  carpenters,  and  cabinet- 
makers, who  were  all  busily  employed.*  Green  timber 
was  prepared  for  spokes  and  felloes,  some  kiln-driocl, 
and  some  boiled  in  salt  and  water.  At  the  Nauvoo 
house  shops  were  established  as  well  as  at  the  mason's 
hall  and  arsenal.  Iron  was  brought  from  different 
parts  of  the  country,  and  blacksmiths  were  at  work 
night  and  day.'^ 

Some  three  years  previous,  the  prophet  Joseph  luul 
ordered  that  there  should  not  be  another  general  eon- 

'  Parley  Pratt's  calculation  for  an  outfit  of  every  family  of  5  persons  mjis 
1  good  wagon,  3  yoke  cattle,  2  cows,  2  beef  cattle,  .3  sheep,  1,000  lbs  Hour, 
20  lbs  sugar,  1  rillo  and  ammunition,  a  tent  and  tent-poles,  from  10  to  20  ll>s 
seed  to  a  family,  from  25  to  100  lbs  tools  for  farming,  and  a  few  other  itcins, 
the  cost  being  about  9250,  provided  they  had  nothing  else  but  bedding  uuil 
cooking  utensils.  Ilixt.  B.  Young,  MS. ,  12.'>. 

''In  December  the  drying-house  of  emigrating  company  no.  18  was  bunicii 
to  the  ground,  consuming  $300  worth  of  wagon  timber.  Id,,  MS.,  Deo.  1845. 

(au) 


PROPOSED  MIORATTOW. 


ference  until  it  could  be  hM  ■     ...  "' 

now,  on  the  5th  of  October  ffti",  'J"^  *?»?'«•  And 
sons  assembled,  and  o7the  fiflf  '  •*"*  J^ousand  per- 
great  conference,  which  IaZjt^°'''?«  -^f  Han  the 

tr*  V  "i-  T'«  P«™ittedM  short     •^'-    Th«  «inte! 
W,ful  structure,  a  n,Cre^^J?7'"'Ii^  °f  their 
and  money  exoenrffiH      xr  ^.    '^eward  for  all  the  f^;i 
-"0  of  ft;  /Jf«f^    Hohness  to  the  Lo,xl  Z  ^t 
carry  hence;  the  hewn  st^ni  .h     ''^  f^^^  could  now 
brass  they  „„st  Ieav?fe   \Z°°t'^r'''  ""d  thi 
them  as  a  temple  "where  th.  ^S  '""'*''&  ^^  to 
k".gdom  could  "come  toother  to  i'"'^"  "^  *»•«  '«  * 
As  they  oast  one  last  g^e  „„  tu  -P"'*"  the  Lord." 

r  rT'/  '■^"^d  to  t£  fai?h  t^  '"T"'  ""d  the 
the  God  of  the  gentiles  ?    Ca„  h  *  h'^  ''*«^,  "Who  is 

In  the  same  number  of  th    7^?    "  ""'  ^fod  ?"• 
«hich  appeared  a  notice  of  th^"""  "?'^  *«*»'»  m 
hshed  a  cfrcular  signed  bvBr^L   ""^^'"S  "««  Pub- 

^  new  epoch,  not  only  in  IhfT  f  ""^^  t^em,  forms 
bnt  c-this  nation."'  ^       ""^  '"^'"'y  of  the  church! 


K*  i ;,' "»'  «">  <l«y  »w tl,e  '.i™ ."""'""s »•"" 


216 


EXPULSION  FROM  NAUVOO. 


H  .1 


The  arbitrary  acts  of  the  people  of  Illinois  in  forc- 
ing the  departure  of  the  saints  lays  them  open  to  the 
grave  charge,  among  others,  of  a  desire  to  possess 
their  property  for  less  than  its  value.  Houses  and 
lots,  farms  and  merchandise,  could  not  bo  turned  into 
money,  or  oven  into  wagons  and  live-stock,  in  a  moment, 
except  at  a  ruinous  sacrifice.  Granted  that  the  hior 
archy  was  opposed  to  American  institutions,  that  the 
Mormons  wished  to  gain  possession  of  the  United 
States  and  rule  the  world :  no  one  feared  the  immediate 
consummation  of  their  pretentious  hopes.  Granted 
that  among  them  were  adulterers,  thieves,  and  mur- 
derers: the  gentiles  were  the  stronger,  and  had  laws 
by  which  to  punish  the  guilty.  It  was  not  a  noble 
sentiment  which  had  actuated  the  people  of  Missouri ; 
it  was  not  a  noble  sentimeat  which  now  actuated  the 
people  of  Illinois,  thus  to  continue  their  persecutions 
during  the  preparations  for  departure,  and  drive  a 
whole  cityful  from  their  homes  out  upon  the  bleak 
prairie  in  the  dead  of  winter. 

In  January  1846  the  council  ordered  that  a  de- 
tachment should  set  forth  at  once,  and  that  the  re- 
mainder of  the  saints  should  follow  as  soon  as  possi- 
ble. "Beloved  brethren,"  said  their  leader,  "it  now 
remains  to  be  proven  whether  those  of  our  family 
and  friends  who  are  necessarily  left  behind  for  a 
season,  to  obtain  an  outfit  through  the  sale  of  prop- 
erty, shall  be  mobbed,  burned,  and  driven  away  by 
force.  Does  any  American  want  the  honor  of  doing 
it?  or  will  any  Americans  suffer  such  acts  to  be  done, 
and  the  disgrace  of  them  to  remain  on  their  char- 
acter, under  existing  circumstances.  If  they  will, 
let  the  world  know  it." 

The  world  was  soon  to  know  it.  Driven  almost  at 
the  point  of  the  sword,  a  large  number  of  the  saints, 
soon  afterward  followed  by  the  president,  the  twelve, 
the  high  council,  and  other  companies,  gathered  on 
the  eastern  bank  of  the  Mississippi  early  in  February- 
There  was  but  little  money  in  circulation  throu«(h- 


SALE  OF  PROPERTY 

out  the  west  at  this  tirue      n  "' 

"r  exchange  onrborir'"""''  'he  form  „f  ri"^ 
d'flioult,  af  I  hrv^3aid  fo:'^H'''rfore  ex^edt  r; 

0^  course  conU  ..  ^  "v*^^  t»(3ir  value      Th«    ^  .m  "^ 

^,™  «««  of  fteel?  sufficient"*''"';''""  "''  'h«  P  S" 
Tlio  best  they  could  do  w?,  /"  <'«Preciate  piLirtv 
f"- >vagon.,  and  horses  a  7™;f'"^'""«<-'  "'eirCds 
to  m  Jarsje  an  extent  as  nl°u'^'  »"''  ""'s  thev  dS 
'^y  'or  a  hundred  mUes  arSt-/~T"S  ">'  -"^ 

>^auvoo.«    Beforp  H?    "^'Sr^atory  saints  beaan  fTr' 

Vret*  '^"^'55:™er ''"  '"-''""ter.'rd 

^^t^rC^:^:^-  'A^  -'"•»  histor,  to  this 
T  '^P  'heathen  Cd' a kSS  'f  ??'?  ^O""  W 


ffM 


EXPULSION  FROM  NAUVOO. 


.\\l 


I  if  r 


u  people  making  few  pretensions  to  civil  or  religious 
liberty.  It  was  from  these  same  people  who  had  fled 
from  old-world  persecutions  that  they  might  enjoy 
liberty  of  conscience  in  the  wilds  of  America,  from 
their  descendants  and  associates,  that  other  of  their 
descendants,  who  claimed  the  right  to  differ  from  them 
in  opinion  and  practice,  were  now  fleeing.  True,  the 
Mormons  in  various  ways  had  rendered  themselves 
abominable  to  their  neighbors:  so  had  the  puritan 
fathers  to  their  neighbors.  Before  this  the  Mormons 
had  been  driven  to  the  outskirts  of  civilization,  where 
they  had  built  themselves  a  city;  this  they  must  now 
abandon,  and  throw  themselves  upon  the  mercy  of 
savages. 

The  flrst  teams  crossed  about  the  10th,  in  Hat 
boats,  which  were  rowed  over,  and  which  plied  forth 
and  back  from  early  dawn  until  late  into  the  night, 
skiffs  and  other  river  craft  being  also  used  tor 
passengers  and  baggage.  The  cold  increased.  On 
the  16th  snow  fell  heavily;  and  the  river  was  frozen 
over,  so  that  the  remainder  of  the  emigration  crossed 
on  the  ice.  Their  first  camp,  the  camp  of  the  congre- 
gation, was  on  Sugar  Creek,  a  few  milen  from  Nauvoo 
and  almost  within  sight  of  the  city.^  All  their  move- 
ments were  directed  by  Brigham,  who  with  his  family 
and  a  quorum  of  the  twelve,  John  Taylor,  George  A. 
Smith,  Heber  C.  Kimball,  Willard  Kichards,  Orstm 
Hyde,  Orson  Pratt,  Parley  P.  Pratt,  and  Amasa 
Lyman,  joined  the  brethren  on  Sugar  Creek  on  tlie 
15th.  Wilford  Woodruff,  who  had  been  sent  to  pre- 
side over  the  mission  to  England,  joined  the  emigra- 
tion later  at  Mount  Pisgah. 

On  the  morning  of  the  17th,  all  the  saints  in  camp 
being  assembled  near  the  bridge  to  receive  their  lead- 
er's instructions,  the  president  stood  upright  in  his 
wagon,  and  cried  with  a  loud  voice,  "Attention!  the 

' '  We  eaoamped  at  Sugar  Creek,  in  the  snow,  while  two  of  my  children 
were  very  ill.  We  slept  in  our  wagons,  which  were  pioced  close  to  our  touts.' 
Home'a  Migrations,  M8.,  16. 


DEPARTURE  OF  THE  SAINTS. 


S19 


whole  camp  of  Israel.""  He  then  went  on  to  say  that 
an  the  Lord  had  been  with  them  in  times  past,  how- 
soever singular  had  been  his  method  of  proving  his 
presence,  so  would  he  be  with  them  in  the  future. 
His  empire,  the  empire  of  his  people,  was  established, 
and  the  powers  of  hell  should  not  prevail  against  it.' 

After  this,  with  comparatively  light  heu1»,  thev 
broke  camp,  and  slowly  wendinff  their  way  westward, 
(linappeared  at  length  beyond  the  horizon,  in  pursuit 
once  more  of  the  ever-mocking  phantom  of  home. 
Wliither  they  journeyed  they  were  as  yet  uncertain. 
They  knew  only  that  they  were  to  search  out,  prob- 
ably beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains,  if  not  indeed 
among  them,  some  isolated  spot,  where,  far  away  from 
the  land  of  boasted  freedom,  the  soil,  the  skies,  and 
mind  and  manners  were  free.  If  they  were  offensive 
to  the  laws,  if  the  laws  of  the  land  were  oflensive  to 
them,  they  would  go  where  they  might  have  land  and 
laws  of  their  own. 

Considering  their  situation,  and  what  they  had  been 
lately  called  to  undergo — ignominy,  insult,  the  loss  of 
property,  the  abandonment  of  home — there  was  little 
complaint.  It  was  among  their  opponents,  and  in  the 
midst  of  a  general  recital  of  their  wrongs,  that  the 
saints  were  accustomed  to  put  on  a  long  face  and  strike 
into  a  doleful  strain.     Among  themselves  there  were 


*  The  camp  of  Israel  was  wherever  the  president  and  apostles  were. 

*It  lias  been  stated  that  after  dismissing  his  congregatton  on  the  17th  the 
president  led  several  of  the  twelve  aside  to  a  valley  cost  of  the  camp,  and  held 
a  council.  A  letter  was  then  read  from  Samuel  Branuau,  a  Mormon  elder 
then  in  New  York,  together  with  a  copy  of  an  agreement  l>etwcen  him  and 
uiie  A.  (i.  Bention.  Branuau  was  at  that  time  in  charge  of  a  company  of  suints 
bound  for  the  Pacifio  coast  by  way  of  Capo  Horn,  and  the  agreement  which 
he  forwarded  for  Brigham's  signature  required  the  pioneers  to  transfer  to  A. 
G.  Bcutiuu  uud  company  tlie  odd  numbers  of  uU  the  town  lots  that  they  might 
acquire  in  the  country  where  they  settled.  'I  shall  select,'  writes  Braunan, 
'  the  must  Hui  table  spot  on  the  bay  of  Son  Francisco  for  the  location  of  a  commer- 
cial city.'  Tlie  council  refused  to  take  any  action  in  the  matter.  In  case 
they  relnsed  to  sign  the  agreement,  Tullidge  soljerly  relates.  Life  of  Bri'jhom 
Yonnij,  ]i>-23,  the  president,  it  was  said,  would  issue  a  proclamation,  setting 
[ortli  tliut  it  was  the  intention  of  tlie  Mornioua  tu  take  sides  with  either  Mex- 
ico or  Great  Britain  against  tlie  United  States,  and  order  them  to  be  disarmed 
or  (liapersed!  Further  mention  of  this  matter  is  mado  in  HiUory  of  Cali/or- 
)'ta,  vol.  V.  uap.  XX.,  this  series. 


IKO 


EXPULSION  FROM  NAUVOO. 


few  people  more  free  from  care,  or  more  light-hearted 
and  happy. 

In  the  present  instance,  though  aU  were  poor  and 
Home  destitute,  and  though  man  and  beast  were  ox- 
posed  to  driving  rain  and  hail,  and  the  chill  blasts  of  a 
western  winter  often  sweeping  down  upon  them  un- 
checked from  the  limitless  prairie,  they  made  the  bent 
of  it,  and  instead  of  wasting  time  in  useless  repining, 
set  themselves  at  work  to  make  the  most  of  their 
joys  and  the  least  of  their  sorrows.  On  the  night  of 
March  1st,  when  the  first  camp  was  pitched  beyond 
Sugar  Creek,  after  prayer  they  held  a  dance,  and 
as  the  men  of  Iowa  looked  on  they  wondered  how 
these  homeless  outcasts  from  Christian  civilization 
could  thus  praise  and  make  merry  in  view  of  their 
near  abandoning  of  themselves  to  the  mercies  of  sav- 
ages and  wild  beasts."  Food  and  raiment  were  pro- 
vided for  all;  for  shelter  they  had  their  tents  and 
wagons,  and  after  the  weathev  had  spent  soiaewhat  of 
its  ruggedness,  no  extreme  hardships  were  buffered. 
Without  uttemnting  long  distances  in  a  single  day, 
they  made  camp  rather  early,  and  after  the  u.sual 
manner  of  emigrants,  the  wagons  in  a  circlo  or  soiiii- 
circle  round  the  camp-fire,  placed  so  as  best  to  sliield 
them  from  the  wind  and  wild  beasts  and  Indians, 
with  the  animals  at  u  convenient  distance,  some  staked, 
and  some  running  loose,  but  all  carefully^  guarded. 
The  country  through  which  they  passed  was  much  of 
it  well  wooded;  the  land  was  fertile  and  afforded  abuii- 
<laiit  pastures,  the  grass  in  summer  being  from  oiiu  to 
ti-ii  feet  liigh.  pDvisions  were  cheap:  corn  twilvf 
oui»ts  and  wheat  twenty-five  to  thirty  cents  a  bushel, 


"> '  In  tha  latter  part  of  March  weatarteil  for  Council  Bluflb,  400  miles  did- 
taut,  and  wore  three  tnontha  on  the  way.  Croning  a  long  prairie  in  n  fearful 
•l4inii,  the  mud  beoamo  ao  auft  that  we  could  not  travel,  aid  wo  wuro  olili^'oi 
ti.' encamp;  the  water  waa  several  inchoa  deep  all  over  oir  campiiif,'f.'r<'U[i<l: 
we  had  no  wootl  for  a  fira,  and  no  iieana  of  drying  our  sorikcd  clotliiu^.  In 
thu  r.iiomiu(;  every tiiinx  woa  fruzei.  fr,at;  and  a  squirrel  '.vas  found  frozen 
Frequently  lK)U^ha  weru  .'uid  on  tlio  ground  before  the  toaniH  nuuld  iMtaH 
We  had  to  camp  in  mud  uttil  the  rooda  were  dry  enough  to  travel.'  //one* 
MigralioM,  MS.,  1»-10. 


THE  JOURNEY  WESTWARD. 


221 


Ir  cttinpiiigt-''"""'"' 


buef  two  cents  a  pound,  and  all  pavab  e  in  Icbor  at 
wliat  was  then  considered  good  wages,  say  forty  or 
iifty  cents  a  day. 

Into  the  wilderness  they  went,  journeying  day 
after  day  on  toward  the  setting  sun,  their  hearts 
buoyant,  their  sinews  strengthened  by  a  power  not  of 
this  world.  Forever  fades  the  real  before  the  imag- 
inary. There  is  nothing  tougher  than  fanaticism. 
What  cared  they  for  wind  and  rain,  for  comfortless 
couches  or  aching  limbsj  — the  kingdom  of  the  Lord 
was  with  them.  What  cared  they  for  insults  and  in- 
justice when  the  worst  this  world  coull  do  was  to 
liasten  heaven  to  them?  So  on  toward  tsv:  west  their 
long  train  of  wagons  rolled,  leaving  each  day  farther 
and  farther  behind  the  old,  cold,  fanatical  cost,  with 
its  hard,  8oiisele.s.  dogmas, and  its  merciless  civilization, 
without  murmurings,  without  discord,  the  man  above 
any  other  on  earth  they  most  loved  and  feared  riding 
at  their  head,  or  standing  with  uplifted  and  <!xtoniled 
liaiids  as  his  people  passed  by,  blessing  and  comforting 
them.  "We  were  happy  and  eontented,"  suys  John 
Taylor,  "  and  the  songs  of  Zion  resounded  from  wagon 
to  wagon,  reverberating  through  the  woods,  while  the 
t'olu)  was  returned  from  the  distant  hills."" 

There  were  brass  or  stringed  instruments  in  uvery 
ciiiupany,  and  night  and  morning  all  were  called  to 
prayers"  at  the  sound  of  the  bugle.  Camp-fires 
iln.'w  around  them  the  saints  when  their  day's  work 
was  fini.shed,  and  singirs^r  dancing,  and  story-telling 
onlivened  the  hour. 

As  they  went  on  their  way  their  ranks  wore  swelled 
hy  fresh  bands,  Uittil  there  were  brought  together 
'J.OOO  wagons,  30,000  head  of  cattle,  a  great  number 
vf  mules  and  horses,  and  immense  tl()cks  of  sheep. 

"  '  It  ii  tnie,'  hu  writ^a,  '  th»t  in  our  ^njouminK  we  An  not  poimess  nil  the 
luxui  us  and  delioacioa  of  olii-eatalUihed  countriea  and  oitiei,  but  wo  have 
itbuii  liucu  of  the  ituplo  ;:oirjino(Utioa,  eucli  a«  (loiii-,  inciii,  bvof,  mutton,  pork, 
milk  buUor,  aiul  iu  lotno  iniitttiicus  cIkk-ic,  HUgar,  cutfce,  tua,  oto.'  Letter  iu 
il.ll  ,u,ifi.Star,  Till.  111. 

Hat  li  laniily  liail  prayer*  HfiNtratcly .   Taylor'*  Htm.,  MS.,  tf. 


222 


EXPULSION  FROM  NAUVOO. 


m 

1 

?  ■!'  1 

i^ 

4  ^ 

y             ; 

f ' 

f    ; 

i 

Richardson  Point*'  thoy  made  their  .second  stationary 
camp,  the  third  at  Chariton  River,  the  fourth  at 
Locust  Creek,  where  a  considerable  time  was  sj.eiit. 
Then  there  were  —so  named  by  tiio  saints — Garden 
Grove,"  a  large  timbered  tract  which  hud  been  burned 
over,  Mount  Pisgah,"  and  finally  Winter  Quarters,  in 
Nebraska,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Missouri, a  little  above 
the  modern  Omaha,  on  the  site  of  the  present  town 
of  Florence."  At  Garden  Grove  and  Mount  Pisgali 
were  established  farming  settlements  for  the  benefit 
of  those  who  were  to  follow.  In  July  the  main  bixlv 
reached  the  Missouri  at  the  spot  now  known  as  Council 
Bluffs,  antl  soon  afterward  many  crossed  the  rivor  in  i 
ferry-boat  of  their  own  construction,  and  pitched  tlieii 
tents  at  Winter  Quarters.     Other  large  encampments 


&"//'/ 
^.-'-i    /*■- 


I  L/>ri«iii{ 


1  w 


t  ^j,' —   —f — 


M  /      I   l^*  H>-^       m4 


Bktwexn  tur  Musiasipri  and  Mishudki. 


IJ?PfJ 


'* In  Leo  County,  Iowa,  throo  wcoks  from  tluir  ntnrtinK-point. 

'*AlM*ut  150  inilfs  fruni  Naiivoo,  on  tint  oiiHt  fork  of  tlio  Orantl  UiviT 
'  Many  locatc-il  thuru,  ploughing  iinil  Howin^,  ami  proiwrin^'  Iioiiich  for  tli<ir 
p<x)r  lirt'tliifu  for  a  longer  iicritKl.'  Unrue'H  Mi'irdtionn,  MS,,  h).  'On  tlii' 
iitoniing  of  tlitt 'JTtli  of  April  tliu  Imglo  Kouiuled  nt  (iiinlon  (irovc,  ninl  ;:ll 
the  nitii  liWH'nililctl  to  orgnni/o  for  liiiHir.  Iniiui'diivtoly  liuiidroilH  of  iiicii 
wore  at  U'oik,  <'ntting  tnu"*,  Kplilling  riiiln,  making  ft!nc<;fl,  rutting  1  ign  fur 
hotiai'H,  huiltling  l>riilgi-M,  making  ploughs,  and  iionling  caltlu.  Quito  ti  niiiii' 
l>or  wtTf  sent  into  tho  MitiHouii  H<-ttlomt>ntt«  U)  uxfliango  lioiiti'H  for  oxon,  \A- 
uaMe  ft'utii<-r-l>rilM  luxl  tliu  liku  for  oroviHionH  and  articlt's  most  nunded  in  tin' 
i^unip,  antt  tlic  rniuaindur  irngagcil  in  plou^ddng  nnci  planting.  McNsrni^iii 
wurc  al.tii  deK|iat<'lii-d  to  call  in  tliu  Ixuids  of  pionecMH  McatteriMi  o\'L>r  tli>i  I'miH' 
try  Hct'king  work,  with  inittruotionx  to  IwiHtcn  tlium  up  to  iiuip  form  tiu-  invr 
lottlcnicntii  l>ofore  tlic  iH-aiion  had  ]Miiiiicd;  bo  that,  in  a  Hcarooly  ooni'(-ival>ln 
■|iac'<>  of  timo,  at  (iardiMi  (irovo  and  Mount  I'ifigah,  induHtrious  HcttU'incntii 
■pning  upalmontiM  if  l>y  iiiaL'ic'   TiiUiihif'n  Lifr  of  liriijhain  Yoniuj,  11. 

''This  aito  Wiui  dincoveriHl  l>y  I'arlcy,  wlio  was  sont  forward  to  rocoimoitrw 
by  llrighani.  It  wait  situated  on  a  liraiich  of  (iraiid  Rivur,  ami  for  yearn  »a« 
tho  resting-plocv  for  the  saints  on  tlieir  way  to  Utah.  Aulohioij.  I'.  I'raii,  '.\>\. 

'*  Ucro  7UU  log  cahiiis  and  !'>()  dugouts  (cabins  half  under  ground)  with 
bailt    A  large  (piantity  of  liay  was  uut,  and  a  Uouriug  mill  uruuteU.  /</.,  :iA>>. 


THE  BKMNANT  AT  NAUVOO 

>vcrc  formed  on  both  banks  of  ti      ■  *" 

near  by,  where  grass  was  nl.l-  •  f  "T"  "'•  "»  faints 
al«mt  12,000  MlnnoZZ^^t^L  M  P"^'^  »"*«»,„ 
'-hood,  or  .ere  on  their^^^^rSVi^r «''- 

'io^  U'«?  r:rurn'rfco''°''';'"  "f  *'-  <--"S™- 
»H  1  those  who  were  ^mZ  "/'•  "''"  '"»>■  '*  fared 
""•  r  Pilgrin,age.  l',  ^  b^f^;!  '".Preparations  for 
"■'II  ';^'"'on,bc.r*:that  the  Monnn.r  ^'^H'  "'"  --'""lor 
•I"' ••;toto  in  the  spring,  ,^""^»''""'''  •'-■''"vo  fron. 
-;'ul,  soil  their  -ronertv  in  f"""-""-'!  as  they 
'l'"';ld  '"'t  be  „,;,|Jt„,,  -  •  i^^„" '"*  "'oanwhilo  they 

7,";l,«  '"«'  crossed  the  Mi»»S,i  f'"''''  "''?'«•  t''""- 
"II  I'o  ".ore  .,bnoxi„us  n,eml!I'  '  ,?',T""'  "•'""»  were 
-l"l",  l."w  had  the  gen  r   S  ?,  ""'.rf-     Mean- 

Hut  passng  tlie  ,-,„.        i'      """' '•'''' 
P"-„te!l  by  t^e    lesX'c Ttt"'  ".  ''''•'"'-'  '™'  »">. 
'■■'"/;'-tl.erorn,er,  ^s  Col  nel'r'  ""  ■''•^''^•''  '"^'-^^ 
"I'."  ;  v-ew  n.«st  be  reV^anS  ^'"''i  T""'^  ''^~^»t 
-  ■•%  '■^'"^'■'•■'''-"itlh""',,  ■:,';'™'  r-^t^T  than 
■,"  '"««>' ffrcen  gardens  rn,?,:,     "''  '"''''  du-ellin.rs 

'"••H'lo  edifice,  whose  I  i  |,    ;  ,'', ;'"'"".''    ''^  «   ""bl^ 
"'"'"■''■to  and  gol,|.  Iv      :""''''■'•' "■"■''■'''I''''"' 
"'•v.ral  inilos;  andbeyon,    t  i     {  'T'^'"-«'  '"  '-ver 
■■"lie.!  olfa  fair  eonntiV   I      I      "i  ''"''I'Jfoun.l,  t|,ero 
'" ,;;'"i'l"l  hu«b„,„lry^'''"-''-''"^'"'J  'V  tl'o  careful  li^™ 

^""4!^-^rtfe^;,f!:^*T  ^T"  -'  ""'- 
;"■■"■  «l  l-y  the  govern,"  ,'M"-;I.  tl'at  I,.,  |,,„|  1„J 

"■  1"^™  winVi,h,.,i'X''  ,';•''';""  "'"  i«t"r.Ma" 

"■protection  of  the  sain  i  '  ,  "■'■"  "■-<t"r..sil,ly  i;,; 
*l":"'  departure  w.mid  e"  ir,.  , ,  '/  "","  "I'l-inted  f,,^ 
"'■'•'>  -'I.  and  there  were  yc  '      "  V  ''"^■- "     '''I'"  'lay 


224 


EXPULSION  FROM  NAUVOO. 


■ 


fill 


n-' 


II       If 

I    J 


count  of  sickness,  failure  to  dispose  of  their  property, 
or  other  adverse  fortune;  whereat  the  men  ot  Illinois 
began  to  bluster  and  threaten  annihilation.  Warren, 
who  had  disbanded  his  troops  on  the  1st,  received  uii 
order  from  the  governor  on  the  following  day  to  mus- 
ter them  into  service  again.  This  he  did;  for  ho 
would,  if  possible,  see  the  treaty  between  the  Mor- 
mons and  the  governor  faithfully  carried  out,  and 
while  urging  the  saints  to  haste,  he  endeavored  to 
stand  between  them  and  the  mob  which  now  threat- 
ened their  lives  and  the  destruction  of  their  prop- 
erty.'^ 

Major  Warren  appears  to  have  performed  his  duty 
firndy  and  well,  and  to  have  done  all  that  lay  in  his 
power  to  protect  the  Mormons.  In  a  letter  tt)  the 
Quinctf  Whig,  dated  May  20th,  he  writes:  "The  Mor- 
mons are  leaving  tiie  city  with  all  possible  despatch. 
During  the  weeK  four  hundred  teams  have  crossed  at 
three  points,  or  about  1,350  souls.  The  demonstra- 
tions made  by  the  Mormon  people  are  unequivocal. 
They  are  leaving  the  state,  and  preparing  to  leave, 
with  every  means  God  and  nature  have  placed  iu 
their  hands."  It  was  but  the  lower  class  of  people 
that  clamored  for  the  immediate  expulsion  of  the 
remnant  of  the  saints — the  ignorant,  the  bigoted,  thu 
brutal,  the  vicious,  the  lawless,  and  profligate,  those 
who  hated  their  religion  and  coveted  their  lands, 

'*  'Thus  while  with  ono  hniid  he  pushed  the  saints  from  their  pufMCMioim 
across  tho  river  to  save  their  lives,  with  the  other  he  kept  at  bay  the  futvut'o 
ticiids  who  thirstetl  for  lilootl,  uud  who  would  faiu  have  washed  tlioir  liandi 
in  tholilood  of  innocence,  and  feasted  tiieir  eyes  on  the  smokinuruinfiof  tlirir 
martyred  victims.'  /d,,  'i4-.5.  tVom  Naiivoo,  May  11,  1840,  Warren  wriU.t: 
'To  tho  Mormons  I  would  any.  Go  uii  with  your  prcpariitiunM,  uud  luiivc  ax 
!aMt  as  you  can.  Ijcavo  tho  fighting  to  ho  done  by  my  dutachmout.  If  we  am 
overpowered,  then  rocross  tlie  river  and  dofond  yourselves  and  nrop«)rty.  TIki 
neighlx^riiig  counties,  under  the  c  i  ru  urns  tit  uces,  cannot  and  will  not  lend  llu-ir 
nid  to  an  unprovoked  aiut  unnecessary  attack  u|)on  the  Mormons  at  this  tiiiic; 
and  without  such  aid  the  few  dcnperadoes  in  tho  county  can  do  but  little  min- 
cliiof,  and  riui  be  ma<Io  amenable  to  tho  law  for  that  little.  Tho  forci>  uiidcr 
my  comnuind  is  numerioally  small;  but  bnckeil  as  I  am  by  the  moral  forti^  <>f 
the  law,  and  possessing  as  I  do  the  cunfidenco  of  nine  teuthii  of  tho  irspiit 
able  portion  of  tho  old  citizens,  my  forcts  is  able  to  meet  successfully  ntiy 
mob  which  can  bo  assembled  iu  tho  couutv,  luid  if  any  such  fores  does  a8m.Mii' 
ble,  they  or  I  will  leave  the  field  iu  double>quick  time.' 


i 


«'0«ET80UBUi.T«„T„,„^ 


On  the  6th  of  Tim    *u  ^28 

"Uinlwr    »,?        r*"?"'  «<»"«  three  If      ",  ^ov-.TMor, 

J-  limtanj'  Mormon  nhouhi  «         .  -^  *^^'  '"«"  <'^"  /Hi- 
"V,  except  en  roufo  r      *i     '*"^^^»'»«^-l<'outsuh./i 

?'tenr„ '"  ^-:r.^:-^''f '  -^ 


i; 


i-'  i 


226 


EXPULSION  FROM  NAUVOO. 


of  a  militia  oflScer  was  recognized  by  William  Pickett 
as  belonging  to  one  of  the  harvesters.  Pickett  took 
possession  of  the  weapon,  and  a  warrant  was  issued 
against  him  for  theft;  when  an  officer  came  to  arrest 
him,  he  refused  to  surrender.  As  the  Mormons  stood 
by  him  in  illegal  attitude,  the  affair  caused  consider- 
able excitement. 

In  short,  from  the  1st  of  May  until  the  final  evac- 
uation of  the  city,  the  men  of  Illinois  never  ceased 
from  strife  and  outrage.  Of  the  latter  I  will  mention 
only  two  instances:  "A  man  of  near  sixty  years  of 
age,"  writes  Major  Warren  in  the  letter  just  referred 
to,  *'  living  about  seven  miles  from  this  place,  was 
taken  from  his  house  a  few  nights  since,  stripped  of 
his  clothing,  and  his  back  cut  to  pieces  with  a  whip, 
for  no  other  reason  than  because  he  was  a  Mormon, 
and  too  old  to  make  a  successful  resistance.  Conduct 
of  this  kind  would  disgrace  a  horde  of  savages."  In 
August  a  party  consisting  of  Phineas  H.  Young,  his 
son  Brigham,  and  three  otheis  who  were  found  out- 
side the  city,  were  kidnapped  by  a  mob,  hurried  into 
the  thickets,  passed  from  one  gang  to  another — men 
from  Nauvoo  being  in  hot  pursuit — and  for  a  fort- 
night were  kept  almost  without  food  or  rest,  anil 
under  constant  threat  of  death. 

Fears  are  now  entertained  that,  by  reason  of  the 
popular  feeling  throughout  the  country,  Nauvoo  city 
will  be  again  attacke*!;  the  gontilo  citizens  thtTofore 
ask  Governor  Ford  for  protection,  whereupon  Major 
Parker  is  sent  to  their  relief.'*     All  through  August 


Hi      f  ■• 

f« ^- 

Ife-    i 
lis     '    • 

li f     , 

U     i 


i»«Sir— I  have  receiTwl  infumwiion  that  another  effmi;  is  to  Iw  made  on 
Muiulay  next  to  drive  out  the  inhahttaiitii  <>;  Nuuvno,  lufm  aa  well  aa  ulii,  iiikI 
dostroy  the  city.  I  am  informed  that  it  is  l)eliovo«i  in  the  Rurrmiiuling  couii- 
ticH  that  the  new  citi?«na  in  Nauvoo  are  ail  MoraoiiB,  and  tliat  the  rt>iniiaiit 
of  the  old  Monnon  popaU.ticm  are  <iet«rmine<l  to  rmmin  there,  a!tb>>ugli  1  am 
iutsiircd  that  the  contrary  in  both  particulars  in  she  truth.  Vonuri'  tliiTv- 
fore  hereby  authorize*!  and  empowered  to  repair  to  Nauv<M),  itud  tluTe  iTiimin 
until  you  are  relieved.  You  wdl  immediately  in({uiro  how  in.iiiy  "I  tli'  in- 
habit!" .8  are  new  eitizenii,  ami  how  many  <if  them  are  Mormon.s;  how  nuuiy 
of  the  ohl  .Mormon  (lopuUtion  remaui.  an<i  what  tlie  prsa^ct  in  of  tluir  rv 
mnvnl  in  a  reuHonaldc  time;  and  in  laae  an  attai:l(  on  rht-  city  »h<'iiiii  '"  ii' 
luiitplod  ur  threuUmed,  you  are  hereby  autiuurizud  tu  UiJki:  coiumiuu')  'I  '«»<-Ii 


,.4 


CONSTABLE  CARLIN. 


827 


I  Pickett 
cett  took 
as  issued 
to  arrest 
jns  stood 
consider- 

nal  evac- 
er  ceased 
1  mention 
years  of 
it  referred 
)lace,  was 
tripped  of 
th  a  whip, 
k  Mormon, 
Conduct 


ages. 


In 


iToung,  his 
found  out- 
irried  into 
ther — men 
for  a  fort- 
rest,  and 

tson  of  the 
'auvoo  city 
thtToforo 
[pon  Major 
rh  August 

I  txi  ho  niatlo  on 
.vi-lliw  <il>l,  !""' 

Iromuliiiy  ^"""' 
Vat  lb*-  n'nimint 
ITalUi.KiKl.  Iiw 

Vl  thi're  iviimin 
r .,„y  ..f  ll"  '"• 
l.iis;  how  iiiiiliy 
li  i«»f  tluir re- 
ly »lii»il'l  iHUt- 
ImiiMUwl  .1  sucli 


troubles  continue,  the  anti-Mormons  almost  coming 
to  blows  among  themselves.  Before  the  end  of  the 
month  about  six  hundred  men  are  assembled  at  Car- 
tilage, by  order  of  Thomas  Carlin,  a  special  consta- 
ble, ostensibly  to  enforce  the  arrest  ot  Pickett,  but 
in  reality  to  enforce  the  expulsion  of  the  Mormons. 
!Major  Parker  orders  the  constable's  posse  to  dis- 
perse, otherwise  he  threatens  to  treat  them  as  a  mob. 
The  constable  replies  that  if  the  major  should  at- 
tempt to  molest  them  in  discharge  of  their  duty  ho 
will  regard  him  and  his  command  as  a  mob  and  so  treat 
tlu'in.  "Now,  fellow-citizens,"  declares  a  conmiittee 
selected  from  four  counties,^  in  a  proclamation  issued 
at  (^irthage,  "an  issue  is  fairly  raised.  On  the  one 
liaiid,  a  large  body  of  men  have  assembled  at  Carthago, 
uii<ler  the  command  of  a  legal  officer,  to  assist  him  in 
performing  legal  duties.  Thoy  are  not  excited — thoy 
uri!  cool,  but  determined  at  all  hazards  to  execute 
till'  law  in  Nauvoo,  which  has  always  laretofttro  de- 
fied it.  They  are  resolved  to  go  to  work  ayatemati- 
cally  and  with  ample  precaution,  but  under  a  full 
knowledge  that  on  their  good  and  orderly  behavior 
tluir  character  is  staked.  On  the  other  liand,  in 
Nauvoo  is  a  blustering  Mormon  mob,  who  have  de- 
fieil  the  law,  and  who  are  now  organized  for  the  pur- 
j)o>.  of  arresting  the  arm  of  civil  power.  Judge  ye 
whieli  is  in  the  right." 

Intending,  as  it  seems,  to  keep  his  word,  Carlin 
jilaces  Ills  men  under  command  of  OoKmel  Singlet* >n, 
uli«>  at  once  throws  off  iho  ma-^k,  and  on  tin;  7tli  of 
S<|iteniber  announces  to  Major  Parker  that  the  Mor- 
niii.is  must  go.  On  the  same  day  a  stipulation  is 
made,  granting  to  the  sjiints  sixty  days'  extension  of 
time,  and  signed  by  representatives  on  both  sides." 

rt.liintccra  u  may  offer  themselves,  free  of  cost  to  thti  at«te,  to  repel  it  and 
delViid  the  city.'  FmUntfr's  /•JxfuiUion .  •2U-'.M. 

'"  AiiiDiii;  the  iiieniUirH  was  the  lt«;v.  Thoniits  S.  BnK'kiruui,  wlio  afterword 
took  c'oinnianil  of  the  posse. 

''  MimtiliticM  to  cease;  the  city  to  be  'ivitouatwl  in  60  days,  2o  men  r»> 
maiuiiig  to  see  tiie  stipulation  carried  out.   Id.,  'M-5. 


EXPULSION  FROM  NAUVOO. 


:i 


'I' 


But  to  the  terms  of  this  stipulation  the  men  of  Illi- 
nois would  not  consent.  1  hey  were  sore  disgusted, 
and  rebelled  against  their  leaders,  causing  Singleton, 
Parker,  and  others  to  abandon  their  commands,  tliu 
posse  being  left  in  charge  of  Constable  Carlin,  who 
summoned  to  his  aid  one  Thomas  Brockman,  a  clergy- 
man of  Brown  county,  and  for  the  occasion  dubbed 
general.  On  the  10th  of  September  the  posse,  now 
more  than  a  thousand  strong,  with  wagons,  equip- 
ments, and  every  preparation  for  a  campaign,  aj)- 
proached  Nauvoo  and  encamped  at  Hunter  s  farm. 

At  this  time  there  were  in  the  city  not  more  than 
a  hundred  and  fifty  Mormons,  and  about  the  same 
number  of  gentiles,  or,  as  they  were  termed,  'new  citi- 
zens,' capable  of  bearing  arms,  the  remainder  of  the 
population  consisting  of  destitute  women  and  childnn 
and  of  the  sick.  Many  of  the  gentiles  had  departcid, 
fearing  a  general  massacre,  and  those  who  remained 
could  not  be  relied  upon  as  combatants,  for  they  wore 
of  course  unwilling  to  risk  their  lives  in  a  conflict 
which,  if  successful,  would  bring  them  no  credit. 
Nothing  daunted,  the  little  band,  under  command  of 
colonels  Daniel  H.  Wells**  and  William  Cutler,  took 
up  its  position  on  the  edge  of  a  wood  in  the  subuihs 
of  Nauvoo,  and  less  than  a  mile  from  the  enemy's 
camp." 

Before  hostilities  commenced,  a  deputation  fr 
Quincy"*  visited  the  camp  of  the  assailants,  and 
vain  attempted  to  dissuade  them  from  their  purposi, 
No  sooner  had  they  departed  than  fire  was  opened  on 
the  Mormons  from  a  battery  of  six-pounders,  l)iit 
without  effect.  Here  for  the  dav  matters  rested. 
At  sunrise  the  posse  changed  their  position,  intenchni,' 
to  take  the  city  by  storm,  but  were  held  in  check  hy 

*' Who  afterward  Ixscamc  lient-gen.  of  the  Nauvoo  legion  in  Utah. 

** There  were almut  300  Mormons  and  new  citizens  who  coulil  tiui)  l>o»r 
arms  against  the  niub,  Imt  on  tlio  day  of  tlio  fight  no  more  tlinn  100  <'"iil<i 
be  found  to  go,  as  the  Moruious  were  continually  leaving.'  IVetW  Marmiiif, 
MS.,  .m 

-•John  Wood,  the  mayor.  Major  Flood,  Dr  Ck>nyer8,  and  Joel  Rice.  See 
WeUt'  Natrativf,  MS.,  passim. 


olll 
in 


n  of  lUi- 
[lisgusted, 

iiands,  the 
arlin,  who 
1,  a  clergy - 
m  dubbed 
posse,  now 
jns,  equip- 
imign,  ap- 
r  8  farm, 
more  than 
b  the  same 
i,  'newciti- 
nder  of  tl»e 
md  children 
id  departeJ, 
lo  remaiiiod 
jr  they  were 
[i\  a  coutVu't 
1    no  credit. 
command  of 
Cutler,  took 
the  suburl'!^ 
the  enemy's 

itation  from 
[ants,  and  in 
[leir  purpose, 
as  opened  on 
(unders,  i>ut 
ctera  rested. 
|)n,  intcndin;4 
in  cheek  hy 

L  in  Utah. 
b  coul>\  then  I'oar 
to  Uinn  m  <'">1'' 
WelW  iVarra/l.•^ 

ad  Joel  Ri«-«    ^^ 


FIGHT  AT  NAUVOO. 

Captain  Anderson"*  at  the  head  of  thirty-five  men, 
termed  by  the  saints  the  Spartan  band.  The  enemy 
now  fired  some  rounds  of  grape-shot,  forcing  the  be- 
sieged to  retire  out  of  range ;  and  after  some  further 
cannonading,  darkness  put  an  end  to  the  skirmish, 
tlio  Mormons  throwing  up  breastworks  during  th« 
night.** 

On  the  morning  of  the  1 2th  the  demand  of  uncon- 
ditional surrender  was  promptly  rejected;  where- 
upon, at  a  given  signal,  several  hundred  men  who  had 
been  stationed  in  ambush,  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
river,  to  cut  off  the  retreat  of  the  Mormons,  appeared 
with  red  flags  in  their  hands,  thus  portending  massacre. 
Tiie  assaUants  now  opened  fire  from  all  their  batter- 
ies, and  soon  afterward  advanced  to  the  assault, 
slowly,  and  with  the  measured  tramp  of  veterans, 
at  their  head  being  Constable  Carlin  and  the  Rev- 
erend Brockman,  and  unfurled  above  them — the 
stars  and  stripes.  When  within  rifle-range  of  the 
breastworks  the  posse  wheeled  toward  the  south,  at- 
tempting to  outflank  the  saints  and  gain  possession 
of  the  temple  square.  But  this  movement  had  been 
anticipated,  and  posted  in  the  woods  to  the  north  of 
the  Mormon  position  lay  the  Spartan  band.  Leading 
on  his  men  at  double-quick,  Anderson  suddenly  con- 
fronted the  enemy  and  opened  a  brisk  fire  from  re- 
volving rifles.''  The  posse  advanced  no  farther,  but 
for  an  hour  and  a  half  held  their  ground  bravely 
airainst  the  Spartan  band,  the  expense  of  ammunition 
in  proportion  to  casualties  being  greater  than  has  yet 
been  recorded  in  modern  warfare.  Then  they  re- 
treated in  excellent  order  to  the  camp.  The  losses 
of  tlio  Mormons  were  three  killed  and  a  few  slightly 
wounded;  the   losses   of  the   gentiles  are   variously 

'^  ITo  was  mora  than  bravo,  ha  wai  presumptuous.  Wells,  in  Utah  Notra, 
MS.,  p.  7. 

" '  Many  of  our  los  houses  were  torn  down  by  the  mob,  which  numbered 
1.000  iiioii;  we  made  barricades  of  corn-stalks  stacked  up.'  Wells,  in  Utah 
Not<»,  M8..  7. 

''  Jollier  John  S.  Fullmer,  then  a  colonel  in  the  Nauvoo  legion,  claims  that 
be  directed  this  movement.  ExinUnon,  38. 


290 


EXPCISION  FROM  NAUVOO. 


stated."  Among  those  who  fell  were  Captain  Ander- 
son und  his  son,  a  vouth  of  sixteen,  the  former  dyiiii;, 
UH  lie  hod  vowefl  that  he  would  die,  in  defence  of  tliu 
holy  sanctuary. 

The  following  day  was  the  sabbath,  and  hostilities 
were  not  renewed;  but  on  that  morning  a  train  of 
wagons,  despatched  by  the  posse  for  ammunition  and 
supplies,  entered  the  town  of  Quincv.  It  was  now 
evident  that,  whether  the  men  of  Illinois  intended 
massacre  or  forcible  expulsion,  it  would  cost  them 
many  lives  to  effect  either  purpose.  With  a  view, 
therefore,  to  prevent  further  bloodshed,  a  committeo 
of  one  hundred  proceeded  to  Nauvoo  and  attempted 
mediation.  At  the  same  time  the  Reverend  Bruck- 
man  sent  in  his  ultimatum,  the  terms  being  tlwit 
tlie  Mormons  surrender  their  arms,  and  immediately 
cross  the  river  or  disperse,  and  that  all  should  be 
protected  from  violence.'*  There  was  no  alternative. 
The  armed  mob  in  their  front  was  daily  swelling  in 
number,  while  beyond  the  river  still  appeared  the 
red  flag;  their  own  ranks,  meanwhile,  were  beinj,' 
rni)idly  thinned   by  defection   among   the   new  citi- 


zens. 


80 


**  'But  three  in  all  were  killed. .  .Meetings  were  hold  to  stop  the  cfTiiHioii 
of  bl(HM], . .  .but  there  was  no  necessity  for  such  action,  when  no  blood  wm 
shcl.*  Wells,  in  Utak  Note;  7. 

"'Ist.  TJje  city  of  Nauvoo  will  surrender.  The  force  of  Reverend  Bmck 
man  to  enter  and  take  possesaion  of  the  city  to-morrow,  the  17th  of  ScptiMii- 
bcr,  at  three  o'clock  r.  M.  2d.  The  arms  to  bo  delivered  to  the  Quinoy  lom- 
mittoe,  to  Ih)  returned  on  crossina  tho  river.  %[.  Tho  Quincy  coiiiniitti'd 
pledge  themselves  to  uao  their  inUuence  for  the  protection  of  porguim  nml 
property,  and  tho  ofiicers  of  tho  camp  and  tho  men  likewise  ple<lgo  tlnm- 
sclvos.  4th.  Tho  sick  and  helpless  to  be  protected  ami  treated  with  huiimiiity. 
5th.  Tlio  Mormon  population  of  tho  city  to  leave  the  state  or  dispcrsu  .-us  hooii 
as  they  can  cross  tho  river.  0th.  Fivo  men.  including  tho  trustees  of  tho  cli  iin'li, 
and  five  clerks  with  their  families  (William  Fickctt  not  one  of  tho  nnmlxri, 
to  Ijo  permitted  to  remain  in  the  city  for  the  disposition  of  property,  free  frmii 
all  molestation  and  personal  violence.  7th.  Hostilities  to  ccaso  immu<liati  ly, 
and  ten  men  of  the  Quincy  committee  to  cuter  the  city  in  tho  execution  of  tin  ir 
duty  as  soon  as  they  think  proiwr.'  It  will  be  observed  tliat  nothing  in  ttu'l 
alwut  tho  surrender  of  Pickett.     Ho  was  not  oven  arrested. 

*"  'The  mob  entered  the  temple,  instituto<l  an  inquisition,  and  re^nnllcM 
of  tho  Mormons  or  new  citizens,  wont  from  house  to  house  plundering'  •»«'• 
yards,  pig-pens,  hen-roosts,  and  bee-stands  indiscriminately;  thus  tumini;  x'Mie 
of  tkcir  best  friends  into  enemies,  burtiting  open  trunks  and  chests,  8tuir<  Imi^ 
for  arms,  keys,  etc.*  p.  343.     '  In  the  temple  ringing  the  bells,  shoutiiix',  a»u 


EVACUATION  OP  THE  CITY. 


231 


1  Andor- 
er  dyings 
ce  of  tho 

tiostilitit'H 
k  train  of 
litlun  and 
was  now 
intendoil 
lost   tht'iu 
h  a  view, 
committor 
attempted 
nd  Brock- 
being  that 
iimediattly 
should   1)0 
dternativf. 

8wellin«5  ill 
peared  tho 
vere  boinj; 
)   new  cili- 


itop  the  cffiiHion 
in  no  bloo.1  wa« 

tevereml  Brock- 
I7th  of  Scvtom- 
,ho  Quincy  ooin- 
incy  coiniiiittco 
of  persons  iiml 
«  plolgo  tl"'"" 
with  huinaiiity. 
Jispcrsu  !W  Hooii 
.gofthochnn.'li, 
>(  the  nunil>or), 
perty.  free  from 
so  immuiliiit^'y- 
[ccutioii of  tlK'r 
noUtiug  i* » '"' 

and  reHrtnllc*" 
kunJerin^!  ■"*" 
luB  turning' ^""'* 
Vests,  scfir.  loiilj 
t,  Bhoutiun,  ii'"i 


On  the  17th  of  Soptomber  the  remnant  of  the 
Mormons  crossed  the  Mississippi,  and  on  the  same 
day  the  gentiles  took  possession  of  Nauvoo.*^ 

It  was  indeed  a  singular  spectacle,  as  I  have  said, 
this  upon  the  western  border  of  the  world's  great 
n  public  in  the  autumn  of  1846.  A  whole  cityful, 
\^ith  other  settlements,  and  thousands  of  thrifty  agri- 

liullooing;  they  took  aoveral  to  the  river  an<I  Uaptized  them,  iwearing.  throw- 
ing' tlicni  backward,  then  on  to  their  faces,  saying:  "The  coinmaudineuta  must 
bu  lullilled,  and  God  damn  you.'"  Hist.  B.  Young,  MS.,  345. 

>'  TItc  beat  narrative,  and  indeed  the  only  one  tliat  entera  circumstantially 
into  all  the  details  of  the  oxpuUion  from  Nauvoo,  is  contained  iat\\o  A  MunMinu- 
tioii  of  Joarph  and  Ilyrum  Smith,  the  Prophet  and  the  Patriarch  of  the  Church 
oj'  Ldttei-duy  Saint$.  Aiwa  t'ondented  lliUory  qfthe  ExpuUion  of  the  Saint* 
j'nim  Nniivooby Elder  JohnS,  Fullmerfof  Utah,  U.  S.  A.),  Pantoi  qftheMnn- 
ch'Hitr,  Liverpool,  and  Prenton  Coi{ferrHcea.  Liverpool  and  Loudon,  IHoo.  The 
woi  k  is  written  from  a  Mormon  standpoint,  bot  including  oa  it  does  copies  of 
till'  ilesputchcs  of  Illinois  otBccni  and  otiiuials,  of  the  stipuluti(m8  between  the 
iN'llit^'crenta,  and  of  some  couimouts  made  by  the  (Jiiincy  H'hiij,  ap|>eurs  in 
till  iMiiin  reliable.  The  author's  comments  on  the  gentiles  are  sullicicntly 
liittrr,  and  his  description  of  the  fight  at  Nauvoo  and  the  vulor  of  the  suinti* 
niilitaut  must  of  course  be  taken  with  due  allowance.  For  instance:  '.Seeing 
uiir  iiiuu  take  possession  of  some  vacant  buildings  on  the  line  of  their  np- 
rn'iuicl),  they  took  a  position  on  an  elevated  spot  of  around,  and  opened  a 
Li'ii^y  cannonade  at  a  distance  of  something  less  thanhulf  a  mile,  'i  his  was 
ri'tiirned  with  great  spirit  on  our  )iart  from  guns  made  of  steam  shafts  that 
r.-inicd  six-pound  balls.  Many  were  the  balls  that  we  f>icked  up  as  they 
vuMiu  rolling  and  bounding  among  us,  and  wo  sent  them  buck  with  as  nmcli 
«|>lrit  and  precision  as  they  were  first  sent.'  n.  37.  Col  Kane  says:  'A  vin- 
dictive war  waa  waged  upon  them,  from  which  the  weakest  lied  in  scattered 
INirtics,  leaving  the  rest  to  make  a  reluctant  and  almost  ludicrously  una- 
vailing defence.'  The  Mormon»,  54.  In  the  General  Epistle  of  tlie  Twelvo, 
l)iv.  '23,  1847,  in  Snow't  Voice  of  Jo»eph,  14-15,  we  read:  *  In  September 
biti  un  infuriated  mob,  clad  in  all  the  horrors  of  war,  fell  on  the  saints  who 
liuil  still  remained  in  Nauvoo  for  want  of  moans  to  remove,  nmrdered  some, 
and  drove  the  remainder  across  the  Mississippi  into  Iowa,  where,  destitute  of 
liiiiises,  tents,  food,  clothing,  or  money,  they  received  temporary  assistance 
frocn  some  benevolent  souls  in  Quiiicy,  St  Louis,  and  other  places,  wlioito 
names  will  ever  be  remembered  with  siatitude.  Their  property  in  Iluni-ock 
Co.,  Illinois,  waa  little  or  no  better  tnan  oonliscatcd;  many  of  their  houses 
Were  burned  by  the  mob,  and  they  were  obliged  to  leave  most  of  those  that 
roniiiini'd  without  sale;  and  those  who  bargained  sold  nlmoMt  for  a  song;  for 
till!  intluonco  of  their  enemies  waa  to  ctiuso  such  a  diminution  in  tlio  value  of 
piopiirty  that  for  a  handsome  estate  was  seldom  realized  enough  to  remove 
till'  family  comfortably  away;  and  thousands  have  since  Iwen  wandering  t<> 
and  fro,  destitute,  alflicted,  and  distressed  for  the  common  necessaries  of  life, 
or  unable  to  endure,  have  sickene<l  and  died  by  ImndroiU;  while  the  temple 
of  till!  Lord  is  left  aolitary  in  the  midst  of  uiir  enemies,  an  enduring  m(mu- 
mint  of  the  ddigence  and  integrity  of  the  saints.'  Mention  of  the  expulsion 
froni  Nauvoo  ia  of  courf»  mode  in  most  of  the  books  published  on  Mormoii- 
i«ni,  but  in  none  of  them,  except  i)crhaps  in  one  or  two  of  the  most  rabid 
anti  .Mormo  works,  which  I  have  not  thought  it  worth  while  to  notice,  is 
the  conduct  of  the  Illinoia  mob  defended. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.y    145110 

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232 


EXPULSION  FROM  NAUVOO. 


i  -m 


mi 


culturists  in  the  regions  about,  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  driven  beyond  the  border  by  other  citizens :  not 
by  reason  of  their  religion  alone,  though  this  was  made 
a  pretence;  not  for  breaking  the  laws,  though  this  was 
made  a  pretence;  not  on  account  of  their  immorality, 
for  the  people  of  Illinois  and  Missouri  were  not  im- 
maculate in  this  respect;  nor  was  it  altogether  on 
account  of  their  solid  voting  and  growing  political 
power,  accompanied  ever  by  the  claim  of  general  in- 
heritance and  universal  dominion,  though  this  last 
had  more  to  do  with  it  probably  than  all  the  rest 
combined,  notwithstanding  that  the  spirit  of  liberty 
and  the  laws  of  the  republic  permitted  such  massing 
of  social  and  political  influence,  and  notwithstanding 
the  obvious  certainty  that  any  of  the  gentile  political 
parties  now  playing  the  role  of  persecutors  would 
gladly  and  unscrupulously  have  availed  themselves  of 
such  means  for  the  accomplishment  of  their  ends.  It 
was  all  these  combined,  and  so  combined  as  to  engen- 
der deadly  hate.  It  gave  the  Mormons  a  power  in 
proportion  to  their  numbers  not  possessed  by  other 
sects  or  societies,  which  could  not  and  would  not  endure 
it;  a  power  regarded  by  the  others  as  unfairly  acquired, 
and  by  a  way  and  through  means  not  in  accord  with 
the  American  idea  of  individual  equality,  of  equal 
rights  and  equal  citizenship.  In  ^rd  to  all  other 
sects  within  the  republic,  under  gu  rd  of  the  consti- 
tution, religion  was  subordinated  to  politics  and  gov- 
ernment; in  regard  to  the  Mormons,  in  spite  of  the 
constitution,  politics  and  government  were  subordi- 
nated to  religion. 

And  in  regard  to  the  late  occupants  of  the  place, 
the  last  of  the  Mormon  host  that  now  lay  huddled  to 
the  number  of  640  on  the  western  bank  of  the  river 
in  sight  of  the  city :''  if  the  first  departures  from  Nauvoo 
escaped  extreme  hardships,  not  so  these.     It  was  the 

'*  A  few  months  before,  Nanvoo  with  the  neighboring  Mormon  settlements 
had  contained  some  20,000  saints,  of  whom  in  July  about  15,000  were  encamped 
on  the  Missouri  River,  or  were  scattered  through  the  western  states  in  search 
of  employment. 


POOR  CAMP. 


latter  part  of  September,  and  nearly  all  were  pros- 
trated with  chills  and  fevers;^'  thereat  the  river  bank, 
among  the  dock  and  rushes,  poorly  protected,  without 
the  shelter  of  a  roof  or  anything  to  keep  r  ff  the  force 
of  wind  or  rain,  little  ones  came  into  life  and  were  left 
motherless  at  birth."*  They  had  not  food  enough  to 
satisfy  the  cravings  of  the  sick,  nor  clothing  lit  to 
wear.  For  months  thereafter  there  were  periods 
when  all  the  flour  they  used  was  of  the  coarsest,  the 
wheat  being  ground  in  coflPee  and  hand  mills,  which 
only  cut  the  grain ;  others  used  a  pestle ;  the  finer  meal 
was  used  for  bread,  the  coarser  made  into  hominy. 
Boiled  wheat  was  now  the  chief  diet  for  sick  and  well. 
For  ten  days  they  subsisted  on  parched  corn.  Some 
mixed  their  remnant  of  grain  with  the  pounded  bark 
of  the  slippery  elm  which  they  stripped  from  the 
trees  along  their  route. 

This  encampment  was  about  two  miles  above 
Montrose  on  the  Mississippi,  and  was  called  the 
Poor  Camp.  Aid  was  solicited,  and  within  three 
weeks  a  little  over  one  hundred  dollars  was  collected, 
mostly  in  Quincy,  with  provisions  and  clothing, 
though  the  prejudice  against  them  was  deep  and 
strong.**  Some  of  the  people  were  crowded  into 
tents,  made  frequently  of  quilts  and  blankets;  others 
in  bowers  made  of  brush ;  others  had  only  wagons  for 
shelter.  They  suffered  from  heavy  thunder-storms, 
when  the  rain  was  bailed  out  with  basins  from  their 
beds.  Mothers  huddled  their  children  in  the  one 
dress  which  often  was  all  they  possessed,  and  shaking 
with  ague  or  burning  with  fever,  took  refuge  from 
the  pitiless  storms  under  wagons  and  bushes.*^ 

*^  While  at  Montrose,  Heber  C.  Kimball  writes  thus  in  his  journal  of  the 
condition  of  his  family,  his  wife  having  a  babe  a  few  days  old,  and  he  liimself 
ill  with  ague.  '  I  went  to  the  bed;  my  wife,  who  was  shaking  with  tho  ague, 
having  two  children  lying  sick  by  her  side;. .  .the  only  child  well  was  little 
Heber  Parley,  and  it  was  with  dilficulty  he  could  carry  a  two-quart  pail  full 
of  water  from  a  spring  at  the  bottom  of  the  hill. ' 

'* '  Sucii  deaths  occurred  from  exposure  and  fright  in  Nauvoo.  The  camp 
journalist  recorded:  Effect  of  persecution  by  the  Illinois  mob.' 

^''Tlio  trustees  from  Nauvoo  also  distributed  clothing,  and  molasses,  salt, 
and  salt  pork.   Hitt.  JJ.  Young,  MS.,  1840,  .383. 

*"iVrft  Clara  Youhij's  Experience,  MS.,  3. 


EXPULSION  FROM  NAUVOO. 

"  While  the  people  for  the  most  part  were  ill  with 
chills  and  fever,"  says  Wells,  "quail  fell  into  camp  and 
were  picked  up  with  ease.''  This  supply  was  looked 
upon  as  miraculous  by  the  half-famished  people.  So 
long  had  they  been  lashed  by  the  fierce  winds  of 
misfortune,  that  now  they  accepted  with  gratitude 
this  indication  of  providential  care. 

Wagons  were  sent  from  Winter  Quarters  for  the 
removal  of  the  people  from  Poor  Camp;  and  gradually 
all  reached  the  various  stations  in  which  the  Mormons 
had  gathered.^ 

Of  their  long  journey  many  painful  incidents  are 
recorded.  Weakened  by  fever  or  crippled  with  rheu- 
matism, and  with  sluggish  circulation,  many  were 
severely  frost-bitten.  Women  were  compelled  to 
drive  the  nearly  worn-out  teams,  while  tending  on 
their  knees,  perhaps,  their  sick  children.  The  strength 
of  the  beasts  was  failing,  as  there  were  intervals  when 
they  could  bo  kept  from  starving  only  by  the  browse 
or  tender  buds  and  branches  of  the  cotton-wood,  felled 
for  the  purpose.*' 

At  one  time  no  less  than  two  thousand  wagons 
could  be  counted,  it  was  said,  along  the  three  hundred 
miles  of  road  that  separated  Nauvoo  from  the  Mor- 
mon encampments.     Many  families  possessed  no  vvag- 


'' '  On  the  9th  of  October,  while  our  teams  were  waiting  on  the  banks  of  the 
Miss,  for  the  poor  saints. .  .left  without  any  of  the  necessaries  of  life,. .  .and 
nothing  to  start  their  journey  with,  the  Lord  sent  flocks  of  quail,  which  lit 
upon  their  wagons  and  on  their  empty  tables,  and  upon  the  ground  within 
their  reach,  which  the  saints,  and  even  the  sick,  caught  with  their  hands 
until  they  were  satisfied.'  Hist.  B,  Young,  MS.,  1847,  9.  This  phenome- 
non extended  some  30  or  40  miles  along  the  river,  and  was  generally  observed. 
The  quail  in  immense  quantities  had  attempted  to  cross  the  river,  but  it  being 
beyond  their  strength,  had  dropped  into  the  river  boats  or  on  the  bank.' 
Wells,  in  Utah  Notes,  MS.,  7. 

'*  See  The  Mormons:  A  Discourse  delivered  be/ore  the  Historical  Society  of 
Pennsylvania,  March  26,  1S50,  by  Thomas  L.  Kane,  Philadelphia,  1 S50.  A 
copy  of  it  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  Orson  Pratt's  Works,  and  in  Mackay's 
The  Mormons,  200-415.  The  story  of  the  Mormon  exodus,  as  handed  down 
to  ua  by  a  man  of  Colonel  Kane's  powers  of  observation,  would  have  been  a 
valuable  record  were  it  not  plainly  apparent  that  truth  is  too  often  sacrificed 
to  diction.  Among  Mormon  %vriters  we  find  no  detailed  narrative  of  this 
exodus,  and  among  others  little  that  is  not  borrowed  from  the  colonel's  dis- 
course. 

''Snow's  Biography,  89. 


THE  NAUVOO  TEMPLE  DESTROYED. 


235 


on8,  and  in  the  long  procession  might  be  seen  vehicles 
of  all  descriptions,  from  the  lumbering  cart,  under 
whose  awning  lay  stretched  its  fever-stricken  driver, 
to  the  veriest  makeshifts  of  poverty,  the  wheelbarrow 
or  the  two-wheeled  trundle,  in  which  was  dragged 
along  a  bundle  of  clothing  and  a  sack  of  meal — all  of 
this  world's  goods  that  the  owner  possessed. 

On  arriving  at  the  banks  of  the  Missouri,  the 
wagons  were  cirawn  up  in  double  lines  and  in  the  form 
of  squares.  Between  the  lines,  tents  were  pitched  at 
intervals,  space  being  left  between  each  row  for  a 
passage-way,  which  was  shaded  with  awnings  or  a 
lattice-work  of  branches,  and  served  as  a  promenade 
for  convalescents  and  a  playground  for  children. 

And  what  became  of  Nauvoo?  The  temple  was 
destroyed  by  fire  and  tempest,*"  and  all  the  wood -work 
consumed,  while  the  rock  was  utilized  for  miles  around 
as  foundations  of  houses,  for  door-steps,  and  other  pur- 
poses. A  French  company  coming  in  later  bought  the 
stone  from  those  in  possession,  and  built  wine-vaults. 
Foundations  of  buildings  were  broken  up,  and  houses 
once  surrounded  by  carefully  tended  flower-gardens, 
pillaged  of  all  that  was  valuable,  were  now  abandoned 
by  their  ruthless  destroyers.*^  "At  present,"  writes 
Linforth,  "the  Icariansform  the  most  important  part 

of  the  population  of  Nauvoo They  live  in  a  long 

ugly  row  of  buildings,  the  architect  of  which  and  of 
the  school-house  was  a  cobbler."  In  the  house  built 
for  the  prophet  and  his  family  dwelt  in  1854  the 
prophet's  widow,  his  mother,  and  his  family.*' 

^'The  temple  was  half  deetroycd  by  fire  on  Nov.  19,  1848.  Nauvoo  Pa- 
triot, in  Millennial  Star,  xi.  p.  46;  and  on  May  27,  1850,  further  damaged 
by  a  tornado.  Hancock  Patriot,  in  Markay'a  The  Mormons,  210.  For  cut  of 
remnants,  see  LimfortVa  Route  from  Liverpool  to  O.  S.  L.  Valley,  62,  and 
Hyde's  Mormonism,  140.  See  also  George  Q.  Cannon,  in  Juvenile  Instructor, 
vol.  ix.  no.  5,  and  Welis*  Narrative,  MS.,  41;  Deseret  News,  Aug.  24,  1850; 
Frontier  Guardian,  July  24,  1850. 

*'  As  James  Linforth  describes  in  writing  of  Nauvoo  in  1868. 

^*  Route  from  Liverpool  to  O.  S.  L.  Vailey,  63. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

AT  THE  MISSOUBL 

1846-1847. 

Nattvi  Racks  or  the  Missoubi — ^Thb  Pottawattahies  and  thb  Ohaiias— 
The  MonuoNs  Weux>heo  as  Beethben— War  with  Mexico — Caufob- 
HiA  Tebritort — Mexican  Boundaries— Appucation  to  the  United 
States  Government  for  Aid — An  Offer  to  Serve  as  Soldiers  Ao- 
CEPTED — Organization  op  the  Mormon  Battalion — ^Departure  oi 
the  Battalion — Bountt  Monet — March  across  the  C!ontinbnt— 
The  Battalion  in  Caldtornla— Matters  cn  the  Missocri. 


Among  the  savages  on  either  side  of  the  Missouri, 
the  Pottawattamies  od  the  east  side  and  the  Omahas 
on  the  west  side,  the  outcasts  from  Nauvoo  were 
warmly  welcomed.  "My  Mormon  brethren,"  said 
the  chief  Pied  Riche,*  "the  Pottawattamie  came  sad 
and  tired  into  this  unhealthy  Missouri  bottom,  not 
many  years  back,  when  he  was  taken  from  his  beauti- 
ful country  beyond  the  Mississippi,  which  had  abun- 
dant game  and  timber  and  clear  water  everywhere. 
Now  you  are  driven  away  in  the  same  manner  from 
your  lodges  and  lands  there,  and  the  graves  of  your 
people.  So  we  have  both  suffered.  We  must  help 
one  another,  and  the  great  spirit  will  help  us  both." 

Extreme  care  was  taken  not  to  infringe  in  any  way 
upon  the  rights  of  the  Indians  or  the  government. 
Brigham  counselled  the  brethren  to  regard  as  sacred 
the  burial  customs  of  the  natives;  frequently  their 
dead  were  deposited  in  the  branches  of  trees,  wrapped 
in  buffalo  robes  and  blankets,  with  pipes  and  trinkets 


t  SanMned  La  Clerc,  on  aoooant  of  his  MhoUnhipi. 


|M) 


NEGOTIATIONS  WITH  INDIANS. 


237 


beside  them.  At  Cutler  Park  there  were  friendly 
negotiations  made  with  Big  Elk,  chief  of  the  Omahas, 
who  said:  "I  am  willing  you  should  stop  in  my  coun- 
try, but  I  am  afraid  of  my  great  father  at  Washing- 
ton."' 

As  the  United  States  pretended  to  hold  the  title 
to  the  land,  it  was  thought  that  the  Pottawattamies 
had  no  right  to  convey  their  timber  to  others;  so 
Brigham  enjoined  that  there  should  be  no  waste  of 
timber  within  these  limits,  but  that  as  much  as  was 
necessary  might  be  used.  A  permit  for  passing 
through   their  territory,  and   for   remaining  while 


About  thb  MiaaooKi. 


necessary,  was  obtained  from  Colonel  Allen,   who 
was  acting  for  the  United  States.' 

Although  it  was  late  in  the  season  when  the  first 
bands  of  emigrants  crossed  the  Missouri,  some  of  them 
still  moved  westward  as  far  as  the  Pawnee  villages  on 
Grand  Island,  intending  to  select  a  new  home  before 
winter.  But  the  evil  tidings  from  Nauvoo,  and  the 
destitute   condition  in   which   other  parties   of  the 

* '  The  Omahas  caused  them  some  trouble,  as  they  would  steal  with  one 
hand  while  we  fed  them  with  the  other.'  Hiat.  B.  Young,  MS.,  46,  Oct.  ISth. 

*  Hiat.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1846,  98-9.  Maj.  Harvey  broucht  the  Mormons 
at  Winter  Quarters  letters  from  Washington,  expecting  them  to  leave  the 
Pottawattamie  lands  in  the  spring.  See  oor.,  Hitt.  B.  Young,  MS.,  441-52. 


238 


AT  THE  MISSOURL 


J 


\^l 


I' 


r 


■i  V 


saints  reached  the  Mormon  encampments,  forbade 
further  progress,  and  all  prepared  to  spend  the  winter 
on  the  prairie.  To  the  Mormon  encampment  on  tlio 
site  of  the  present  town  of  Council  Blims  was  after- 
ward given  the  name  of  Kanesville.' 

While  the  saints  were  undergoing  their  infelicities 
at  Nauvoo,  war  had  broken  out  between  the  United 
States  and  Mexico.  At  that  time  New  Mexico  and 
California  were  a  part  of  Mexico,  and  Utah  and  Ne- 
vada were  a  part  of  California."  Journeying  west 
from  Nauvoo,  California  or  Oregon  would  be  reached. 
The  latter  territory  was  already  secured  to  the  United 
States;  people  were  there  from  the  United  States, 
composing  religious  sects  and  political  parties  as  jeal- 
ous of  their  holdings  as  any  in  Missouri  or  Illinois. 
Vancouver  Island'  was  practically  unoccupied,  but 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  would  scarcely  regard 
with  favor  its  occupation  by  a  large  body  of  American 
citizens  whose  government  was  at  that  moment  crowd- 
ing them  out  of  the  Oregon  territory  and  across  the 
Columbia  River. 

But  had  the  Mormons  known  their  destination, 
had  they  known  what  point  among  the  mountains  or 

*  So  called  after  Thamaa  L.  Kane.  Here  was  first  issued  on  Feb.  7,  1849, 
the  Frontier  Ouardian,  and  its  publication  was  continued  till  March  22,  18.V2. 
Richards'  Narr.,  MS.,  65;  Richards'  Bibliog.  of  Utah,  M8.,  13.  The  paper 
was  edited  by  Orson  Hyde,  and  makes  a  very  creditable  appearance.  Tho 
subscription  was  $2  per  year.  In  the  second  number  we  read:  '  Flour  niucly 
put  up  in  sacks  of  from  50  to  100  lbs  each  will  be  received  in  exchange  for 
the  Oitardian  at  the  rate  of  |2  per  hundred  pounds,  if  good.'  The  last  num- 
ber of  the  Times  and  Seasnv^  bears  date  Feb.  15,  1846. 

'I  frequently  find  CalifomiA  and  Utah  confounded  by  writers  of  this  early 
period.  The  limits  of  California  on  the  east  were  not  then  defined,  and  it 
was  not  uncommon,  nor  indeed  incorrect,  to  apply  that  term  to  territory  vast 
of  the  sierra.  I  find  this  written  in  Snow's  Voice  of  the  Prophet,  15:  'Tlin 
pioneers  discovered  a  beautiful  valley  beyond  tho  pass  of  the  great  Rocky 
Mts,  beinff  a  portion  of  the  great  basin  of  Upper  California.'  As  we  shall  see 
later,  the  Mormons  knew  even  less  about  Utah  than  they  did  about  California. 

*Brigham  Young  at  first  suggested  Vancouver  Island.  '  There  aro  said 
to  be  many  good  locations  for  settlements  on  the  Pacific,  especially  at  Van- 
couver Island.'  Circular  to  the  brethren,  in  Times  and  Seasons,  vi.  1019. 
In  1S45  the  report  was  current  that  the  Mormons  of  Illinois  had  chosen  V  I. 
as  their  future  home,  the  metropolis  to  be  situated  at  Nootka.  Xitea'  Eff/ister 
Ixix.  134.  The  Quincy  Whlj  thinks  the  Mormons  intend  to  settle  at  Nootki. 
Sound.  Polynesian,  ii.  1S46. 


DESTINATION  OP  THE  MORMONS. 


239 


beside  the  sea  was  to  be  their  final  resting-place,  they 
would  not  have  told  it.  When  they  turned  their 
back  on  Nauvoo,  the  whole  western  coast  was  before 
them,  with  its  multitudinous  mountains  and  valleys, 
its  rivers  and  lakes,  and  long  line  of  seaboard.  Of  the 
several  parts  of  this  immense  territory,  ownership 
and  right  of  occupation  were  not  in  every  instance  de- 
termined. The  question  of  the  boundary  line  between 
England's  possessions  and  those  of  the  United  States 
had  stirred  up  no  small  discussion  and  feeling,  and 
out  of  the  present  war  with  Mexico  would  doubtless 
arise  some  changes.^  It  was  a  foregone  conclusion  in 
the  minds  of  many,  before  ever  the  migratory  saints 
had  reached  the  Missouri  River,  that  when  the  pres- 
ent troubles  with  Mexico  were  ended  the  United 
States  would  have  California.  But  however  this  might 
be,  the  saints  had  a  firm  reliance  on  an  overruling 
providence,  and  once  adrift  upon  the  vast  untenanted 
west,  their  God  and  their  sagacity  would  point  out  to 
them  their  future  home.  Thus  it  was  that  while  the 
Mormons  in  the  western  states  took  the  route  over- 
land, another  portion  living  at  the  east  took  passage 
round  Cape  Horn,  the  intention  being  that  the  two 
bodies  of  brethren  should  come  together  somewhere 
upon  the  Pacific  slope,  which  indeed  they  did." 

The  national  title  to  what  is  now  the  Pacific  United 
States  being  at  this  time  thus  unsettled,  and  the 
Mormons  having  been  driven  from  what  was  then 

'Tn  a  letter  to  Prea.  Polk,  dated  near  Council  BlufiGi,  Aug.  9,  1846,  the 
determination  was  expressed,  'that  as  soon  as  wo  are  settled  in  the  creat  basin, 
MO  design  to  petition  the  U.  S.  for  a  territorial  govt,  bounded  on  the  north  by 
the  British  and  south  by  the  Mexican  dominions,  east  and  west  by  the  sum- 
mitsof  theRockyandCascadeMts.'  And  again  elsewhere:  'Wo  told  Col  Kane 
we  intended  settling  in  the  great  basin  on  Sear  River  Valley;  that  those  who 
vent  round  by  water  would  settle  in  S.  F.  That  was  in  council  with  the 
twelve  and  Col  Kane.'  Hist.  B.  Young,  MS.,  133,  140. 

'  In  his  address  to  the  saints  in  Great  Britain,  dated  Liverpool,  1S49,  Elder 
John  Taylor  says:  'When  wo  arriTO  in  California,  according  to  the  provisions 
of  the  Niexican  goTernment,  each  family  will  be  entitled  to  a  large  tract  of 
land,  amounting  to  sereral  hundred  acres;  but  as  the  Mexican  and  American 
nations  are  now  at  war,  siiould  Cal.  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  American 
nation,  there  has  been  a  bill  before  congress  in  relation  to  Or.,  which  will 
un(1oul)tedly  pass,  appropriating  G40  acres  of  land  to  erery  male  settler.' 
Milknnial  Star,  viii.  115. 


240 


AT  THE  MISSOURI. 


the  United  States,  it  was  considered  but  natural,  as 
indeed  it  seemed  to  be  a  necessity,  that  they  would 
take  possession  of  such  unoccupied  lands  in  the  region 
toward  the  Pacific  as  best  suited  them.  But  it  was 
not  necessary  that  they  should  hold  possession  of  such 
lands  in  opposition  to  the  government  of  the  United 
States,  as  they  have  been  charged  with  doing. 

They  now  applied  to  the  government  at  Washing- 
ton for  work,  offering  to  open  roads,  trausport  mili- 
tary stores,  or  perform  any  other  service  which  the 
government  might  require  in  this  farthest  west,  even 
to  assist  in  fighting  its  battles.  Such  occupation 
would  be  of  the  greatest  advantage  to  them  in  this 
new  country,  where  land  was  fertile  and  plenty  and 
free,  and  possessing  as  they  did  large  herds  of  cattle 
and  horses  and  sheep,  with  no  market  and  but  little 
money.  And  on  the  other  hand,  being  on  the  ground, 
accustomed  to  work,  and  having  every  facility  at 
hand  without  long  and  expensive  transportation,  they 
could  give  more  and  better  work  for  the  pay  than 
the  government  could  obtain  by  any  other  means. 

They  even  asked  for  aid  direct  about  the  time  the 
exodus  began,  being  represented  at  Washington  by 
Elder  Jesse  C.  Little,*  who,  aided  by  Colonel  Kane, 
Amos  Kendall,  and  others,  brought  the  matter  before 
President  Polk.  While  negotiations  were  yet  in 
progress,  news  arrived  that  General  Taylor  had  al- 
ready won  two  victories  over  the  Mexicans;  where- 
upon the  elder  addressed  a  petition  to  the  president, 
stating  that  from  twelve  to  fifteen  thousand  Mormons 
had  set  forth  from  Nauvoo  for  California,  while  some 
had  departed  by  sea,  and  in  Great  Britain  alone  were 
forty  thousand  converts,  all  resolved  to  join  the  saints 
in  their  promised  land.  Many  of  them  were  without 
means;  they  were  compelled  to  go;  they  wanted  as- 

*  In  the  letter  appointing  and  giving  instmctiona  to  Elder  Little  ia  the 
following:  'If  our  government  suoula  offer  facilities  for  emigrating  to  the 
western  coast,  embrace  those  facilities  if  possible.  As  a  wise  and  faithful 
man,  take  every  advantage  of  the  times  you  can.'  TuUidge'ii  Iflft  of  Brigham 
Young,  48. 


MORMON  VOLUNTEERS. 


241 


sistance  either  in  the  way  of  work  or  otherwise.  The 
Mormons  were  true-hearted  Americans,  the  memo- 
rial went  on  to  say,  and  if  the  government  would 
assist  them  in  their  present  emergency,  the  petitioner 
stood  ready  to  pledge  himself  as  their  representative 
to  answer  any  call  the  government  might  make  upon 
them  for  service  on  the  field  of  battle. 

Elder  Little  was  taken  at  his  word.  At  a  cabinet 
meeting,  held  a  day  or  two  after  his  petition  was  pre- 
sented, the  president  advised  that  the  elder  be  sent 
at  once  to  the  Mormon  camps,  and  there  raise  a 
thousand  men  to  take  possession  of  California  in  the 
name  of  the  United  States,  while  a  thousand  more 
be  sent  by  way  of  Cape  Horn  for  the  same  purpose, 
on  board  a  United  States  transport.  It  was  finally 
arranged  that  the  elder,  in  company  with  Kane,  should 
proceed  westward,  the  latter  bearing  despatches  to 
Kearny,  then  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  with  a  view  to 
raising  a  corps  of  about  five  hundred  men. 

On  the  19th  of  June,  Kearny  issued  an  order  to 
Captain  James  Allen  of  the  1st  dragoons  to  pro- 
ceed to  the  Mormon  camp,  and  there  raise  fo'ir  or 
five  companies  of  volunteers,  to  be  mustered  intiv  the 
service  of  the  United  States  and  receive  the  pay 
and  rations  of  other  infantry  volunteers.  They  were 
then  to  be  marched  to  Fort  Leavenworth,  where  they 
would  be  armed;  after  which  they  would  proceed  to 
California  by  way  of  Santa  Fe.  They  were  to  enlist 
for  twelve  months,  after  which  time  they  were  to  be 
discharged,  retaining  as  their  own  property  the  arms 
furnished  them. 

In  pursuance  of  his  orders.  Captain  Allen  proceeded 
to  Mount  Pisgah,  where  on  the  26th  he  made  known 
his  mission.  After  a  conference  with  the  church 
council  at  that  point,  Allen  went  to  Council  Bluffs, 
where  on  the  1st  of  July  it  was  determined  by 
President  Young  that  the  battalion  should  be  raised. 
In  two  weeks  the  corps  was  enrolled,  and  mustered 
in  on  the  16th  of  July,  the  president  of  the  church 

HiBT.  Vtjlh.    is 


^!l 


242 


AT  THE  MISSOURI. 


promising  to  look  after  the  wants  of  the  families  of 
those  enlisting. 

Though  in  reality  a  great  benefit  to  the  brethren, 
there  were  some  hardships  connected  with  the  meas- 
ure.^" As  Brigham  and  others  were  on  their  way  from 
Council  Bluffs  to  Pisgah  to  aid  in  obtaining  thes(; 
recruits,  thoy  passed  800  west-bound  wagons.  At 
their  encampments  on  each  side  the  river  there  was 
much  serious  illness,  and  as  many  of  the  teamsters 
had  been  withdrawn  for  this  campaign,  much  heavy 
work  fell  upon  the  women  and  children,  and  the  aged 
and  infirm.'* 

After  a  ball  on  the  afternoon  of  the  19th,  the  vol- 
unteers next  day  bade  farewell  to  their  families  and 
friends,  and  accompanied  by  eighty  women  and  ciiil- 
dren,"  set  forth  on  their  march/'  on  the  1st  of  August 
—     -    '  Here  the  men  re- 


arriving  at  Fort   Leavenworth. 


■.n 


ill 

■'1. 


Ml 


'"  So  ingrafted  in  their  minds  was  the  idua  of  peraccutioii,  and  so  accus- 
tomed were  they  now  to  complaining,  that  when  the  government  acceded  to 
their  i-cquest,  there  were  many  who  believed,  and  so  expressed  themselves, 
that  this  was  but  an  act  of  tyranny  on  the  part  of  the  United  States,  whose 
people,  after  driving  them  from  their  borders,  had  now  come  upon  thciii  to 
make  a  draft  on  their  healthiest  and  hardiest  men,  forcing  them  to  sepurate 
from  their  wives  and  children  now  in  the  time  of  their  extremest  need,  niulcr 
penalty  of  extermination  in  case  of  refusal.  And  this  idea,  which  was  wholly 
at  variance  with  the  facts,  is  present  in  the  minds  of  some  even  to  this  day. 
In  order  to  fjicilitato  enlisting,  or  for  some  other  cause  best  known  to  himself, 
Brigham  deemed  it  best  to  preserve  this  idea  rather  than  wholly  disabuse 
their  minds  of  it;  for  in  his  address  to  the  brethren  on  the  15th  of  July  lie 
said:  '  If  we  want  the  privilege  of  going  where  wo  can  worship  God  accord- 
ing to  the  dictates  of  our  consciences,  we  must  raise  the  battalion.'  hi  his 
address  at  the  gathering  of  the  pioi  ers  on  the  24th  of  July,  1880,  Willoid 
Woodruff  said:  '  Our  government  c  ied  upon  us  to  raise  a  battolion  of  'lOO 
men  to  go  to  Mexico  to  fight  the  battles  of  our  country.  This  draft  was  ten 
times  greater,  according  to  the  population  of  the  Mormon  camp,  than  w.us 
made  upon  any  other  portion  of  our  nation. .  .Whether  our  government  ex- 
pected we  would  comply  with  the  request  or  not,  is  not  for  me  to  say.  But 
I  think  I  am  safe  in  saying  that  plan  was  laid  by  certain  parties  for  our  de- 
struction if  we  did  not  comply.'  Utah  Pioneers,  SSd  Ann.,  20. 

"  '  Most  of  our  people  were  sick;  in  fact,  the  call  for  500  able-bodied  meu 
from  Council  Bluffs  for  Mexico,  by  the  government,  deprived  us  of  about  all 
our  strength.'  Richards'  Rem.,  MS.,  25. 

'^Compare  official  report  in  U.  S.  Home  Ex.  Doc,  no.  24,  31st  Coiis,'., 
Ist  Sess.,  and  Tyler'.'*  IIi.it.  Mormon  Battalion,  and  note  discrepancies  in  regard 
to  numbers  enlisted  and  discharged.  The  names  of  those  who  reached  Call- 
iomia  will  be  found  in  my  pioneer  register,  Hist.  Cal.,  this  series. 

"  'The  members  started  upon  their  pilgrimage  cheerfully, 'says  Woodruff, 
'  understanding  that  they  occupied  the  place  of  a  ram  caught  in  a  thicket,  and 
were  making  a  sacrifice  for  the  salvation  of  Israel.'  Utah  Pioneers,  20. 


MARCH  OF  TUE  BATTALION. 


113 


ouived  thoir  anna  and  accoutrements,  and  to  each  was 
yivon  a  bounty  of  forty  dollars,  most  of  the  money  be- 
ing sent  back  to  the  biothron  by  the  hands  of  elders 
Hyde,  Taylor,  and  others,  who  accompanied  the  bat- 
talion to  that  point,  and  there  bade  them  God  spood.'* 

About  the  middle  of  August  the  corps  resumed  its 
march  toward  Santa  F6,  a  distance  of  seven  hundred 
miles,  arriving  at  that  place  in  two  parties  on  the  9th 
and  12th  of  October.  There  ei«^hty-eight  men  were 
invalided  and  sent  back  to  Pueblo  for  the  winter,  and 
later  a  second  detachment  of  fifty-five,  being  found 
unfit  for  service,  was  also  ordered  to  Pueblo."  Many 
of  them  found  their  way  during  the  following  year  to 
the  valley  of  Great  Salt  Lake. 

From  Santa  Fe  the  remainder  of  the  tv  ips  set 
forth  for  San  Diego,  a  journey  of  more  than  cloven 
hundred  miles,  the  entire  distance  between  thit  town 
and  the  Mormon  camps  on  the  Missour'  ixcotding 
two  thousand  miles.  Much  of  the  route  lay  throuj^h 
a  pathle  '  '  jsert;  at  few  points  could  food  be  obtained 
in  sufficient  quantity  for  man  or  beast,  and  soiiK.times 
evta  water  failed.  Wells  were  smik  in  the  wilderness; 
but  on  one  occasion,  at  least,  the  men  travelled  for  a 
hundred  miles  without  water. ^®     Before  leaving  Santa 

'♦'Here  they  received  100  tents,  one  for  every  0  privates.'  'The  pay- 
master remarked  that  every  one  of  the  Mormon  battalion  could  write  his  own 
name,  but  only  about  one  third  of  the  vohinteera  he  had  previously  paid  could 
do  80.'  Hist.  B.  Younrf,  MS.,  1840,  18.  'Five  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
sixt  J-  dollars  was  brought  in  by  Parley  Pratt  from  Ft  Leavenworth,  being  a  por- 
tion of  the  allowance  for  clothing  paid  the  battalion.  It  was  counselled  that 
this  money  be  expended  in  St  Louis  for  the  families;  three  prices  have  to  be 
p^i'l  here;. .  .wo  wish  they  should  all  act  voluntarilj',  so  that  tbcy  may  have 
no  letloctions  to  cast  upon  themselves  or  counsellors.'  Id.,  MS.,  1846,  160. 
'Wiien  the  goods  were  bought,  prices  had  advanced  and  ferriage  was  very 
liigli,  ull  of  which  brought  tlie  goods  higher  than  was  anticipated,  and  pro- 
duced some  grumbling  in  camp. '  /(/.,  MS.,  1847,  12. 

'■'  Families  accompanying  the  battalion  were  ordered  to  Pueblo  for  winter 
fliiaiters.  lliHt.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1840, 200.  A  detachment  was  sent  to  Pueblo 
consisting  of  89  men  and  18  laundresses.  Later  in  this  vol.,  I  refer  to  aflfairs 
at  l'ucl)lo  aa  furnished  me  in  a  very  valuable  manuscript  by  Judge  Stone  of 
Colorado. 

"  In  a  general  order  issued  at  San  Diego  on  Jan.  30,  1847,  by  command  of 
Lieut-col  St  George  Ck>oke,  then  in  charge  of  the  battalion,  vice  Col  Allen,  de- 
ceased, the  men  are  thus  complimented  on  their  safe  arrival  at  the  shores  of 
the  Pacific:  '  History  may  be  searched  in  vain  for  an  ecjnal  march  of  infan- 
try; nine  tenths  of  it  through  a  wilderness,  where  nothing  but  savages  and 


244 


AT  THE  MISSOUM. 


¥6  rations  were  reduced,"  and  soon  afterward  further 
reduced  to  one  half  and  finally  to  one  quarter  allow- 
ance, the  meat  iosued  to  the  troops  being  the  flesh  of 
such  animals  as  were  unable  to  proceed  further,  though 
their  hides  and  entrails  were  eagerly  devoured,  being 
gulped  down  with  draughts  of  water,  when  water 
could  be  had.^^  While  suffering  these  hardships  the 
men  were  compelled  to  carry  their  own  knapsacks, 
muskets,  and  extra  ammunition,  and  sometimes  to 
push  the  wagons  through  heavy  sand,  or  help  to  drag 
them  over  mountain  ranges. 

Passing  through  a  New  Mexican  pueblo  on  the 
24th  of  October,  some  of  the  men  were  almost  as 
naked  as  on  the  day  of  their  birth,  except  for  a  breech- 
clout,  or  as  their  colonel  termed  it,  a  'centre-clothing,' 
tied  around  the  loins.  In  this  plight,  near  the  middle 
of  December,  the  battalion  reached  the  San  Pedro 
River,  some  three  hundred  and  forty  strong,  and  here 
occurred  the  only  battle  which  the  saints  militant 
fought  during  their  campaign — an  encounter  with  a 

wild  beasts  are  found;  or  deserts  where,  for  the  want  of  water,  there  is  uo 
living  creature.  There,  with  almost  hopeless  labor,  we  have  dug  deep  wells, 
which  the  future  traveller  will  enjoy.  Without  a  guide  who  had  traversed 
them,  we  have  ventured  into  trackless  prairies,  where  water  was  not  fouud 
for  several  marches.  With  crowbar  and  pickaxe  in  hand,  we  have  worked 
our  way  over  mountains  which  seemed  to  defy  aught  save  the  wild  goat,  and 
hewed  a  passage  through  a  chasm  of  living  rock,  more  narrow  than  our  wagons. ' 
Smith's  Rise,  Progrms,  and  Travels,  10. 

*' '  Until  further  orders,  three  fourths  pound  of  flour,  also  three  fourths 
rations  sugar  and  coffee  mil  be  issued.  Beef,  one  and  a  half  pounds  will  be 
issued  for  c.  day's  ration.'  Order  No.  11,  Headquarters  Mormon  Battalion, 
Santa  Fe,     A  copy  of  it  will  be  found  in  Tyler's  Hist.  Mar,  Battaium,  175-6. 

'"  Durinpf  the  march  from  Santa  F6  to  San  Diego  a  song  was  composed  by 
Levi  W.  Hancock,  a  musician  belonging  to  company  E.  It  was  entitled  the 
'Desert  Route,'  and  commences: 

While  here  beneath  a  BUltry  sky. 
Oar  famished  mules  and  cattle  <ue; 
Scarce  nugbt  but  skin  and  bonea  remain. 

To  feed  ix)or  soldiers  on  the  plain.  • 

Cliorut:  Uo\r  hard  to  starve  and  wear  us  out 
Upon  this  sandy  desert  route. 

We  sometimes  now  for  lack  of  brriul. 
Are  lcs3  thn  n  quarter  rations  fed. 
And  soon  expect,  for  all  of  mea^ 
Nanght  else  than  broke^lown  mules  to  Mt, 

Now  half^tarved  oxen,  over^driUed, 
Too  weak  to  draw,  for  beef  are  killed; 
And  gnawing  hunger  prompting  men, 
To  eat  small  entrails  and  the  akin. 
Id.,  181-2. 


ARRIVAL  AT  SAN  DIEGO. 


2i& 


herd  of  wild  bulls.  Thence,  without  further  adventure 
V  orthy  of  note,  they  continued  their  march,  and  reach- 
ing the  Pacific  coast  on  the  29th  of  January,  1847, 
found  the  stars  and  stripes  floating  peacetully  over  the 
town  of  San  Diego." 

A  more  detailed  account  of  the  career  of  the  Mor- 
nion  battalion  will  be  found  in  my  History  of  Cali- 
fnrnia.  It  remains  only  to  add  here  that  about  one 
hundred  of  the  men  reached  Salt  Lake  City  in  the 
winter  of  1847,  while  some  remained  on  the  Pacific 
coast.*' 

The  alacrity  displayed  by  the  Mormon  president  in 
raising  this  battalion  has  been  ascribed  to  various 
causes;  to  the  fear  of  further  persecution  should  the 
levy  be  refused,  and  to  a  desire  of  showing  that,  not- 
withstanding their  maltreatment,  the  saints  were  still 


"  In  A  Concise  History  of  the  Mormon  Battalion  in  the  Mexican  War,  I846 
-IS47,  by  Sergeant  Daniel  Tlyer,  (Salt  Lake  City,)  1881,  8vo,  376  pp.,  we 
have  a  most  valuable  book,  and  one  that  forniB  the  leading  authority  on 
this  subject.  Though  written,  of  course,  from  a  Mormon  standpoint,  and 
marked  by  the  credulity  of  his  sect,  the  execution  of  the  work  is  all  that  its 
titla-pagc  promises.  In  the  introduction,  occupying  109  pages,  we  have 
President  John  Taylor's  account  of  the  martyrdom  of  Joseph  Smith,  Colonel 
Kaiic's  discourse  on  the  Mormons,  and  a  poem  by  Eliza  E.  Snow,  entitled 
The  Mormon  Battalion,  and  First  Wagon  Load  over  the  Great  American  Desert. 
Tlie  remainder  of  the  volume  consists  of  original  matter.  Tyler  was  a  mem- 
ber of  company  C  in  the  battalion,  and  no  doubt  speaks  the  truth  when  he 
says  in  bis  preface  that  '  neither  labor,  pains,  nor  expense  has  been  spared  in 
the  effort  to  make  this  a  just  and  authentic  history.^  Among  other  authori- 
ties may  be  mentioned  Home's  Migr,  and  Settlem't,  L.  D.  Saints,  MS.,  32-3; 
NeUhr's  Early  Justice,  MS.,  3;  Woodruff's  Rem.,  MS.,  76;  Henry  W.  Big- 
ler's  Diary  of  a  Mormon  in  Gcd{fornia,  MS.,  in  which  last  we  have  a  faithful 
aud  interesting  record  of  the  Mormon  battalion  and  Mr  Bigler's  account  of 
the  discovery  of  gold  in  California.  The  Conquest  ^^ Neio  Mexico  and  Califor- 
nia: an  Historical  and  Personal  Narrative,  by  P.  ^t.  George  Cooke,  Brigadier 
and  Brevet  Major-general  U.S.  A.,  N.  Y.,  1878,  r2mo,  gives  some  additional 
matter,  as  do  the  journal  and  report  of  that  officer  in  U.  S.  Sen,  Doc.  No.  2, 
;^Oth  Cong.,  Special  Sess.,  and  in  y /ouse  ^x.  X)oc.,  30th  Cong.,  IstSess.,  no.  41, 

)p.  i;49-63.    Cooke,  it  will  be  remembered,  was  in  command  of  the  battalion. 

tems  have  also  been  gathered  from  U.  S.  House  Ex.  Doc,  3IstCong.,  Ist 
Sess.,  no.  24,  p.  22;  Apostle  AVilford  Woodruflf's  Speech,  in  Utah  Pioneers, 
33(1  ann.,  19-22;  Smith's  Rise,  Progress,  and  Travels,  8-11;  Tullidge's  Life  qf 
Brigham  Young,  41-76;  Olshau^en,  Gesch,  de  Mor.,  142-4;  and  Kane's  The 
Mormons,  27-9.  Biographical  notices  of  some  of  the  membei's,  and  the  names 
of  the  women  who  accompanied  the  battalion,  are  given  in  Tullidge's  Women, 
427,  432,  443-4. 

'••"In  the  Frontier  Guardian,  ilarch  7,  1849,  is  a  notice  copied  from  the  St 
Joseph  Gazette,  stating  that  the  members  of  the  batta  ion  can  at  once  receive 
their  extra  pay  at  Fort  Leavenworth.  The  notice  1 1  signed  by  Paymaster 
Thos  S.  Bryant. 


I 


9M 


AT  THE  MISSOUEI. 


unswerving  in  their  loyalty  to  the  United  States. 
While  all  this  carried  weight,  the  bounty  of  twenty 
thousand  dollars  was  no  insignificant  consideration, 
nor  the  hope  that  this  battalion  might  serve  as  van- 
guard to  Brigham's  host,  provided  he  carried  out  his 
partially  formed  purpose  to  settle  in  California. 

At  the  close  of  1846,  about  twelve  thousand  souls 
had  assembled  in  the  Mormon  camps,  a  portion  of 
them  being  yet  stationed  as  far  eastward  as  Garden 
Grove.  Of  the  rest  a  few  had  made  their  way 
to  some  Atlantic  port  and  taken  ship  for  Califor- 
nia; many  had  dispersed  throughout  the  country, 
some  of  whom  were  now  gathering  at  the  ren- 
dezvous. Though  the  first  bands  that  crossed  the 
Mississippi  encountered  no  very  severe  hardships,  as 
I  have  said,  the  sufferings  of  those  who  set  forth  later 
have  few  parallels,  even  among  the  pioneers,  who,  a 
year  or  two  afterward,  followed  their  track  westward 
in  search  of  gold.'^^ 

Mount  Pisgah,  the  next  encampment  west  of  Gar- 
den Grove,  was  on  the  middle  fork  of  Grand  River. 
Through  this  winter  of  1846-7,  which  was  one  of 
severest  struggle,  there  was  great  lack  of  food  and 
clothing.  They  could  not  go  on  because  they  had 
no  teams,  most  of  them  being  employed  in  bringing 
forward  the  emigration  from  the  Mississippi.     Many 

*' Instance  the  experiences  of  Mrs  Richards,  Reminiscences,  MS.,  passim. 
While  on  their  journey  toward  the  Missouri,  having  parted  from  her  husband 
who  was  about  starting  on  a  mission  to  England,  her  little  daughter  was  t^kcu 
dangerously  ill,  and  the  mother  was  prematurely  confined  in  a  wagon  witli  a 
son,  who  died  soon  after.  'Our  situation  was  pitiable:  I  had  no  suitable  fooil 
for  myself  or  my  child;  the  severe  rain  prevented  our  having  any  fire;  on 
the  third  day  we  resumed  our  journey.  In  ten  days  we  reached  Mt  Pisgah; 
my  little  girl  was  very  ill,  and  I  was  also.  We  continued  our  journey  till  wo 
reached  my  mother  at  Cutler  Park,  and  here,  after  weeks  of  almost  iiicicd- 
ible  sufFcring,  my  little  daughter  died.  A  few  days  previously  she  had  asked 
for  some  potato  soup,  the  first  thing  she  Ixad  shown  any  desire  for  for  weeks, 
and  as  Ave  were  then  travelling,  we  came  in  sight  of  a  potato-field.  One  of  tho 
sisters  eagerly  a?ked  for  a  single  potato.  A  rough  woman  impatiently  heard 
her  story  through,  and  putting  her  hands  on  her  shoulders,  marched  her  out 
of  the  house,  saying,  "I  won't  give  or  sell  a  thing  to  one  of  you  damned  Mor- 
mons." 1  turned  on  my  bed  and  wept,  as  I  heard  them  trying  to  comfort 
my  little  one  in  her  disappointment.  When  she  M'as  taken  from  me  I  ouly 
lived  because  I  could  not  die. ' 


THE  CAMP  AT  MOUNT  PISGAH. 


247 


families  were  entirely  out  of  provisions,  and  their  des- 
titute neighbors  were  sorely  taxed,^''  A  fatal  sick- 
ness swept  through  the  camp,  and  soon  there  were 
not  sufficient  persons  to  nurse  the  sick;  frequently 
burials  were  hastened  with  little  ceremony.  In  the 
spring  of  1847,  Lorenzo  Snow  was  made  president  of 
the  camp.  The  men  were  put  to  work  wherever  they 
could  get  it.  Seed  was  planted,  and  the  result  was 
enough  not  only  for  themselves,  but  they  were  enabled 
to  send  supplies  to  the  camp  at  Council  Bluffs.'* 
Snow  instituted  religious  ceremonies  and  amusements 
to  brighten  and  encourage  them.  He  describes  a  dance 
in  his  log  cabin,  where  clean  straw  was  spread  over 
the  ground  floor,  and  the  walls  draped  with  sheets. 
Turnips  were  scooped  out  and  in  them  were  placed 
lighted  candles,  which,  suspended  from  the  ceiling  of 
earth  and  cane,  or  fastened  on  the  walls,  imparted  a 
picturesque  effect.  Dancing,  speeches,  songs,  and 
recitations  varied  the  exercises,  which  opened  and 
closed  with  prayer. 

On  each  side  of  the  hills  where  now  stands  Council 
Bluffs  could  be  seen  the  white  canvas  tents  of  a  Mor- 
mon encampment,  from  which  arose  at  sunrise  the 
smoke  of  hundreds  of  fires.  After  the  morning  meal, 
the  men  employed  themselves  in  tending  herds,  in 
planting  grain  and  vegetables,  or  in  building  houses 
for  winter.  Many  of  them  were  excellent  craftsmen, 
and  could  fell  a  tree,  and  split  its  trunk  into  boards, 
scantling,  rails,  posts,  or  whatever  were  needed,  as 


''  It  cannot  be  said  that  any  considerable  number  died  of  starvation. 
'Only  those  died  of  it  outright,*  says  Kane  in  The.  Mormons,  '  who  fell  in  out- 
of-the-way  places  that  the  hand  of  brotherhood  could  not  reach. .  .If  but  part 
of  a  group  were  supplied  with  provisions,  the  whole  went  on  half  or  quarter 
ration.'  'Articles  of  diet,  such  as  tea,  coflee,  sugar,  with  every  species  of 
clothing,  were  eagerly  stored  up,  as  po.ssibly  the  last  wo  should  ever  see.' 
Brotm'a  Teatimonies,  MS.,  24.  '  When  starting  from  Nauvoo,  a  gentile  neigh- 
bor gave  me  a  pound  of  tea,  which  through  sickness  and  great  sufl'ering  was 
about  all  the  sustenance  I  had  for  some  time.'  Mrs  lUchnrds'  Rem.,  MiS.,  20. 

'^^ '  Parties  were  sent  to  the  gentile  settlements  to  look  for  work,  food,  and 
clothing,  and  elders  Dana  and  Campbell  collected  about  $600  from  the  rich 
gentiles  in  Ohio  and  elsewhere.*  Snovo'n  Biography,  91. 


iM8 


AT  THE  MISSOURI. 


readily  as  the  most  expert  backwoodsmen  of  their 
day."* 

During  the  summer  and  autumn  months  of  1846, 
the  PapiTlon  camp,  near  the  Little  Butterfly  River, 
in  common  with  the  others,  was  stricken  with  fever, 
and  with  a  scorbutic  disease  which  the  Mormons 
termed  the  black  canker.  In  the  autumn  drought,  the 
streams  that  discharge  into  the  Missouri  at  this  point 
are  often  little  better  than  open  sewers,  pestilential 
as  open  cesspools,  and  the  river,  having  lost  more  than 
half  its  volume,  flows  sluggishly  through  its  channel 
of  slime  and  sedge.  Of  the  baked  mud  on  either  bank 
is  formed  the  rich  soil  on  which  lay  the  encampments, 
the  site  being  called,  in  their  own  phrase.  Misery 
Bottom.  In  the  year  previous  the  Indians  in  this 
neighborhood  had  lost  one  ninth  of  their  number; 
and  now  that  the  earth  was  for  the  first  time  upturned 
by  the  plough,  the  exhalations  from  this  rank  and 
steamins:  soil  were  redolent  of  disease  and  death. 

In  the  camp  nearest  to  Papillon  more  than  one 
third  of  the  company  lay  sick  at  the  beginning  of 
August;  elsewhere  matters  were  even  worse;  and  as 
the  season  advanced  there  were  in  some  of  the  en- 
campments not  one  who  escaped  the  fever,  the  few  who 
were  able  to  stagger  from  tent  to  tent  carrying  food 
and  water  to  their  comrades.  For  several  weeks  it 
was  impossible  to  dig  graves  quickly  enough  for  the 
burial  of  the  desxd,^^  and  one  might  see  in  the  open 
tents  the  wasted  forms  of  women  brushing  away  the 
flies  from  the  putrefying  corpses  of  their  children. 

Through  all  these  months  building  was  continually 
going  on  at  Winter  Quarters.'^    The  axe  and  saw  were 

'* '  There  were  among  them  many  skilled  mechanics,  who  could  work  at  forge, 
loom,  or  turning-lathe.  A  Mormon  gunsmith  is  the  inventor  of  the  excellent 
repeating  rifle  that  loads  by  slides  instead  of  cylinders;  and  one  of  the  neat- 
est finished  fire-arms  I  have  ever  seen  was  of  this  kind,  wrought  from  scraps 
of  old  iron,  and  inlaid  with  the  silver  of  a  couple  of  half-dollars.'  Kane'x  The 
Mormonx,  36. 

■•'*  At  the  camp  situated  on  the  site  of  the  town  of  Florence,  there  were  over 
600  burials.  Kane's  The  Mormons,  51. 

** '  Hero  we  sutfered  terribly  from  scurvy,  for  want  of  vegetables.  I  was 
a  victim,  and  even  my  little  children  as  young  as  three  years  of  age.    The 


WINTER  QUARTERS. 


249 


f  their 

>f  1846, 

River, 
ti  fever, 
[ormons 
ght,  tlie 
lis  point 
stilential 
lOre  than 

channel 
her  bank 
opments, 
,  Misery 
s  in  this 

number; 
upturned 
rank  and 
eath. 

than  one 
inning  of 
le ;  and  as 
,f  the  en- 

e  few  who 

■ying  food 
weeks  it 

[h  for  the 
the  open 
away  the 

ddren. 
intinually 
saw  were 

I  work  at  forge, 
b  the  excellent 
fe  of  the  neat- 
Iht  from  scraps 
L  '  Kane'^  The 

aere  were  over 

Itables.     I  wiH 
of  age.    T!ie 


incessantly  at  work  night  and  day.  It  was  a  city  of 
mud  and  logs;  the  houses  had  puncheon  floors  and 
roofs  of  straw  and  dirt,  or  of  turf  and  willows;  they 
were  warm  and  not  unwholesome,  but  would  not  en- 
dure the  thaw,  rain,  and  sunshine.^^ 

There  was  a  camp  at  Cutler  Park  which  was  moved 
to  Winter  Quarters.  Great  difficulty  was  experi- 
enced in  getting  flour  and  meal;  a  little  grain  was 
ground  at  the  government  mill,  and  the  rest  was  ob- 
tained in  Missouri,  a  hundred  and  fifty  miles  distant.'*'* 
Brigham  kept  everybody  busy,  and  everything  was 
well  organized  and  systematically  executed.*'  Schools 
were  soon  established,  officers  of  the  church  appointed, 
and  men  sent  on  missions.  The  whole  machinery  was 
apparently  in  as  active  operation  as  it  had  been  at 
Nauvoo.  The  gathering  continued  through  the  sum- 
first  relief  experienced  was  when  a  bag  of  potatoes  was  brought  in  from 
Missouri..  .It  was  observed  that  those  who  had  milk  escaped  the  trouble.' 
Home's  MigrcUiona,  MS.,  20. 

•'' '  The  buildings  were  generally  of  logs  from  12  to  18  feet  long,  a  few 
were  split,  and  made  from  lynn  and  cotton-wood  timber;  many  roofs  were 
made  by  splitting  oak  timber  into  boards,  called  shakes,  about  3  ft  long  and 
6  in.  wide,  and  kept  in  place  by  weights  and  poles;  others  were  made  of 
willows,  straw,  and  earth,  about  a  foot  thick;  some  of  puncheon.  Many 
cabins  had  no  floors;  there  were  a  few  dugouts  on  the  sidehills — the  fire- 
place was  cut  out  at  the  upper  end.  The  ridge-pole  roof  was  supported  by 
two  uprights  in  the  centre  and  roofed  with  straw  and  earth,  with  chimneys 
of  prairie  sod.  The  doors  were  made  of  shakes,  with  wooden  hinges  and 
string  latch;  the  inside  of  the  log  houses  was  daubed  with  clay;  a  few  had 
stoves.'  Hist.  B.  Youny,  MS.,  ISS),  634.  '  The  roofs  were  made  of  logs  laid 
across  with  flags  spread  over  them,  and  earth  spread  over  these.  This  was 
partial  protection  irom  the  rain,  but  when  once  it  was  soaked  through  in  a 
heavy  storm,  we  were  at  the  mercy  of  the  rain.'  Richards'  ^ewj. ,  MS. ,  27.  In 
Dec.  1846,  at  Winter  Quarters  there  were  '538  log  houses  and  83  sod  houses, 
inhabited  by  3,483  souls,  of  whom  334  were  sick. '  Church  Chronology,  65. 

'* '  $8,000  was  sent  by  Whitney  to  St  Louis  to  purcliase  stones  and  machin- 
ery for  flouring  mills;  and  through  A.  H.  Perkins  a  carding  machine  was 
ordered  from  Savannah.'  Hist.  IS.  Young,  MS.,  Aug.  30,  1846.  'Sugar  and 
coffee  were  10 J  cts  per  lb.;  domestics  and  calicoes  from  18  to  23  cts;  $',i  a  cwt. 
for  flour,'  etc. ;  all  of  which  could  be  purchased  in  St  Louis  for  a  third  of  these 
rates.  These  prices  seemed  exorbitant  <.<}  the  Mormons,  though  in  reality 
they  were  not  aacnable.     In  transporting  the  goods  from  St  Louis  later, 

ferriage  becan  j  o>j  liigh  and  prices  were  so  advanced  that  the  brethren  burst 
forth:  'Woe  unto  you,  Missourians!  but  we  are  independent  of  them  and 
can  live  without  them,  for  we  have  thousands  of  cattlo  left. ' 

"  'At  a  meeting  of  the  council  July  14th,  it  was  voted  that  colonies  be 
established  on  the  east  side  of  the  river  to  put  in  buckwheat,  and  winter; 
that  a  fort  be  built  on  Grand  Island  and  a  settlement  made  there;  and  that 
Bisliop  Miller  and  a  company  go  over  the  mountains.'  Uisl.  B.  Young,  MS., 
184C,  50. 


2o0 


AT  THE  MISSOURI. 


.  a-; 


mer,  but  it  was  deemed  inexpedient  to  move  forward 
that  year.  Some  twelve  hundred  cattle  were  herded 
on  the  rush  bottoms,  about  a  hundred  miles  up  tht 
river. 

The  building  of  a  water  flouring  mill  was  in  process 
of  construction,  and  Brigham  superintended  the  work. 
As  the  camp  journalist  writes:  "He  sleeps  with  one 
eye  open  and  one  foot  out  of  bed,  and  when  anything 
is  wanted  he  is  on  hand."  The  tithing  collected  was 
distributed  among  the  destitute  at  Mount  Pisgah. 
To  the  gentiles  who  visited  their  camps  such  hospitality 
was  extended  as  their  means  permitted,  which  though 
often  scant  was  never  stinted. 

Within  the  camp  the  women  attended  not  only  to 
their  ordinary  household  duties,  but  were  busily  occu- 
pied spinning,  knitting,  making  leggings  from  deer  and 
elk  skins,  and  in  weaving  willow  baskets  for  market.*' 
With  cheerfulness  and  courage  they  adapted  them- 
selves to  their  man}''  vicissitudes,  their  faith  in  their 
religion  never  swerving,  and  supported  by  it  to  a  pa- 
tient endurance  beyond  human  strength.  Most  ot 
them  had  exchanged  their  household  treasures  and 
personal  effects,  even  to  their  table  and  bed  furniture, 
for  stores  of  maize  or  flour,  which  with  milk  were 
their  only  articles  of  diet.  As  evening  approached, 
the  tinkling  of  cattle  bells  announced  the  return  of  the 
men,  when  the  women  went  forth  to  meet  them,  and 
welcome  them  back  to  their  log  hut  and  frugal  meal. 
Then  a  little  later  all  sounds  were  hushed,  save  that  on 
the  still  night  arose  the  strains  of  the  evening  hyiun 
and  the  murmur  of  the  evening  prayer,  the  day 
closing,  as  it  had  commenced,  with  a  supplication  for 
the  blessing  of  the  Almighty,  and  with  heartfelt 
thanksgiving  that  he  had  been  pleased  to  deliver  his 
people  from  the  hands  of  their  persecutors. 

During  the  latter  part  of  the  winter  and  toward 
the   early  spring  matters  assumed  a  brighter  look. 

"Several  loads  of  willow  baskets  were  mauufactured.  Hist.  B.  Young, 
MS.,  5^4. 


FESTIVITIES  AMONG  THE  SAIXTS. 


251 


New-year's  day  was  ushered  in  at  Winter  Quarters  by 
the  firing  of  cannon."  There  were  frequent  assem- 
blies for  dancing,  and  in  February  several  picnics 
were  held.  In  inaugurating  these  festivities,  Brig- 
hain  told  the  people  he  would  show  them  how  to  go 
forth  in  the  dance  in  an  acceptable  manner  before  the 
Lord,**  and  to  the  sound  of  music  led  the  dance.  A 
picnic  lasting  for  three  days  was  also  given,  at  which 
three  hurdred  of  the  poor  were  feasted." 

'>  The  thermometer  was  during  that  week  from  2*  to  8°  below  zero,  later 
falling  several  degrees  lower. 

'"I  then  knelt  down  and  prayed  to  Gkxi  in  behalf  of  the  meeting, . .  .and 
dedicated  the  meeting  and  house  to  the  Lord, . .  .and  led  forth  in  the  dance.' 
HM.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1847,  27.  In  an  address  Brigham  said:  'For  some 
weeks  past  I  could  not  wake  up  at  any  time  of  the  night  but  I  heard  the  axe 
at  work, . . .  and  now  my  feelings  are,  dance  all  night  if  you  desire  to  do  so. '  p. 
48.  'The  "Silver  Greys  "  and  upectacled  dames,. .  .some  nearly  a  hundred 
years  old, . .  .dancing  like  ancient  Israel.'  p.  49. 

'^  'There  were  117  poor  adults, . .  .divided  into  three  wards. .  .Shortly  after 
noon  I  met  with  66  of  my  family,  inclading  my  adopted  children.'  Id.,  p.  53. 


CHAPTER  X. 

MIGRATION  TO  UTAH. 

1847. 
Camp  Niab  ths  Missocbi — Pkxpabations  at  Winteb  Quabtbbs — Depart- 

UBK  or  THS  PlONKKB  BaND^EIlKHOBN  RENDEZVOUS— BoCTK  AND  Bou- 

TINE — Incidents  of  Jouknet — Appboach  to  Zion — In  the  CaSon— 
Hosanna!  Hallelujah! — Entry  into  the  Valley  of  the  Great 
Salt  Lake — Plouohino  and  Planting — Pbayinq  and  Pbaisino — Sm 
for  a  City  Chosen — ^Temple  Block  Selected — Return  of  Companies 
to  Winter  Quarters — Their  Meetini  with  the  Wsstwasd-bocnc 
— General  Epistle  of  the  Twelve. 


-« 


In  the  spring  of  1847  we  find  the  saints  still  in  camp 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  Missouri.  Considering  what 
they  had  been  called  upon  to  undergo,  they  were  in 
good  health  and  spirits.  There  is  nothing  like  the 
spiritual  in  man  to  stimulate  and  sustain  the  physi- 
cal ;  and  this  result  is  equally  accomplished  by  the 
most  exalted  piety  of  the  true  believer,  or  by  the 
most  stupid  fanaticism  or  barbaric  ignorance;  for 
all  of  us  are  true  believers,  in  our  own  eyes.  There 
is  nothing  like  religion  to  sustain,  bear  up,  and  carry 
men  along  under  trying  circumstances.  They  make 
<»f  it  a  fight;  and  they  are  determined  that  the  world, 
the  flesh,  and  the  devil  shall  not  conquer. 

In  the  present  instance  it  was  of  course  a  miracle 
in  their  eyes  that  so  many  of  their  number  were  pre- 
served; it  was  to  this  belief,  and  to  the  superhuman 
skill  and  wisdom  of  their  leader,  and  partly  to  their 
own  concert  of  action,  that  their  preservation  was  due. 

Frequent  meetings  had  been  held  by  the  council  to 
consider  plans  for  further  explorations  by  a  pioneer 


DEPARTURE  OP  THE  PIONEER  BAND. 


band.^     A  call  was  made  for  volunteers  of  young  and 
able-bodied  men,  and  in   April  a  company   was  or- 

§aiuzed,  with  Brigham  Young  as  lieutenant-general, 
tephan  Markham  colonel,  John  Pack  major,  and 
fourteen  captains.  The  company  consisted  of  143 
persons,  including  three  women,  wives  of  Brigham 
Young,  Lorenzo  Young,  and  Heber  C.  Kimball.  They 
had  73  wagons  drawn  by  horses  and  mules,  and  loaded 
chiefly  with  grain  and  farming  implements,'  and  with 
provisions  which  were  expected  to  last  them  for  the 
return  journey. 

Early  in  April  a  detachment  moved  out  of  Winter 
Quarters  for  the  rendezvous  on  the  Elkhorn,  and  on 
the  14th  the  pioneer  band,  accompanied  by  eight  mem- 
bers of  the  council,^  began  the  long  journey  westward 
ill  search  of  a  site  for  their  new  Zion.  If  none  were 
found,  they  were  to  plant  crops  and  establish  a  settle- 
ment at  some  suitable  spot  which  might  serve  as  a 
base  for  futures  explorations.* 

The  route  was  along  the  north  branch  of  the  Platte, 
and  for  more  than  500  miles  the  country  was  bare  of 


'  Tlie  octagon  house  of  Dr  Richards  in  which  the  councU  met  is  described 
as  a  qneer-looking  thing,  much  resembling  a  New  Enghind  potato-heap  in 
time  of  frost.  '  (x>uncil  voted  a  load  of  wood  for  each  day  they  met  in  his 
house.'  Hist.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1847,  2. 

'  Woodruff's  Journal,  MS.,  Apr.  17,  1847. 

^  John  Taylor,  Farley  Pratt,  and  Orson  Hyde  were  engaged  in  missionary 
work  abroad.  Pratt's  Autohioij.,  383. 

*  The  impression  was  that  they  would  reach  as  soon  aa  possible  'the  foot  of 
the  mountains  somewhere  in  the  region  of  the  Yellowstone  River,  perhaps  at 
tlie  fork  of  Tongue  River,  say  2  days'  ride  north  of  the  Oregon  road,  and  a 
week's  travel  west  of  Ft  Laramie ...  I  informed  Bishop  Miller  tliat  when  we 
moved  heuce  it  would  be  to  the  great  basin.'  Hist.  B.  Young,  MS.,  79.  No 
one  knew  whither  they  were  going,  not  even  the  leaders.  '  We  have  learned 
by  letter  to  Elder  G.  D.  Watt  tliat  a  company  left  Council  Bluffs  for  the 
inuuutaius  on  the  12th  of  April  to  seek  a  location  for  a  stake  in  Zion.'  MU- 
Inmial  Star,  ix.  235.  '  The  pioneers  started  for  the  mountains  to  seek  out  a 
reatiug-place  for  the  saints.'  Brown's  Testimonies /or  tine  Truth,  26.  In  Niles' 
Ri'j'tater,  Ixxii.  200  (May  29,  1847),  wo  read:  'Their  intention  is  to  proceed  as 
far  .IS  possible  up  to  the  period  of  necessary  planting-time,  when  they  will 
stop  aud  commence  a  crop.  The  leaders  will  make  but  a  short  delay  at  this 
[loiiit,  and  will  proceed  over  into  California  and  communicate  with  or  join  the 
(lisbanilcd  forces  of  the  Mormon  battalion,  whose  period  of  service  will  expire 
about  the  1st  of  July  next.'  'When  President  Young  was  questioned  by  any 
of  tlie  pioneers  as  to  the  definite  point  of  our  destination,  aU  he  could  say  to 
thtiui  was,  that  he  would  know  it  when  he  should  see  it.'  Erastus  Snow,  in 
Utah  Pioneers,  33d  ann.,  44. 


854 


MIGRATION  TO  UTAH. 


vegetation.  Roused  by  the  call  of  the  bugle  at  five 
o'clock  in  the  morning,  they  assembled  for  prayers; 
then  they  breakfasted,  and  upon  a  second  call  of  the 
bugle  at  seven  o'clock  they  started,  and  travelled 
about  twenty  miles  for  the  day.  At  night  the  note 
of  the  bugle  sent  each  to  his  own  wagon  to  prayers 
and  at  nine  o'clock  to  bed.  They  rested  on  Sunday, 
giving  up  the  day  to  fasting  and  prayer.  They  were 
careful  in  marching  to  preserve  order,  with  loaded  guns 
and  powder-horn  ready.  And  the  better  to  present  ;i 
compact  front,  the  wagons  were  kept  well  togcthLf, 
usually  two  abreast  where  the  ground  would  permit, 
and  the  men  were  required  to  walk  by  the  wagons. 
They  felled  cotton- wood  trees  for  their  horses  iii 


.1 


RonTE  OF  THE  MoRMONS. 


cattle  to  browse  upon,  and  at  last  were  obliged  to  feed 
them  from  the  grain,  flour,  and  biscuit  they  carried, 
subsisting  meanwhile  themselves  on  game  and  fisli, 
In  the  valley  of  the  Platte  roamed  such  vast  herds  of 
buffaloes  that  it  was  often  necessary  to  send  parties  in 
advance  and  clear  the  road  before  the  teams  could 
pass.  At  night  the  wagons  would  be  drawn  up  in  a 
semicircle  on  the  bank,  the  river  forming  a  defence 
upon  one  side.  The  tongues  of  the  wagons  were  on 
the  outside,  and  a  fore  wheel  of  each  was  placed 
against  the  hind  wheel  of  the  wagon  before  it;  all  the 
horses  and  cattle  were  brought  inside  of  the  en- 
closure.    The  corral  thus  formed  was  oblong,  with  an 


JOURNEY  OF  THE  PIONEERS. 


203 


opening  at  either  end,  where  was  stationed  a  guard. 
Thu  tents  were  pitched  outside  of  the  corral." 

In  crossing  the  Loup  River  on  the  24th,  they  used 
a  leathern  boat  made  tor  this  expedition,  and  called 
Tlie  Revenue  Cutter.  On  the  4th  of  May  letters  were 
sent  back  to  Winter  Quarters  by  a  trader  named 
Charles  Beaumont.  On  the  22d  they  encamped  at 
Ancient  Bluff  Ruins.  Hero  the  spirits  of  the  people 
readied  such   high  hilarity  that  their  commanding 


jrscs  and 


Corral  of  VVaoomfi. 


ollieer  was  obhged  to  rebuke  them,  whereupon  all 
covenanted  to  humble  themselves." 

Early  in  June  they  reached  the  Black  Hills  byway 
of  Fort  Laramie.'^     Here  they  rested  for  two  or  three 

•  Woodruff's  Journal,  MS.,  April  19,  1847.  On  May  4th  they  'established 
a  [loat-ollice  and  guide  system  for  the  benefit  of  the  next  camp  following. 
Every  ten  miles. .  .we  put  up  a  guide-board.' 

" '  I  have  told  the  few  who  did  not  belong  to  the  church  that  they  were 
not  at  liberty  to  introduce  cards,  dancing,  or  iniquity  of  any  description.' 
IIUI.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1847,  90. 

'  Fort  John,  or  Laramie,  was  occupied  by  'James  Bordeaux  and  about 
eighteen  French  half-breeds  and  a  few  Sioux. .  .There  had  been  no  rain  for 
the  last  two  years. .  .Two  or  three  of  us  visited  Mr  Bordeaux  at  the  fort. 


856 


MIGRATION  TO  UTAH. 


weeks  to  build  ferry-boats  and  recruit  their  animals. 
Grass  was  now  plentiful;  most  of  the  brethren  de- 
pended upon  their  rifles  for  food,  and  after  havin<,' 
prepared  sufficient  dried  meat  for  the  rest  of  the  jour- 
ney, they  continued  on  their  way. 

No  sooner  had  they  crossed  the  river  than  a  honse- 
man,  who  had  followed  their  trail  from  Laramie,  rodo 
up  and  begged  them  to  halt,  as  near  by  was  a  lar<,'u 
company  bound  for  Oregon,  for  which  he  asked  con- 
veyance over  the  stream.  The  pioneers  consented, 
stipulating  that  they  should  receive  payment  in  pro- 
visions. Other  parties  following,  the  larder  of  the 
saints  was  replenished.® 

Travelling  rapidly,  and  a  little  to  the  south  of  what 
was  known  as  the  Oregon  track,'  the  Mormons  ar- 
rived at  South  Pass  in  the  latter  part  of  June,  about 
the  time  when  the  tide  of  emigration  usually  passed 
the  Missouri.  Thence  skirting  the  Colorado  desert 
and  reaching  the  Green  River  country,  the  monotony 
was  broken.  Here  the  brethren  were  met  by  Elder 
Brannan,  who  had  sailed  from  New  York  for  Califor- 
nia in  the  ship  Droohhjn,  the  previous  February,  with 
238  saints,  as  before  mentioned.  He  reported  that 
they  were  all  busy  making  farms  and  raising  grain  on 
the  San  Joaquin  River/"     As  several  of  the  present 


We  paid  hitn  $15  for  the  use  of  his  ferry-boat.  Mr  Bordeaux  said  that  tlik 
was  the  most  civil  and  best-behaved  company  that  had  ever  passed  the  fort.* 
/d.,MS.,  1847,91. 

*  Snow,  in  Utah  Pioneers,  44.  *  Capt.  Grover  and  eight  others  of  the  pion- 
eers were  left  at  North  Platte  ferry  and  ford  to  ferry  the  companies  that 
should  arrive,  and  especially  to  ferry  the  emigration  from  Winter  Quarters.' 
mat.  B.  Young,  MS,,  1G47. 

* '  Making  a  new  road  for  a  majority  of  more  than  one  thousand  miles 
westward,  they  arrived  at  the  great  basin  in  the  latter  part  of  July. '  Geun-al 
Epistle  of  the  T^velve,  in  Millennial  Star,  r  82.     'He  [Brigham]  and  the  com- 

Sany  arrived  c  \  the  24th  of  July,  having  sought  out  and  made  a  new  road 
30  miles,  and   allowed  a  trapper  s  ti-ail  nearly  400  miles.  Smith's  Rise,  Prog- 
ress, and  Travi    ,  16;  see  also  TuUidge's  Life  of  Young,  161.     Remy  says  tiiat 
attached  to  a  wheel  of  one  of  the  wagons,  and  careful  uutes 
'ances.  Jour,  to  O.  S.  L.  City,  i.  43^.     'As  I  remember, 
after  leaving  Laramie,  going  over  the  Black  Hills,  except 
.^  short  distance  before  reaching  the  Sweetwater,  we  saw  a 
vs  a  great  surprise  and  a  great  curiosity.'  Hist.  B.  Young, 


on  odometer  v  t 
taken  of  the  ' 
there  was  no  tr 
very  rarely.    Ft 
wagon  track;  it 
MS.,  1848,  7. 
«•  Hist.  B.  Y< 


ytg,  MS.,  1847,  95;  Tullidge'a  Life  of  Young,  166. 


JOURNI^Y  OP  THE  PIONEERS. 

company  wero  ill  with  mountain  fovcr,  thoy  encamped 
for  a  few  days.  Thirteen  battalion  brethren  who  were 
out  searching  for  stolen  cattle  now  surprised  them, 
and  Brigham  led  in  three  hearty  cheers."  Again  en 
route,  passing  through  the  Green  River  country,  thoy 
rtjiflit'd  Fort  Bridgcr.  Soon  after  leaving  this  point 
the  real  difficulties  of  the  journey  commenced.  Led, 
as  the  saints  relate,  only  by  the  inspiration  of  the 
Almighty,*'^  Brigham  and  his  band  crossed  the  rugged 
spurs  of  the  Uintah  range,  now  following  the  rocky 
bed  of  a  mountain  torrent,  and  now  cleaving  their 
way  through  dense  and  gnarled  timber  until  tliey 
arrived  at  Echo  Gallon,  near  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
Wasateli  Mountains,  where  for  a  brief  space  the  main 
h(»dy  rested,  the  president  and  many  others  being 
attacked  with  mountain  fever.*' 

Impatient  of  the  delay,  Brigham,  after  a  formal 

"'I  exclaimed,  "Hosanna!  hosannal  give  glory  to  God  and  the  lamh, 
amen!"  in  which  they  all  joined.'  Hist.  li.  Young,  MS.,  1847,00.  'Left 
I'liini'iia  Young  and  four  others,  who  had  volunteered  to  return  to  guide  the 
immigrants.' 

^■Siiiilh'ti  JiUe,  Progrenn,  and  Travels,  16.  •  For,' says  the  author,  'no  one 
knew  anything  of  the  country.'  Snow,  in  Utah  Pioneers,  33d  ami.,  44,  remarks: 
'Tlic  president  said  we  were  to  travel  "the  way  the  spirit  of  the  Lord  should 
diicct  na.'"  Snow  states  that  James  Bridger,  who  had  a  trading  post  which 
still  iKKirs  the  name  of  Fort  Bridger,  when  he  met  the  president  on  tlie  Big 
iSandy  Kivcr  about  the  last  of  June,  and  learned  that  his  destination  was  tiie 
valley  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  offered  $1,000  for  the  first  ear  of  corn  raised  there. 
'Wait  a  little,'  said  the  president,  'and  we  will  show  you.*  Again,  on  p.  4.>  he 
Bays  that,  bciug  encamped  on  what  is  now  known  as  Tar  Springs,  tho  pioneers 
Were  met  by  a  mountaineer  named  Goodyear,  who  had  wintered  on  tho  site  of 
tlie  present  city  of  Ogdcn,  after  planting  grain  and  vegetables  in  tho  valley,  but 
with  meagre  results.  The  mountaineer's  report  was  very  discouraging,  but 
to  him  also  Brigham  replied,  'Give  us  time  and  wo  will  show  you.'  There  is 
no  evidence  that  as  yet  the  president  knew  anything  about  the  Salt  Lake 
Valley  except  what  ho  heard  from  Bridger  and  Goodyear,  or  had  gh^uned 
from  the  reports  of  Fremont's  expedition.  'On  the  15th  of  June  met  Jame» 
H.  (Irieve,  Wm  Tucker,  James  Woodrie,  James  Bouvoir,  and  six  other  French- 
men, from  whom  we  learned  that  Mr  Bridger  was  located  about  300  miles 
west,  that  the  mountaineers  could  ride  to  Salt  Lake  from  Fort  Bridger  in  two 
(lays,  and  that  the  Utah  country  was  beautiful.'  Hist.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1847, 
9"2.  '  Half-mile  west  of  Fort  Bridger  some  traded  for  buckskins,  their  cloth- 
ing being  worn  out.'  Id.,  97.  Note  also  the  following:  'Met  Capt.  Bridger, 
who  said  he  was  ashamed  of  Frdmont's  map  of  this  country.  Bridgcr  con- 
sidered it  imprudent  to  hring  a  large  population  into  the  great  basin  unti^  it 
was  ascertained  that  grain  could  be  raised.' 

'^ '  We  had  to  stop  at  Yellow  Creek  and  again  at  the  head  of  Echo  Cafion, 
stopping  and  travelling  as  the  sick  were  able  to  endure  the  journey,  until  we 
reached  tho  Weber  at  the  mouth  of  Echo  CaRon,  and  struck  our  camp  a  few 
miles  bcloA'  the  present  railroad  station.'  Utah  Pioneers,  S3d  ann,,  45. 
Hist.  Utah.   17 


258 


MIGRATION  TO  UTAH. 


mm 


meeting,  directed  Orson  Pratt"  to  take  the  strong- 
est of  their  number  and  cut  through  the  mountains 
into  the  valley,  making  roads  and  bridges  as  they 
went.  After  crossing  what  were  designated  as  Big 
and  Little  mountains,  the  party,  consisting  of  some 
forty -two  men  having  twenty-three  wagons,  encamped 
in  Emigration  Canon.^' 

Thus  the  saints  are  reaching  their  resting-place. 
Their  new  Zion  is  near  at  hand;  how  near,  they  are 
as  yet  all  unaware.  But  their  prophet  has  spoken; 
their  way  is  plain;  and  the  spot  for  them  prepared 
from  the  foundation  of  the  earth  will  presently  be 
pointed  out  to  them.  The  great  continental  chain  is 
penetrated.  In  the  heart  of  America  they  are  now 
upon  the  border  of  a  new  holy  land,  with  its  Desert 

'* '  Vg.  o  '.,  that  Orson  Pratt  take  charge  of  an  expedition  to  go  on  and  make 
a  road  down  the  Weber  River.'  IJist.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1847,  97.  9.  Pratt  was 
appointed  to  take  23  wagons  and  42  men,  and  precede  the  main  company. 
Church  Chron.,  65.  Erastus  Snow  says,  in  a  discourse  on  the  Utah  pioneers, 
delivered  in  tiie  tabernacle  July  25,  1880:  '  I  well  remember,  as  we  called  at 
the  wagon  to  bid  the  president  good-by.  Brother  Willard  Richards. .  .asking 
if  he  had  any  counsel  to  give  to  guide  our  movements. .  .Resting  his  elbow 
on  the  pillow  with  his  head  in  his  hand,  he  spoke  feebly, ..."  My  impressions 
are,"  said  he,  "that  when  you  emerge  from  the  mountains  into  the  open 
country  you  bear  to  the  northward,  and  stop  at  the  first  oonvenient  place  for 
putting  in  your  seed. " ' 

"  '  The  emigration  route  previous  to  1847  was  via  Laramie  through  South 
Pass  to  Big  Sandy  River.  Then  to  avoid  a  desert  stretch,  down  the  Big 
Sandy  to  its  junction  with  Green  River,  and  across,  then  up  Black's  Fork  to 
junction  with  Ham's  Fork,  and  thence  up  Black's  Fork  to  Fort  Bridger.  The 
Mormons  here  took  the  road  made  by  Hastings  and  the  Donner  company  in 
1846,  bearing  almost  due  west,  crossing  Bear  River,  down  Echo  Canon  to 
junction  with  the  Weber,  The  Mormons  here  chose  the  Donner  trail,  which 
passed  up  the  Wcber  southerly  from  Echo  about  twelve  miles,  then  westerly 
into  Parley's  Park,  then  across  the  hills  northerly  to  the  head  of  Emigration 
CaQon,  then  into  the  valley.  As  the  Donner  companv  had  passed  over  this 
route  more  recently  than  any  other,  it  seems  to  have  been  followed  aa 
probably  the  best,  and  was  usually  travelled  for  many  years.  In  1847,  when 
the  Mormons  entered  the  valley,  there  were  three  wagon  routes  into  it.  The 
first,  down  Bear  River  from  Soda  Springs,  through  Cache  Valley — Capt.  Bart- 
lett's  route  in  1841,  followed  by  FrtSmont  in  184.3;  the  second,  Hastings' 
California  emigration  through  Echo  and  Weber  cations  in  1846;  and  the  tliirJ, 
the  Donner  route  of  1846,  described.  The  Mormons  found  a  plain  road  into 
a  fertile,  unoccupied  country;. .  .its  isolation  alone  was  the  cause  of  its  non- 
occupation.'  Mc Bride's  Rowte  of  tlie  Mormons,  MS.  This  manuscript,  to 
which  among  other  favors  I  am  indebted  to  Judge  McBride,  throws  fresh 
light  on  the  question  of  passes  and  routes  in  earlv  times.  The  author,  one  of 
the  first  to  enter  Utah,  was  second  to  none  in  ability  and  position  at  a  later 
period. 


THE  NEW  ZION. 


the  strong- 
mountains 
;es  as  they 
ted  as  Big 
ng  of  some 
3,  encamped 


3sting-place. 
jar,  they  are 
has  spoken; 
3m  prepared 
presently  be 
ntal  chain  is 
hey  are  now 
th  its  Desert 

to  go  on  and  make 
,  97.    O.  Trattwaa 
;he  main  company. 
the  Utah  pioneers, 
ler,  aa  we  called  at 
Richards...  asking 
Resting  hia  elbow 
."  My  impressions 
iins  into  the  open 
tnvenient  place  for 

Imie  through  South 
Itch,  down  the  Big 
Lp  Black'8  Fork  to 
K)rtBridger.    The 
jonner  company  in 
m  Echo  Canon  to 
>onner  trail,  which 
iiiles,  then  westerly 
lead  of  Emigration 
1  paesed  over  thi» 
been  followed  as 
B.    In  1847,  when 
outes  into  it.    The 
ralley— Capt.  Bart- 
I  second,  Hastings 
846;  and  the  third, 
id  a  plain  roail  into 
P  cause  of  its  non- 
[his  manuscript,  to 
3ride,  throws  fresh 
The  author,  one  of 
poBition  at  a  later 


and  Dead  Sea,  its  Eiver  Jordan,  Mount  of  Olives,  and 
Gallilee  Lake,  and  a  hundred  other  features  of  its 
prototype  of  Asia. 

Through  the  western  base  of  the  mountains  extends 
the  canon,  the  two  sides  of  which  are  serrated  by  a 
narrow  stream,  which  along  the  last  five  miles  flings 
itself  from  one  side  to  the  other  a  score  or  two  of 
times,  in  places  tumbling  over  bowlders,  again  quietly 
threading  its  way  over  a  pebbly  bottom,  but  every- 
where cutting  up  the  narrow  and  rugged  gorge  so  as 
to  make  it  most  difficult  and  dangerous  of  passage. 

The  primeval  silence  is  now  broken;  the  primeval 
songs  are  now  disturbed  by  sounds  strange  to  the 
surrounding  hills,  accustomed  only  to  the  music  of 
running  water  and  the  notes  of  birds  and  wild  beasts. 
There  is  the  rumbling  of  the  caravan  as  it  comes 
slowly  picking  its  way  down  the  dark  ravine,  the 
tramping  of  the  horses  upon  the  hard  ground,  and  the 
grinding  of  the  wheels  among  the  rocks  as  they  plunge 
down  one  bank  and  climb  another,  or  thread  their  wav 
along  the  narrow  ledge  overhanging  an  abyss,  the 
songs  of  Israel  meanwhile  being  heard,  and  midst  the 
cracking  of  whips  the  shouts  now  and  then  breaking 
forth  of  a  leader  in  Israel  awe-struck  by  the  grandeur 
of  the  scene,  "  Hosanna  to  the  Lord  1  hosanna  to  the 
creator  of  all  I  hallelujah!  hallelujah!" 

Emerging  from  the  ravine  upon  a  bench  or  terrace, 
they  behold  the  lighted  valley,  the  land  of  promise, 
the  place  of  long  seeking  which  shall  prove  a  place  of 
rest,  a  spot  whereon  to  plant  the  new  Jerusalem,  a 
spot  of  rare  and  sacred  beauty.  Behind  them  and 
on  either  hand  maj^^stic  mountains  rear  their  proud 
fronts  heavenward,  while  far  before  them  the  vista 
opens.  Over  the  broad  plain,  through  the  clear  thin 
air,  bathed  in  purple  sunlight,  are  seen  the  bright 
waters  of  the  lake,  dotted  with  islands  and  bordered 
by  glistening  sands,  the  winding  river,  and  alon 
the  creek  the  broad  patches  of  green  cane  which  looi 


i 


lik 


waving  corn. 


Raising  their  hats  in  reverence 


i: 


260 


MIGRATION  TO  UTAH. 


from  their  heads,  again  hosannas  burst  from  their  lips, 
while  praise  to  the  most  high  ascends  from  grateful 
hearts. 

It  was  near  this  terrace,  being  in  fact  a  mile  and  a 
half  up  the  caiion,  that  Orson  Pratt  and  Erastus 
Snow,  with  their  detachment  of  pioneers,  encamped 
on  the  20th  of  July,  1847.  Next  day,  the  ever-mem- 
orable 21st,  to  reach  this  bench,  whence  was  viewed 
with  such  marvellous  effect  the  warm,  pulsating  pano- 
rama before  them,  Pratt  and  Snow  crept  on  their 
hands  and  knees,  warned  by  the  occasional  rattle  of  a 
snake,  through  the  thick  underbrush  which  lined  the 
south  side  of  the  mountain  and  filled  the  canon's 
mouth,  leaving  their  companions  on  the  other  side  of 
the  brush.  After  drinking  in  the  scene  to  the  satis- 
faction of  their  souls,  they  descended  to  the  open 
plain,  Snow  on  horseback,  with  his  coat  thrown  loosely 
upon  his  saddle,  and  Pratt  on  foot.  They  journeyed 
westward  three  miles,  when  Snow  missing  his  coat 
turned  back,  and  Pratt  continued  alone.  After  trav- 
ersing the  site  of  the  present  city,  and  standing  where 
later  was  temple  block,  he  rejoined  his  comrade  at  the 
mouth  of  the  canon.  Together  they  then  returned  to 
camp  late  in  the  evening  and  told  of  their  discoveries. 

The  following  morning  the  advance  company,  com- 
posed of  Orson  Pratt,  George  A.  Smith,^"  and  seven 
others,  entered  the  valley  and  encamped  on  the  bank 
of  Caiion  Creek.  They  explored  the  valley  toward 
the  lake,  and  about  three  miles  from  the  camp  found 
two  fine  streams  with  stony  bottoms,  whose  banks 
promised  sufficient  pasturage.  Proceeding  northward, 
they  found  hot  springs  at  tht  base  of  the  mountain 
spur.  Upon  their  return  they  were  greeted  by  the 
working  camp  five  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  canon, 
at  what  was  subsequently  known   as  Parley  Canon 

'•  Geo.  A.  Smith  says  in  his  autobiography  that  on  this  journey  he  walked 
1,700  miles  and  rode  some  800  miles  on  horseback.  He  had  25  lbs  of  flour, 
whicii  ho  used  by  the  cupful  for  those  who  were  ill;  for  six  weeks  ho  was 
without  bread,  and  like  the  rest  uf  the  oompany,  lived  on  buffalo  meat  and 
other  game. 


ARRIVAL  OF  BRIGHAM  YOUNG. 


261 


heir  lips, 
grateful 

lile  and  a 
Erastus 
3ncamped 
ver-mem- 
is  viewed 
iing  pano- 
on  their 
rattle  of  a 
lined  the 
le   canon's 
her  side  of 
)  the  satis- 
the  open 
)wn  loosely 
journeyed 
Lg  his  coat 
A.fter  trav- 
ding  where 
Tade  at  the 
•eturned  to 
iiscoveries. 
Ipany,  com- 
^  and  seven 
in  the  bank 
lley  toward 
jamp  found 
hose  banks 
[northward, 
mountain 
[ted  by  the 
the  canon, 
•ley  Canon 

Irney  ho  walked 
1 25  lbs  of  flouiv 
Jx  weeks  ho  waa 
■uffalo  meat  and 


creek.*^  On  the  23d  the  camp  moved  some  two  or 
three  miles  northward,  the  site  chosen  being  near  the 
two  or  three  dwarf  cotton-woods,^*  which  were  the  only 
trees  within  sight,  and  on  the  bank  of  a  stream  of  pure 
water  now  termed  City  Creek,  overgrown  with  high 
grass  and  willows.  Pratt  called  the  men  together, 
dedicated  the  land  to  the  Lord,  and  prayed  Tor  his 
blessing  on  the  seeds  about  to  be  planted  and  on  the 
labors  of  the  saints.  Before  noon  a  committee  re- 
turned a  report  that  they  had  staked  off  land  suitable 
for  crops;  that  the  soil  was  friable,  and  composed 
of  loam  and  gravel.  The  first  furrow  was  thereupon 
turned  by  William  Carter,  and  through  the  afternoon 
three  ploughs  and  one  harrow  were  at  work.  A  dam 
was  commenced  and  trenches  cut  to  convey  water  to 
the  fields.  Toward  evening  their  energetic  labors 
were  interrupted  by  a  thunder-storm.^'  The  ground 
was  so  dry  that  they  found  it  necessary  to  irrigate  it 
before  ploughing,  some  ploughs  having  been  broken; 
and  it  was  not  until  after  the  arrival  of  Brigham  that 
planting  was  begun. 

The  coming  of  the  leader  had  been  impatiently 
awaited,  although  in  their  ambition  to  have  as  much 
as  possible  accomplished,  the  time  quickly  passed. 
Brigham  was  slowly  following  with  the  remainder  of 
the  company,  and  was  still  so  weak  as  to  be  obliged 
to  be  carried  on  a  bed  in  Wilford  WordrufTs  carriai^e. 
As  they  reached  a  point  on  Big  Mountain  where  the 
view  was  unbroken,  the  carriage  was  turned  into 
proper  position,  and  Brigham  arose  from  his  bed  and 
surveyed  the  country.  He  says:  "The  spirit  of  light 
rested  upon  me  and  hovered  over  the  valley,  and  I 
felt  that  there  the  saints  would  find  protection  and 

''  Parley  was  always  quite  popular  among  the  brethren,  though  his  judg- 
ment was  not  always  the  beat. 

" '  My  poor  mother  was  heart-broken  because  there  were  no  trees  to  be  seen; 
I  don't  I'ciucmber  a  tree  that  could  bo  called  a  tree.'  Clara  Youikj's  Expiri- 
tncea,  MS.,  5. 

"  "July  iSd,  90°  Fah.  A  company  commenced  mowing  the  grass  and  pre- 
paviug  a  turnip-patch.'  HUt.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1847,  99. 


262 


MIGRATION  TO  UTAH. 


safety.""  Woodruff  in  describing  the  scene  says  of 
Brigham:  "He  was  enwrapped  in  vision  for  t'everal 
minutes.  He  had  seen  the  valley  before  in  vision, 
and  upon  this  occasion  he  saw  the  future  glory  of 
Zion . . . planted  in  the  valley.""  Then  Brigham  said : 
"  It  is  enough.  This  is  the  right  place.  Drive  on." 
Tovvard  noon  on  the  24th  they  reached  the  encamp- 
ment. Potatoes  were  planted  in  a  five-acre  patch  of 
ploughed  ground,  and  a  little  early  corn.^ 

Their  first  impressions  of  the  valley,  Lorenzo  Young 
says,  were  most  disheartening.^  But  for  the  two  or 
three  cotton-wood  trees,  not  a  green  thing  was  in  sight. 
And  yet  Brigham  speaks  almost  pathetically  of  the 
destruction  of  the  willows  and  wild  roses  growing 
thickly  on  the  two  branches  of  City  Creek,  destroyed 
because  the  channels  must  be  changed,  and  leaving 
nothing  to  vary  the  scenery  but  rugged  mountains, 
the  sage  bush,  and  the  sunflower.  The  ground  was 
covered  with  millions  of  black  crickets  which  the 
Indians  were  harvesting  for  their  winter  food.'^*  An 
unusual  number  of  natives  had  assembled  for  this  par- 
pose,  and  after  dinner  gathered  about  the  new-comers, 
evincing  great  curiosity  as  to  their  plans. 

Lumber  was  made  in  the  cailons,  or  from  logs  drawn 
thence,  with  whip-saws,  through  the  entire  winter; 

*»///•««.  B.  Young,  MS..  1847,  99. 

*•  Woodruff,  in  Utah  Pioneers,  1880, 23.  See  also  Woodruff's  Journal,  MS. ; 
Clara  Young's  Experiences,  MS. ;  UtaA  Early  Record,  MS. ;  Pioneer  Women, 
MS.;  Taylor's  Rem.,  MS. 

** '  I  had  brought  a  bushel  of  potatoes  with  me,  and  I  resolved  that  I  would 
neither  eat  nor  drink  until  I  had  planted  them.'  Woodruff,  in  Utah  Pioneers, 
1880,  23.  '  I  planted  the  first  potato. .  .in  Salt  Lake  Valley,'  says  Geo.  A. 
Smith  in  his  autobiography. 

'"Mrs  Clara  Decker  Young  speaks  of  the  distress  she  suffered  at  leaving 
Winter  Quarters,  where  there  were  so  many  peopleoncl  life  so  social;  buttliat 
when  she  finally  reached  her  destination  she  was  satisfied.  '  It  didn't  look 
BO  dreary  to  me  as  to  the  other  two  ladies.  They  were  terribly  disappointed 
because  there  were  no  trees,  and  to  them  there  was  such  a  sense  of  desolation 
Mid  loneliness.'  Experience  of  a  Pioneer  Woman,  MS.,  5, 

*• '  Tlie  Indians  made  a  corral  twelve  or  fifteen  feet  square,  fenced  about 
with  sage  brush  and  grease-wood,  and  with  branches  of  the  same  drove  them 
into  the  enclosure.  Then  they  set  fire  to  the  brush  fence,  and  going  amongst 
them,  drove  them  into  the  fire.  Afterward  they  took  them  up  by  the  thou- 
sand, rubbed  off  their  vnnga  and  lees,  and  after  two  or  three  aays  separated 
the  meat,  which  was,  I  should  think,  an  ounce  or  half  an  ounce  of  fat  to  each 
cricket.'  Earli/  Experiences  of  Lorenzo  Young,  MS.,  4. 


FIRST  SABBATH  IN  THE  VALLEY. 


26} 


afterward,  on  account  of  alarm  at  the  apparent  scarcity 
of  timber,  restrictions  were  put  upon  the  manner  of 
cutting  and  quantity  used.  Certain  fines  were  im- 
posed as  a  penalty  for  disobedience;  for  fuel  only  dead 
timber  was  allowed,  and  while  there  was  sufficient, 
the  restraint  excited  some  opposition.'" 

The  next  day  was  the  sabbath;  and  as  had  been 
the  custom  at  Nauvoo,  two  services  were  held,  George 
A.  Smith,  followed  by  Heber  C.  Kimball  and  Ezra 
T.  Benson,  preaching  the  first  sermon,  and  in  the 
afternoon  the  meeting  was  addressed  by  Wilford 
Woodrufi^,  Orson  Pratt,  and  Willard  Richards.  One 
cause  for  thankfulness  was  that  not  a  man  or  an  ani- 
mal had  died  on  the  journey.  The  sacrament  was 
administered,  and  before  dismissing  the  saints,  the 
president  bade  them  refrain  from  labor,  hunting,  or 
fishing.  "You  must  keep  the  commandments  of  God," 
he  said," or  not  dwell  with  us;  and  no  man  shall  buy 
or  soil  land,  but  all  shall  have  what  they  can  cultivate 
free,  and  no  man  shall  possess  that  which  is  not  his 
own. 

On  the  27th,^  the  president,  the  apostles,  and  six 
others  crossed  a  river  which  was  afterward  found  to 
be  the  outlet  of  Utah  Lake,  and  thence  walked  dry- 
shod  over  ground  subsequently  covered  by  ten  feet  of 
water  to  Black  Rock,  where  all  bathed  in  the  lake, 
Brigham  being  the  first  to  enter  it.*^  The  party  re- 
turned to  camp  on  the  following  day,  when  a  council 
was  held,  after  which  the  members  walked  to  a  spot 
midway  between  the  north  and  south  forks  of  a 
neigliboring  creek,  where  Brigham  stopped,  and  strik- 
ing the  ground  with  his  cane,  exclaimed,  "  Here  will 


'^ '  Taylor  and  Pratt  took  the  lead;  through  them  this  understanding  about 
the  timber  occurred.'  Nebeier's  Early  JuMiee,  MS.,  4. 

-'  On  Monday,  the  26th,  the  president  and  his  apostles  ascended  Ensign 
Peak,  80  called  on  account  of  a  remark  made  by  Brigham:  '  Here  is  a  proper 
plice  to  raise  an  ensign  to  the  nations.'  IbiJ.  See  also  Utah  Early  Record*, 
MS.,  4;  Woodruff's  Journal,  MS.;  Nehelxr's  Early  Justice,  M3.  Woodruff 
was  the  tirst  who  stood  on  the  top  of  the  peak. 

''  Ou  this  day  was  commcaced  the  first  blacksmith's  shop,  the  property  of 
Burr  Frost. 


264 


MIGRATION  TO  UTAH. 


be  the  temple  of  our  God."**  This  was  about  five 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  An  hour  later  it  was  agreed 
that  a  site  should  be  laid  out  for  a  city  in  blocks  or 
squares  of  ten  acres,  and  in  lots  of  an  acre  and  a 
quarter,  the  streets  to  be  eight  rods  wide,  with  side- 
walks of  twenty  feet. 

At  eight  o'clock  on  the  same  evening  a  meeting  was 
held  on  the  temple  square,  and  it  was  decided  by  vote 
that  on  that  spot  the  temple  should  be  built,^  and  from 
that  spot  the  city  laid  out. 

On  the  29th  of  July  a  detachment  of  the  battal- 
ion, which  had  wintered  at  Pueblo,*'  to  the  number  of 
150,  under  Captain  James  Brown,  arrived  in  the  val- 
ley; they  were  accompanied  by  fifty  of  the  brethren 
who  had  started  the  year  previous  from  the  Missis- 
sippi. On  the  following  evening  a  praise  service  for 
their  safe  arrival  was  held  in  the  brush  bowery,*'  has- 

'* '  This  was  about  the  centre  of  the  site  of  the  Temple  we  are  now  build- 
ing.' Utah  Pioneer*,  3-ld  ami.,  23. 

*  '  Some  wished  for  forty  acres  to  be  set  apart  for  temple  pu. ,  oses,  but  it 
was  finally  decided  to  have  ten  acres;. .  .the  base  line  was  on  the  south-cast 
corner,  and  government  officials  afterward  adopted  it  as  the  base  meridian 
li-ie.'  Tiii/lor'a  lieminincenceg,  MS.,  21.  When  the  elders  arrived  from  Euglaiid 
they  brouj^ht  with  them  to  Winter  Quarters,  just  before  the  starting  of  the 
pioneers,  '  two  sextants,  two  barometers,  two  artificial  horizons,  one  cin/ular 
reflector,  several  thermometers,  and  a  telescope.'  Hist.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1847, 
82.  Thus  Orson  Pratt  was  enabled  to  take  scienti  fie  observations.  He  reported 
the  latitude  of  the  north  line  of  temple  square,  which  was  ten  acres  in  size,  to 
be  40"  45'  44"  N.,  and  its  longitude  11 T 26'  34"  w.  From  George  W.  Deaus 
observations  in  1869,  taken  at  the  temple  block,  the  results  were  lat.  40'  4ti' 
T,  long,  lir  53'  3(r.  Rept  Const  Survey,  1869-70.  T.,  taking  lunar  dis- 
tances lor  longitude,  it  is  usual  to  have  four  observers,  but  Orson  Pratt  had  no 
assistant;  hence  probably  the  discrepancy.  On  August  16th  it  was  deter- 
mined that  the  streets  around  the  temple  block  should  be  called  respectively 
North,  South,  East,  and  West  Temple  streets,  the  others  to  be  named,  as  re- 
quired, Fii-st  North  street.  Second  North  street.  First  South  street,  Second 
South  street,  etc. 

'"Says  Mrs  Clara  Young:  'Before  reaching  Laramie  three  of  the  pioneers 
■were  sent  to  Pueblo  to  tell  the  families  tiiero  to  strike  their  trail  and  follow 
them  to  their  settlement.'  Ejc.  of  a  Pioneer  Woman,  MS.,  7.  '  The  men  of 
this  detachment  were  on  their  way  to  San  Fraijcisco,  but  their  wagons  Ijioak- 
ing  down  and  their  cattle  being  in  very  poor  condition,  they  were  conip<'lled 
to  turn  aside  and  await  further  orders.'  Utah  Early  Jiecorch,  MS.,  8. 

"  For  many  years  these  boweries  of  trees  and  brush  had  been  constructed 
when  any  large  number  of  the  iieoplo  needed  a  temporary  place  of  .'•helter. 
This  one  was  40  X  28  feet.     Col  Murkham  i-eported  at  this  meeting  'that   Kl 

E loughs  and  3  harrows  had  been  stocked  during  tlie  past  week,  3  lots  of  ground 
rokeu  up,  one  lot  of  .35  acres  planted  in  corn,  oats,  buckwheat,  potat  us, 
beaus,  and  garden  seed.'  y/*V.  B.  Vohikj,  MS.,  1S47,  103-4.  'Dn  tlie  2itli 
H.  G.  Shenvood,  in  rcturuiug  from  an  excursion  to  Cache  Valley,  brought  uu 


BUILDING  OF  A  STOCKADE. 


S8B 


tily  constructed  for  the  purpose  by  the  battalion 
brethren. 

During  the  next  three  weeks  all  were  busily  at 
work,  tilling  the  soil,  cutting  and  hauling  timber, 
making  adobes,  and  building,  ambitious  to  aceom- 
j)lish  as  much  as  possible  before  the  main  body  of 
tlio  pioneer  band  should  start  on  its  return  journey  to 
report  to  the  brethren  and  to  promote  further  emi- 
gration. The  battalion  brethren  moved  their  wagons 
and  formed  a  corral  between  the  forks  of  City  Crook. 
Brighaui  exhorted  the  brethren  to  be  rebaptized,  him- 
self setting  the  example,  and  reconfirming  the  elders. 
On  the  8th  of  August  three  hundred  were  immersed, 
the  services  commencing  at  six  o'clock  in  the  morning. 
During  the  month  twenty-nine  log  houses  had  been 
])uilt,  either  with  roofs  or  ready  for  the  usual  substi- 
tute, a  covering  of  poles  and  dirt.  These  huts  were  so 
arranged  as  to  carry  out  their  plan  of  forming  a  rect- 
angular stockade,^''  the  president  and  Heber  C.  Kim- 
ball being  the  first  to  take  possession  of  their  dwellings. 

On  the  17th  of  August  twenty-four  pioneers  and 
forty-six  of  the  battalion  set  out  on  their  return  to 
Winter  Quarters.^ 

On  the  afternoon  of  the  22d  a  conference  was  held, 
at  which  it  was  resolved  that  the  place  should  be 
called  the  City  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  The  term 
'Great'  was  retained  for  several  years,  until  changed 
by  legislative  enactment.  It  was  so  named  in  con- 
tradistinction to   Little  Salt   Lake,  a  term  applied 

Knirlishman  with  him,  named  Wells,  who  had  been  living  in  Now  Mexico  for 
suiiio  years. '  Hist.  li.  I'oHnr/,  MS.,  1847,  109.  On  tho '21st  A.  Carriiiytou,  J. 
Brown,  W.  W.  Rust,  G.  Wilson,  and  A.  Calkins  made  the  ascent  of  tlie  Twin 
IViiUs,  ir>  miles  south-cast  of  the  stockade,  and  the  liighcst  mountain  in  the 
Wusjitch  liivnge,  its  elevation  being,  as  tliey  reported,  11, '219  feet.  These 
Were  jirobahly  the  first  white  men  who  ascended  this  mountain. 

'-They  were  8  or  9  feet  high,  and  16  or  17  feet  long,  by  14  wide.  Ilist.  li. 
Yoinvi,  ^18.,  1847,  110.  'We  were  the  first  to  move  into  the  fort;  our  house 
had  a  door  and  a  wooden  window,  which  tlirough  the  day  was  taken  o\it  for 
li;^lit,  and  nailed  in  at  nigiit.  .  .There  was  also  a  port-hole  at  the  east  end  of 
the  fort,  wliieii  could  bo  opened  and  closed  at  pleasure . .  .  We  had  adobe  ehim- 
noys  and  a  lire-placo  in  the  corner,  with  a  clay  hearth.'  Youmj's  I'ioneir 

w'oiiiiii,  M.S.,  a. 

^''  'NVith  31  wagons,  92  yoke  of  oxen,  18  horses,  and  14  mules,  in  charge  of 
Sliadr.uli  lloundy  an<l  Tunis  Ra[)p('lyo.  Lt  Wesley  Willis  was  iii  charge  of 
the  battalion  uieu.'  likUurda'  Narr.,  MS.,  13-14. 


266 


MIGRATION  TO  UTAH. 


to  a  body  of  water  some  two  hundred  miles  to 
the  south,  situated  in  what  was  later  known  as  Iron 
county,  near  Parowan,  and  which  has  since  almost 
disappeared.  The  stream  connecting  the  two  great 
lakes  was  named  the  Western  Jordan,  now  called  tlio 
Jordan,  and  the  whole  region  whose  waters  flow  into 
the  lake  was  distinguished  as  the  great  basin.**  On 
the  26th  a  second  company,  consisting  of  107  per- 
sons,^ started  for  Winter  Quarters.  Brigham  Young 
and  Heber  C.  Kimball  set  forth  on  horseback  a  little 
in  advance  of  the  others,  but  turning  back,  they  waved 
their  hats  with  a  cheery  "Good-by  to  all  who  tarry," 
and  then  rode  on. 

"We  have  accomplished  more  this  year,"  writes 
Wilford  Woodruff,  "  than  can  be  found  on  record  con- 
cerning an  equal  number  of  men  in  the  same  time 
since  the  days  of  Adam.  We  have  travelled  witii 
heavily  laden  wagons  more  than  a  thousand  miles, 
over  rough  roads,  mountains,  and  canons,  searching 
out  a  land,  a  resting-place  for  the  saints.  We  have 
laid  out  a  city  two  miles  square,  and  built  a  fort  of 
hewn  timber  drawn  seven  miles  from  the  mountains, 
and  of  sun-dried  bricks  or  adobes,  surrounding  ton 
acres  of  ground,  foi-ty  rods  of  which  were  covered 
with  block-houses,  besides  planting  about  ten  acres  of 
corn  and  vegetables.  All  this  we  have  done 
single  month.  "^ 


m  a 


At  Winter  Quarters  active  preparations  had  been 
making  for  following  the  pioneers  at  the  earliest  op- 
portunity. Throughout  the  spring  all  was  activity. 
Every  one  who  had  teams  and  provisions  to  last  a 
year  and  a  half  was  preparing  to  move,  and  assist- 
ing those  who  were  to  remain  to  plough  and  sow. 
Parley  P.  Pratt,  having  returned*^  from  England  short- 

"  '  It  was  alao  called  The  Great  North  American  Desert.'  Taylor's  Rem., 
MS.,  22. 

*^  With  36  wagons,  71  horses,  and  49  mules. 

»f  Woodruff'g  Journal,  MS.,  78. 

*'  'I  found  my  family  all  alive  and  dwelling  in  a  log  cabin;  they  had,  how* 
ever,  suffered  much  from  cold,  hunger,  and  sickness. .  .The  winter  had  been 


PARLEY  PRATT'S  COMPANIES. 


267 


iy  before  Brigham's  departure,  was  left  in  charge  of 
the  first  companies  ordered  westward.  On  the  4th  of 
July,  1847,  tbev  set  forth  for  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
numbering  in  all  1,553  persons."^ 

A  complete  organization  of  the  people  was  effected, 
according  to  a  revelation  of  the  Lord  made  through 
Brigham  on  the  14th  of  January,  1847.**  They 
were  divided  into  companies,  each  with  one  hundred 
Avagons,  and  these  into  companies  of  fifty  wagons, 
and  ten  wagons,  every  company  under  a  captain  or 
coumiander.  Two  fifties  travelled  in  double  columns 
if  practicable.  When  a  halt  was  called  the  wagons 
wore  arranged  as  in  the  march  of  the  pioneers,  form- 
ing a  temporary  fort,  with  its  back  opening  upon  the 
corral  formed  by  the  two  semicircles.  The  cattle 
wore  then  driven  into  the  corral  under  charge  of  the 
hordsmcn.  When  ready  to  march,  the  captain  of 
each  ten  attended  to  his  company,  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  captain  of  fifty.  Advance  parties  each 
day  selected  the  next  camping-ground.  In  the  al)- 
sonce  of  wood,  fires  were  made  from  buffalo  chips  and 
sage  brush.  The  wagons  had  projections  extending 
over  the  sides,  making  the  interior  six  foot  wide. 
Hon-coops  were  carried  at  the  end  of  each  wagon, 
and  a  few  young  pigs  were  brought  for  use  in  the 
valley.  Great  care  was  used  to  prevent  a  stampetle 
of  the  animals,  as  they  appeared  to  recognize  the 
peculiarities   and  dangers   of  the   new  country  and 

very  severe,  the  snow  deep,  and  consequently  horses  and  cattle  had  l>ecn  lost. 
. .  .My  wagons  wore  overhauled  and  put  in  order,  tires  reset,  chains  rejiaired, 
yokes  and  l>ows  arranged  in  order,  wagon  bows  made  and  mended. '  I'raH'it 
Aittohing.,  .397-8.  'Tlio  companies  were  organized  hy  Klder  P.  1".  Pratt  and 
niy.self,  as  near  as  wo  could  in  accordance  witli  instructions  left  hy  Pres. 
Young.'  Taijlor'a  Rem.,  MS.,  7. 

'"  This  company  is  distinguished  as  the  first  immigration.  It  was  supplied 
with  r»80  wagons,  2,21.3  oxen,  124  horses,  887  cows,  3.58  slicep,  7 16  chickens,  and 
.3.")  hogs.  Utah  I'Jarlp  Hecordu,  MS.ylT.  Smith  says  about  700  wagons.  JliMf, 
PriKjreM,  and  Trarefn,  10.  Kearny's  and  Frtiniont's  parties  met  Pratt's  com- 
panies at  Loup  River;  and  according  to  Mar/in''s  Narr.,  '4^  in  Cul.,  MS., 
122,  John  Young  was  appointed  president  and  John  Van  Cott  marshiil. 

'*  This  was  called  '  the  word  and  will  of  tho  Lord  concerning  the  camp 
of  Israel.'  Like  all  revelations,  it  was  in  scriptural  phraseology,  and  very 
explicit  in  its  directions.  It  was  also  read  by  Brigham  to  his  people  iu  Salt 
Lake  City  on  the  1st  of  August. 


268 


MIGRATION  TO  UTAH. 


were  easily  alarmed.  The  organization  and  order  in 
the  camp  was  so  perfect  that  not  unfrequently  half 
an  hour  after  a  halt  the  people  sat  down  to  a  com- 
fortable meal  of  fresh  bread  and  broiled  meat.^" 

At  the  beginning  of  their  journey,  jealousy,  bicker- 
ing, and  insubordination  arose  among  them,  and  a  halt 
was  called  for  the  purpose  of  holding  a  council  and 
adjusting  matters.  For  several  hundred  miles  they 
followed  the  trail  of  the  pioneers,  and  now  were  ap- 

Eroaching  the  president  and  his  men,  who,  encamped 
etween  Green  River  and  the  Sweetwater,  had  sent 


forward  two  messengers"  to  ascertain  the  progress 
and  condition  of  the  company.  Upon  hearing  of  the 
difficulties  that  had  arisen,  Brigham  sent  for  Pratt 
and  censured  him  severely  for  defects  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  party  at  the  start,  and  for  misunderstand- 
ings on  the  road.  Pratt  humbly  acknowledged  his 
faults  and  was  forgiven.  While  the  president  and 
council  were  at  prayer,  the  Sioux  improved  the  occa- 
sion by  stealing  a  number  of  horses,  which  proved  a 
serious  loss. 

Pratt  now  returned  to  his  command,  and  without 
special  incident  reached  the  Salt  Lake  settlement  on 
the  19th  of  September;  the  companies  arriving  in  de- 
tachments at  intervals  of  several  weeks. 


Brigham's  band  was  scantily  provisioned  for  the 
journey  to  Winter  Quarters.*''  The  number  that  had 
already  gathered  at  Salt  Lake  had  drawn  heavily  on 
the  pioneers'  resources,  and  they  set  out  depending  for 
subsistence  on  game  and  fish.  They  travelled  more 
rapidly  in  returning,*'  although  most  of  them  were 
compelled  to  walk.     A  few  days  after  the  Indian  dep- 

*"  From  account  of  their  jonrneyings  furnished  me  in  Taylor's  Bern.,  7-13. 

"  0.  P.  Kockwell  and  E.  T.  Benson. 

**  Among  them  was  a  party  of  battalion  men  who  were  entirely  destitute 
except  for  a  very  small  quantity  of  beef,  which  was  soon  exhausted.  General 
Epistle  of  the  Twelve,  in  Millennial  Star,  x.  83. 

"  'Camped  on  the  south  side  of  the  Platte.  We  were  42  days  in  going  to 
tlie  valley  from  this  point,  and  only  23  days  in  returning. '  JJiat.  B.  Youmj, 
US.,  1847,  115. 


A  DAY  OF  JUBILEE. 


200 


redation  mentioned  during  the  council,  the  Mortnona 
were  attacked  by  a  large  war  party  of  Sioux,  who  again 
carried  off  many  horses.  The  meeting  of  the  battal- 
ion and  pioneer  brethren  with  Parley  Pratt's  company 
was  an  occasion  of  rejoicing  to  all.**  On  the  7th  of  Sep- 
tember the  former  arrived  at  the  Sweetwater.  Here, 
with  tlie  assembled  companies,  a  jubilee  was  held  and 
a  feast  of  good  things  prepared.  While  the  men  cut 
down  brush  and  constructed  a  bowery,  the  women, 
with  great  trouble,  unpacked  their  dishes  and  table 
furniture,  delighted  at  the  opportunity  of  assisting 
at  such  an  event.  A  fat  heifer  was  killed,  and  what- 
ever luxuries  were  in  camp  were  now  produced.  A 
slight  snow  fell,  but  in  nc  degree  marred  their  merri- 
ment; the  feast  was  followed  by  music  and  dancing, 
and  by  accounts  of  the  pioneers'  experiences  in  en- 
tering upon  and  settling  their  new  Zion ;  after  prayer 
the  company  dispersed.*"  The  remnants  of  the  ban- 
quet were  left  with  the  eastern-bound  train,  and  as 
they  separated  each  bade  the  other  God  speed.  A 
fortnight  before  reaching  Winter  Quarters  a  small  dele- 
gation met  Brighara's  company  with  most  welcome 
supplies.  On  the  31st  of  October,  when  within  one 
mile  of  the  settlement,  Brigham  called  his  men  to- 
gether, praised  them  fortheir  good  conduct,  blessed  and 
dismissed  them.  They  drove  into  town  in  order  an 
hour  before  sunset.  The  streets  were  crowded,  and 
friends  pressed  forward,  shaking  hands  as  they  passed 
through  the  lines.*" 

During  this  season  an  abundant  harvest  had  been 
gathered  by  the  brethren  at  their  encampments  near 

"  'Met  Spencer's  advance  company  Sept.  .3d,  with  76  wagons;  we  had  a 
joyful  meeting;  on  the  4th  met  encampment  of  75  wagons;  on  tlio  5th  102; 
aud  on  the  8th  met  the  last  company  of  saints.*  Hist.  Ji.  Young,  MS.,  1847. 

*" '  AH  felt  greatly  encouraged.  We  now  knew  for  the  first  time  our  des- 
tination ;  wo  had  talked  of  Galilornia,  and  knew  not  until  now  where  we  should 
settle. '  Home's  Mirjrationit,  MS.,  22. 

** '  Wo  were  truly  rejoiced  once  more  to  behold  our  wives,  children,  and 
old  friends,  after  an  absence  of  six  months,  having  travelled  over  2,000  miles . . . 
and  aucomplishcd  tlie  most  important  mission  in  this  lost  dispensation.'  Hist. 
B.  Youmj,  MS.,  1847,  122. 


270 


MIGRATION  TO  UTAH. 


the  Missouri,  though  sickness  was  an  ever-present 
guest;  and  many  of  their  number  who  could  least  bo 
spared  were  scattered  throughout  the  world  as  mis- 
sionaries in  Europe,  and  as  far  westward  as  the  Sand- 
wich Islands,  as  soldiers  in  California,  or  as  laborers 
wherever  they  could  find  a  livelihood  in  the  western 
states.  The  winter  was  passed  quietly  and  in  content, 
most  of  the  saints  preparing  for  their  migration  in  the 
spring.  Meanwhile,  on  the  23d  of  December,  1847, 
a  general  epistle  of  the  twelve  was  issued  to  the 
brethren  and  to  the  gentiles.  In  this  it  was  stated 
that  they  were  at  peace  with  all  the  world,  that  their 
mission  was  to  ex'  nd  salvation  to  the  ends  of  the 
earth,  and  an  invitation  was  extended  to  "  all  presi- 
dents, and  emperors,  and  kings,  and  princes,  and  no- 
bles, and  governors,  and  rulers,  and  judges,  and  all 
nations,  kindreds,  tongues,  and  people  under  the  whole 
heaven,  to  come  and  help  us  to  build  a  house  to  the 
name  of  the  God  of  Jacob,  a  place  of  peace,  a  city  of 
rest,  a  habitation  for  the  oppressed  of  every  clime." 
Then  followed  an  exhortation  for  the  saints  to  gather 
unto  Zion,  promising  that  their  reward  should  be  a 
hundred-fold  and  their  rest  glorious.  They  must 
bring  "  their  gold,  their  silver,  their  copper,  their 
zinc,  their  tin,  and  brass,  and  iron,  and  choice  steel, 
and  ivory,  and  precious  stones;  their  curiosities  of 
science, ...  or  anything  that  ever  was,  or  is,  or  is  to 
be  for  the  exaltation,  glory,  honor,  and  salvation  of 
the  living  and  the  dead,  for  time  and  for  all  eternity."" 
Such  a  gathering  of  saints  and  gentiles  would  of 
itself  have  constituted  an  earthly  Zion,  especially  for 
the  president  and  the  twelve,  who  held  virtual  control 
over  their  brethren's  property.  Among  the  gentiles 
one  would  think  that  s  Ach  rhodomontade  could  not 
fail  to  bring  discredit  on  the  Mormon  faith  and  the 
Mormon  cause,  but  n  j  such  result  followed.  As  will 
be  mentioned  later,  their  missions  were  never  more 
prosperous  than  during  the  years  when  at  their  new 

*'  The  full  text  of  this  epistle  is  given  in  the  ilillennial  Star,  x.  81-8. 


brioram's  leadership. 


971 


stake  of  Zion  the  saints  were  employed,  not  in  adorn- 
in«^  their  temple  with  gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones, 
but  in  building  rough  shanties,  hewing  timber,  hoeing 
corn,  and  planting  potatoes. 

The  trite  maxim  commencing  jEmiam  memento  was 
one  which  the  saints  had  taken  well  to  heart,  and  on 
li;\v  was  the  mens  cequa  in  arduis  more  firmly  stumped 
than  on  the  brow  of  him  who,  on  christmas  eve,  the 
day  after  his  invitation  to  the  princes  and  potentates 
of  all  the  earth,  was  appointed  president  of  the  church 
of  Jesus  Christ  of  latter-day  saints.  And  while  in 
adversity  there  were  none  more  steadfast,  it  must  be 
admitted  there  were  few  in  whom  success  developed 
so  little  of  pride  and  of  vainglory.  From  this  time 
forth  Brigham  Young  was  to  the  saints  as  a  prophet 
— yea,  and  more  than  a  prophet:  one  on  whom  the 
mantle  had  fallen  not  unworthily.  By  his  foresight 
ho  had  saved  his  people  from  dispersion,  and  per- 
chance his  faith  from  annihilation.  Hounded  by  a 
mob,  he  had  led  his  followers  with  consummate  tact 
throughout  their  pilgrimage,  and  in  a  wilderness  as 
yet  almost  untrodden  by  man  had  at  length  estab- 
lished for  them  an  abiding-place. 

After  the  departure  of  Brigham  from  Salt  Lake, 
John  Smith,  the  prophet's  uncle,  was  nominally  pres- 
ident of  the  camp;**  but  upon  the  arrival  of  John 
Taylor  and  Parley  P.  Pratt  their  precedence  was  ac- 
knowledged and  they  were  placed  in  charge.*®  There 
were  no  laws  until  the  latter  part  of  this  year,  though 
certain  penalties  were  assigned  for  certain  crimes  and 
executed  by  the  people.  As  there  was  no  jail,  the 
whipping-post  was  substituted,  but  used  only  two  or 
three  times.     In  such  cases  the  high  council  tried  the 

^Afiairs  were  controlled  by  the  hish  council,  cocsiBtlng  of  twelve  high- 
priests.  Salt  Lake  City  was  a  stake  of  Zion,  with  president  and  other  officers. 
'At  the  conference  on  Oct.  3d  Father  John  Smith  was  elected  president  of 
the  stake  of  Zion  and  patriarch  of  the  church.  Brigham  Young  was  sua* 
tained  as  president  of  the  whole  church.'  Hist.  B,  Young,  MS.  117. 
*»NAeker'a  Early  Juntice,  MS.,  4. 


272 


MIGRATION  TO  UTAH. 


prisoner,  and  sentenced  him.  "President  Young  was 
decidedly  opposed  to  whipping,"""  says  George  Q. 
Cannon,  "but  matters  arose  that  we  considered  re- 
quired punishment  at  the  time."'** 

During  this  period  m.en  and  women  voted  by  ballot 
in  matters  relating  to  government.  Women  had 
already  voted  in  religious  meetings  by  the  uplifted 
hand,  but  this  is  probably  the  first  instance  in  the 
United  States  where  woman  suffrage  was  permitted. 
Utah  at  that  time,  however,  was  not  a  part  of  the 
United  States,  and  before  its  admission  as  a  ter- 
ritory the  privilege  was  withdrawn.'^ 

'" '  I  liad  to  chastise  one  in  that  way  for  stealing.'  Id.,  MS,,  4. 

*' '  For  instance,  one  of  our  best  men  now,  wlio  was  then  j'oung,  was  ac- 
cused of  riding  on  horseback  with  a  girl  in  front  of  Iiim.  This  was  looked 
upon  as  indecorous.  He  and  others  guilty  of  the  same  thing  were  severely 
reprimanded.'  (r.  Q.  Cannon,  in  Taylor' a  Rem.,  MS.,  12-1.3. 

^*  Taylor'a  Rem.,  MS.,  14.     Herewith  I  give  a  list  of  the  Utah  pioneers 
of  1847:  Adams,  liarnabas  L.;  Angel,  Truman  O.;  Allen,  Rufus;  Attwood, 
Millen;   Badger,  Rodney;   Barney,  Lewis;   Uarnham,    Charles  D. ;  Benson, 
Ezra  T.;    Billiugs,   Geo.   P.;  Boggs,    Francis;  Brown,  Geo.;   Brown,  John; 
Brown,  Nathaniel  Thomas;  Bullock,  Thos;  Burke,  Charles;  Bumham,  Jiicol) 
D.;   Byard,    Robert;   Carrington,   Albert;   Carter,   William;    Case,   JauRs; 
Chambcrlin,  Solomon;  Chessley,  Alexander  P.;  Clayton,  William;  Clowaid, 
Thos  P.;  Coltrin,  Zebcdee;  Craig,  James;  Crosby,  Oscar;  Curtis,  Lyman; 
Gushing,  Hosea;  Davenport,  James;   Dewey,   Benjamin  T.r  Dixon,  Jolin; 
Driggs,  Starling;  Dykes,  William;  Earl,  Sylvester  H. ;  Eastman,  Ozro;  Egan, 
Howard;  Egbert,  Josepli;  Eldredge,  John  S.;  Ellsworth,  Edmund;  Empty, 
William  A.;  Ensign,  Datus;  Everett,  Addison;  Fairbanks,  Nathaniel;  Fan-, 
Aaron;  Fitzgerald,  Perry;  Flake,  Green  (colored);  Fowler,  John  S.;  Fox, 
Samuel;  Freeman,  John  M.;  Frink,  Horace  M.;  Frost,  Burr;  Gibbons,  An- 
drews.; Gleason,  John  S. ;  Glines,  Eric;  Goddard,  Stephen  H.;  Grant,  Diiviil; 
Grant,  Geo.  R. ;  Greene,  John  Y. ;  Grovcr,  Thomas;  Hancock,  Joseph;  Hanks, 
Sidney  A.;  Hanson,  Hans  C. ;  Harmon,  Appletou  M.;  Harper,  Cliarlcs  A.; 
Henrie,  William;  Hewd,  Simeon;  Higbec,  John  S. ;  Holman,  Jolin  G. ;  Ivory, 
Matthew;  Jackman,  Levi;  Jacobs,  Norton;  Johnson,  Artemas;  Johnson,  Luko; 
Johnson  Philo;  Kelsey,  Stephen;  Kendall,  Levi  N. ;  Kimlmll,  Ellen  S.  (wife 
of  H.  C.  K.);  Kimball,  Heber  C;  King,  William  A.;  Kliueman,  Conrail; 
Lark,  Hark  (colored);  Lewis,  Tarlton;  Little,  Jessie  C. ;  Losee,  John  G.; 
Loveland,  Chancey;  Lyman,  Amasa;  Marble,  Samuel  H. ;  Markham,  Sicplicn; 
Matthews,  Joseph;  Mills,  George;  Murray,  Carlos;  Newman,  Elijah;  Nor- 
ton, John  W. ;  Owen,  Seely;  Pack,  John;  Pierce,  Eli  H.;  Pomeroy,  Francis 
M. ;  Powell,  David;  Pratt,  Orson;  Reddin,  Jackson;  Rappelye,  Tunis;  Rich- 
ards, Willard;  Rockwell,  Orrin  P.;  Rockwood,  Albert  P.;  Rolfe,  Benjamin 
W.;   Rooker,   Joseph;   Roundy,  Shadrach;   SclioHold,   Joseph  S.;  Scliolcs, 
Gcorce;  Sherwood,  Henry  G.;  Shumway,  Andrew  P.;  Shumway,  Cliai Us; 
Smith,  George  A.;  Smoot,  Wm  C.  A.;  Snow,  Erastus;  Stevens,  Roswill; 
Stewart,  Benjamin  F.;  Stewart,  James  W.;  Stringham,  IJriant;  Sumnie,  (ill- 
burd;  Taft,  Seth;  Tanner,  Thomas;  Taylor,  Norman;  Thomas,  Robert  T. ; 
Tliornton,  Horace  M. ;  Thorpe,  Marcus  ii.;  Tippitts,  John  H.;  Vance,  Will- 
iam P.;  VValker,  Henson;  Wardel,  George;  Weiler,  Jacob;  Wheeler,  John; 
Whipple,  Edson;  Whitney,  Horace  K.;  Whitney,  Oram  K.;  AVillianis,  Al- 
mou  L.;  Woodard,  George;  Woodrufl',  Wilford;  WooUey,  Thomas;  Words- 


AT  PUEBLO  AND  ON  THE  MISSOURI. 


278 


ing  was 
3rge  Q. 
3red  re- 


3y  ballot 
len  bad 
uplifted 
e  in  tbo 
jrmitted. 
•t  of  the 
as  a  ter- 


4. 

ung,  waa  nc- 
a  was  looked 
vere  severely 

Utah  pioneers 
us;  Attwootl, 
D. ;  Beiisun, 
Brown,  John; 
rnham,  Jiwoh 
Case,   James; 
lam;  Cloward, 
tirtis,  Lymau; 
Dixon,  Joliu; 
I,  Ozro;  E^aii, 
lund;  Enipey, 
thauiel;  Farr, 
ohu  S.;  l''*'Xi 
Gil)bon8,  An- 
|Grant,  David; 
(seph;  Hanks, 
•,  Charles  A.; 
phuG.;  Ivory, 
[ohuson,  Lnke; 
iUcn  S.  (wifo 
.Tian,  Conrad; 
lee,  Jidm  G.; 
lam,  Steplieu; 
Elijah;  Nor- 
wroy,  I'Vancis 
Tunis;  Ki^^^''" 
Ife,  Benja.um 
S.;   Seholes, 
,ay,  Charles; 
JUS,  Koswiii; 
isuinuie,  (Id- 
I,  Robert  '1.; 
,  Vance,  Wdl- 
jhceler,  John; 
LVillianis,  Al- 
.mas;  ^Vord3• 


On  the  16th  of  November,  O.  P.  Kockwell,  E.  K. 
Fuller,  A.  A.  Lathrop,  and  fifteen  others  set  forth 
for  California  to  buy  cows,  mules,  mares,  wheat,  and 
seeds.  They  bought  two  hundred  head  of  cows  at 
six  dollars  each,  with  which  they  started  from  Cali- 
fornia, but  lost  forty  head  on  the  Mojave;  being 
ninety  days  on  the  return  trip.  During  the  autumn, 
several  parties  of  the  battalion  men  arrived  from 
California,  bringing  a  quantity  of  wheat.  Captain 
Grant  came  to  Salt  Lake  City  from  Fort  Hall  in 
December  to  arrange  for  opening  trade  between  the 
two  points.  After  due  discussion,  the  matter  was 
referred  to  the  headquarters  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company. 

In  regard  to  affairs  at  Pueblo  and  on  the  Missouri, 
I  am  indebted  for  further  and  later  information  to  my 
esteemed  friends  Wilbur  F.  Stone  and  William  N. 
Byors  of  Colorado.  A  detachment  of  the  Mormons 
that  wintered  at  Pueblo  underwent  many  hardships, 
and  there  have  been  found  relics  in  that  vicinity,  in 
the  shape  of  furnace  and  cinders,  significant  of  their 
industrial  occupation  at  the  time. 

On  the  Missouri,  the  Indians,  who  at  first  had  so 
heartily  welcomed  the  saints  during  the  year  1847, 
complained  to  the  government  that  they  were  intrud- 
ing on  their  domain.  The  government  therefore 
ordered  away  the  Mormons,  but  gave  them  permis- 
sion to  occupy  lands  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river 
for  five  years.  There  they  built  a  town,  named 
Kanesville,  opposite  Omaha,  and  occupied  the  best 
part  of  the  country  up  and  down  tho  left  bank  of  the 
river  for  a  distance  ot  twent}  iniien  in  each  direction. 
Many  of  them  lived  in  dugouts,  that  is,  artificial 
caves  made  by  digging  out  a  space  for  occupancy  in 
the  bank  of  the  river  or  on  the  side  of  a  bluff.     Most 


worth,  William;  Younc,  Brigham;  Clarissa  D.  (wife  of  B.  Y.);  YouqKi  Har- 
riet P.  (wife  of  Loreuzol).);  xouDg,  laaacP.  D.;  Young,  Lorenzo  D. ;  Young, 
Lorenzo  Z.;  Youpf*,  Pliiueas  H. 
Hm    >.     J.   18 


SjlJ 


274 


MIGRATION  TO  UTAH. 


of  them  were  farmers,  and  they  had  three  or  four 
grist-mills  and  two  or  three  saw-mills. 

The  first  emigrants  did  not  stop  on  the  east  side  of 
the  river,  but  passed  over  at  once  on  arrival,  making 
their  first  settlement,  as  before  mentioned,  at  Winter 
Quarters,  situated  six  miles  from  the  present  city  of 
Omaha,  ni  the  north  end  of  the  plateau,  nearly  all  of 
which  they  ploughed  up  in  the  spring  of  1847,  and 
planted  seed  corn  brought  by  those  who  the  pre- 
vious winter  had  returned  to  the  Mississippi  to  work 
for  wages.  Hereabout  they  built  many  log  houses, 
Brigham  having  a  little  cluster  of  them  for  his  wives 
in  a  cosey  nook  apart  from  the  others. 

On  their  final  departure  for  the  west,  the  Mormons 
left  a  few  of  their  number  under  A.  J.  Mitchell,  who 
was  assisted  by  A.  J.  Smith.  They  lived  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Missouri  at  first,  and  had  a  ferry  across 
the  river  as  early  as  1851,  with  other  ferries  west, 
one  at  Loup  Fork,  and  one  on  the  Elkhorn.  A  large 
emigration  up  the  river  from  New  Orleans  set  in  about 
this  time.  In  the  spring  of  1852  the  steamboat  Sa- 
luda, having  six  hundred  souls  on  board,  was  blown 
up  at  the  mouth  of  the  Platte. 

In  1854  the  lands  of  the  Omahas,  on  the  west  side 
of  the  river,  came  into  market,  through  a  treaty  made 
during  the  summer  of  that  year  with  the  natives,  w  ho 
ceded  that  section  to  the  United  States.  Miteliell 
and  Smith  then  moved  to  the  western  side,  and 
changed  the  name  of  Winter  Quarters  to  that  of 
Florence,  at  the  same  time  selling  their  interests  on 
the  eastern  side  to  the  gentiles,  who  changed  the 
name  of  Kanesville  to  that  of  Council  Bluffs. 


CHAPTER  XI. 


IN  THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 

1848. 

Pood  and  Raiment— Houses — Home  MANUPAcrtTBEs— The  Foet — Wild 
Beasts — Cannon  fbou  Sutter's  Fort— Indian  Children  for  Sale — 
Measles — Population — Mills  and  Farming  Machinery — The  Plaquk 
OF  Crickets— They  are  Destroyed  by  Gulls — Scarcity  op  Provisions 
—The  Harvest  Feast — Immigration — Five  Thousand  Saints  Gath- 
ered i.v  THE  Valley — Fencing  and  Farming — Distribution  of  Lots — 
Organization  of  County  Government — Association  fob  the  Exter- 
mination OF  Wild  Beasts. 

At  the  opening  of  January  1848,  the  saints  were 
lioused,  clad,  and  fed  in  moderate  comfort,  and  general 
content  prevailed.*  The  season  was  exceptionally 
mild;  there  were  occasional  light  falls  of  snow,  but 
not  enough  to  interfere  with  ploughing  and  sowing," 
and  a  large  tract  of  land  was  partially  enclosed  and 
pliinted  with  wheat  and  vegetables. 

So  many  people  were  now  in  the  valley  that  not- 
withstanding the  abundant  crops  food  at  length  be- 
came scarce.  Families  weighed  out  their  flour  and 
allowed  themselves  so  much  a  day.  The  wheat  was 
group' i  at  a  mill  on  City  Creek,  but  as  there  was  no 
bulti;i!J-cl'  ;.h,  the  shorts  and  bran  could  not  be  sepa- 
r.\t  d.     Ti  0  beef  was  very  poor,*  as  most  of  the  cattle 

'  Parley  1".  T^'  att  says:  '  Here  life  was  as  sweet  as  the  holidays,  as  merry 
a»  ill  thu  Christian  palaces  and  laansions  of  those  who  had  driven  us  to  the 
mountains.* 

'' '  It  was  a  strange  sight  to  see  sometimes  furrows  on  one  side  and  snow 
on  the  other.  In  Feb.  men  worked  out  of  doora  in  their  shirt  sleeves.'  I/otTie't 
M'ujrationa,  MS.,  24. 

' '  It  was  BO  tough  that  Brother  Taylor  suggested  we  must  grease  the  saw 
to  make  it  work.'  Home't  Miarations,  MS.,  26. 

(  376 » 


276 


m  THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 


had  been  worked  hard  while  driven  to  the  valley  and 
after  their  arrival,  while  those  turned  out  to  range  did 
not  fatten  quickly.  Butter  and  taMovv  were  needed. 
One  wild  steer,  well  fattened,  was  brought  in  from 
Goodyear's  rancho.  A  herd  of  deer  crossing  from  one 
range  of  mountains  to  another  was  startled  by  the 
unexpected  obstruction  of  the  fort,  and  one  sprang 
into  the  enclosure  and  was  killed.  Wild  sago  and 
parsnip  roots  constituted  the  vegetable  food  of  the 
settlers.  A  few  deaths  occurred  from  poisonous 
roots.  The  bracing  air  and  hard  work  stimulated 
appetite  as  stores  decreased.  For  coffee  parched  bar- 
ley and  wheat  were  used,  and  as  their  sugar  gave  out, 
they  substituted  some  of  home  manufacture.*  In  the 
spring  thistle  tops  were  eaten,  and  became  an  impor- 
tant artic      -j^ci'et.* 

Anxiety  i  to  be  felt  about  clothing,  and  the 

hand-looms  v,  ^  now  busily  at  work,  although  wool 
was  scarce.^  As  shoes  wore  out,  moccasins  were  sub- 
stituted, and  goat,  deer,  and  elk  skins  were  manu- 
factured into  clothing  for  men  and  women,  though 
most  unsuitable  for  use  in  rain  and  snow. 

At  the  time  of  Parley  P.  Pratt's  arrival,  the  city 
of  Great  Salt  Lake  consisted  of  a  fort  enclosing  a 
block  of  ten  acres,  the  walls  of  part  of  the  buildings 
being  of  adobes  and  logs.  There  were  also  some 
tents.^     As  additional  companies   came   in,  they  ex- 


* '  We  manufactured  our  own  sugar  and  molasses  from  beets,  corn-stalks, 
aud  watermelons,  and  made  preserves  for  winter,  which  were  excellent,  by 
boiling  the  rinds  of  the  melons  in  this  molasses.'  Honv^s  Migrations,  MS., 
30.  '1  attempted  to  make  sugar  out  of  com.  A  rude  apparatus  was  made 
to  squeeze  the  corn  stalks,  but  the  manufacture  was  not  altogether  a  success. 
After  this,  beet  molasses  followed.  The  boiler  I  used  this  time  I  made  out 
uf  some  stove  piping  and  lumber.  Brother  Cannon  and  I  assisted  to  saw  our 
lumber.'  TayUyra  Reviinhcencea,  MS.,  16. 

*Geo.  Q.  Cannon,  in  Juw  Iwt.,  xix.  no.  5,  68. 

• '  They  collected  the  hair  of  the  buffalo  from  the  sage  brush  as  they 
travelled,  and  used  also  the  hair  of  cows.'  Home's  Migrations,  MS.,  35. 
From  this  blankets  were  woven  and  used  in  exchange  with  the  Indians.  Mrs 
Horj^e  remarks  that  *  in  Nauvoo  there  was  a  num  dressed  throughout  in  a  suit 
inAde  from  the  curly  hair  of  his  dog,  which  was  sheared  annual^.' 

'  It  stood  on  what  was  later  known  as  the  6th  Ward  Square. 


SAL.!   LiAIS.!!;  (Jii'X. 


W7 


tended  the  south  divisions,  which  were  connected  with 
the  old  fort  by  gates.  Wagfon-boxes  were  also  brought 
into  line,  and  served  for  habitations  until  better  accom- 
modations were  provided.  The  houses  were  built  of 
logs,  and  were  placed  close  together,  the  roofs  slanting 
inward,  and  all  the  doors  and  windows  being  on  the 
inside,  with  a  loop-hole  to  each  room  on  the  outside. 
As  everything  indicated  a  dry  climate,  the  roofs  were 
made  rather  flat,  and  great  inconvenience  resulted. 
In  March  the  rains  were  very  heavy,  and  umbrellas 
were  used  to  protect  women  and  children  while  cook- 
ing, and  even  in  bed.  The  clay  found  in  the  bottoms 
near  the  fort  made  excellent  plaster,  but  would  not 
stand  exposure  to  rain,  and  quickly  melted.  All  bread- 
stuffs  were  carefully  gathered  into  the  centre  of  the 
rooms,  and  protect  ""d  with  buffalo  skins  obtained  from 
the  Indians.  The  rooms  in  the  outer  lines  all  ad- 
joined, and  many  of  the  families  had  several  rooms. 
On  the  interior  cross-lines  rooms  were  built  on  both 
sides,  the  streets  being  eight  rods  wide. 


SOUTH  FORTS  ^NORTH  FOUT—' 

Fort,  Great  Salt  Lake  City,  1848. 

There  were  serious  depredations  committed  by 
wolves,  foxes,  and  catamounts,  and  great  annoyance 
occasioned  by  the  howling  of  some  of  these  animals.^ 
Further  discomfort  was  caused  by  innumerable  swarms 
of  mice.  Digging  cavities  and  running  about  under 
the  earthen  floor,  they  caused  the  ground  to  tremble, 
and  when  the  rain  loosened  the  stones  of  the  roofs, 

^  *  One  nisht  soon  after  our  arrival  I  spread  some  strychnine  about,  and  in 
the  morning  toond  fourteen  white  wolves  dead.'  Lorenzo  Young's  Ex.,  MS.,  8. 


878 


m  THE  VALLEY  OP  THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 


scampered  off  in  hordes.  Frequently  fifty  or  sixty 
had  to  be  caught  and  killed  before  the  family  could 
sleep." 

The  furniture  was  home-made,  and  very  little  of  it 
at  that.  The  table  was  a  chest,  and  the  bedstead 
was  built  into  the  corner  of  the  house,  which  formed 
two  of  its  sides,  rails  or  poles  forming  the  opposite 
sides;  pegs  were  driven  into  the  walls  and  rails,  and 
the  bed-cord  tightly  wound  around  them.^"  The  chim- 
neys weie  of  adobe,  and  sometimes  there  was  a  fire- 
place in  the  corner  with  a  clay  hearth. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  year  two  brass  cannon  were 
purchased  at  Sutter's  Fort  for  the  church,  by  the 
battalion  brethren." 

During  the  winter  of  1847-8,  some  Indian  children 
were  brought  to  the  fort  to  be  sold.  At  first  two 
were  offered,  but  the  settlers  peremptorily  refused  to 
buy  them.  The  Indian  in  charge  said  that  the  chil- 
dren were  captured  in  war,  and  would  be  killed  at 
sunset  if  the  white  men  did  not  buy  them.  Thereupon 
they  purchased  one  of  them,  and  the  one  not  sold  was 
shot.  Later,  several  Indians  came  in  with  two  more 
children,  using  the  same  threat;  they  were  bought  aiid 
brought  up  at  the  expense  of  the  settlers.*" 

Measles  now  appeared  for  the  first  time  among  tli<' 
natives,  who  did  not  know  where  the  disease  came 
from  or  wha+  to  do.  They  assembled  in  large  num- 
bers at  the  warm  springs,  bathed  in  the  waters,  and 
died.*' 

*'  'One  contrivance  for  catching  them  was  a  bucketful  of  water  with  a  boai  d 
sloping  at  each  end,  greased  and  balanced  on  the  edge.  The  first  cat  and  lu  r 
progeny  were  invaluable.  The  green  timber  from  the  mountains  was  full  "i 
bed-bugs,  another  serious  trouble.'  Ilorne'a  MiifrcUioim,  MS.,  31. 

'" This  describes  the  furniture  of  the  first  liouse  occupied  in  the  foit  liy 
Brigham  Young's  familj'.   ^frs  Clara  Young's  Pioneer  Ex. ,  MS. ,  8. 

''  Forty-tive  of  the  battalion  brethren  contributing  $512  for  the  purpose. 
JIM.  B.  Youiuj,  M8.,  1848,  35. 

"  '  Charles  LVicker  bought  one  of  the  prisouers,  a  girl,  who  was  afterwanl 
brought  up  in  President  Young's  family.  She  married  an  Indian  clii>f 
named  Kanosh.'   Wells'  Narr.,  AJS.,  48. 

"  '  Some  they  buried,  but  not  all.  We  buried  thirty-six  in  one  grd\  e. 
They  killed  their  dogs  when  their  masters  died.'  Nebelcer's  Early  Ju<(i>e, 
MS.,  2. 


EARLY  INDUSTRIES. 


279 


Public  meetings  were  generally  held  near  the  lib- 
erty-pole in  the  centre  of  the  fort;  religious  and  secu- 
lar meetings  were  also  held  in  private  houses.  In 
March  1848  the  population  of  the  city  was  reported 
at  1,671,  and  the  number  of  houses  423."  Bridges 
were  built  over  Mill  Creek  and  Jordan  River.  Daniel 
Spencer  was  appointed  road-master,  and  authorized 
to  call  on  men  to  assist  in  making  roads.  In  order 
that  the  burden  might  fall  equally  on  all,  a  poll  and 
property  tax  were  instituted. 

There  were  several  mills  soon  in  working  order. 
A  small  grist-mill  on  City  Creek  was  built  by  Charles 
Crismon  near  the  pioneer  garden;  then  there  were 
Chase's  saw-mill  and  Archibald  and  Robert  Gardiner's 
on  Mill  Creek,  and  Nebeker,  Riter,  and  Wallace's  in 
a  canon  ten  miles  north  of  the  city.  A  carding 
iiiachine  was  erected  near  Gardiner's  saw-mill  by 
Auiasa  Russell,  and  a  flouring  mill  during  the  summer 
by  John  Neft'.  Leffingwell  constructed  a  threshing 
machine  and  fanning  mill  on  City  Creek,  with  a  ca- 
pacity of  two  hundred  bushels  per  day.  Mill-stones 
cut  out  of  the  basalt  in  the  valley  were  of  very  good 
quality.  Mill-irons,  mill-stones,  printing-presses,  type, 
paper,  and  the  carding  machine  were  brought  by  the 
first  bands  of  emigrants  in  1848." 

The  spring  saw  everybody  busy,  and  soon  there 
were  many  flourishing  gardens,  containing  a  good  va- 
riety of  vegetables.  In  the  early  part  of  March  plough- 
ing commenced.  The  spring  was  mild  and  rain  plenti- 
ful, and  all  expected  an  abundant  harvest.  But  in 
the  latter  part  of  May,  when  the  fields  had  put  on 
tlu'ir  brightest  green,  there  appeared  a  visitation  in 
the  form  of  vast  swarms  of  crickets,  black  and  bale- 
ful as  the  locust  of  the  Dead  Sea."     In  their  track 


'*Juv.  InH.,  ix.  no.  1,  9. 


'«  UtaJi  Early  Jiecordu,  MS.,  29-30, 


280 


m  THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 


they  left  behind  them  not  a  blade  or  leaf,  the  ap^ 
pearance  of  the  country  which  they  traversed  in 
countless  and  desolating  myriads  being  that  of  a  land 
scorched  by  fire."  They  came  in  a  solid  phalanx, 
from  the  direction  of  Arsenal  Hill,  darkening  the 
earth  in  their  passage.  Men,  women,  and  children 
turned  out  en  masse  to  combat  this  pest,  driving  them 
into  ditches  or  on  to  piles  of  reeds,  which  they  would 
set  on  fire,  striving  in  every  way,  until  strength  was 
exhausted,  to  beat  back  the  devouring  host.  But  in 
vain  they  toiled,  in  vain  they  prayed;  the  work  of 
destruction  ceased  not,  and  the  havoc  threatened  to 
be  as  complete  as  was  that  which  overtook  the  land 
of  Egypt  in  the  last  days  of  Israel's  bondage.  "Think 
of  their  condition,"  says  Mr  Cannon — "the  food 
they  brought  with  them  almost  exhausted,  their  grain 
and  other  seeds  all  planted,  they  themselves  1,200 
miles  from  a  settlement  or  place  where  they  could  get 
food  on  the  east,  and  800  miles  from  California,  and 
the  crickets  eating  up  every  green  thing,  and  every 
day  destroying  their  sole  means  of  subsistence  for  the 
months  and  winter  ahead.  "^^ 

I  said  in  vain  they  prayed.  Not  so.  For  when 
everything  was  most  disheartening  and  all  effort 
spent,  behold,  from  over  the  lake  appeared  myriads 
of  snow-white  gulls,  their  origin  and  their  purpose 
alike  unknown  to  the  new-comers !  Was  this  another 
scourge  God  was  sending  them  for  their  sins?  Wait 
and  see.  Settling  upon  all  the  fields  and  every  part 
of  them,  they  pounced  upon  the  crickets,  seizing  and 
swallowing  them.  They  gorged  themselves.  Even 
after  their  stomachs  were  filled  they  still  devoured 
them.  On  Sunday  the  people,  full  of  thankfulness, 
left  the  fields  to  the  birds,  and  on  the  morrow  found 
on  the  edges  of  the  ditches  great  piles  of  dead  crick- 
ets that  had  been  swallowed  and  thrown  up  by  the 


"  Autobiog.  P.  P.  PraU,  405;  SmiMs  Bise,  Prognta,  and  Travels,  17. 
^*Juv.  Intl.,  ix.  no.  2,  22. 


THE  CRICKET  PLAGUE. 


281 


greedy  gulls.  Verily,  the  Lord  had  not  forgotten  to 
be  gracious ! 

To  escape  the  birds,  the  crickets  would  rush  into 
the  lake  or  river,  and  thus  millions  were  destroyed. 
Toward  evening  the  gulls  took  flight  and  disappeared 
beyond  the  lake,  but  each  day  returned  at  sunrise, 
until  the  scourge  was  past.^'  Later  grasshoppers 
seem  to  have  taken  the  place  of  crickets.  They  were 
of  a  kind  popularly  called  iron-clad,  and  did  much 
mischief.*' 

Though  the  crops  of  this  year  of  1848  were  thus 
saved  from  total  destruction,  fears  were  entertained 
that  there  would  not  be  food  enough  for  those  already 
in  the  valley,  and  the  expected  arrival  of  large 
additional  numbers  was  looked  upon  as  a  calamity.'*' 
The  stock  of  provisions  was  therefore  husbanded 
with    care,    many   living   principally    on   roots   and 

'*  Kane  says  that  the  gulls  soon  grew  to  be  as  tame  as  poultry,  and  that  the 
children  called  them  their  pigeons.  They  had  clear,  dark  eyes,  small  feet, 
and  large  wings  that  arched  in  flight.  The  Mormons,  67.  '  No  one  is  allowed 
to  kill  a  gull  in  Utah,  and  they  are  consequently  very  tame.'  Jenning'a  Ma- 
terial J'rogresa,  MS.,  7.  'I  am  sure  that  the  wheat  was  in  head,  and  that  it 
averaged  two  or  three  crickets  on  every  head,  bending  them  down.  One 
couldn't  step  without  crushing  under  foot  as  many  as  the  foot  could  cover.' 
Mrs  Clara  Young's  Experiences  of  a  Pioneer,  MS.,  9.  'Channels  were  dug 
and  filled  with  water  to  prevent  their  travel,  but  they  would  throw  them- 
selves across;  it  was  impossible  to  fight  them  back.'  Nebeker'a  Early  Juntice, 
MS.,  2.  'In  the  spring,  when  thousands  of  young  trees  had  been  started  and 
were  several  inches  in  height,  cainc  the  crickets.  The  wheat,  too,  waa  well 
in  head.'  Home's  Migrations,  MS.,  p.  28. 

'"Says  Mr  Jennings:  'They  would  devastate  himdreds  of  acres,  and  as 
they  would  rise  and  fly  high  in  the  air,  the  air  would  be  darkened  with  them. 
They  seemed  to  be  massed  together,  and  to  take  but  one  direction,  flying  eight 
or  ten  miles  perhaps,  then  settling  upon  another  field...  The  only  extermi- 
nator seems  to  be  the  sea-gulls.  They  gorge  themselves  on  this  rich  diet; 
they  suddenly  appear  in  tho  wake  of  the  grasshoppers,  and  will  swallow  them, 
throw  them  up,  and  swallow  them  again . . .  Sometimes  the  grasshoppers  come 
like  a  cloud,  and  apparently  alighting  not  knowing  where;  on  one  occasion  a 
quarter  of  their  number  perhaps  dropped  into  the  lake,  and  were  blown  on 
shore  by  the  wind,  in  rows  of  sometimes  two  feet  deep  for  a  distance  of  two 
miles.'  Material  Progress,  MS.,  6-7. 

'^ '  Word  was  s«nt  back  that  probably  no  crops  could  be  raised  that  year, 
and  advising  that  no  further  emigrations  should  come  in  that  season.'  Mrs 
Clara  Young's  Experiences  of  a  Pioneer,  MS. ,  9.  John  Young  wished  to  send  an 
express  to  his  brother,  the  president,  advising  him  not  to  bring  any  more  peo- 
ple to  the  valley,  as  there  was  danger  of  starvation.  Utah  Early  Records,  MS. , 
30-'2.  Parley  P.  Pratt  writes: '  I  had  a  good  harvest  of  wheat  and  rye  with- 
out irrigation,  but  those  who  irrigated  had  double  the  quantity.  Wheat 
harvest  commenced  early  in  July. .  .Oats  do  extremely  well,  yielding  sixty 
btuhela  for  one.'  Hist.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1848,  54. 


282 


IN  THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 


thistles,  to  which  fare  was  sometimes  added  a  little 
flour  or  milk.  The  wheat  crop,  however,  turned  out 
better  than  was  expected,  and  pumpkins,  melons,  and 
corn  yielded  good  returns.^ 

On  the  10th  of  August,  however,  the  harvest  beinof 
then  gathered,  a  feast  was  held  in  the  bowery,  at 
which  the  tables  were  loaded  with  a  variety  of  viands, 
vegetables,  beef,  and  bread,  butter  and  cheese,  with 
cakes  and  pastry.  Sheaves  of  wheat  and  other  grain 
were  hoisted  on  harvest  poles;  "and,"  says  Parley, 
"there  was  prayer  and  thanksgiving,  congratulations, 
songs,  speeches,  music,  dancing,  smiling  faces,  and 
merry  hearts." 

The  rendezvous  for  westward-bound  brethren  in  tlie 
spring  of  1848  was  the  Elkhorn  River,  and  thither  at 
the  end  of  May  came  the  president,  who  organized  the 
people  and  gave  them  instructions  to  be  observefl  on 
the  way.  Good  order  was  to  be  preserved  in  camp; 
there  must  be  no  shouting;  prayers  were  to  be  at- 
tended to,  and  lights  put  out  at  9  o'clock.  Drivers 
of  teams  must  walk  beside  their  oxen,  and  not  loavt; 
them  without  permission.  Brigham  was  general  super- 
intendent of  the  emigrating  companies,  with  Daniel 
H.  Wells  as  aide-de-camp,  H.  S.  Eldredge  marshal, 
and  Hosea  Stout  captain  of  the  night-guard.  Mov- 
ing west  early  in  June,  on  the  14th  the  emigrants 
were  fired  on  by  Indians,  two  being  wounded.  At 
this  time  also  there  was  sickness  in  the  camp.  To 
secure  grass  and  water,  the  emigration  was  sepa- 
rated into  divisions,  of  which  there  were  two  principal 

"'Wheat  harvest  good.  Com  crop  goor  The  worms  ate  some  iu  the 
ear.  I'rice  uf  wheat,  $2  a  bushel.  PopuIatijD,  1,800;  iiiaia  fence,  I'l  iiiil(;< 
long.  Had  a  surpUis  of  bread-stuff  tliis  year.'  f/i.it.  li.  Young,  MS.,  Aii-'. 
1,  1848,  52.  Parley  states  that  he  and  his  family,  in  common  with  many 
others,  sutt'ered  much  for  want  of  food.  Ho  had  ploughed  and  plaiitcl, 
in  grain  and  vegetables,  nearly  40  acres,  nearly  every  women  and  child  in  his 
family  toiling  in  the  tield  so  far  as  their  ago  and  strength  would  [Hriiiit. 
AtUobioij.,  405.  'One  family  had  nothing  but  milk  to  live  upon;. .  tlioy 
would  let  a  portion  thicken,  and  then  mix  it  with  new  milk  and  cat  it  for 
bread.  They  lived  upon  it  for  six  weeks,  and  thrived.'  Eliza  Snow,  iu  r'<ih 
Notes,  MS.,  6. 


ARRIVAL  OF  THE  FIRST  MAIL. 


I  a  little 
rned  out 
Ions,  and 

est  beinsj 
>wery,  at 
)f  viands, 
ese,  with 
her  grain 
s  Parley, 
,tulations, 
iaces,  and 


iren  in  the 
thither  at 
anized  the 
)served  tm 
in  camp; 
to  be  at- 
Drivovs 
not  leavi; 
eral  super- 
ith  Daniel 
marshiil, 
d.      Mov- 
emigrants 
ded.     At 
amp.     To 
,vas   sepa- 
principnl 

le  some  iu  the 
Tence,  1-  niilis 
L,  MS.,  Aiiu-. 
In  with  many 
I  and  pliuitcl, 
lul  chilli  in  !iis 
Ivouhl  peiiiiit. 
liipou;. .  tlo^'y 
Ind  cat  it  for 
f  now,  i"  ' '"'' 


ones,  under  Brigham  Young  and  H.  C.  Kimball,  with 
several  subdivisions.'' 

The  first  letters  received  at  Great  Salt  Lake  City 
from  Brigham  came  twelve  months  after  his  departure 
from  the  valley,  and  were  sent  on  in  advance  from  the 
tn<^ampments.  The  excitement  was  great  as  Taylor 
and  Green  rode  into  the  city  and  distributed  the 
letters,  without  envelopes,  tied  round  and  round  with 
buekskin  thongs,  and  bearing  the  cheering  news  that 
ii  large  body  of  brethren  was  on  the  way,  and  bring- 
ing plenty  of  food.^* 

In  June  and  July  two  small  parties  left  the  city  to 
nu>et  the  immigration,  and  another  in  August.  In 
September  Brigham  and  the  first  companies  arrived; 
and  under  the  organization  of  the  president  and  his 
two  counsellors,  Willard  Richards  and  Heber  C.  Kim- 
ball, during  the  autumn  months  most  of  the  brethren 
from  Winter  Quarters  and  other  camps  reached  the 
valley.'^" 

Before  the  expiration  of  the  year,  there  were  nearly 

-^  Tho  first  ilivisiou  consisted  of  1,229  persons,  with  397  wagons,  74  horses, 
ill  inuhs,  1,275  oxen,  099  cows,  184  loose  cattle,  411  sheep,  141  piirs,  605 
cliiukeiis,  37  cats,  82  dogs,  3  goats,  10  geese,  2  hives  of  bees,  8  doves,  and  1 
crow;  the  second  of  602  persons,  with  220  wagons,  57  horses,  25  mules,  737 
oxrn,  2S4  cows,  150  loose  cattle,  243  sheep,  96  pigs,  299  chickens,  17  cats,  52 
(lu;.'s,  3  hives  of  bees,  3  doves,  5  ducks,  and  1  squirrel. 

-'  As  recorded  in  Mrs  Clara  Decker  Young's  very  \uluable  manuscript. 
Slie  siiows  now  the  first  letter  received,  still  tied  with  buckskin  thongs. 

'*-'  Tho  iirst  companies  under  Brigham  arrived  ou  Sept.  20th;  Kimball's 
pai'ty  reached  the  valley  a  few  days  later.  At  the  beginning  of  August 
Lorenzo  Snow,  A.  O.  Smoot,  and  others,  with  47  wagons  and  124  yoke  of  oxen, 
wiTo  seat  from  Salt  Lake  City  to  assist  the  emigrants.  On  tho  28th  of  tho 
.-auie  month  a  party  well  supplied  with  wagons  niid  cattle  wiis  sent  back 
to  Winter  Quarters  from  the  camp  of  the  president,  then  on  the  Sweet- 
water. Utah  Early  Records,  MS.,  33.  The  companies  under  llichards 
rciRlit.'d  their  destination  toward  tho  end  of  October.  liichards'  A'arr. , 
•MS.,  38.  In  relating  the  incidents  of  his  journey,  Richards  states  that  his 
was  tlio  last  party  to  leave  Winter  Quarters  during  that  summer,  llis  men 
« iir  ill  supplied  with  provisions;  feed  was  scarce,  and  many  of  the  cattle  died 
fniiii  drinking  alkali  water,  so  that  he  was  compelled  to  yoke  to  the  wagonn 
tVLii  llis  yearlings  and  his  milch-cows.  Many  families,  including  tiie  child-  i, 
wcrcfompelled  to  walk  the  entire  distance;  yet  not  asinglo  death  occurred.  '  ( .. 
•^4-.").  '  The  comi)aiues  behind  were  kept  well  informed  of  tho  jirogreas  of  tliosa 
iu  advance. .  .Sometimes  a  co))y  of  the  ciimp  journal  was  written  and  placed 
ill  a  notcl'  in  a  tree, . .  .sometimes  in  a  post  stuck  in  the  ground;  but  whenever 
a  lai-;^e  buffalo  skull  or  other  suitable  bone  was  found, . .  .some  particulars  were 
wiitten  on  tliem.'  Cannon,  in  Juv.  Inst.,  .\ix.  no.  3,  36. 


884 


IN  THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 


three  thousand,^  and  including  the  pioneers,  the  bat- 
talion men,  and  the  companies  that  arrived  under 
Parley,  at  least  five  thousand  of  the  saints  assembled 
in  the  valley. 

Thus  about  one  fourth  of  the  exiles  from  Nt  oo 
were  for  the  present  beyond  reach  of  molestation. 
That  five  thousand  persons,  including  a  very  large 
proportion  of  women  and  children,  almost  without 
money,  almost  without  provisions,  excepting  the  milk 
of  their  kine  and  the  grain  which  they  had  raised  near 
their  own  camps,  should,  almost  without  the  loss  of  a 
life,  have  accomplished  this  journey  of  more  than 
twelve  hundred  miles,  crossing  range  after  range  of 
mountains,  bridging  rivers,  and  traversing  deserts, 
while  liable  at  any  moment  to  be  attacked  by  roam- 
ing bands  of  savages,  is  one  of  the  marvels  that  this 
century  has  witnessed.  To  those  who  met  them  on  the 
route,  the  strict  order  of  their  march,  their  coolness 
and  rapidity  in  closing  ranks  to  repel  assault,  their 
method  in  posting  sentries  around  camp  and  corral, 
suggested  rather  the  movements  of  a  well-organized 
army  than  the  migration  of  a  people;  and  in  truth, 
few  armies  have  been  better  organized  or  more  ably 
led  than  was  this  army  of  the  Lord."^  To  t'  skill 
of  their  leaders,  and  their  own  concert  of  ose 

and  action,  was  due  their  preservation.  And  n(jw,  at 
length,  they  had  made  good  their  escape  from  the 
laud  of  their  bondage  to  the  promised  land  of  their 
freedom,  in  which,  though  a  wilderness,  they  rejoiced 
to  dwell. 

In  a  private  letter  written  in  September  1848, 
Parley  writes:  "How  quiet,  how  still,  how  free 
from  excitement  we  live  I  The  legislation  of  our 
high  council,  the  decision  of  some  judge  or  court  of 

'^  White  persons  2,393,  and  24  negroes,  with  792  wagons,  2,527  oxen,  about 
1,700  cows,  181  horses,  1,023  sheep,  and  other  live-stock.  IJtah  Early  Rec- 
ords, MS.,  41. 

''  '  So  well  recognized  were  the  results  of  this  organization,  that  bauds  of 
hostile  Indians  have  passed  by  comparatively  small  parties  of  Mormous  to 
attack  much  larger  but  less  compact  Dodies  of  other  emigrants.'  Kane's  The 
Mormone,  34. 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  LANDii. 


28.1 


the  church,  a  meeting,  a  dance,  a  visit,  an  exploring 
tour,  the  arrival  of  a  party  of  trappers  and  traders,  a 
M(3xican  caravan,  a  party  arrived  from  the  Pacific,^' 
from  the  States,  from  Fort  Bridger,  a  visit  of  Ind- 
ians, or  perhaps  a  mail  from  the  distant  world  once  or 
twice  a  year,  is  all  that  breaks  the  monotony  of  our 
busy  and  peaceful  life . . .  Here,  too,  we  all  are  rich — 
there  is  no  real  poverty;  all  men  have  access  to  the 
soil,  the  pasture,  the  timber,  the  water  power,  and  all 
the  elements  of  wealth,  without  money  or  price."*" 

On  his  arrival  in  the  autumn,  Brigham  stirred  up 
the  people  to  the  greatest  activity.  Fencing  material 
being  scarce,  and  the  city  lands  all  appropriated,  it  was 
proposed  that  a  large  field  for  farming  purposes  adjoin- 
ing the  city  should  be  selected  and  fenced  in  com- 
mon. By  October  there  were  863  applications  for 
lots,  amounting  to  11,005  acres. 

A  united  effort  was  made  to  fence  the  city,  which 
was  done  by  enclosing  each  ward  in  one  field,  and  re- 
quiring the  owner  of  every  lot  to  build  his  proportion 
of  the  fence.**  No  lots  were  allow 'd  to  be  held  foi- 
speculation,  the  intention,  originally,  being  to  assign 
them  only  to  those  who  would  occupy  and  improve 
them.  The  farming  land  nearest  the  city  was  sur- 
veyed in  five-acre  lots  to  accommodate  the  mechanics 
and  artisans ;  next  beyond  were  ten-acre  lots,  followed 
by  forty  and  eighty  acres,  where  farmers  could  build 
and  reside.  All  these  farms  were  enclosed  in  one 
common  fence,  constituting  what  was  called  the  'big 
field,'  before  mentioned."* 

" '  In  July  1848,  William  and  Nathan  Hawks,  Sanford  Jacoba,  and  Rich- 
ard Slater  came  from  California  with  copies  of  Brannan's  Star  of  April  Ist, 
and  tidings  that  the  brethren  at  San  Irancisco  were  doing  well,  and  that 
those  who  had  settled  on  the  San  Joaquin  River  had  vacated  in  favor  of  the 
mosquitoes.'  Hi8t.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1848,  46. 

"The  letter  was  afterward  published  in  part  in  Snow's  Voice  of  Joseph, 
16,  and  portions  copied  into  Utah  Early  Pioneers,  MS.,  34-5. 

'** '  Everv  man  is  to  help  build  a  pole,  ditch,  or  a  stone  fence. .  .in  propor- 
tion to  the  land  he  draws,  also  a  canal  on  each  side  for  the  purpose  of  irriga- 
tion.' Hist.  B.  Tounij,  MS.,  1849,  55. 

"  'The  fence  will  be  17  miles  and  53  rods  long,  and  8  ft  high.*  Hist.  B. 
Toung,  MS.,  1848,  68-9;  Juv.  Inst.,  ix.  no.  3,  34.  It  had  been  decided  by  the 
high  council  in  Jan.  that  fencing  be  commenced,  and  that  the  farm  lands  be 


286 


m  THE  VALLET  OF  THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 


The  streets  were  kept  open,  but  were  barely  wide 
enough  for  travel ,  as  the  owners  cultivated  the  space 
in  front  of  their  houses.  At  a  meeting  on  the  24th  of 
September,  permission  was  granted  to  build  on  the  lots 
immediately,  all  buildings  to  be  at  least  twenty  feet  from 
the  sidewalk;  and  a  few  days  later  it  was  voted  "  that 
a  land  record  should  be  kept,  and  that  $1.50  be  paid 
for  each  lot;  one  dollar  to  the  surveyor  and  fifty 
cents  to  the  clerk  for  rev^ording."  A  council-house 
was  ordered  to  be  built  by  tithing  labor;  and  it  was 
suggested  that  water  from  the  Big  Cottonwood  l)t' 
brought  into  the  city;  the  toll  for  grinding  grain  was 
to  be  increased,'"  and  a  resolution  was  passed  against 
the  sale  or  use  of  ardent  spirits.  That  all  might  be 
satisfied,  the  lots  were  to  be  distributed  "by  ballot, 
or  casting  lots,  as  Israel  did  in  days  of  old."^ 

On  the  1st  of  October  Brigham  called  the  battalion 
brethren  together,  blessed  them,  and  thanked  them 
for  the  service  they  had  rendered.  "The  plan  of  rais- 
ing a  battalion  to  march  to  California,"  he  said,  "by  a 
call  from  the  war  department,  wan  devised  with  a  view 
to  the  total  overthrow  of  this  kingdom,  and  the  de- 
struction of  every  man,  woman,  and  child."** 

Winter  was  now  at  hand,  and  there  was  sore  need 
that  the  saints  should  bestir  themselves.     The  presi- 

locatcd  as  near  together  na  possible,  and  immediately  south  of  the  city.  Tlie 
line  of  the  fence  began  at  a  steep  point  in  the  bluffs  just  south  of  the  warm 
springs,  thence  straight  tc  the  north-west  corner  of  the  fort,  then  from  tlie 
south-east  corner  of  the  fort,  east  n{  south,  to  some  distance  south  of  Mill 
Creek,  thenco  east  to  the  bluffs  again,  iia  entire  length,  including  two  sides 
of  the  fort,  being  3.C38  rods.  Utah  Earlif  Records,  MS.,  20-1.  Thti  entire 
tract  was  5, 153  acres,  of  which  872  acres  were  sown  with  winter-wheat,  tlie 
remainder  being  intended'for  spring  and  summer  crops. 

'*  'Chas  Crismon  petitions  tnat  it  be  f 
Hitt.  B.  Youmj,  MS.,  1848,  64, 


increased  from  1-16  to  1-10;  graiited. ' 


" '  The  city  plat  is  already  allotted,  and  many  families  are  at  prciaent 
without  lots;  therefore  we  have  deemed  it  expedient  to  run  off  an  addition  to 
the  city,  commencing  at  the  eastern  line  nf  the  city  and  rtmning  east  ua  ftir 
as  the  nature  of  the  hmd  will  allow  for  building  purposes.  Not  only  iit  tliis 
addition  necessary,  but  we  are  going  to  lay  off  a  site  for  a  city  about  ten  nules 
north,  and  another  site  about  ten  miles  to  the  south  of  our  city.'  J^i^|f■  H- 
Young,  MS.,  1848,  69. 

■«  Hitt.  B.  Yowuj,  MS. ,  1 848.  65.  Thii  wu  not  the  oa^  See  Hisl.  Col. , 
vol.  V.  chap,  xviii.,  this  series. 


SECOND  WINTEJk  IN  THE  VALLEY. 


S87 


(lent  and  others  of  the  church  dignitaries  worked  in- 
(lefatigablv  with  their  people,  carrying  mortar  and 
making  adobes,  hauling  timber  and  sawing  it.  There 
were  but  450  log  cabins  within  the  stockade,  and 
one  thousand  more  well-filled  wagons  had  arrived  this 
season. 

A  county  government  was  organized,  and  John  D. 
Barker  elected  sheriff,  Isaac  Clark  judge  of  probate, 
and  Evan  M.  Green  recorder  and  treasurer.**  Two 
liuiiting  companies  in  December  were  formed,  under 
tl.e  leadership  of  John  D.  Lee  and  John  Pack  for 
tlie  extermination  of  wild  beasts.  There  were  eighty- 
four  men  in  all,  and  their  efforts  were  successful.** 
Yrom  the  1st  of  December  until  the  end  of  February 
there  were  heavy  snow-storms.  On  the  coldest  day 
the  mercury  fell  below  zero,*^  and  on  the  warmest 
marked  21°  of  Fahrenheit.  On  account  of  the  snow 
in  the  caiions  it  was  diflficult  to  bring  in  the  necessary 
fuel.  As  the  previous  winter  had  been  warm,  the 
settlers  were  unprepared  for  such  cold  weather,  and 
there  was  much  suffering.** 

'■ ' George  Coulson,  Andrew  H.  Perkins,  and  David  D.  Yearsley,  county 
commissioners;  James  Sloan,  district  clerk;  Jacob  G.  Bigler,  William  Snow, 
Levi  Bracken,  and  Jonathan  C.  Wright,  m:>gibtrate8.'  Hist.  B.  Young,  MS.,  77. 

'*  '  The  two  hunting  companies  or^.iuized  last  Dec.  report  that  they  have 
killi^il  '2  I>ears,  2  wolrcrenes,  2  wild-cats,  783  wolves,  409  foxes,  .31  minks, 
\>  eagles,  .530  magpies,  hawks,  and  owls,  and  1,026  rarens.'  Jiial.  B.  Young, 
.MS.,  March  1841). 

"  '  To  33°  below  freezing-point  on  Feb.  5th. '  (ieneral  Epistle  of  the  Twelve, 
ill  Froiitiif  Guardian,  May  30,  1849. 

'■'  'At  Fort  Briilger  the  winter  had  been  unusually  severe,  and  the  traders, 
II  Wii8  leported,  had  sutfcrcd  almoi^t  starvation.'  It  was  resolved  that  no 
<  iru  should  be  made  into  whiskey,  and  that  if  any  man  was  prepa.'ing  to  distil 
rdia  iuto  whiskey  or  alcohol,  the  coi.-n  should  be  taken  and  given  to  the  poor. 
;/;.«/.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1849,  4. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

IN  THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 

1849. 

Food  Supply  and  Shbltbk— Bcildino  Lots — Currknoy  Issdk— Bank 
Notes  and  Coinaok — Piuvatk  and  Pubuc  Bdildinos — Widk  Auea  or 
TUB  City — Second  Anniveksauv  of  the  Pion^eks — Fssiivals  and 
Amcskmbnts — Labok  a  Duty  among  tub  Saints — Effect  of  tuk  Cali- 
FouNiA  Gold  Discovkby — Immuikation— Cabryino  Company— Cali- 
fornia-bound EmIOIUNTS— TlIEUl  TkAKFIO  WITU  TUB  MOKMONS— PkOU- 

UCT3  AND  Prices— G')LD-niTNTiNU  Frowned  upon  by  the  Church. 


Throughout  the  winter  of  1 848-9  food  was  scarce 
anionic  the  settlers.  Many  still  subsisted  mainly  on 
roots,  thistles,  and  even  on  rawhides.*  Milk,  tlesli, 
and  the  small  quantity  of  breadstuffs  that  remained 
were,  however,  distributed  among  the  poor  in  siuli 
quantities  as  to  prevent  actual  starvation.  On  April 
1,  1849,  each  household  was  required  to  state  the 
smallest  allowance  of  breadstuffs  that  would  suftice 
until  the  forth-coming  harvest.  Some  received  half 
a  pound  a  day,  anil  others  four  ounces.^ 

^ '  Many  were  nucessitated  to  eat  rawhiiles,  and  to  dig  sttgo  and  tliiutle 
roots  for  moutha  to  subsist  upon. '  IJ'mt.  B.  Youn;/,  MS. ,  1849,  95. 

' The  comniittoe  ou  breailstuffa  rejwrted  on  the  8th  of  Fob.  that  thcio 
was  "  lb.  per  capita  for  the  next  five  months.  Utah  Early  Rc-urtln,  M.S.,  4.j. 
'  In  the  former  part  of  Feb.  the  bisliops  took  an  inveutorv  of  tlu'  i>rcail- tulf 
in  the  valley,  when  was  ro{K)rted  a  little  inoro  than  J  lb.  per  day  f<>r  ^ucli 
soul,  until  the  Dth  of  Jnly;  luid  considerable  was  known  to  exist  wliioli  wiis 
not  reported.  Hence  while  some  were  uoarly  destitute  others  had  abundaiac 
The  price  of  corn  since  harvest  hac!  hcea  $'J;  sumo  has  sold  for  J3;  at  piubcut 
there  is  none  in  the  niarkct  at  any  price.  Wheat  has  ranged  front  i^(  to  ;^,'<, 
and  potatoes  from  ^  to  $20,  a  bushel;  and  though  not  to  do  bouj'ht  at  pivs- 
ent,  it  is  expected  that  there  will  bo  a  good  supply  for  seed  oy  auotlicr 
year.'  General  Epistle  of  the  Twelve,  in  Frontier  Guardian,  May  30,  18 lit. 
'  Those  persons  who  had  imparted  measurably  to  those  who  had  not,  ju  that 
all  extremity  of  su£fering  from  hunger  was  avoided.'  Ilitt.  B.  Yowuj,  MS., 

1S49,  95. 

W8I 


DWELLINGS  OP  THE  SAINTS. 


289 


lasoK— IUnr 

ITlDK  AUEA  OF 
asllVALS  AND 
I  OF  TUK  CaLI- 
Ul'ANY— CaLI- 
IMONS— rUOlJ- 

;  Cuuttcii. 

vas  scarce 
mainly  on 
ilk,  tlesh, 
remained 
r  in  such 
On  April 
state  the 
luld  suftice 
eivod  half 


go  and  tliistle 
[95. 

Icb.  that  thero 
lurdu,  MS.,  45. 
ItlK'  hreiubliill 
iliiy  fill-  vucli 
(tiat  which  was 
ftd  abunilancc. 
_  '53;  at  picscut 
Irom  $4  tt)  if.'), 
lought  at  pros- 
Id  Ijy  auolhor 
May  30,  ISW. 
j1  uot,  iJo  ll"*'t 
I.  Young,  M^-> 


Until  the  first  fruits  were  reaped  the  famine  con- 
tinued, but  the  harvest  of  1849  was  a  bountiful  one,' 
and  for  six  years  thereafter  none  wanted  for  bread  in 
tlie  city  of  Salt  Lake.* 

Dunng  part  of  this  season  many  women  and  chil- 
dren were  without  shelter  or  fuel.  To  each  family  as 
it  arrived  was  given  a  city  lot,  until  the  site  was 
t'xliausted,  as  we  have  seen;  but  for  most  a  wagon 
served  for  dwelling  during  the  coldest  months,  and 
later  an  adobe  hut,  roofed  with  unseasoned  lumber, 
and  thatched  with  hay  or  frozen  mud.'  Before  sum- 
mer all  were  housed  in  log  or  adobe  dwellings/ the  fort 

'  It  was  not  injured  by  crickets.  Kane  a  The  Mormonn,  67.  '  Our  prophet 
prcdietnd  that  if  we  would  exercise  patience  under  our  difficulties  during 
tli(3  iiiiincdiute  future,  our  necessities  would  be  supplied  as  cheaply  as  thuy 
I'oulil  he  in  the  city  of  St  Louis;  and  this  proved  to  be  true,  for  iu  1840  we 
laiseil  fair  crops.'  Smool'a  Mormon  Wife,  MS.,  5-6. 

*  The  peculiar  chemical  formations  in  earth  and  water  proved  of  great  prac- 
tical value  wlicn  once  understood.  '  For  two  years  all  the  saleratus  used  was 
olitaiiiud  from  Saleratus  Lake,  near  Independence  liock;  the  salt  from  the 
luko  became  an  article  of  value  in  local  use  and  among  their  exports.  The 
alkali  swept  down  from  the  mountains,  and  composed  of  a  great  variety  of 
Migreilicnts,  kuch  as  magnesia,  soda,  salt,  etc.,  when  once  subdued,  makes  ths 
nuist  durable  of  soik,  which  needs  no  enriching.'  Richards,  in  l/Uih  Noten, 
MS.,  8. 

'> '  N^ow  as  regards  my  beginning  at  Salt  Lake.  Soon  after  my  arrival  a 
city  lot  was  assigned  to  me  Tor  a  home  and  residence,  on  which  I  placed  mv 
wagou  box  or  wagon  bed,  which  contained  our  provisions,  bedding,  and  all 
our  earthly  goods,  placed  them  upon  the  ground,  turned  away  our  stock  '  ,  in 
the  winter  range,  and  looked  about  us.  I  soon  disposed  of  some  of  n<y  cloth- 
ing for  some  adobes,  and  put  the  walls  up  of  a  small  room,  which  we  covered 
witli  a  tent-cloth,  that  answered  us  during  the  winter,  until  luniber  cmild  Iw 
procured  next  spring.'  Xicharda'  Narr.,  MS.,  38;  Early  Record ',  MS.,  .10-8. 

'  On  Feb.  18th  the  people  began  to  move  out  of  the  fort  to  th<  ir  city  I'ts. 
/(/.,  47.  A  number  of  temporary  farm  buildings  had  been  comphiti-d  Ix'fure 
..is date.  Pratfa  Autobiography,  iOH;  Millennial  SCar,  x.  370.  A  curraspond- 
entof  the  New  York  Tribune,  writing  from  Salt  Lake  City,  July  8, 1849,  gives 
an  exaggerated  account  of  the  place,  which  has  been  copied  by  several  writers 
on  Murinonism.  '  There  were  no  hotels,  because  there  was  no  travel;  no  bar- 
bers' sliops,  because  every  one  chose  to  shave  his  neighbor;  no  stores,  because 
they  had  no  goods  to  sell  nor  time  to  traffic;  no  centre  of  business,  because 
all  were  too  ousy  to  make  a  centre.  There  was  abundance  of  mechanics' 
shops,  of  dressma'zcia.  r^iininers,  and  tailors,  etc.;  but  they  needed  no  sign, 
nor  had  they  tiiro  to  paint  or  erect  one,  for  they  were  crowded  with  business. 
I  this  day  attenaed  worship  with  them  in  the  open  air.  Some  thousands  of 
well-dressed,  intelligent-looking  people  assembled,  some  on  foot,  some  in  car- 
riages, and  on  horseback.  Many  were  neatlv  and  even  fashionably  clad. 
Tliu  beauty  and  neatness  of  the  ladies  remintfed  me  of  some  of  our  congre- 
gations in  New  York.'  The  letter  is  in  Mackay'a  The  Mormons,  28'J.  ft  is 
unnecessary  to  expose  the  absurdity  of  this  description,  as  the  reader  is  well 
awaruthat  hundreds  of  California-bound  emigrants  passed  through  the  valley 
this  year.  Harvesting  began  July  Qth,  and  until  that  date  the  Monuous  wer« 
Bisx.  Utah.    19 


290 


m  THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 


being  rapidly  brokon  up  by  the  removal  of  the  houses 
on  to  the  city  lots.  The  city  was  divided  into  nine- 
teen bishops'  wards  ;^  the  ten-acre  blocks  were  divided 
into  allotments  of  an  acre  and  a  quarter,  the  five-acre 
lots  in  similar  proportion,  each  building  facing  the 
garden  of  the  one  adjoining,  the  space  of  twenty  feet 
left  between  the  houses  and  the  surrounding  fence 
being  afterward  planted  with  trees  and  shrubbery.^ 

The  need  of  a  circulating  medium  had  been  felt 
ever  since  the  valley  had  been  settled.'  Their  cur- 
rency was  blankets,  grain,  and  seeds;  and  even  after 
gold-dust  was  brought  in  by  the  miners  great  incon- 
venience was  experienced  in  its  use,  and  many  re- 
fused to  take  it,  as  there  was  a  waste  in  weighing  it. 
To  meet  this  emergency,  bank  bills  for  one  dollar 

often  without  their  daily  bread,  as  we  have  Been.  The  following  is  probably 
much  nearer  the  truth:  '  The  houses  are  small,  principally  of  brick  (adobe), 
built  up  only  as  temporary  abodes,  until  the  more  urgent  and  important  mat- 
ters of  enclosure  and  cultivation  are  attended  to;  but  I  never  saw  anything  to 
surpass  the  ingenuity  of  arrangement  with  which  they  are  fitted  up,  and  the 
scrupulous  cleanliness  with  which  they  are  kept.  There  were  tradesmen  and 
artisans  of  all  descriptions,  but  no  regular  stores  or  workshops,  except  forges. 
Still,  from  the  shoeing  of  a  horse  to  the  mending  of  a  wateh  there  was  no  dif- 
ficulty in  getting  it  done,  as  cheap  and  as  well  put  out  of  hand  as  in  any  other 
city  in  America.*  Kelly's  Excursion  to  California,  226. 

'  The  bishops  were  David  Fairbanks,  John  Lowry,  Christopher  Williams, 
William  Hickenlooper,  William  J.  Perkins,  Addison  Everett,  Seth  Taft,  David 
Pettigrew,  Benjamin  Covey,  Edward  Hunter,  John  Murdock,  Abraham  0. 
Smoot,  Isaac  Higbee,  Joseph  L.  Heywood,  James  Hendrix,  Benjamin  Brown, 
Orville  S.  Cox,  and  Joel  H.  Johnson.  Utah  Early  Records,  MS.,  47-8,  G9. 
The  valley  is  settled  for  20  miles  south  and  4:1  miles  north,  and  divided  into 
19  wards.  Hist.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1849,  57. 

*  At  a  council  held  Feb.  17,  1849,  the  committee  on  fencing  reported  that 
the  enclosure  termed  the  big  field  would  inclnde  291  ten-acre  lots,  4G0  five- 
acre  lots,  the  church  farm  of  800  acres,  aud  17  acres  of  fractional  lots,  tlie 
whole  requiring  5,240  rods  of  fencing,  of  which  it  was  recommended  that 
3,216  should  l«  of  adobes,  663  of  adobes  or  stone,  and  1,361  of  ditch,  postij, 
and  rails.  'When  the  Mormons  first  arriTed  they  did  not  quarrel  for 
best  lands,  but  cultivated  a  whole  district  in  common,  dividing  the  harvest 
according  to  work  done,  seed  supplied,  and  need  of  family.  On  dividing'  the 
town  into  lots,  each  received  hia  plat,  and  so  with  fields,  for  south  of  the  town 
lay  a  field  of  6  square  miles,  cultivated  in  common;  this  was  divided  into  5- 
acre  square  lots  and  given  to  heads  of  families,  by  lot  or  distribution,  in  tracts 
of  one  to  eight  lots  each.  After  the  distribution  some  began  to  speculate  with 
their  lots,  but  to  this  the  church  objected,  saying  that  none  should  sell  iiis 
land  for  more  than  first  cost  and  improvemente,  for  it  belonged  to  God,  and 
was  merely  held  in  use  by  the  holder.  Still,  secret  speculations  occurred.' 
Olshmiiten's  Mormonm,  166-7. 

**Owing  to  the  absence  of  small  change,  the  tax  collector  was  instructed 
to  give  due-bills  for  sums  less  than  a  dollar,  and  redeem  them  when  presented 
in  sutUcient  amount. '  Hist,  B.  Young,  MS.,  1849,  23. 


GOLD  AND  PAPER  CURRENC5Y. 


991 


J  houses 
ito  nine- 
I  divided 
five-acre 
cing  the 
3nty  feet 
ng  fence 
bbery.^ 
been  felt 
heir  cur- 
ven  after 
sat  incon- 
rnany  re- 
ighing  it. 
)ne  dollar 

ng  is  probably 
brick  (adobe), 
important  mat- 
aw  anything  to 
ed  up,  and  the 
tradesmen  and 
,  except  forges. 
ere  was  no  dif- 
as  in  any  other 

pher  Williams, 

BthTaft,  David 

\.,  Abraham  0. 

kiiamin  Brown, 

lis.,  47-8,  G9. 

id  divided  into 

J  reported  that 
,,  lots,  400  tive- 
Itional  lots,  the 
Immended  that 
If  ditch,  posts, 
lot  quarrel  for 
Ing  tlie  harvest 
Tto  dividinj;  the 
nth  of  the  town 
Jivided  into  5- 
iution,  in  tracts 
I  speculate  with 
Should  sell  his 
td  to  God,  and 
Ions  occurred. 

■was  instructed 
irhen  presented 


were  issued  on  the  1st  of  January,  1849,  signed  by 
Brigham  Young,  Heber  C.  Kimball,  and  Thomas 
Bullock,  clerk.  In  September,  Brigham  had  brought 
eighty-four  dollars  in  small  change  into  the  valley, 
which  had  been  distributed,  but  was  no  longer  in  cir- 
culation. On  the  6th  of  January,  resolutions  were 
passed  by  the  council  to  the  effect  that  "the  Kirtland 
bank  bills  be  put  into  circulation  for  the  accommodation 
of  the  people,  thus  fulfilling  the  prophecy  of  Joseph, 
that  the  Kirtland  notes  would  one  day  be  as  good  as 
gold."  The  first  printing  was  in  connection  with  the 
niaiiufacture  of  paper  money." 

Previous  to  the  issue  of  this  currency  an  attempt 
was  made  by  John  Kay  to  coin  gold-dust,  but  the 
crucibles  broke  in  the  attempt.  All  the  dies  and 
evorj'thing  connected  with  the  coining  were  made  in 
Salt  Lake  City."  Subsequent  attempts  were  more 
successful.  The  coin  was  made  of  pure  gold,  without 
alloy,  which  made  it  deficient  in  weight;  it  was  there- 
fore sold  as  bullion.  Brigham  then  proposed  the  issue 
of  i)aper  currency  until  gold  could  be  coined.*'^  There 
was  also  a  paper  currency  issued  some  years  later 
by  a  company  in  Salt  Lake  City  known  as  the  Des- 
erot  Currency  Association,  its  capital  being  in  cattle, 
but  this  was  merely  a  temporary  convenience."     Cur- 

">  Fifty-cent  and  one-dollar  paper  currency  was  issued.  Hist.  B.  Young, 
MS.,  1849,  3.  On  the  22d,  tyjpe  was  set  for  50-ccnt  bills — the  first  type* 
Betting  in  the  city.  Id.,  42-3;  a.  L.  C.  C'ontfibutor,  ii.  209. 

"  'Robert  Campbell  cnCTaved  the  stamps  for  tlie  coin.'  WelW  Narr., 
MS.,  42.  Brigham  says,  'I  offered  the  gold-dust  back  to  the  people,  but 
they  did  not  want  it.'  J/igt.  li.  Young,  MS.,  1849,  1.  'Thos  L.  Smith,  a 
mountaineer,  wrote  me  from  Bear  River  Valley,  offering  to  sell  me  $200  or 
(.SOO  in  small  coin . .  .and  take  our  currency  for  the  same,  and  he  would  trade 
his  skins,  furs,  robes,  etc.,  with  us.'  Id.,  79. 

'^  'John  Kay  coined  $2.50,  $5,  and  J20  pieces.'  Nebelxr*8  Early  Juatice, 
MS.,  3.  A  description  is  given  in  Juv.  Itut.  of  coins  with  beehive  and  spread 
eagle  on  one  side,  with  inscription  '  Descrct  Assay  OfiBcc,  Pure  Gold,'  and  at 
the  base  '.*>  D.'  On  the  reverse  is  a  lion,  surrounded  by  'Holiness  to  the 
Lord,'  ir.  characters  known  aa  the  Dcserct  alphabet.  Vol.  ix.  no.  4,  p.  39.  In 
1849  and  1850,  coins  of  the  value  of  $20,  $10,  $5,  and  $2.50  were  struck  off. 
Tiieir  fineness  was  899-1000,  and  no  alloy  was  used  except  a  little  silver.  S. 
L.  V.  Contributor,  ii.  209.  'The  gold-dust  was  sufficient  in  quantity  for  all 
ordinary  purposes. .  .In  the  exchange  the  brethren  deposited  the  cold-dust 
with  the  presidency,  who  issued  bills  or  a  paper  currency;  and  the  Kirtland 
safety  fund  re-signed  it  on  a  par  with  gold.'  Id.,  50. 

"■See  Tajflor^g  Reminiscences,  MS.,  23. 


292 


IN  THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 


rency,  in  either  gold  or  paper,  was  afterward  desig- 
nated as  valley  tan,  a  name  synonymous  with  home- 
made or  of  Utah  manufacture,  the  origin  of  wliich 
will  be  explained  later." 

Of  the  houses  built  early  in  1849,  few  had  more 
than  two  rooms,  many  had  only  board  windows,  and 
some  were  without  doors.  Several  of  the  adobe 
houses  in  the  fort  had  fallen  down  from  the  effects  of 
the  thaw.  When  at  last  they  had  learned  how  to  make 
adobes,  they  were  of  the  best  kind.  Alkali  at  first 
was  mixed  with  the  clay,  which,  when  exposed  to  rain, 
would  expand  and  burst  the  bricks.  After  this  year 
more  commodious  structures  were  erected  for  public 
and  private  use,  the  means  being  supplied  in  part  by 
traffic  with  emigrants  for  California.  Conspicuous 
among  them  was  the  council-house  on  East  Temple 
street,  a  two-story  stone  edifice,  forty-five  feet  square," 
used  originally  for  church  purposes,  and  afterward 
occupied  by  the  state  and  territorial  legislatures.  lu 
front  of  the  council-house  was  temple  block,  on  the 
south-west  corner  of  which  stood  the  tabernacle,  built 
in  1851-2,  on  the  ground  now  occupied  by  the  assem- 
bly hall,  with  accommodation  for  2,500  persons,"  and 
consecrated  on  April  6th  of  the  latter  year."     Dur- 

"  See  chip,  xix.,  note  44,  this  vol. 

"'I  was  appointed  Buperintendent  of  public  works  in  the  fall  of  1S4S. 
The  first  house  that  was  built  was  a  little  aidube  place  that  was  used  for  tlie 
church  office. .  .The  little  otiice  that  was  the  lirat  place  built  was  one  story, 
about  IS  by  12  feet,  slanting  roof  coyered  with  boards  and  dirt.  This  re- 
mained the  church  office  fur  about  two  years . . .  The  foundation  of  the  council  ■ 
house  waa  laid  in  the  spring  of  1849,  and  then  the  first  st<iry  put  up.'  H>//«' 
Narr.,  MS.,  41-2.  Built  by  tithing.  Hint.  B.  Young,  MS.,  IS49,  55.  At  a 
meeting  held  Oct.  1,  1S4S,  it  was  resolved  to  build  a  council-house,  and  on 
the  7th  of  November  masons  commenced  laying  the  foundation.  Utah  Early 
RecordB,  MS.,  36.  38. 

"Linforth  gives  its  dimensions  at  120  ft  by  64,  and  states  that  the  roof 
was  arched,  without  being  supported  by  pillars.  Rotite  from  Liverpaol,  WX 
In  Utah  Early  Records,  MS.,  125,  127,  it  is  stated  that  the  dimensions  were 
120  by  60  ft,  and  that  work  was  begun  May  2l8t.  See  also  Deaertt  ynr$, 
May  17,  1851;  The  Mormons  at  Home,  112-13,  147-9;  Burton's  City  of  the 
Saints,  270. 

"  At  a  general  conference,  the  proceedings  of  which  are  related  in  the 
Contributor,  iL  333.  The  conference  lasted  several  days,  and  at  its  ,  )ucliision 
a  collection  waa  made  to  provide  funds  for  a  sacramental  service,  $149  being 
given  in  coin,  together  with  several  pounds'  weight  of  silver  watch-cases, 
spoons,  rings,  and  ornaments.  From  the  silver,  cups  were  made,  which  are 
still  in  use  at  the  tabernacle. 


PUBLIC  BDILDINGa 

ing  its  construction  thfi  fio.-..*    •  *" 

world  were  u^ed  to'   elf-d1"w  rnd't"^  '^  "^  «>o 
dispense  with  the  use  of  te«  -!!»    ^  ''  "^  voted  to 
file  sums  thus  saved  to  li»l^^'''f"<  ""d  tolTcw 
of  the  temple,  whil  t^^^'^J^J-  'he  bu£^ 
llie  latter  was  to  be  built  of  »?f       the  same  Mock 
mountains,  and  a  milroad  f^  't^  n^f'^  '"  the 

quarry  was  chartered  for  ti^?-P*  '''°''''  to  the 
material.  °  ""  ""e  conveyance  of  bnildin^ 

Adjoining  the  tabernacle  was  fh.  K 
60  feet,  made  of  posts  and  bd,-'^"  '"*?y'  '00  hy 
or  four  years  later,  and  Ce^"?'  .""""Pleted  three 
people,  a  temporary  struc^^  havf„'?  ~»tain  8,000 
1.848.    Among  other  biilu;„    "^^'"S  '>«en  erected  in 
""""g  office,  fhe  sSatfJJ'r''  ™^''«°n«i  the 
science.     Several  bridges  wer?fl  *  V  m''^""<«'  hall  of 
t»"^  for  by  the  one  pe?  i2mt°  '"'i"'  *"«''  ««« 

.Thus  at  the  western  bL" of  <Tw^  ''^" 
tarns  was  laid  out  the  cir„f  r      Yi^''  Moun- 
bui  dings  being  distribute7ovlr    "**  '^f"  ^«.  its 
that  on  which  Itood,  in  1850  fT  "  ^^***'"  »>•«»  than 
"hs  of  the  United  States  »'  It'  ~""«"=ial  metrop? 
harely  perceptible  exceirf  ;„„     j  !!**  ™'  »n  «  slope 
."s  «nclosedVthe  Wratrp      *'"'  "?'*'''  «l'«'-^^t 
;n«  to  the  westward.     K^nth"'"'  "'P^trend- 
ho  Jordan,  it  waa  watered  hv?         ."  '^*''™  '^n''  "f 
twelve  miles  lon^  erS^t:„7,,'^''^'''^  "eeks;  a  canal 
posed  to  convey  fhe'^^*'^  streams,  b;i„g'Z: 

to  the  farm.  Jds  Uh  o?  the  \^'«  Cottonw^„^ 
each  street  flowed  a  rivulet  nf  7.  "^'  ""d  through 
thence  diverted  into  the  ga^^en'pUtT*'*''  ""'^'^  ""^ 

"""'"^^VoTthfaS  i«f,;;«^j-^^^ 


2M 


IN  THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 


break  cannon  were  fired  and  bands  of  music  passed 
through  the  city,  arousing  the  citizens  for  the  great 
events  of  the  day.  A  flag  brought  from  Nauvoo  was 
prominently  displayed,  and  a  larger  flag  was  hoisted 
from  the  liberty-pole.  A  procession  was  formed  of 
young  men  and  maidens,  who  in  appropriate  costumes, 
bearing  banners  and  singing,  escorted  Brigham  to  the 
bowery.  They  were  received  with  shouts  of  "Ho- 
sanna  to  God  and  the  Lambl"  While  the  governor 
and  the  church  dignitaries  were  passing  down  the  aisle 
cheers  and  shouts  of  "  Hail  to  the  governor  of  Des- 
eretl"  greeted  them  on  every  side.  The  declaration 
of  independence  and  the  constitution  were  then  read, 
followed  by  patriotic  addresses.  The  procession  was 
then  re-formed  and  marched  to  the  feast  served  on 
tables  fourteen  hundred  feet  in  length.  "The  tables 
were  heavily  loaded,"  says  Brigham,  "with  all  the  lux- 
uries of  field  and  garden,  and  with  nearly  all  the  vege- 
tables of  the  world;  the  seats  were  filled  and  refilled 
by  a  people  who  had  been  deprived  of  those  luxuries 
for  years,  and  they  welcomed  to  their  table  every 
stranger  within  their  border."^*  A  greater  variety 
was  provided,  as  the  saints  had  exchanged  for  many 
luxuries  their  flour,  butter,  potatoes,  and  other  pro- 
duce, with  passing  emigrants. 

Not  only  on  the  pioneer  anniversary  but  on  the 
4th  of  July,"  at  Christmas  week,  and  on  other  occa- 

**  'The  hospitalltiea  of  the  occasion  were  not  confined  to  the  saints  alone, 
but  included  several  hundreds  of  California  emigrants  who  had  stopped  to 
recruit,  as  well  as  threescore  Indians, '  says  Eliza  Snow.  See  Snow'n  Biograph;/, 
95-107,  for  description  of  the  celebration;  also  Kane's  The  Mormons,  80-1; 
Hiat.  B.  Young,  MS.,  108-116, 14.1;  Mrs  Home's  Migrations,  MS.,  30;  Froulier 
Guardian,  Sept  19,  1849.  After  dinner  four  and  twenty  toasts  were  drank,  fi  'l- 
lowed  by  volunteer  toasts.  President  Young  declared  that  he  never  saw  sucli 
a  dinner  in  his  life.  One  of  the  ciders  remarked  that  'it  was  almost  a  marvel- 
lous thing  that  everybody  was  satisfied,  and . . .  not  an  oath  was  uttered,  not  a 
man  intoxicated,  not  a  jar  or  disturbance  occurred  to  mar  the  union,  peace, 
and  harmony  of  the  day.'  Frontier  Ouardian,  Sept.  10,  1849.  Among  tli<; 
guests  was  the  Indian  chief  Walker,  who,  accompanied  by  Soweite,  chief  of 
the  Utahs,  and  several  hundred  Indians,  men,  women,  and  children,  had  vis- 
ited the  city  in  Sept.  1848.   Utah  Early  Records,  MS.,  33. 

**  For  a  description  of  4th  of  July  festivities,  see  fYontier  Ouardian,  July 
10,  18dO,  Oct.  3,  18ol;  Dtseret  News,  July  12,  1851,  July  10,  1852;  S.  L.  C. 
Contributor,  ii.  271. 


THEATRICALS  AND  FESTIVITIES. 


29B 


passed 
le  great 
voo  was 

hoisted 
rmed  of 
jsturaes, 
Q  to  the 
of  "Ho- 
governor 

the  aisle 
r  of  Des- 
jclaratiou 
hen  read, 
ssion  was 
served  on 
Che  tables 
llthelux- 

the  vege- 
nd  refilled 
le  luxuries 
ible  every 
,er  variety 
for  many 
[other  pro- 

lut  on  the 
Ither  occa- 


louardinn.  July 
1852;  S.L.t. 


sions  festivities  were  held."  Sometimes  the  guests 
contributed  toward  the  expense  of  the  entertainment, 
the  amount  that  each  one  was  expected  to  pay  being 
slated  on  the  card  of  invitation.** 

In  winter,  theatrical  performances  were  given  by 
the  Deseret  Dramatic  Association  at  the  social  hall, 
and  in  summer  at  the  bowery,  the  parts  being  well 
sustained  and  the  orchestra  and  decorations  well  ap- 
pointed.'* At  the  former,  private  parties  ^ere  given 
when  the  gathering  was  too  large  for  the  residence  of 
the  host;  in  the  basement  were  appliances  for  cooking, 
and  adjoining  was  a  dining-room  with  seats  and  tables 
sufficient  for  three  hundred  persons.  All  entertain- 
ments were  opened  with  prayer;  then  came  dancing, 
songs,  and  music,  followed  by  supper,  the  guests  being 
dismissed  with  a  benediction  at  an  early  hour. 

The  public  festivities  of  the  Mormons  were  always 
conducted  under  the  auspices  of  the  church,  and  none 
were  allowed  to  join  in  them  who  were  not  in  good 
standing.  To  sing,  dance,  and  rejoice  before  the 
Lord  was  regarded  almost  as  a  religious  duty,  but 
only  those  must  rejoice  whose  hearts  were  pure  and 
whose  hands  were  clean.  Thus,  toward  christmas  of 
this  year,  1849,  regulations  were  issued  by  the  high 
council  for  the  observance  of  the  approaching  holi- 
days. They  were  to  commence  on  the  20th  of  De- 
cember and  last  until  the  council  should  declare  them 
at  an  end,  officers  being  appointed  to  preside  over  the 
dances.     No  person  who  had  been  disfellowshipped 

"  The-christmaa  festival  of  1851  is  described  in  the  Dexret  News,  Jan. 
24,  1S52.  '  On  the  24th,'  writes  Brigham  in  regard  to  another  occasion, '  I  in- 
vited the  wives  of  the  twelve  apostles,  and  other  elders  who  were  on  missions, 
with  a  number  of  my  relatives,  to  dine  at  my  house.  Seventy  ladies  sat  down 
at  the  first  table.  I  employed  five  sleighs  to  collect  the  company;  the  day 
was  stormy;  near  my  house  the  snow  druted  three  feet  deep.'  Hist.  B.  Young, 
MS.,  1850,  2. 

-*  Contributions  were  often  made  in  the  shape  of  eatables,  and  an  in-door 
picnic  extemporized.  Ferris'  Utah  and  the  Mormons,  306. 

'''  In  May  1851,  the  second  act  of  '  Robert  Macaire'  was  performed  at  the 
bowery,  the  performance  concluding  with  the  farce  of  '  The  Dead  Shot.'  Con- 
tributor, il  271. 


296 


m  THE  VALLEY  OP  THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 


or  excommunicated  was  allowed  to  go  forth  to  the 
dance.  Those  who  had  sold  liquor  for  gain,  thereby 
corrupting  the  morals  of  society,  were  also  disquah- 
lied.  All  friends  and  well-wishers  to  society,  all  wlio 
remembered  the  poor  and  needy,""  were  invited  to 
participate,  though  not  members  of  the  church.  But 
declares  the  council :  '*  Woe  unto  them  that  dance  with 
guile  and  malice  in  their  hearts  toward  their  neigh- 
Dor  I  Woe  unto  them  that  have  secretly  injured  their 
neighbor  or  his  or  her  property  1  Woe  unto  them 
that  are  ministers  of  disorder  and  of  evil  1  If  these 
shall  go  forth  in  the  dance  without  confessing  and 
forsaking  their  guilt,  the  faith  of  the  council  is  that 
they  seal  their  doom  by  it." 

After  their  festivities  the  people  returned,  each  to 
his  calling,  with  renewed  zest.  It  was  an  article  of 
faith  among  them  that  labor  was  honorable,  and  all 
who  were  not  missionaries  were  expected  to  do  their 
part.  By  revelation,  Joseph  Smith  was  released  from 
this  obligation,  but  Brigham  Young  worked  as  a  car- 
penter in  his  own  mills.  Labor  was  regarded  as  a 
duty  no  less  than  prayer  or  temple  service,  each  one 
working  with  his  hands  at  whatsoever  he  found  to 
do,  and  cheerfully  contributing  his  tithes  toward  the 
church  revenues,  which  were  expended  for  public  im- 
provements, for  the  support  of  missions,  and  the  re- 
lief of  the  sick  and  destitute.*' 

** '  Bring  all  your  tithes  and  offerings  to  the  proper  place  for  the  poor, 
that  there  be  none  hungry  among  us,  and  let  the  poor  rejoice;  and  then  you 
may  rejoice  in  the  dance  to  your  heart's  content.'  Regulations  of  the  High 
Council,  in  Frontier  Ouardian,  Nov.  28, 1849.  Bri^bam,  in  an  address  at  the 
state-house  in  1852,  at  a  party  given  to  the  legislature,  said:  'I  want  it 
distinctly  understood  that  fiddling  and  dancing  are  no  part  of  our  worship. 
My  mind  labors  like  a  man  logging.  This  is  the  reason  why  I  am  foiul  of 
these  pastimes;  they  give  me  a  privilege  to  throw  everything  off  and  shake 
myself,  that  my  body  may  exercise  ana  my  mind  rest.'  And  again:  'This 
company  is  controlled  like  the  ship  by  the  rudder  in  a  gentle  breeze,  that  can 
be  turned  hither  and  thither  at  the  will  and  pleasure  of  him  who  cuin- 
mands.'  Hiat.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1852,  22. 

^  Ohhauaen's  Aformonen,  164-5.  On  July  28, 1850,  the  president  writes  to 
Orson  Hyde,  then  at  Kanesville.  'Our  celebration  was  well  attended.  It  is 
a  general  time  of  health  with  the  saints,  and  peace  and  plenty  of  hard  work, 
as  every  one  has  been  so  busy  that  they  can  banlly  get  time  to  eat  or  sleep. 
You  speak  about  hurry  and  bustle  at  Kanesville;  but  if  you  were  here,  to  see, 
feel,  and  realize  the  burdens,  labors,  and  responsibilities,  which  are  daily, 


CALIFORNIA.BOUND  EMiGRANm 


Among  the  causes  that  led  f^  *u 
people  of  Utah  at  th  s  neriorl  J^^ 
gold-seekers  to  California      W„^'  *?^  "iigration  of 
turning  aside  to  Salt  Lake  Citf'^'  '^  ^^nugrauts, 
pirited  their  cattle  worn  oSt  and  f^'  -'"'^""^  ^"^  d'«- 
were  glad  to  exchange  them  f nl  .u^'''  '^^^^"^  ^'o^en, 
l^ousehold  furniturefand  spaVe  &  ^V'^  *^^^^  *«ols 
and  pack  animals  at  veTw     ^/"^^^°''P'''^^is'ons 
glad  to  remain  during  w^IJIa  ""^^f      ^««y  were 
M.     Though  re^oftl  w^,^'  "^^^'^  ^^^  their  liveli! 
contrary,  there  is  sufficirnf  3^^^^  circulated  to  the 
thoy  were  kindly  tr^ftJd  ^/^^^^^^      f^'  f  -  rule 
^- s.rch  for  gold  to'c^t  in^.i^^lt'l^^ 

^^cSi^^^^^^^^ 

sities,  wa^  an  important  eveTt^  i?,^""««  ^nd  "^^««- 

in  line,  waiting  hours  for  thl^r  f.    ^^^P^^P^e  formed 

amount  allowed-    When  T  L'^'^^^ ^'"^'^^^^ 

«n  a  sack  of  potatoes  was 

nniirlir      «H. 1 


and  Wales,  under  Pnnf   f» ""'t  ""  ^         -- 


hospitality  ^.ownfr  '"r^'^'  '"  ^W. 


say 


S"  «peak  loudlyin  E  fl    ""^^  *«  ^^^  "ck  and  brok«;,  i      ^''?«»'w.  05, 
«ee  also  Kane's  tVmZ^^'''.'''''^  """«*  «ventuaUv  .*,i     ^^°'^°  gold-seekers 

remainedK^'''Ji'*",S«"«f  r'^^'^^^^  *•  ^«^i- 

woor  three  w^ks t1 1 h  a  Bo«£/;  ^^^f'  ^^o XS ^.'^TV?-! *''?'» 

oe  mentioned  thaf  „*  f  l    ^''*fmtnt,  m  /rf     i      a'^,'  "•  ^<w.,  AfS    D 
Indians  aSd  at  P.      "  ^'  /r^mont,  who  .Jitht^^^K'"**'"  ■""taices  may 

'"Brown  sugar  was  «1  a  IK         .  """■»  ^"^h  eastward  on  the 

5-- "»"  -"^^^s «' s5Ss-.;:5Kfs..»2^: 


IN  THE  VALLEY  OP  THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 

brought  into  the  valley  in  the  spring,  they  wore 
eagcily  bought  at  any  price.  From  four  small  ones, 
costing  fifty  cents,  was  obtained  a  bushel  of  good-sized 
potatoes  which  were  saved  for  seed. 

The  immigration  during  the  season  numbered  some 
1,400  souls,  who  were  added  to  the  settlers  in  the 
valley,"  and  who,  with  the  number  remaining  of 
those  originally  bound  for  California,  made  a  large 
population  to  clothe,  feed,  and  shelter. 

A  carrying  company  was  also  established'*  in  De- 
cember for  the  purpose  of  conveying  passengers  and 
goods  from  the  Missouri  River  to  the  gold  regions  of 
California.  In  their  prospectus,  the  proprietors  set 
forth  that,  residing  as  they  did  in  the  valley,  and  be- 
ing acquainted  with  the  route,  they  could  provide 
fresh  animals  as  they  were  needed  and  save  the  loss 
of  hundreds  and  thousands  of  dollars  that  had  been 
incurred  by  former  parties  through  inexperience. 
For  passengers  to  Sutter's  Fort,  the  rate  was  $300,  of 
w^hieh  $200  must  be  paid  in  advance,  and  the  remain- 
der on  reaching  Salt  Lake  City.  For  freight,  the 
terms  were  $250  per  ton,  of  which  two  thirds  must 
also  be  paid  in  advance. 

A  small  company  under  Captain  Lamoreaux  left 
the  valley  for  Green  Ri>  ir,  and  there  established  a 
ferry  and  trading  post;  among  them  were  wagon- 
makers  and  blacksmiths,  whose  services  would  be  in- 
valuable. 

When  the  immigrants  of  this  year  arrived  in  the 
valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  many  of  them  were 

" '  Our  cattle  8tanix)eded,  and  at  the  south  pass  of  the  Platte  wa  were 
overtaken  by  a  heayy  storm,  in  which  70 animals  were  frozen.  We  made  our 
journey  to  Salt  Lake  City,  1,034  miles,  in  145  days,  arriving  Oct.  27th.'  Gro. 
A.  Smith's  Autobiog.,  in  Tullid'je'g  Mug.,  ^a\y  1884.  The  cattleof  theCulifor- 
nia  Enterprise  Company,  under  Judge  Thos  K.  Owen  of  111.,  stampeded  near 
the  forks  of  the  Platte  and  ran  back  130  miles  in  about  '26  hours;  they  were 
brought  aloi>g  by  Capt.  Allen  Taylor's  company,  which  received  from  their 
owners  a  series  of  resolntions  expressive  of  their  gratitude.  Hi$t.  B.  Youiuj, 
MS.,  1849,  157-8. 

»*  Termed  the  Great  Salt  Lake  Valley  Carrying  Company.  The  proprie- 
tors were  Shadrach  Ronndy,  Jedediah  M.  Grant,  John  S.  Fullmer,  George 
D.  Grant,  and  Russell  Homer.  Utah  Early  Record;  MS.,  101;  //m<.  B. 
Young,  MS.,  1849,  168. 


PROSPBRITV  OP  THE  s^lxro. 

almost  dostituto  of  olotl.in,,  SSI    , ,.  "* 

furmturo,  such  articlesTtt.v  „'''"=•  "",''  '>»''»<'l.oM 

■t  Imd  been  prophesij^  LyttV''rT,,  '"   'S'lS 
eou,m,Kj,t,e8,  known  amon^  til  k  ^u"''""  """  tl-^ 

P;>ocK' would  be  as  cheap  Kt  „?'';!;•"  ""  '''""^^^ 
^  "rk;  whde  Brigham /oin^sl ^''^  <^''>- "»  in  >fcw 

Iron.  Nauvoo.had  n.ade  a  sS^n/rT ''"'"»  '""rth 
tl«t  within  five  years  hi,  ^?.  i  P'^*^"""'"''i«larinff 
I'Hous  than  they  had  ''^T"  ""•"'•*  l^'  "'"■•»  Pr  f 
--0  fulfilled  «^hL»^,,;jJ'--..     Both  prophS 

g"ld  fever,  company  after  ooL.      *"'  ?«»«  "f  the 
Utah,  which  "fght^now  beSXlfeT  f^'"^  '■»*" 
"f  the  nation.     Several  hunS  r.llf      •  'L*''^  ''»»»" 
Kr.i"ts  arrived  in  the  vaHey  in  ,8!l''^;"'»-''°""«lerai. 
tinuctheirjourneyonthenYJh        *'  '"^  '»'«  *»  con- 
to  .pond  the  winter  in  the  va«ev  "  Th''"  ""-^  P™""-^ 
1'"'™"'"  enough  for  those  aSv  J  "^"^  "**  ^"'""^y 
«'"  Hunt  of  the  battalion  o&t*''T'.''"'' "'  J^fcr- 
";■«•  the  southern  route  t?!     i '^J"''""'e<=o>n|ianv 
tl>o  trip,  and  started  o"  the  R^k°r"S''  '^  ""'IcrUke 
-n  California  on  the  22d  of  ntf^21^^''•  ""^i"g 
of  December  nineteen  menr-*^":"    On  the  Isf 
foot,  nearly  famished  ha^na-  K        1"*°  "">  "'^  on 
«l.e,r  way  over  Big'MounL^^'V'r  '^V^  "-A-ng 
"^■en  left  on  Echo  Creek  and  tJ,  ^^'"-  "»S0»«  ''"d 
•7  Spnngs.  where  the  snow  thll''  •?""*'»  "'  ^il- 
f^'P  on  a  level.     ThoH  '.^  ^  ^l^'  «"«  ^'^  feet 
'"l-ors  were  poor,  some  ff  t^Y  ?*^  ""^^  "dven- 

in  the  summerof  184fl  «i.„    *  "«-w«ui8  tor  extra 

^i%»t.  B.  ioung,  MS.,  1849,  107.    ""*"«*»  «>aJ  wrived  in 


at 


aoo 


IN  THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 


expected  to  find  a  ready  market  on  reaching  their 
destination.  But  while  sojourning  in  the  valley,  news 
arrived  that  vessels  laden  with  similar  merchandise 
had  arrived  in  San  Francisco,  or  were  far  on  their 
way,  and  that  already  the  market  was  greatly  over- 
stocked.**  The  emigrants  were  therefore  glad  to 
exchange  their  costly  outfits  and  their  trading  goods 
for  whatever  they  could  get  in  exchange,  a  single 
horse  or  a  mule,  with  a  small  stock  of  provisions,  be- 
ing sometimes  accepted  as  an  equivalent  for  property 
that  had  cost  the  owner  thousands  of  dollars.  The 
cattle  thus  obtained  by  the  settlers,  in  barter,  after 
being  fattened  on  the  nutritious  grasses  of  the  valley, 
were  driven  to  California,  where  a  sure  and  profitable 
market  was  found. 

As  a  result  of  the  California-bound  migration,  there 
followed  an  enormous  advance  in  the  price  of  provi- 
sions, flour  selling  before  the  harvest  of  1850  at  one  dol- 
lar per  pound,  and  after  harvest  at  twenty-five  dollars 
per  cental."  Throughout  the  autumn  of  this  year  tlie 
grist-mills  were  run  to  their  utmost  capacity,  grinding 
wheat  for  the  passing  emigrants,  who  at  any  cost 
must  procure  sufficient  to  carry  them  to  the  gold 
mines.  Some  other  articles  of  food  were  for  a  time 
equally  scarce,  sugar  selling  at  the  rate  of  three  pounds 
for  two  dollars;**  though  beef  was  plentiful,  and 
could  be  had  for  ten  cents  per  pound.""     It  is  probable, 

** '  Thousands  of  emijopwits . . .  have  passed  through  Salt  Li^ko  City  tbid  sca- 
•on,  exchanging  domestic  clothing,  wagons,  etc.,  for  horses  and  mules.'  Hut. 
B.  Young,  MS.,  1840,  143. 

■^  UUih  Early  Records,  MS.,  112;  Coidribvtor,  11.  240.  See  also  Frontier 
Ovardian,  Sept.  18, 1850,  where  is  a  copy  of  an  address  delivered  by  Urigham 
Young  at  the  bowery,  S.  L.  City.  'I  say  unto  you,  f armors,  Ir.ecp  yuur  wheat, 
for  I  foresee  if  you  are  not  careful  starvation  wUl  be  on  our  heels.'  It  ^^•M 
not  intended,  however,  that  food  should  bo  withheld  from  the  destitute;  in 
another  address  from  Brisham,  published  in  the  same  paper,  we  read: '  I  hiv 
to  you,  latter-day  saints,  let  no  man  go  hungry  from  your  doors;  divide  %  itu 
them  a.id  trust  in  Oo<l  for  more.'  'Emigrants,  don't  let  your  spirits  be  worn 
down;  and  shame  be  to  the  door  wher^  a  man  has  to  go  hungrv  away.' 

'*0n  Not.  21,  1849,  Mr  Vasqnez.  opened  a  store  in  Salt  Lake  City,  and 
met  with  ready  sale  for  his  su^r  at  this  rate.  Utah  Early  Reeordu,  MS.,  1(X). 

**Fucl  and  building  material  were  costly,  firewood  being  worth,  in  ISM, 
ten  dollars  per  cord,  adobe  bricks  a  dolUr  a  bundled,  and  lumber  five  dollars 
the  hundred  feet.  Two  years  Uter,  'states  goo<ls'  had  also  become  scarce 
throughout  the  territory,  unen  selling  for  20  to  30  cents  pe."  yard,  ilannel  for 


THE  GOLD  FEVEA  AMONG  THE  BRETHREN. 


301 


however,  that  these  rates  represent  the  prices  charged 
to  passing  emigrants,  for  at  this  period  the  wages  of 
laborers  did  not  exceed  $2  per  day,  and  of  skilled 
mechanics  $3.  The  saints  prided  themselves  upon 
their  honorable  dealings  with  these  strangers,  and 
the  moderate  prices  demanded,  though  frequently 
charged  with  swindling.*"  They  could  afford  to  part 
with  their  produce,  because  thoy  had  learned  to  dis- 
pense with  many  articles  which  among  other  com- 
munities were  considered  necessaries.  For  men  who 
had  fed  during  their  first  winter  in  the  valley  on  hides 
and  roots,  it  was  n  ■>  great  hardship  to  dispense  for  a 
season  with  a  portion  of  their  provisions,  their  grain, 
beef,  and  butter,  their  coffee  and  sugi^r,  in  return  for 
which  they  received  suca  value. 

It  was  not  of  course  to  be  expected  t\iat  while  thou- 
sands of  California-bound  emigrants  were  passing 
each  year  through  the  Mormon  settl  jments,  the  saints 
should  themselves  entirely  escape  tl^ie  gold  fever.  In 
November  1848,  several  small  pn  ues  of  the  battalion 
found  their  way  to  Salt  Lake  City,"  some  of  them 
bringing  considerable  quantities  of  gold-duiit,  which, 
as  they  relate,  had  come  into  their  possession  in  this 


wise. 


In  September  1847  about  forty  of  the  battalion 
men  arrived  at  Sutter's  Fort  in  search  of  employment 
and  were  hired  bv  Sutter  to  dig  the  races  for  a  flour 
mill  about  six  miles  from  the  fort  and  for  a  saw-mill 
some  forty-five  miles  distant.**  The  latter  work  be- 
ing completed  in  January  1848,  and  the  frame  of  the 


.30  to  40  cents,  prints  for  2S  to  SO  cents,  and  jeans  for  76  cents  i^  $1.25;  while 
a  bottle  of  ink  cost  (2,  and  a  reaoi  of  writing-paper  $10  to  $12.  Dftertt  New*, 
Nov.  0,  1852,  where  it  is  stated  that  on  some  classes  of  goods  traders  realized 
from  2U0  to  10,000  per  cent  profit 

*** '  I  saved  straw  that  spring  and  braided  forty  hats ...  I  made  one  to  order 
and  sold  to  an  emigrant  at  the  usnal  price,  $1,  He  was  surprised  at  its  ciieap- 
neas,  but  in  all  our  dealings  with  emigrants  we  took  no  auvantago  of  them. 
I  took  boarders  at  five  or  six  dollars  n  week.'  J/r«  Richard**  Hem.,  MS..  30. 

"  Others  had  already  arrived  in  June  and  Sept.  of  this  yetir.  Utah  Eurly 
Iteeorih,  MS.,  30-1. 

"  Their  pay  was  to  be  12)  cents  per  cubic  yard,  wivL.  rationr.  and  free  pasture 
for  their  stock.  TifUr'i  Hut.  Mormon  BaUalion,  332. 


302 


IN  THE  VALLEY  OP  THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 


•I 


building  erected,  water  was  turned  into  the  flume 
on  the  24th,  and  the  fall  being  considerable,  washed 
out  a  hole  near  the  base  of  the  mill  on  reaching  thu 
tail-race,  whereupon  Marshall,  Sutter's  partner,  and 
superintendent  of  the  party,  examined  the  spot,  fear- 
ing that  the  water  would  undermine  the  foundations. 
While  thus  engaged,  he  observed  there  pieces  of  yel- 
low glistening  metal,  and  picking  up  a  handful  put 
them  in  his  pocket,  not  knowing  what  they  were,  and 
supposing  probably  that  he  had  found  nothing  more 
valuable  than  iron  pyrites. 

They  were  no  iron  pyrites,  however,  that  Marshall 
had  found,  but,  as  it  proved,  nuggets  of  gold,  the 
largest  of  them  being  worth  about  five  dollars.  The 
discovery  was  revealed  in  confidence  to  three  of  the 
saints,  who  unearthed  a  few  more  specimens,  and  soon 
afterward  removed  to  a  sand-bar  in  the  Sacramento 
river,  since  known  as  Mormon  Island.  Here  was  gold 
in  paying  quantities,  the  average  earnings  of  eacli 
man  being  twenty  to  thirty  dollars  per  day.  But 
though  dust  and  nuggets  were  freely  shown  to  the 
brethren,  there  were  few  who  would  believe  their 
senses,  and  for  weeks  the  matter  caused  no  excitement. 
At  length,  however,  the  secret  was  disclosed,  which 
soon  transformed  the  peaceful  valleys  of  California  into 
busy  mining  camps,  changing  as  if  by  magic  the  entire 
face  of  the  country.  How  throughout  the  settlements 
on  seaboard  and  on  river  the  merchant  abandoned  his 
wares,  the  lawyer  his  clients,  the  parson  his  flock,  the 
doctor  his  patients,  the  farmer  his  standing  grain — all 
making  one  mad  rush  for  the  gold-fields,  some  on 
horseback,  some  with  pack-mules,  some  with  wheel- 
barrows, some  with  costly  outfits,  and  some  with  no 
outfit  sa*'  e  the  clothes  on  their  backs — is  fully  set  forth 
in  my  History  of  California. 

When  the  disbanded  soldiers  arrived  in  the  valley 
of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  and  displayed  their  treasures, 
a  cry  was  raised  among  the  saints,  "To  California;  to 
the  land  of  Ophir  that  our  brethren  have  discovered!" 


(     ri'i 


THE  GOLD  SEEKERS  REBUKED. 


m 


But  from  the  twelve  came  a  stern  rebuke.  "The 
true  use  of  gold  is  for  paving  streets,  covering  houses, 
and  uiaking  culinary  dishes;  and  when  the  saints 
shall  have  preached  the  gospel,  raised  grain,  and  built 
up  cities  enough,  the  Lord  will  open  the  way  for  a 
supply  of  gold  to  the  perfect  satisfaction  of  his  peo- 
ple. Until  then,  let  them  not  be  over-anxious,  for 
the  treasures  of  the  earth  are  '  j.  the  Lord's  store- 
house, and  he  will  open  the  doors  thereof  when  and 
where  he  pleases."** 

President  John  Smith  wrote  to  the  saints  in  Cali- 
n  nia  in  March  1848,  urging  them  to  gather  at  the 
Great  Salt  Lake,  "that  they  might  share  in  the  bless- 
ings to  be  conferred  on  the  faithful;  and  warned  them 
against  settling  down  at  ease  in  California  with  an 
eye  and  a  half  upon  this  world  and  its  goods,  and 
half  an  eye  dimly  set  towards  Zion  on  account  of  the 
high  mountains  and  the  privations  to  be  endured  by 
the  saints." 

"If  we  were  to  go  to  San  Francisco  and  dig  up 
chunks  of  gold,"  said  Brigham  to  the  returned 
battalion  on  the  1st  of  October,  1848,  "or  find  it  in 
the  valley,  it  would  ruin  us."  In  an  address  on  the 
sabbath  he  said:  "I  hope  the  gold  mines  will  be  no 
nearer  than  eight  hundred  miles . . .  There  is  more 
delusion  and  the  people  are  more  perfectly  crazy  on 
this  continent  than  ever  before ...  If  you  elders  of 
Israel  want  to  go  to  the  gold  mines,  go  and  be  damned. 
If  you  go,  I  would  not  give  a  picayune  to  keep  you 
from  damnation."**  "I  acjvise  the  corrupt,  and  all 
who  want,  to  go  to  California  and  not  come  back,  for 

I  will  not  fellowship  them Prosperity  and  riches 

blunt  the  feelings  of  ma  i.  If  the  people  were  united, 
I  would  send  men  to  get  the  gold  who  would  care  no 
more  about  it  than  the  dust  under  their  foet,  and 
then  we  would  gather  millions  into  the  church . . . 

"Second  General  Epistle  of  the  Twelve,  dated  Salt  Lake  City,  Oct  12, 
484!),  iu  Frontier  OuartUan,  iVc.  'M,  lS4i>. 
**JJi$t.  B.  Young,  MS..  1840.  100-2,  123. 


904 


IN  THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 


Some  men  don't  want  to  go  after  gold,  but  they  are 
the  very  men  to  go."*" 

Thus  the  threatened  migration  was  stayed;  a  few 
companies  departed,^  and  were  asked  in  all  kindness 
never  to  return.  "If  they  have  a  golden  god  in  their 
hearts,"  said  Brigham,  "they  baa  better  stay  were 
they  are."  But  the  majority  of  the  settlers  were 
well  content  to  abide  in  the  valley,  building  up  towns, 
planting  farms,  and  tending  stock  in  their  land  of 
promise. 


<*0n  the  7th  of  December,  1848,  Brisham  writes  in  hia  journal:  'Some 

nu 
able  houaea,  and  raise  grain  a^nst  the  days  of  famine  and  pestilence  with 


few  have  caught  the  gold  fever;  I  counselled  such,  and  all  the  saints,  to  re- 
main in  the  valleys  of  the  mountains,  make  improvements,  build  comfort- 

"         "      "        of  fai 


which  the  earth  would  be  visited. 

**The  gold  fever  first  broke  out  in  June  1848,  news  of  the  discovery  be- 
ing brought  by  a  party  of  battalion  men  that  arrived  from  California  in  that 
month.  In  March  1849,  about  a  dozen  families  departed  or  were  preparing 
to  depart  for  the  mines.  In  March  1851,  about  520  of  the  saints  were  gath- 
ered at  Payson,  Utah  county,  most  of  them  for  the  purpose  of  moving  to 
California.  Utah  Early  Beeorch,  MS.,  31,  60,  122. 


ey  are 


;  a  few 

^ndness 
in  their 
y  were 
rs  were 
I  towns, 
land  of 


nal:  'Some 
aints,  to  re- 
Id  comfort- 
tilence  with 

.i»covery  be- 
imiain  that 
re  preparing 
A  were  gath- 
»f  moving  to 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

SETTLEMENT  AND  OCCUPATION  OP  THE  COUNTRY. 

1847-1852. 

ForSDINO    OF    CESTRKVnXB— BotTHTWUI/— OODEK— LtNHB— EaBTON— Ma». 

RioTsviLLE — Sax  Pete— Provo — Indian  War — Walled  Cities— Ev- 
ansville—Lehi— Battle  Creek— Pleasant  Grove— American  Fork 
— Pavson — Nephi — Makti — Ciiiee  Walker — Fillmore — Site  Chosen 
FOR  THE  Capital — Tooele — Grantsville-Katsville— Little  Salt 
Lake— Parowan— Cedar  City — Paraooonah- Forts  Walker  and 
Harmon  T— Box  Elder  Creek— Brioham  Cit7— Willard  City- 
San  Bernardino  in  Caufornia. 

In  the  autumn  of  1847  one  Thomas  Grover  arrived 
with  his  family  on  the  bank  of  a  stream  twelve  miles 
north  ot  3alt  Lake  City,  and  now  called  Centreville 
Ouok.  His  intention  was  to  pasture  stock  for  the 
winter;  and  for  this  purpose  a  spot  was  chosen  wliere 
the  stream  spreading  over  the  surface  forms  plats  of 
uuailow-land,  the  soil  being  a  black,  gravelly  loam. 
Hero  Grover,  joined  by  others  in  the  spring,  resolved 
to  remain,  though  in  the  neighborhood  were  encamped 
st'vtral  bands  of  Indians,  and  this  notwithstanding 
that  as  yet  there  was  no  white  settlement  north  of 
Salt  Lake  City.  Land  was  ploughed  and  sown  in 
wheat  and  vegetables,  the  crops  being  more  promising 
than  tliose  to  the  south.  But  in  May  of  the  follow- 
ing,' year  the  settlers  were  startled,  not  by  the  war- 
whoop  of  the  Utahs,  but  by  hordes  of  black  monster 
crickets,  swarming  down  from  the  bench-lands,  as  at 
Salt  Lake  City,  and  bringing  destruction  on  field  and 
j,'arden.  They  turned  out  to  do  battle  with  the  foe; 
ditches  were   dug  around   the  grain-fields,  and   the 

EUT.  UtAS.    W  (30S) 


a06      SETTLEMENT  AND  0CX3UPATI0N  OP  THE  COUNTRY. 


water  of  the  stream  diverted  into  them,  while  men, 
women,  and  children, ..  lued  with  clubs,  checked  the 
advance  of  the  devouring  host.  Enough  of  the  crop 
was  saved  to  supply  the  wants  of  the  settlers,  and 
their  energy,  on  this  occasion,  coupled  with  a  supposed 


BimjumiTB  AT  TH>  Emd  of  1852. 

miraculous  visitation  of  gulls,  probably  saved  a  fore- 
taste of  the  disaster  of  1848.*     A  site  for  a  town  was 

'  After  this  incideot  tha  water  in  the  creek  began  to  fail,  thus  for  a  time 
prereuting  the  growth  of  the  settlement.  In  1S80  there  was  a  good  tlow  uf 
watcT,  sufficient  for  the  wants  of  forty  families,  with  tiieir  orcUanis,  gardens, 
and  farm  laoda.  N.  T.  Porter,  in  L'laJi  Sktlehe^,  MS.,  177. 


RY. 


FOUNDING  OP  OGDEN  CITY. 


lie  men, 
ked  the 
Lhe  crop 
era,  and 
iupposed 


surveyed  in  the  autumn  of  1849,  and  the  place  was 
named  Centreville. 

Near  Centreville,  in  what  was  afterward  Davis 
county,  a  settlement  was  begun  in  the  spring  of  1848 
by  Peregrine  Sessions,  the  place  being  called  Boun- 

tiYul.' 

As  early  as  1841  the  country  round  where  the  city 
of  Ogden  was  laid  out  was  held  as  a  Spanish  grant  by 
^liles  M.  Goodyear,  who  built  a  fort,  consisting  of  a 
stockade  and  a  few  log  houses,  near  the  confluence 
of  the  Weber  and  Ogden  rivers.*  On  the  6th  of 
June,  1848,  James  Brown,  of  the  battalion,  coming 
iVoni  California  with  $5,000,  mostly  in  gold-dust,  pur- 
rliased  the  tract  from  Goodyear.*  As  it  was  one  of 
the  most  fertile  spots  in  all  that  region,  grain  and 
voj^otables  being  raised  in  abundance,  not  only  num- 
bers of  the  brethren  from  Salt  Lake  City,  but  after 
a  while  gentiles  from  the  western  states,  settled 
thure.  In  August  1850  Brigham  Young,  Heber  G. 
Kimball,  Orson  Hyde,  and  others  laid  out  the  city  of 
Ogden,  so  called  from  the  name  of  the  river."    The 


/ 


\ed  a  fore- 
town  was 

Ihua  for  » time 
,  goo*l  llow  of 


*  A  little  to  the  aonth  of  Centreville  was  a  small  aettlement  which  at  firat 
went  by  the  name  of  CnU'a  settlement,  afterward  taking  tho  name  Bountiful. 
I'tah  Early  Records,  MS.,  132.  In  Sloan' a  Utah  Gazetteer,  130-1,  it  is  stated 
tliut  there  were  three  settlements  of  this  name — East,  West,  and  South  Roun- 
titul— West  Bountiful  being  settled  in  1848  by  James  Fackrell  and  his  fam- 
ily, South  Bountiful  by  George  Meeyers  and  Edwin  Page.  All  are  now  ud 
tliu  lino  of  the  Utah  Central  railroad.  In  January  of  this  year  Sessions  also 
founded  a  settlement  which  bore  his  name,  about  15  miles  north  of  S.  L.  City. 
Jliirriion's  Grit.  Nott$  on  Utah,  MS.,  45. 

'  The  tract  is  described  as  commencing  at  the  mouth  of  Weber  Cation, 
fuUowing  the  base  of  the  mountains  north  to  the  hot  springs,  thence  westward 
to  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  along  the  southern  shore  of  the  lake  to  a  point  opposite 
Weber  Canon,  and  thence  to  the  point  of  beginning.  Stanford  »  Ogden  Citjf, 
M.S.,  1;  RichanW  Xarr.,  MS.,  passim. 

*  Some  say  for  f  1,950;  others  place  the  amount  at  $3,000.  See  Bichardt^ 
yarr.,  MS.;  Stanford's  Ogden  City,  MS. 

^Utah  Early  Records,  MS.,  112.  See  also  S.  L.  C.  Contributor,  ii.  240; 
and  Deserrt  News,  Sept.  7,  1850.  Staj{ford'»  0;fden  City,  MS.,  1-2.  The 
liie  was  selected  as  early  as  Sept  1849,  on  the  south  side  of  the  Ogden  River, 
at  the  point  of  bench-land  between  tho  forks  of  the  Ogden  and  Weber  rivers, 
BO  that  water  from  both  streams  might  lie  used  for  irrigation,  l/lafi  Early 
Records,  MS.,  04.  North  Ogden,  formerly  called  Ogden  Hole,  once  tho  resort 
of  a  noted  desperado,  was  laid  out  in  1851.  Amos  Maycock,  in  Utah  Sketches, 
MS.,  114.  'Heber  C.  Kimball,  Willard  Richards,  J.  M.  Grant,  Brigliam 
Young,  and  several  others  ascended  a  sand  hill,  Sept.  3d,  to  discover  the  Lfak 
location  for  a  town,  which  we  finally  decided  shoiild  be  on  the  south  sioi  af 


J 


306      SETTLEMEXT  AND  (KXUPATION  OP  THE  COUNTRY. 

f)resident  urged  the  people  to  move  at  once  to  their  city 
ots,  and  to  build  for  themselves  substantial  dwellinj,'s, 
a  meeting-house,  and  a  school-house,  to  fence  tluir 
gardens  and  plant  fruit-trees,  so  that  the  place  might 
become  a  permanent  settlement,  and  the  headquartiis 
of  the  northern  portion  of  the  territory.  Before  tlio 
end  of  the  year  a  log  structure  was  finished,  which 
served  for  school  and  meeting  house,  and  soon  after- 
ward the  settlers  commenced  to  build  a  wall  for  pro- 
tection against  the  Indians,  completing  it  about  thno 
years  later  at  a  cost  of  some  $40,000."  So  rapid  was 
the  growth  of  the  town,  that  in  1851  it  was  made  n 
stake  of  Zion,^  divided  into  wards,  and  incorporated 
by  act  of  legislature.* 

In  1848  Isaac  Morley  and  two  hundred  others  set- 
tled in  the  southern  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Saii 
Pete" — particulars  to  be  mentioned  hereafter. 

In  the  spring  of  1849  a  stockade  was  built  and  lojt 
houses  erected  by  the  pioneer  settlers  of  Utah  coimtx , 
numbering  about  thirty  families,*'*  near  the  Tii!Ji)au(>- 
gos  or  Provo  River,  and  below  the  point  where  a  .siuall 
creek  issuing  from  it  discharges  into  Lake  Utaii.     To 

O^ilcii. .  .A  dance  waa  instituted  in  the  evening.'  Jliat.  B.  Youmj,  MS.,  1S4D, 
121. 

'Raised  by  taxation.  Stanford" s  Ogdeii  City,  MS.,  4. 

'Of  which  Lohu  Farrwaa  appoiutcJ  president,  iind  11.  Dana  and  David  I!. 
Dillic  cuiiiic  Uors.  Id.,  3. 

^  Tlie  first  municiiial  election  was  held  ou  Oct.  23d,  Farr  being  chosen  ina\i>i', 
OillMirt  IScInap  inarslial,  David  Mi>oru  recorder,  and  Williuiii  Critchellow  jr  :• 
tice  of  tiic  ]>cacc.  Four  aldermen  and  twelve  councillors  were  also  I'luctcil. 
Id.,  4.  According  to  the  statement  of  John  Brown,  a  resident  of  O-dcn  in 
l!»S4,  there  were  100  families  in  Ogden  in  1852.  Brown,  a  native  of  Yor'..- 
ehire,  England,  cimc  to  Winter  Quarters  in  1840,  remained  in  the  churcii  fur 
21  years,  and  was  then  cut  off  at  his  own  request.  In  1883  he  was  tlio  pnitti- 
etor  of  the  hotel  which  licars  his  name.  Two  miles  north  of  Ogdcn  a  bottii.'- 
raent  namctl  Lyune  was  formed  in  1849.  Slan/onl's  Webir  Co.,  MS.,  I.  Nlmi* 
Lymie  a  few  families  formed  a  settlement  named  Slaterville  in  l8.'>2-.'i,  !>i.t 
ou  account  of  troubles  with  Indians,  moved  into  Lynne  in  I8<'>4.  Id.,  3.  Kig^t 
miles  south-east  of  Ogden,  at  the  mouth  of  Weber  L'aAon,  on  the  lino  of  tlio  r.iil- 
way,  a  small  settlement  named  Eastou  waa  formed  in  1852,  a  branch  of  t!ie 
church  org:iuizcd,  and  A.  Wadsworth  appointed  bishop.  Three  miles  noi'tli- 
«x-st  of  Ogdon  a  settlement  named  M.-irriotsville  was  formed  in  ISoO  by  tliiiu 
families.  The  neighborboo<l  was  infested  with  wolves  and  bears,  and  iieui'  l>y 
were  the  lodges  of  200  Indian  warriors.  Id.,  10. 

*So  calletl  from  tlio  name  of  an  Indian  chief.  liichartU*  Xarr.,  MS.,  GG. 

*"  Under  the  leadership  of  .John  and  Isaac  Iligbco  and  Jefferson  Uuut  uf 
tiie  batUUon.  Albert  Jones,  in  Utah  6lxtches,  MS.,  54. 


It/,  MS.,  lS4y, 


and  Da\'itl  B. 


INDIAN  TROUBLES. 

tliis  settlement  was  rrfv«„  *i  ** 

Antl.in  the  space  e,fc*';r  ""»'«  "(^  ^ort  Utah. 
;."""....  the  4  of  whir  was  fevitf'°'''i''''°  -"»  " 
("H,.    built   theroon  were   nm  .J  i    '  "'"'  "»  "  l''"t- 

J;ut  the  India,.,  CTnoUo'ho  «"'''^'':?  "'°  I'"!'-'^ 
'li^'  autumn  they  beiran  tv. ',    i  'i  "'  '"'"nidated.     I„ 

''•' I'o  white  men^  and  one  J. ?'•'''"  S™"  """I  cattle 
;;'■■■';  i..  the  act  if  X  °f  IZHT^'  Y'"^  ^'''^ 

•^■.uu  to  ;h„„. teTf  Z  %Zus  vta*"^  l"''""^  '-' 
l^njger  wrote  to  Biwl,„,r     .7  y®'"'-     ^asnuez  and 
<l'.it  tl,e  Utes  were  Si""  ""/''"'  °'"  April.  1 849 
■•""I  that  chiefs  S  andVvT"-'''  ""™"1  American, 
.'"  "ttaek   the  settlet^ S' i,T  Tr> ""^i'W  ""•'  u"- 
;.';■  1'^™    were   advised   to  p  otFef  H  ^""7-      The 
"  'I'o  Indians  were  friendiv  to  t^     tliei„soIve.,  but 
f.".m,,  and  "order  them    o^^jt"  'f^, '  "'«■"  to  raise 
"^"^  persuaded  that  Bridl?  w„    f?''""'      ^'^''^'m 
Pivsscd  the  convictio,7"hfrhr     "!,"'«™y.  ».°l  ex- 
'-;eers  were  respon^ble  fi  r  '  11  tl'  't"  ?"'^^  "'""■'- 
""'I   that  he  was  watch;„„  *''"  ^"<'""'  trouble 

.^^^•-langton."     AlexamtJw^  "'"'"  H.  Benton  at 
'Vi"""  «cre  empolSl^; ''-"-'^ ''"'' ^^^  B.  Hun  - 

On  the  31st  of  January   IR^n    r""v'"""""'ity. 
i'>rt  Utah,  reported  at  S"  t    ,"'  ^™'>''  Higbce    „f 
"'  ytal.  Valle/had  stolen  fiftv^'"'-  ''"''  ""«  ^ndi^  s 
'"■  '"T^™,  threatening  fur?heri'  '7'?:  '"="''  "f  "attic 
I'«:"'f ""  to  ehasti..Stnwlt.f    ''''''""'•  »'«'  '^^'"••d 
™IJAamel  H.  VVells  tl  e    'c"fc''7'^Sf '''«J-    «en- 
'"'  ""litia,  and   on  the   4V  ^V'i^'''''"'''"-'"■' '"'■•'■'' 
<;-rjfe  p.  Grant  star  Jd  wi    ,  .  '""'y  C"l""'« 

J-"t  '"llowd  soon  after  C\r/"'T'V  ^"'  U'''h 
,  ,"■"«>'•". ,i,„ „,,,„.,         y  "■>^  -^%"-  Andrew  Lytlo 


310      SETTLEMENT  AND  OCCUPATION  OP  THE  COUNTRY. 

The  Indians  were  attacked  on  the  8th,  and  took 
refuge  in  a  log  house,  whence  they  were  dislodged 
next  day,  and  driven  into  the  thicket  along  the  Provo 
River.  In  this  encounter  Joseph  Higbee  was  killod, 
and  Alexander  Williams,  Samuel  Kearns,  Albert 
Miles,  Jabez  Nowland,  and  two  men  named  Orr  md 
Stevens  were  wounded. 

On  the  11th  the  Indians  fled  from  the  thicket  to 
Rock  Cafion,  whither  the  volunteers  pursued  them; 
but  failing  to  find  them,  the  white  men  proceeded  to 
the  west  and  south  sides  of  Utah  Lake,  and  shot  all 
they  could  find  there. 

During  the  expedition  twenty-seven  warriors  were 
killed.  The  women  and  children  threw  themselves 
upon  the  settlers  for  protection  and  support,  and  were 
fed  and  cared  for  in  Salt  Lake  City  until  spriii*;. 
Tims  Utah  Valley  was  entirely  rid  of  hostile  Indians. 
Until  1852  there  was  no  further  trouble  with  tlieia 
of  a  serious  nature;''  and  thus  ended  the  first  Indian 
war  of  Utah,  which  like  all  the  others  was  rather  i\ 
tame  affair.  It  was  the  mission  of  the  Mormons  to 
convert  the  Indians,  who  were  their  brethren,  and  not 
to  kill  them. 

Later  in  the  year  was  founded  the  city  of  Provo, 
somewhat  to  the  imstward  of  Fort  Utah,  near  tlio 
western  base  of  the  Wasatch  Mountains,  on  a  site 
where  timber  and  pasture  were  abundant,'*  and  where 
the  gradual  fall  of  the  Timpanogos  affords  excellent 
water-power.  In  March  1851  it  was  organized  as  u 
stake  of  Zion.  The  settlement  was  pushed  forward 
with  the  energy  characteristic  of  the  settlers.  Bo- 
fore  the  close  of  1850  more  than  twenty  dwellings 


13 


" '  I  was  ordered  not  to  leave  that  valley  until  every  Indian  was  oat  of  it.' 
WtlW  Narr.,  MS.,  45-8. 

"At  a  general  conference  of  the  church,  held  in  October  1849,  it  waa 
ordered  that  a  city  bo  laid  out  in  the  Utah  Valley,  and  called  Provo.  Ulak 
Early  Records,  MS.,  97. 

"  A  heavy  growth  of  oottonwooil  and  lioxeldcr  covered  the  river  bottom, 
with  a  largo  belt  of  cedar  extciuliug  some  four  miles  north  from  tlie  river 
and  about  lialf  a  niilo  in  widtii.  Buncli  gnus  was  very  plentifuL  Albert 
Jones,  in  Utah  SkeUlut,  MS.,  55. 


4 


PROVO  AND  LEHL 


Ml 


had  been  completed;"  and  before  the  end  of  1851 
the  place  bej^an  to  wear  the  appearance  of  a  town, 
among  the  buildings  in  course  of  erection  being  a 
llouring-mill  and  two  hotels;  manufactures  were 
started;  all  were  busy  the  livelong  day  at  farm  or 
workshop,  and  in  the  evening,  writes  Elder  Isaac 
Hifjfbee,  in  FebruaiT  1852,  "We  have  on  Monday 
singing-school,  on  Tuesday  lyceum,  on  Wednesday 
seventies'  meeting,  on  Thursday  prayer-meeting,  on 
Friday  spelling-school,  and  on  Saturday  the  meeting 
of  the  lesser  priesthood."*' 

On  Dry  Creek,  near  the  head  of  Lake  Utah  and  about 
sixteen  miles  northwest  of  Provo,  a  settlement  was 
formed  in  1851,  named  Evansville."  The  neighbor- 
ing lands  were  surveyed  in  lots  of  forty  acres,  and  to 
each  new  settler  as  he  arrived  was  given  a  plat  of  this 
size  until  the  tract  was  exhausted.  The  soil  was  rich; 
but  here,  as  elsewhere  in  the  northern  part  of  Utah 
county,  water  was  scarce.  A  supply  was  obtained  by 
diverting  a  portion  of  the  waters  of  American  Fork 
crcek,'^  and  thereafter  the  affairs  of  the  settlement 
prospered  so  rapidly  that,  in  February  1852,  the  place 
\va.s  incorporated  under  the  name  of  Lehi,  or  as  it  is 
sometimes  written,  Lehigh. 

South-east  of  Lehi,  on  a  plain  about  three  miles 
east  of  Lake  Utah,  was  founded,  in  1850,  a  settle- 

^''Deteret  Newt,  Jan.  24,  1852.  Rosa  R.  Rouen  tailt  the  first  adobe 
housu  iu  ISoI.  Albert  Jones,  in  Utah  Sketches,  M8.,  53.  A  large  building 
was  erected  in  1852  for  Oeorgo  A.  Smith,  the  proplict's  cousin,  then  president 
of  Utah  CO.  stake.  It  ^as  afterward  used  as  a  school-house  and  known  as 
the  scniiiiury.  In  1851  an  adobe  wall  was  coinmonccd,  14  feet  iu  height 
and  four  feet  at  the  base.  Tiiree  sides  of  it,  with  bastions,  port-holes,  and 
gates,  were  completed  in  1855,  the  tinished  length  being  then  two  and  a  half 
mills.  A  portion  of  this  wall  remained  in  1880.  Id.,  57.  Tiicse  walls 
wci-13  built  about  several  of  the  settlements.  '  It  was  usual  for  our  people 
to  protect  tlicnisolves  by  building  what  wo  call  a  fort— a  place  the  people 
could  get  into  in  the  event  of  a  raid.  Our  wall  was  a  kind  of  concrete. 
In  Mount  Pleasant  their  walls  were  built  of  cobble  rock,  parts  of  which 
arc  now  standing.  At  that  place  they  put  a  grist-mill  inside,  so  the  Indiana 
couldn't  cut  them  off.  At  Ncphi  the  Indians  did  cut  them  off  from  their 
grist-mill. '  WelW  Narr.,  MS..  00. 

'•  Utter  in  DeierH  Newg,  Feb.  21,  1832. 

"  A  few  houses  wore  built  on  an  adjacent  site  by  David  Savage  andotben 
in  18,"K).  David  Evans,  in  Utah  Sketches,  MS.,  37. 

"  By  a  ditch  seven  miles  in  length. 


SIS      SETTLEMENT  AND  OCCUPATION  OP  THE  COUNTRY. 

nicnt  fiFHt  !«nown  as  Battle  Creek,  and  ufterwanl  euIKd 
Pleasant  Grove.  It  was  hero  that  the  first  onj^a^^'c- 
ment  with  the  natives  occurred.  Captain  Scott  with 
a  band  of  thirty  or  forty  men  started  south  in  pursuit 
of  Indians  who  had  stolen  fourteen  horses  from  On-'s 
herd,  on  Wilson  Creek,  in  Utah  Valley,  and  several 
cattle  from  Tooele  Valley.  The  band  was  found  cii- 
campod  on  a  creek  in  the  midst  of  willows  and  dciisc 
brushwood  in  a  deep  ravine.  After  a  desultory  fight 
of  three  or  four  hours,  four  Indians  wjre  killed,  l»ut 
none  of  the  settlers.  As  was  their  custom,  the  wonicii 
and  children  of  the  elain  followed  the  victorious  paity 
to  their  camp.*" 

In  the  neighborhood  of  Pleasant  Grove  were  j^'ood 
farming  land,  good  range  for  stock,  and  water-powcT, 
inducements  which  quickly  attracted  emigrants,  and 
caused  the  place  to  thrive  rapidly.  In  18o;J  the  pres- 
ent site  was  laid  out,*' and  to  this  spot  were  transferretl, 
on  July  24th  of  that  year,  the  effects  of  the  cumiuu- 
nity,  then  numbering  seventy-five  families. 

Between  Lehi  and  Pleasant  Grove  the  villajjc  of 
Anjurican  Fork  was  founded  in  1850,  on  a  site  whore 
were  farming  and  grazing  land  of  fair  quality,  a  lirtic^ 
timber,  springs  of  fresh  water,  and  a  stream  that  could 
be  easily  divertv^d  for  purposes  of  irrigation.'' 

About  \',wenty  miles  south  of  Provo  the  settlement 
of  Payson  was  laid  out  on  the  banks  of  the  Peteetneet 
Creek;"  a  few  miles  to  the  north-east  of  Payson  was 
founded  a  village  named  Palmyra,  containing,  at  tlie 
close  of  1852,  fifty  families;  and  in  1851,  on  Salt  Creek, 


^•IHH.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1840,  24-5;  John  Brown,  in  Utah  ffkitehri,  Ms., 
30.  The  first  Indian  trouble  was  it  littlu  skiruiisli  botweeu  some  shucp-liur<lcrd 
•nilluaiuus.    WvlU'Narr.,   M.S.,  4.S. 

■■"IJy  (icorgo  A.  Smith  and  f>.ra  T  Iknson. 

'■"  Tlic  site  was  laid  out  by  (jeor;,o  A.  Smith,  assisted  by  L.  E.  Harrington, 
Arza  Aihuiis,  Stephen  Chipman,  V/illiam  Cireonwoud,  and  Ste|ilien  Mott.  \. 
J.  Stewart  was  the  surveyor.  The  first  house  was  built  by  Adams aiul  ('lii|<- 
niun  iii  18.'>():  the  first  grist-mill  by  Adams  iu  ISol;  and  the  first  storo  was 
oi)ciu'<l  by  ThonuM  McRenzie  iu  the  sumo  vear.  L.  K.  Harrington,  in  Uiu\ 
aiutihfH,  MS.,  121. 

'''The  first  settlers  were  James  Pace,  A;iilrow  Jackson  Stewart,  and  John 
C.  Seurlc.  Joseph  S.  Toouer,  in  Utah  SkHckes,  MS.,  3. 


SETTLWENT  OF  SAK  PETE  VAUBT. 


n 


hvnnty-five  miles  to  the  soiiM,   .1       .r"'.  '" 

•'"-1;  "'!;"ty.  was  first  o^i'tf'  ""u^^P'"'  i" 
«'«l.  No,,l,i  was  surveyed'  nth^  T"'*  ^-  "^T" 
- l.^«|."tlHii..g selected o„Su^tnr.''K'"""  "''  '"^2. 
> '""."oe.  A  fort  was  XwarH  h  u *"""'>' "'"' ""n ' 
;.  wall  twelve  feet  in  I.o?a.ht  I^ ,    l^"'''.  surrounded  by 

1n.-;w,h  this  eownXXl:"  W  Car?'  "^  "'"  •"'-" 
'HI  rood  made  by  the  ninn^l    ■  '-""'""•'I'a  or  soutli- 

'Si2,  ...ore  than  fort;  Uilier«  '  "'  "'*  "'"*">  "^ 

'."i-M  tetu^rt  tt  tiH  v«y  -'"  t- 

l«4S.  On  tlie  Uth  nf  T.  ,1  ®*"  P«'e  country  in 
"'  Walt  Lake  City  atlhir'  '«""'"  ™»ncil  was  hold 
":""«'  Walker,'/an"d  twet  orhirrr'  "  F'"  "^''''f 
l"l«'  or  peace  had  been  passed  «r™  !.'«^„  A"''"''  t'-c 
'""-la  friend  of  thoStiZZS  tlt':'^''''^''"''^ 
to  send  a  party  southward  to  Vh  ^^'^  *'"'"'  '""^'"•'n 
»l.«.u  they  mUt  teach  I  •      *''«/a"oy  of  San  Pete 

:.;ar  the  jwrty  sent  to  exiore  fh;  "'**?'■'"»  of  this 

^doeted  the  site  of  the  prtrnt       ™"7 '««l  "'ready 

'ranch  of  the  San  Pet7r'm'°""  "'  Manti,  on  « 

"'  "'-S"-Shborho^tSe  tho''^';,^'"  ""' ""'o 

»;;_n.bb.t  brush,  the  redrn'a''„d11'i-;^j:;-h 

■•'o'^J  .s.,ino  time  lati-r      Vr  *""'"l>l"««it.     Jfe  w..i,l     i       x  "i"''  '""^t's  iind 


SU      SETTLEMENT  AND  OCCUPATION  OP  THE  COUNTRY. 


f 


'I 


the  principal  features.  In  November  the  town  was 
laid  out."'  The  name  of  Manti  was  suggest-xl  l»y 
Brighan),  who  declared  that  on  this  spot  hIiouM  1>o 
raised  one  of  the  cities  spoken  of  in  the  book  of  Mor- 
mon, and  here  he  built  with  his  own  hands  an  adohu 
house,  which  in  1883  was  still  pointed  out  to  visitors 
as  one  of  the  curiosities  of  the  place.'^ 

On  Chalk  Creek,  in  Pah  van  Valley,  soutli-wosf  of 
Manti  and  about  a  hundred  and  fifty  utiles  from  Salt 
Luke  City,  a  site  was  chosen  by  Brigham,  in  Octolur 
1851,  for  the  capital  of  the  territory,  and  named  Fill- 
more, in  honor  of  the  president.**  During  I8.VJ  the 
foundations  of  the  state-house  were  laid,  and  many 
private  buildings  erected,  the  settlement  numbtriiig 
about  seventy  families  at  the  close  of  the  year. 


In  the  autumn  of  1849,  John  Rowberry,  Cyi'if! 
Tolman,  and  others  set  forth  from  Salt  Lake  City  to 
explore  the  country  west  of  the  Jordan  Valley,  in 
search  of  grazing  lands  whereon  to  pasture  tlnir 
stock.  Crossiny;  the  mountain  ranfje  whi(!h  forms  tli  • 
western  boundary  of  Cedar  and  Jordan  valli  vs.** 
thoy  discovered  a  spot  where  grass,  timber,  and  water 
were  abundant,  ana  encamped  for  the  winter  on  the 
banks  of  a  stream  now  called  Emigrant  Canon  ei-eek. 
Beturning  in  the  spring,  thoy  made  their  report  to 
l^riglijim,  who  recommended  them  to  form  a  setth- 
ment  in  that  neighborhood.  To  this  the  men  con- 
sented.    "By  what  name  will  you  call  it?"  aske:l  the 

'"  Including  I  iO  lilc-ks,  wicli  '20  rods  sqiian;,  with  eidit  lots  to  <■  u  h  Mo.  K 
Utah  Kuril/  Urconh,  M.S.,  ill.  Tlio  sito  Wiw  siirvoyetriiy  Ji'sso  W.  l'i>\,  iin- 
der  liri^'lninrH  (liruotioii.  J.  li.  Maiden,  in  Utah  Sh-fv/ifH,  M.S.,  IT'J. 

"  I  I  .hiiic  l8.Vi  a  fort  woH  coinplutuil,  tliu  wuUa  being  itiglit  foit  lii..'li  uikI 
two  fctt  tlu.:k.  Deseret  N<u'm,  .Inly  10,  18.VJ. 

'*  III  tlio  DfHcret  New*  of  Jun.  '24,  18.5'i,  is  a  letter  to  IJriglmm  fiiin  .Vii»nii 
Call,  oijc  of  tho  lirst  Bettlors,  ''...teil  Nov.  'Jl,  l!C>l.  'Wo  li:ivo  Ii.kI  ;iii  ml  ij- 
tion  of  tlirco  to  our  camp  Riu'O  you  loft;  liavo  built  ii..  cornil  iicconliiig  li>  .M'Iii' 
intitructiong.  inchulingubout  two  and  alialf  acrutiof  (ground.  Wv  foiunl,  ii|>'>ii 
trial,  that  tlio  ground  was  so  dry  and  hard,  iHiing  ab.o  roi'ky,  Miat  it  vv^is  iir\t 
to  an  iniiH)SHibiliiy  to  stockade  or  picket  in  our  houises  with  tho  tiKilw  wi'  lnno 
to  work  witli;  so  wo  havu  built  our  houses  in  clo*.o  order,  Vaving  our  dimrN  nr 
windows  on  tho  outside.' 

^Now  cuU'id  tho  l)i|uirrh  Mountains,  Ot^uirrh  being  probably  au  IikIiuu 
word. 


TOOELE  AND  KAYSVILLE. 


tts 


prositlcnt.  Tolman  suggestod  Ceu  r  Valley,  a  large 
belt  of  cedar  having  been  found  there;  but  ]3righani 
rccoiniDonded  Tule,  as  reeds  were  plentiful  in  that 
II'. ijjrhborhood.  And  so  it  was  ordered;  and  this  word, 
.spi'Tled  Tooele  by  Thomas  Bullock,  the  president's 
jiiivato  secretary,  is  still  applied  to  the  town,  the 
site  of  which  was  discovered  by  Rowberry  and  his 
ouirades.** 

Ill  the  winter  of  1 849-50,  Edward  Phillips  and 
Jolin  II.  Green  proceeded  northward  from  Salt 
I.;ilio  City,  intending  to  settle  in  the  neighborhood 
(if  O^mU'U.  When  within  twelve  mi:cp  of  that  place, 
tilt"  snow-drifts  prevented  further  progress,  and  tuni- 
iiii;-  aside  to  Sandy  Creek,  or  as  it  was  later  termed, 
Kay  Crock,  where  the  land  was  covered  with  bunch- 
•fiass,  thoy  resolved  to  take  up  their  abode  in  that 
iii'i«j;liboriK)cd.  After  passing  the  winter  in  Salt  Lake 
Cily,  the  two  men  set  forth  in  tiio  spring  of  1850,  ac- 
coiiijiaiiied  by  William  Kay  and  others,  an<l  foumlod 
till-  ai'ttlomoiit  of  Kaysville.*'  In  September  it  was 
(>r^'aiii'/:iHl  as  a  ward,  Kay  being  appointed  bishop, 
with  Cruen  and  Phillips  as  councillors.** 

In  the  winter  of  1849-50,  it  was  ordered  by  tlio 
firsi,  pivsidoncy  tliat  Parley  P.  Pratt,  with  a  company 
•  il'lil'fy  men,  should  explore  the  southern  partof  tlu;  t«'r- 
ritiirv  in  the  neigliborhood  of  Little  Salt  Lake.  They 
loiiiid  the  brothrof?  >»t  Manti  well  pleased  with  their 
locution,  there  being  u  good  stone  quarry  and  an  abun- 


•"Tlio  Rite  was  iiiirvoyo'l  hyJosio  W,  Fox,  nniliT  RowbtTry's  direction. 
Tlio  lirst;  houBO  wiis  built  by  Toliimn,  wlio  in  parlncniiiin  witli  Howlioirv 
cicctccl  a  Raw-mill  niuu  miles  north  of  tho  suttlumunt.  Tlio  liritt  t^rist  iiiill 
was  liiiilt;  |)y  ICaiiuH  KtlsviknU,  uml  tliu  firxt  Btoro  opened  by  l»4U)o  l.<'e.  .luiin 
ll(i«li' iry  anil  T.  M.  Lyiiuiii,  in  Utah  Ski  t.hm,  MH.,  I.'»0.  A  nieeiinKlmiiso 
'Jl  fci  f  ;:i|iiare  had  been  linisliod  in  March  I.S,i'_'.  Ih^riti  Ncvt,  Apiil  17,  IH.V2. 
'rwi'lve  iiiilea  to  till)  west  of  'IVwielu  wiih  litiniall  Hcltlenient  iiauietl  (iiuiilnvilli*. 

"  rinin  5  bushols  of  club-wheiit,  planted  diiriii};  thin  your,  '2M  biuhcls 
were  riised.  Kdwurd  l'!ii!ii|>H,  in  Ul/th  S!,rt,hin,  Hi  '2. 

•"  A  inile  nMcl  u  half  south  of  Sandy  Creek  was  ;i  herddioime,  th«  prtiperty 
'^  >S.  (.).  Uubnos.     Mvar  this  ti[)ot  u  fort  wus  built,  Hurroundud  with  »  mud 

Willi. 


..  ;i 


m 


• 


•816      SK'ITLKMEXT  AND  OCCUPATION  OF  Trii:  COUNTRY. 

(laiuH!  of  codar  at  hand.  At  the  Sevier  River  they  mot 
Charles  Shuinway,  James  Allred,  and  Ehjali  Ward; 
als<-  Walker,  the  Utah  war  ehief,  and  his  people,  inanv 
of  whom  were  sick  with  the  measles.  They  proeetMlcd 
to  explore  the  country  for  some  distance  round.  On 
the  1st  of  January,  1850,  they  were  on  Virgen  Kiv<r, 
whence  they  pas.sed  up  the  Santa  Clara,  and  came  to 
''the  valley  .subsequently  named  Mountain  Meadows. " 
One  division  of  the  party  explored  Little  Salt  Lake. 
Beaver  Creek  was  pronounced  an  excellent  place  lor 
a  settl<MTient.  In  a  half-frozen  condition  they  reticlitd 
]*rov()  the  30th,  and  next  day  some  of  them  wciu  in 
Salt  Lake. 

The  report  of  Parley  being  favorable,  a  party  "f 
jdiout  one  hundred  and  seventy  persons,  well  sii|i- 
plied  with  wagons,  implements,  live-stock,  .seeds,  an. I 
provisions,**  set  forth,  in  charg(!  of  George  A.  Smith, 
on  the  7th  of  December,  1830,  toward  the  south; 
ixnd  on  Centre  Creek,  in  a  valh^y  of  the  Wasat<Ii 
Jvange,  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  luiles  from  Salt 
Jiake  City,  built  a  fort  near  the  site  of  the  pivs- 
iiit  town  of  Parowan."''*  Pasture  and  timber  wore 
plentiful,  the  soil  was  of  good  quality,  and  in  tiio  .sea- 
son of  1851  a  bountiful  harvest  was  gathered  IVoni 
about  one  thousand  acres  of  land.'*  The  main  attrac- 
tion, however,  was  the  immense  deposits  of  magiiLtio 
iron  ore  found  in  the  neiffhboring  mountains.  In 
^luy,  Brigham  and  others  visited  Parowan  and  ail- 
(IrosstHl  the  people  in  the  fort.  The  Indian  name 
l*arowan  was  then  recommended  and  adopted.     l>ii:,'- 

".Joliii  Uric,  in  Utah  SLetrhi'it,  MS.,  88,  says  that  tiioro  wcro  11!(  rnrii 
mill  IS  xvoiitttn  iiiitl  cliiUlrcn,  with  101  wuu'ouh,  .t(!.S  o.mmi,  I4(i  cdwa,  aixl  uImiiI 
'J'J  titiiH  of  seed;  tliat  tlioy  wuro  well  sujiplicMl  with  iinplniu'ut!!,  aiiil  lia<l  :t(X) 
llift  i>f  ll.nir  I'fi-  ca/tilii.  lliclmrila,  in  Utnh  Early  Ji'econls,  MS.,  117,  nan- 
tioiH  \{VA  Hoiil.s,  of  whom  .10  wore  woinon. 

•".luiiio.i  O.  Illciik.  in  Utah  Skrtcfirs,  .MS.,  07-8.  On  thosoiithcti-t  iiniur 
of  tliu  furl  II  nil  uling-houHU  in  tho  Hhu|)0  of  a  St  .\nilrow'.s  cross  wn-i  lunli  I't 
hi'Wii  li),i."<.  I'/ah  L'uili/  J'eronln,  MS.,  U't'.i.  'I'lio  nanio  was  lirst  sik'Ii  I'aroini. 
J'riiiiliir  (iiifiidiun,  Au^j.  iS,  IHJi.  A  view  of  the  fort,  with  Littlo  Sail  l.aKo 
ill  ihi-  ilistaiifi.',  paiiitoil  l>y  W.  .Major.s,  was  |>ri'soiiteil  by  l)rij,'h<uii  Vuiinj,'  to 
tho  l»t'.scrct  Univcr.sil  V  in  1870.  Coiilrihu'or,  ii.  'IiO. 

•In  th  •  Jh  rrit  A'i(('<  of  .Miirili  (1,  |S.')J,  ii  an  account  of  tho  pioneer  uiiiii- 
veiMiy  cL'lubratvd  at  I'arowun  on  July  Ul,  18<jl. 


CEDAR  CITY. 


317 


liain  urged  tlio  people  to  buy  up  the  Lamanlto  cliiklron 
as  iai)iclly  as  possible,  and  educate  them  in  the  gospel, 
t'oi  though  they  would  fade  away,  yet  u  remnant  of 
the  leed  of  Joseph  would  bo  saved.** 

At  Cedar  City — or,  as  it  was  then  called,  Cedar 
].\,rt — seventeen  miles  to  the  south-west  of  Parowan, 
a  riiniaee  was  built  in  1852,  but  at  the  close  of  the 
year  .stood  idle  for  lack  of  hands.''  Here,  in  May  1851, 
coal  liad  been  discovered  near  what  was  then  known 
as  till'  Little  Muddy,  now  Coal  Creek.  In  Novend^er 
of  that  year  the  site  was  occupietl**  by  a  company 
iVi'iii  Parowan.  The  winter  was  passed  amid  some 
jiiivation,  mainly  from  lack  of  warm  clothing;  but 
oil  the  30th  of  January  a  dry-goods  pcdlor  making 
his  appearance — probably  the  iirst  who  had  veiiturrd 
so  tar  south  itito  the  land  of  the  Ij  iihs — the  settlors 
w  ro  soon  clad  in  comfort.**  In  October  it  was  re- 
solved to  move  the  settlement  to  a  point  farther  to 
the  west  and  south,  and  before  the  e:ul  of  the  year  a 
niinilKr  of  iron-workers  and  farmers  arr.'ved  from  Salt 
].ako  City.*" 

Ill  1851  a  party  under  Simoon  A.  Carter,  sent  to 
explore  the  country  north  of  Ogden,  founded  a  small 
settlement  at  I3ox  Elder  Creek."     The  soil  was  of  tiie 


'"//i*^  R,  Youiiff,  MS.,  18.51,  40.  Oi»  tho  same  page  is  niciitioncd  tlio 
first  iiHo  ill  tiio  country  of  tlio  stono-coal  at  i'urowan,  usud  in  liiackftniitii 

'^  (!f(ir!,'o  A.  .Siiiitli,  ill  Frontier  Gtiartliaii,  Aug.  8,  18.') I,  and  iii  DiMrnt 
2\\iri,  Dec.  II,  1S.VJ. 

•"'riiii  viilli^y  liad  hcfn  explored  as  early  as  1847.  In  DfccinluT  of  that 
yrar,  II  p:irty  of  tlio  piiiiifiTs  pii.saud  tlirou;,'li  it,  as  alrojuly  iiuuilioued,  ou 
tli.ir  \\;iy  to  (Jalifornia  t)  purcliaao  live  stock  and  provi.sioiis. 

■''■'  rmililiiij^  pnyrrnsrd  rapidly,  and  tluiiii-j;  tiio  following  Hununer  one  Burr 
I'Viitt,  !\  lilac'U.snuth  from  I'arow.in,  Ht.'H'tod  tlie  nianufacturo  of  ir)n,  making 
nails  I'lumgh  to  bIioo  a  liovse.   Itatiiut  Sni't,  Nov. 'J7.  IS.VJ. 

''.lolin  Trie,  in  I'tah  SLrt,/i'n,  MS.,  !(.'i-4.  .^ee  also  pfwrrl  AVe-.i,  July 
21,  IS.V.',  The  scarcity  of  iiaiU  hindered  buililin^.  Workmen  \vei<!  l>i-ouglr. 
friiin  i'liiij'lanil  to  mantifacturo  tlieni  from  niitivc  ore,  l)Ut  tlie  e\perin>i!!t  failv.!* 
ftt  till"  Work  oo'.ild  not  1)0  dono  on  a  sulliciiMitly  largo  8c;ilo  to  niako  it  prolit 
:il>li',  niid  it  was  ahnisdoned.  Yeai"s  lat^-r,  when  the  soldiers  \vero()rdere(l  a«»ay 
fioiM  C.iMip  Floyd,  tho  settlers  hou^iit  old  iron  cheap,  and  nails  wtio  inanii- 
fiictincd  to  advuntayif.  Tho  prici^  iti  market  then  was  :i!)  or  40  els  a  II).; 
at'tvi  w  u'd  tho  ruilro.i(l  brought  tltcni  in  and  tliey  wuru  sold  ut  3  to  o  cents  a 
poiui'l. 

"  AUoutOOmilesuorthof  SaltliikeCity.  A.  Chriitouacn,  in  Utah Shtrhr^^ 
Ms.,  10.'. 


;l'1 


m 


^■^'  i 


318      SETTLEMENT  AND  OCCUPATION  OB'  THE  COUNTRY. 

poorest,  but  near  by  were  a  few  spots  of  meadow  and 
farm  land,  on  which,  with  irrigation,  a  fair  crop  could 
be  raised.  A  number  of  emigrants,  principally  VVolsh 
and  Scandinavian,  joined  the  party,  and  two  years 
later  a  new  site  was  surveyed*^  under  the  direction  of 
Lorenzo  Snow.  To  the  town  then  laid  out  was  after- 
ward given  the  name  of  Brigham  City. 

A  few  weeks  later  a  small  settlement  was  formed 
about  five  miles  south  of  this  point,  and  in  1853  was 
removed  to  the  present  site  of  Willard  City." 

On  Red  Creek,  about  twenty  miles  north  of  Cedar 
City,  a  small  settlement  was  formed  in  the  autumn  of 
1852,  named  Paragoonah,  the  Pi-Ede  name  for  Ijittio 
Salt  Lake.**  Six  miles  south  of  Cedar  City,  Fort  Walk- 
er was  built,  containing  at  the  close  of  1851  only  nine 
men  capable  of  bearing  arms;  and  on  Ash  Creek,  nine- 
teen miles  farther  south,  was  Fort  Harmony,  tlio 
southernmost  point  in  the  valley  occupied  by  wliite 
mcn,*°  and  where  John  D.  Lee  locatou  a  rancho  iu 
1852. 

*'  Tn  blocks  of  e\x  acres,  each  lot  beinj;;  half  an  acre. 

**TIio  first  settlers  on  the  old  site  were  Jonathan  8.  Wells,  who  built  tiie 
first  house,  and  was  the  first  to  commence  farming,  Elisha  Mallory,  who  with 
hill  brother  Lemuel  built  the  first  K^^t-mill,  M.  McL'rcary,  Alfred  Wultoii, 
and  Lyman  B.  Wells.  George  W.  Ward,  in  Utah  SLttrhen,  MS.,  44-5.  The 
city  was  named  after  WilUrd  Biclianls.  Jlichards'  NatT.,  MS.,  07. 

**  In  December,  15  or  20  families  had  settled  there.  JJesertt  Neton,  Dec.  II, 
1852.  On  Juno  12,  1851,  a  company  with  a  fuw  wagons  started  for  this  point 
from  Salt  Lake  City.   U/ah  Early  lieconh,  MS.,  128. 

**  This  settlement  was  20  miles  north  of  the  Rio  Virgen.  It  was  thoiii,'lit 
that  the  route  to  California  might  be  shortened  by  way  of  the  fort  alxxit  .3.') 
miles.  Dewrtt  Newt,  Dec.  11,  1852.  In  addition  to  those  mentioned  in  tliu 
text,  a  number  of  small  settlements  had  been  made  in  various  parts  of  tlic  ttr- 
ritory.  Farmington,  now  the  county  seat  of  DaTis  co,,  and  on  the  lino  of  tlio 
Utah  Central  railroad,  was  first  settled  in  1849  by  D.  A.  Miller  and  four 
others.  In  1840  it  was  organized  as  a  ward.  Mill  Creek,  in  S.  Lake  co. ,  wiis 
settled  in  1848-9  by  John  NeflT  and  nine  others;  Alpine  City  and  Sprini^villc, 
in  ','tah  co.,  in  1850,  the  former  by  Isaac  Houston  with  ten  others,  the  httor 
by  A.  Johnson  and  three  comrades.  Santaquin,  in  the  same  county,  wus  h*  t- 
tied  in  1852;  abandoned  in  1853  on  account  of  Indian  raids,  and  reocctipitil 
in  ISriO  by  B.  F.  Johnson  and  23  associates.  The  site  of  Harrisvillo,  »  k'^t 
miles  north  of  Ogden,  was  occupied  in  the  sprinu  of  1850  by  Ivin  Stewart, 
abaniloued  the  same  autumn  on  account  of  nn  Indian  outbreak,  and  rpscttlnl 
in  I8.'>1  by  P.  0.  Taylor  and  others.  In  1883  Taylor  wasbishopof  this  w.ud. 
Slaterville,  in  Weber  county,  was  first  settletl  in  the  fall  of  lS.')0  by  Alx. 
Kellcy,  who  was  soon  afterward  ioined  by  several  families;  in  18.)3— tlio  year 
of  the  Walker  war— it  was  alMindoncd,  the  inhabitants  taking  refngo  in  lling- 
ham  Fort,  but  was  again  occupied  in  1854.     South  Weber,  in  the  same  cutint;', 


lY. 


SYSTEM  OF  COLONIZATION. 


310 


ow  and 
>n  could 

!  Welsh 

o  years 
:ction  of 
m  after- 

»  formed 
853  was 

3 

of  Cedar 
iitumn  of 
or  liittlo 
.rt  Walk- 
only  nine 
eek,  nino- 
lony,  the 
by  white 
'anclio  iu 


Thus  we  see  that  within  loss  than  two  years  after 
the  founding  of  Salt  Lake  City,  the  population  there 
had  become  larger  than  could  be  supported  in  om- 
ioit  on  the  city  lots  and  the  lands  in  their  vicinity,  and 
it  had  been  found  necessary  to  form  new  setthjinents 
toward  the  north  and  south,  the  latter  part  of  the 
ti  I  ritory  being  preferred,  as  water,  pasture,  and  land 
lit  i'or  tillage  were  more  abundant.  Instead  of  merely 
atlding  suburb  to  suburb,  all  clustering  around  the  par- 
cut  centre,  as  might  have  been  done  by  other  com- 
munities, the  church  dignitaries,  while  yet  Salt  Luke 
City  was  but  a  village,  ordered  parties  of  the  brethren, 
souic  of  them  still  barely  rested  from  their  toilsome 
journey  across  the  plains,  to  start  afresh  for  remote 
and  unprotected  portions  of  a  then  unknown  country. 
As  new  locations  were  needed,  exploring  parties  were 
sent  forth,  and  when  a  site  was  selected,  a  small  com- 
pany, usually  of  volunteers,  was  placed  in  charge  of  an 
elder  and  ordered  to  make  ready  the  proposetl  settle- 
ment. Care  was  taken  that  the  various  crafts  should 
he  represented  in  due  proportion,  and  that  the  expe- 
dition should  be  well  supplied  with  provisions,  imple- 
ments, and  live-stock. 

Wlien,  for  instance,  at  the  close  of  1850,  it  hud 
been  resolved  to  form  a  settlement  in  the  neiohbor- 
liood  of  Little  Salt  Lake,  a  notice  appeared  in  the 
Dcseret  News  of  November  10th,  giving  the  names  of 
those  who  had  joined  the  party,  and  calling  for  a  hun- 
dred additional  volunteers.  They  must  take  with  them 
.'iO,000  pounds  of  breadstuffs,  500  bushels  of  seed  wheat, 
JU  ploughs,  50  horses,  50  beef-cattle,  50  cows,  and  25 
pairs  of  holster  pistols;  each  man  must  be  supplied  with 
an  axe,  spade,  shovel,  and  hoe,"  a  gun  and  200  rounds 

wa!t  Incateil  in  I85I  hy  Robt  Watts  nnd  nino  others.  Uintah,  at  the  mouth 
of  Weber  Caflon,  waa  scttlml  iu  ISTiO  by  Dan.  Smith  aiul  a  few  otii<'m.  It 
w;i3  liP8t  called  Eaat  WoWr,  and  received  its  present  name  on  the  4tl«  of 
Mnirli,  1807,  at  which  date  the  Union  Pacific  railroa«l  was  tinishod  to  this 
]>'>iiit.  Sloan'a  Utah  Gazfttcer,  ISH4,  iMUsiin.  Of  tho  above  Mcltlcmcuts,  thoiM 
wliicli  became  prominent  will  1>o  uiciitinuod  later. 

'''The  party  must  also  have  17  xets  of  <lrag  tcoth,  and  of  grain  and  graw 
scythes,  sickles,  and  pitchforks,  30  each. 


1,  imii 


;  t 


1 


820      SKITLKMENT  AND  OCCUPATION  OF  THE  COUXTRV. 

of  aiiiiiiuuition.  Among  thorn  there  should  be  fivo 
carpeiittirs  and  joiners,  a  niillwriglit,  a  surveyor,  and 
two  hlneksiniths,  shoemakers,  and  masons.  Tims 
equippetl  and  selected,  tlie  settlers,  with  their  inarv(  1- 
lous  rnergy  and  thrift,  made  more  progress  and  suf- 
fered less  j)rivation  in  reclaiming  the  waste  lantls  >>[' 
their  wilderness  than  did  the  Spaniards  in  the  gardtii 
spots  of  Mexico  and  Central  America,  or  the  Engli>li 
in  th«.'  most  favored  regions  near  the  Atlantic  sea- 
board. 

A  company  was  organized  in  March  1851,  at  tlu; 
suggestion  of  Hrigham,  to  go  to  California  and  turm 
tile  nucleus  of  a  settlement  in  the  Cajon  Pass,  wIkm; 
they  should  cultivate  the  olive,  grape,  sugar-cain', 
and  cotton,  gather  around  them  the  samts,  an«l  scK ct 
locjitions  on  the  line  of  a  proposed  mail  route.*'  Tiiu 
original  intention  was  to  have  twenty  in  this  company, 
with  Amasa  M.  Lyman  and  C.  C.  Rich  in  char^je. 
Tlu'  nund)er,  however,  reached  over  five  hundred,  and 
Brigham's  heart  failed  him  as  he  met  them  at  start- 
ing. "1  was  sick  at  the  sight  of  so  many  of  the 
saints  running  to  California,  chiefly  after  the  god  of 
this  world,  and  was  unable  to  address  them."" 

*''  In  IfiiU.  n.  Youmj,  M.S.,  185',  85,  it  is  stated  tliat,  at  the  next  iiex.<i<in 
of  conin'e'>«)i,  it  w:tM  vxpoctod  tiiut  u  mtiil  route  would  be  CMtithliiilied  t"  Nia 
Diejjo  by  way  of  I'arowun.  At  iliiii  dute  tiicre  was,  aa  we  Rliall  see  l.ii)  i,  a 
Hioiitldy  mail  liet^'een  S.  L.  t'ity  iuid  Indfix'iidenco,  Mo.  Tliere  w;us  also  a 
niail  to  S.icraiuento,  leaving  tliat  uiid  S.  L.  City  on  the  Ut  of  each  iii<>titli.  .-i 
ItiiiioutMy  mail  to  The  Dallvt),  Or.,  a  weekly  mail  to  the  .'><uu  iVt«  valUy,  uii>l 
a  semi'^vi-ckly  mail  to  llrounHville. 

*' Ifi't.  li.  Yniiiiij,  MS,  IS.*)I,  14.     The  ol)jwt  of  tlie  •••tahliiliment  of  this 
colony  was  tiiut  tiie  ])o<iplo  ^Mtherin.;  to  I'lah   from  tli'-   Islands,  and  •  mii 
Kunux-,  might  111   i    .u  nntiit'iui;  ixt-^'       l.i  i  v'l'I,  K<-okuk    Iowa,  on  the  Mi^ 
■issipni  River.  wa.>  -cIilUmI  by  the  weatoru  bouud  tmigrMiU  urn  a  rvudez^jiu 
and  place  uf  uuttitliug. 


;** 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

EDUCATION,  MANUFACTURES,  COSiMEBCE,  AQRICULIUBB, 

SOCIETY. 

)850-1852. 

BODNUARIKS  AND  EZTKNT  OF  UTAH— CONnOCKATION   AND   PHYSICAL  FSAT- 
URXS  UP  THE  COOHTKY — It8  LanD8   ANU   WaTEOS — FlORA  AND    FaCNA 

— Statk  Univewutt — CuKucuLUM  Kddoational  Iokas— Libraky — 
Pkkiudicals — Tabkbhaoui  and  Tkmplk— Nkw  Fokt— Proorkss  ur  tbi 
UaKFC  I.  Arts — MiiXfl,  Faotobiis,  and  Man  UFAcrnRES  Farm  I^uuccn 
—Traffic— Pdpulation — RsvBNt'a — Mortality  —Healthful  Aibb 
AMD  Medicinal  Sprinos. 


In  the  year  1850  Utah,  bounded  on  the  south  and 
east  by  New  Mexico,  Kansas,  and  Nebraska,  on  the 
west  by  California,  on  the  nortii  by  Oregon,  which  then 
included  Idaho,  was  one  of  the  largest  territories  in 
the  United  States.  Its  length  from  east  to  west  was 
6uO  miles,  its  breadth  350  miles,  and  its  area  145,- 
0(»U,000  acres.  The  portion  known  as  the  great 
basin,  beyond  which  were  no  settlements  in  1852, 
has  an  elevation  of  4,000  to  5,000  feet,  and  is  sur- 
rounded and  intersected  by  mountain  ranges,  the  high- 
est {)eaks  of  the  Humboldt  Range  near  its  centre  be- 
ing more  than  5,000  feet,  atul  of  the  Wasatch  on  the 
ea.st  about  7,000  feet,  above  the  level  of  the  basin. 

For  300  miles  along  the  western  base  of  the 
Wtusatch  Range  is  a  narrow  strip  of  alluvial  land.* 
Elsewhere  in  the  vallev  the  soil  is  not  for  the  most 
part  fertile  until  water  is  conducted  to  it,  and  some  of 
the  alkali  washed  out.      Hain  seldom  falls  in  spring 


*  Ounnigon'K  The  Mormons,  15. 
Bnr.  Dta^h.    11 


*    K 


(Ml) 


:1    ,i     - 


i  \\ 


900 


EDUCATION  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


it 


or  summer,  and  during  winter  the  snow-fall  is  not 
enough  to  furnish  irrigating  streams  in  sufficient  num- 
ber and  volume.  Throughout  the  valley,  vegetation 
is  scant  except  in  favored  spots.  With  the  exception 
of  the  Santii  Clara  Rivtr  in  tlie  south-west,  the  Groon 
Kivtr  in  the  east,  the  Grand  and  other  branches  of 
the  C«»lorado  in  the  south  and  east,  the  streams  all 
discharge  into  lakes  or  are  lost  in  the  alkali  soil  of 
the  bottom-lands.  On  the  hillsides  bunch-grass  is 
plentiful  the  year  round,  and  in  winter  there  is  pas- 
ture in  tile  canons.  Around  Salt  Lake  the  .soil  is  poor; 
in  the  north  and  east  are  narrow  tracts  of  fertile  laud; 
toward  the  valleys  of  the  Jordan  and  Tooele,  scpa- 
ratcil  by  the  ( )quirrh  Range,  and  on  the  banks  of  the 
Timpanog«)s  and  San  Pete,  is  soil  of  good  quality, 
that  yielded  in  jilaees  from  sixty  to  a  hundred  bushels 
of  grain  to  the  acre. 

Tlie  Joidan  and  Timpanogos  furnished  good  water- 
power,  and  on  the  banks  of  the  latter  stream  was 
built  a  woolleii-niill  that  ranked  as  the  largest  fac- 
tory of  the  kind  west  of  the  Missouri  River.  In 
the  Green  River  basin,  iininen.so  deposits  of  coal 
were  known  to  exist,  and  the  Iron  ^fountains  near 
Little  Salt  Lake  were  so  called  from  the  abun- 
dance of  ore  found  in  their  midst.  Other  valuable 
minerals  were  afterward  discovered,  amon<;  tluiii  htii)g 
goldjsilver,  copper,  zinc,  lead,sulphur,  alum,  and  borax; 
the  waters  of  Great  Salt  Lake  were  so  densely  impre;,'- 
natcd  that  one  measure  of  salt  was  obtained  from  live 
of  brine." 

In  the  streams  were  fish  of  several  varieties;^  in 

•  An  analysis  of  the  niineral  inattrr  forty  years  ago  showed  07. S  ptr  n iit 
of  clilofiiie  of  iMMliuin,  I.I-  of  Hulpluito  of  lime,  .'24  of  ina^ucsiuin,  an<l  .'.'.*) 
of  mili'liatc  of  soda.  Lin/orlh'x  J'oiiti'j'i-om  Lirrr/iool,  101.  'I'lio  specitio  ^rrriv. 
ity  of  tlio  water  is  (^'iveii  by  L.  1».  (ialo,  in  ^(nii>iburi/'H  EipfilUlon  to  0.  S.  /,.i<r, 
at  1.117  Out  of  'J-J.-liJJ  pait.H  of  solid  matter  (Jale  found  '20.  lihi  of  coniniDii 
■alt,  I.KU  iif  s'Mla,  .'livl  of  ningnosititn,  and  of  cldorido  of  calcium  a  tr.ie>'. 
See  also  Sloan*  Utah  Gavtltrr,  1SS4,  177  S;  llUt.  Xev.,  II,  this  si-riis.  In 
chap.  i.  of  that  vol.  is  a  further  doHcription  of  tho  great  basin,  its  toiwgrapliv, 
climate,  soil,  springs  un<l  rivers,  fauna  and  Uora. 

'  '  The  angler  can  clux^se  hi^  lish  either  in  tho  swift  torrcnta  of  the  caiVuii, 
where  the  trout  delights  to  live,  or  in  the  calmer  cur-ents  on  tho  plaiua, 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OP  DESERET. 


S2S 


is  not 
it  nuin- 
;etuti«>n 
cc'ption 
t^Grct-^n 
chos  of 
lains  all 

soil  of 
i;rass  '\a 
I  IS  pas- 

I  is  poor; 
tile  laiul ; 
)lo,  so|>a- 
Us  »)f  the 

quality, 

II  iAislicls 

ocl  water- 
•eam  was 
rarest  fac- 

P  T 

ivor.     Ill 
(.)f  coal 
ains  near 
Ihc    al'Uiv 
•  valual)lo 
u'ii»l>iini,' 
lul  biiiax.; 
imprt'i^- 
tVt)Ui  live 

leties;'  in 
I07.8  pii" '' "' 

^iuin,  au'l  •-» 

lioO.S.  !.•''■■'■• 
la  of  couiiiio" 
Tiuin  a  trao; 


lis  st-noH 


In 


U)iHJi;rai>liy. 
Lf  the  call""*! 


the  mountains  roamed  the  deer,  elk,  antelope,  and 
hoar,  and  on  the  marshy  flats  amid  the  plains  were 
smallor  game.*  Timber  was  scarce  and  of  poor  quality, 
rxc'cpt  ill  places  difficult  of  access;"  but  with  this  ex- 
ception there  was  no  great  lack  of  resdurcos  in  the 
territory  which  tho  saints  had  made  their  abode. 


During  tho  first  years  that  followed  their  migration, 
while  yot  engaged  in  building  houses,  fencing  lands, 
jihinting  crops,  and  tending  herds,  the  Mormons  pro- 
viili'd  liberally  for  the  cause  of  education.  In  the 
third  general  epistle  of  the  twelve,  dated  the  I2th  of 
April,  1850,  it  is  stated  that  an  appropriation  of  $5,000 
p.  r  annum,  for  a  period  of  twenty  years,  had  been 
luatle  for  a  state  university"  in  Salt  Lake  City, 
hrauches  t<>  be  establisluMl  elsewhere  throughout  the 
territory  as  they  were  needed.  In  the  curriculum  the 
Keltic  and  Te'itonic  languages  were  to  rank  side  by 
sidi-  with  tho  Romanie,  and  all  living  languages  spoken 
hv  MU'ii  were  to  be  included.  Astronomy,  geology, 
ciuiiiistiy, agriculture, engineering,  and  other  branches 
of  soieiice  were  to  be'  studied;  for  havin«r  sou<;ht  first 
the  kingdom  of  heaven,  the  saints  were  now  assured 
that  knowledge  and  all  other  thiiiixs  should  be  added 
\int()  them.'     The  world  of  .science  was  to  be  ri;volu- 

nhiro  he  will  find  abunilanco  of  tho  pike,  thu  perch,  tho  boas,  and  thu  chub. 
(luDiihnii'a  The  Monnon*,  '20. 

MViM  (luckn  and  gccao  wcro  ntumdant  in  iS.'iil.  Ihid.  Thcro  were  alio 
iiuail  iiiul  herons.  In  auniiner,  boys  tilled  thi'ir  baskitn  with  rp^s  fi>und  aniwng 
tho  ri'i-ds  on  the  hanks  of  Rtreains  or  on  tho  isliuxl.i  in  tho  (Jicat  Salt  Like. 

*'lliildcu  ftway  iti  tlio  profound  chasma  and  aloiii?  tho  gtreain.s,  whosa 
bcils  iiiu  deeply  Worn  in  the  nunintain-Hidca,  .-.ro  the  ceilar,  pine,  ilwaif  rtiaplo, 
uikI  IX lUiiionaily  oak,  whero  thu  inhaliitantn  of  tho  valu  Hoek  their  furl  and 
liuililiiii;  tnnbcr,  making  journeys  to  obtain  these  necessarica  twenty  to  forty 
niilis  fiuin  their  aliodes.'  /(/.,  "Jl, 

•  Under  tho  supervision  and  control  of  a  chancellor,  twelve  regents,  a  sec- 
rrtniy.  and  a    .'casurer.    I'ruiil'ur  (iiinnlidn,  .lunn  I'J,  lS.'iO. 

' '  lint  what,'  says  Phelps  in  an  oi-ation  delivered  .hdy  '.'4,  IS51,  'will  all  tho 
jirvrinus  tilings  of  time,  the  invention.s  of  men.  the  records,  ironi  .lapheth  iu 
the  ark  to  .lonathan  in  oongre.ts.  end)raciiiL,'  tiie  wit  and  tho  gi.st,  the  la.ihions 
and  tlic  folly,  which  so  niethodiially,  giaiiitnat.cally,  and  tvanacendrntiilly 
^r.ue  tho  libraries  of  tho  clilo  of  nations,  really  be  worth  to  a  miint,  when  our 
lather  Hcnila  down  his  rej,'ent«,  tho  au;;el.-i,  from  the  gnind  library  of  /ion 
aljove,  with  a  copy  of  tho  liistory  of  eternal  lives,  tho  records  of  wurlds,  the 
guQculugy  of  the  gods,  the  philosophy  of  truth,  tho  names  of  our  spirits  from 


J;  I 


li' 


id 


m 


:| 


■n 


• 


M4 


EDUCATION  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


i 


tionized ;  the  theories  of  gravitation,  repulsion,  and 
attraction  overthrown,  the  motion  of  atoms,  whetlu'c 
single  or  in  mass,  being  ascribed  to  the  all-pervading 
presence  of  the  holy  spirit.  The  planetary  systems 
were  to  be  rearranged,  their  number  and  relatittiis 
modified,  for  in  the  book  of  Abraham  it  was  revealed 
that  in  the  centre  of  the  universe  was  the  great  url> 
Kolob,  the  greatest  of  all  the  stars  seen  by  tliat  jm- 
triarch,  revolving  on  its  axis  once  in  a  thousand  years, 
and  around  wliich  all  other  suns  and  planets  revolvecl 
in  endless  cycles.* 

At  first,  however,  education  among  the  settlers 
was  mainly  of  an  elementary  nature.  There  were 
many,  oven  among  the  adults,  who  could  not  write  or 
spell,  and  not  a  few  who  could  not  road.  A  parents' 
school  was  therefore  established  at  Salt  Lake  City, 
for  the  heads  of  farnilioH  and  for  the  training  i)t' 
teachers,  among  the  pupils  being  Brigham  Young." 
Primary  and  other  schools  were  opened  in  all  tlif 
principal  settlements,*"  and  for  those  who  were  sutH- 
ciently  advanced,  classes  were  organized  as  early  as 
the  winter  of  1848-!),  for  the  study  of  ancient  and 
modern  lanjjfuaijes." 

the  Iamb's  Ixtok  of  life,  and  the  songs  of  the  ■auctiiiedT'  Deaeret  iiewg,  Julv 
•20,  isr.i. 

" '  I  saw  tlitt  stars  that  tlioy  were  very  great,  and  that  ouo  of  thuiii  \\ix» 
nearest  unto  tlio  throne  of  Ciuil;  and  there  were  many  great  ouch  that  wciu 
near  it;  and  thu  fiord  said  unto  me,  Tliese  are  the  governing  ones:  nii<l  the 
naino  of  the  ^rcut  one  is  Kolob,  because  it  is  near  unto  me,  for  I  am  tin-  l/>i'>l 
thy  God;  I  have  set  tiiis  one  to  govern  all  thoso  which  belong  to  tlic  suinu 
order  of  that  upon  wiiich  thou  standest.  And  the  Lord  said  unto  mo,  By  tlie 
ur''n  and  thnmmiin,  that  Kolob  was  after  the  manner  of  the  Lord,  aoconlinf; 
to  its  times  and  seasons  in  the  revolution  thereof,  that  ouo  revolution  wm  a 
day  unto  the  Lord,  after  ids  nuiuncrof  reckoning,  it  being  one  thouHJimt  years 
according  to  the  time  appointed  unto  that  whereon  thou  standest.'  it'i'i/nol'U' 
Book  o/Ahraham,  159.  See  also  Orson  Pratt's  lecture  on  astronomy  iu  l><s,<rit 
New^,  Dec.  27,  1851. 

*  The  parent  school  is  in  successful  operation  iu  the  conncil-houM,  Aiid 
schools  have  been  built  iu  most  of  the  wards,  ilixt.  B.  Youiuj,  MS.,  18.M,  '■'•'2; 
Onnnuton'n  The  Mormoun,  80;  Utah  Early  Becords,  MS.,  ll.'j.  Lyons  Col'.ius 
was  appointed  toucher  by  tho  cliuncellor  and  board  of  regents. 

'"Jesse  W.  Fox  Uuglit  tiio  first  school  at  Manti  in  1850.  Utah  St  ;<-k% 
MS.,  172.  The  tirat  school  at  Nephi  was  opened  in  1851.  Id.,  111.  Hte 
best  school-house  in  Utah  county  was  at  Palmyra;  at  Provo,  Evan  M.  Ciitoiie 
opened  a  select  school  in  the  second  ward.  J)e»eret  Kew*,  Dec.   II,  I"^""-. 

"  'There  have  been  a  large  number  of  schools  the  {lost  winter,  iu  wliich 
tlie  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  French,  German,  Tahition,  and  English  Uuigua:.'(  s* 


THE  LIBRARY.  M 

In  1 850,  by  vote  of  congress,  twenty  thousand  dollars 
were  appropriated  for  the  buildijig  of  a  atate-house,  and 
the  sum  of  five  thousand  dollars  was  anpnnDriated  for 
the  foundation  of  a  library  in  Salt  Lake  City.  The 
<ltlii,'ate  from  Utah  was  authorized  to  make  a  selection 
(if  liooks,  and  several  thousaiul  volumes  were  forwarded 
iViMU  the  east  during  this  and  the  following  year." 
IJooius  were  prepared  in  the  <;ouncil-house  for  their 
rt'Ci'ption,  and  many  periodicals,  both  Mormon  and 
ijcntiie,  were  added  to  the  stock  of  reading  matter. 
Among  the  former  was  the  Millennial  ^<a/',  already 
iiKiiitioned,  and  the  Frontier  (ruardian,  published 
hi-monthly  at  Kanesville,  Iowa,  between  February 
1S40  and  March  1852,  and  afterward  as  a  weekly 
paptr  under  tlie  style  of  the  Frontier  Guardian  and 
Jixra  Sentiiiel.^^ 


trft  Hews,  July 


have  been  taught  successfully.  First  Ocnci-ol  Epistle  of  the  Twelve,  in  Utah 
Kuilji  Jffcordu,  MS.,  74,  anil  Frontier  Oinirdian,  May  30,  184U.  'German 
IxMik!)  wuro  Ijought  in  order  that  tlio  clilors  might  learn  that  language.'  Hint. 
li.  }\miuj,  MS.,  KS4<J,  3. 

"l)r  liernhisel  wiu  appoiutud  by  the  president  uf  the  U.  8.  as  special 
a^'ciit  to  expend  the  U.  S.  appropriation  of  8.5,000.  JliMt.  It.  Yonmj,  MS.,  80. 
Many  valuable  donations  of  maps,  papers,  etc.,  M'ero  received.  Contributor, 
'r,^\;  Gunuiion'ii  The  Mormou»,K\',  L  ta/i  Knrly  Jt'econl/i,  },IS. ,  l.SO;  Millennial 
Star,  xii.  330-1.  William  C.  Staines  was  upi)ointod  librarian.  iJtiteret  Xew», 
Fol).  -J I,  18.V-'. 

"Of  the  Frontier  Ouaritiaii,  brief  mention  has  already  been  made.  The 
tirat  uuinbir,  published  Fob.  7,  1 84'J,  with  Orson  Hyde  as  editor  and  proprietor, 
will  U'ur  comparison  w  ith  many  of  the  leading  newspapers  in  eastern  or  Euro- 
IKiiii  lities.  in  the  prosjiectus  Mr  Hyde  status  that  'it  will  bo  devoted  to  the 
news  of  tho  day,  to  the  signs  of  the  times,  to  religion  and  prophecy,  both  an- 
cient and  modern;  to  literature  and  poetry;  to  the  artsaml  sciences,  together 
witii  all  and  singular  \\  hatcvcr  tho  spirit  of  tho  times  may  dictate. '  Published, 
M  \\m  tho  Gu'.tnlinn,  on  tho  txtromo  frontier  of  tho  states,  Mr  ITydo  was 
piialik'il  to  furnish  tho  latest  news  froni  Salt  Lake  City,  and  many  valuable 
itiins  iiave  been  gleanoil  from  its  mi;;eM.  Glancing  ut  them  for  the  first  time, 
oMi'  asks,  How  did  he  contrive  to  oring  out  his  newspaper  in  such  creditable 
sliaiio,  at  a  place  which  one  year  l)eforo  was  only  an  encampment  of  emigrants 
ell  roll  to  for  the  valley?  During  tlii.s  year,  however,  Kanesville — later  Flor- 
ence -had  made  very  rapid  progress,  due,  in  part,  to  tlio  migration  to  Califor- 
nia, (ilancing  over  the  first  numbers  of  tho  Owirdiau,  we  tind  advertised  for 
sale  ilrv  goods,  groceries,  provisions,  hardware,  clothinj.',  ami  most  of  the 
coninuxlitics  needed  by  emigrants.  There  was  a  hotel,  a  fashionable  tailor,  a 
lawyer,  a  doctor,  and  of  course  a  tabernacle,  which  served  for  social  parties 
aii.l  religious  worship.  Provisions  rose  to  very  hiuli  r.ates,  though  not  to  the 
jiriees  demanded  in  Salt  Lake  City.  On  Feb.  7.  1849,  flour,  beef,  and  pork 
weic  selling  at  Kanesville  for  about  82  per  100  Ib.s.  On  May  1,  1S.">0,  llour 
was  worth  80  to  80.50,  beef  §3.50  to  81- ">0,  and  pork  8.5  to  |6.  Potatoes  liad 
risen  meanwhile  from  '2J  cents  to  $1,  com  from  'JO  cents  to  8'J.'2.">,  luul  wheat 
from  50  cents  to  817t5,  per  bushel.     On  March  4, 1852,  appeared  the  tirst  uum- 


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TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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2.2 


12.0 


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33  WEST  MAIN  STRstlT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  UjSO 

(716)  872-4503 


Z- 


I 


EDUCATION  AND  MANUFACTURES. 

On  the  15th  of  June,  1850,  was  published  at  Salt 
Lake  City,  under  the  editorship  of  Willard  Richards, 
the  first  number  of  the  Deseret  News,  a  weekly  paper, 
and  the  church  organ  of  the  saints."  In  this  num- 
ber, a  copy  of  which  I  have  before  me,  is  a  report  of 
the  conflagration  which  occurred  in  San  Francisco  on 
Christmas  eve  of  1849,  and  of  Zachary  Taylor's  mes- 
sage to  the  house  of  representatives  relating  to  the 
admission  of  California  as  a  state. 


ber  of  the  Frontier  Ouardian  and  Iowa  Sentinel,  the  paper  having  then  passed 
into  the  hands  of  Jacob  Dawson  &  Co. 

^*  Until  Aug.  19,  1851,  it  was  issued  as  an  eight-page  quarto,  the  pages 
being  about  8^  by  6^  in.,  and  without  column  rules.  After  that  date  it  was 
suspended  for  want  of  paper  until  Nov.  19th.  '  We  got  short  of  type,  aud 
I  happened  to  have  some  stereotyped  plates, . .  .which  we  melted  down  and 
used  for  type.  We  were  short,  too,  of  paper,  and  all  went  to  work  to  make  it. 
We  collected  all  the  rags  we  could  and  made  the  pulp,  sifted  it  through  a  sieve, 
and  pressed  it  as  well  aa  we  could.'  Taylor's  Rem.,  MS.,  17.  The  terms  were 
$5  per  year,  payable  half-yearly  in  advance,  single  copies  being  sold  for  fifteen 
cents.  There  seems  to  have  been  some  difficulty  in  collecting  subscriptions, 
for  in  the  issue  of  November  15,  1851,  the  editor  states  that  payment  will  be 
due  at  the  office  on  receipt  of  the  first  number,  '  and  no  one  need  expect  the 
second  number  imtil  these  terms  are  complied  with,  as  credit  will  not  create 
the  paper,  ink,  press,  or  hands  to  labor.'  In  his  prospectus,  Richards  said 
that  the  Deseret  News  is  designed  '  to  record  the  passing  events  of  our  state, 
and  in  connection  refer  to  the  arts  and  sciences,  embracing  general  education, 
medicine,  law,  divinity,  domestic  and  political  economy,  and  everything  that 
may  fall  under  our  observation  which  may  tend  to  promote  the  best  interest, 
welfare,  pleasure,  and  amusement  of  our  icllow-citizeus. .  .We  shall  ever  take 
pleasure  in  comTnunioatiug  foreign  news  as  we  have  opportunity;  in  receiving 
communications  from  our  friends  at  home  and  abroad;  and  solicit  ornaments 
for  the  A'ews  from  our  poets  and  poetesses.'  Inthefir^)!  ue  is  the  following, 
perhaps  by  Beta,  who  afterward  wrote  a  number  of  i-s  styled  the  Chron- 

teles  of  Utah  in  the  Salt  Lake  City  Contributor: 

To  my  Friends  In  the  Valley. 

Let  all  who  would  have  a  good  paper, 

Thoir  ttilonta  and  time  noV-r  abuse; 
Since  'tis  said  by  the  wise  and  tlie  humored. 

That  the  best  in  the  worid  is  the  New. 

Then  ye  who  so  long  have  boen  thinking 

What  paper  this  year  you  will  choose, 
Come  trip  gayly  up  to  the  ofUce 

And  subscribe  for  the  Deteret  Netet. 

And  now,  dearest  friends,  I  will  leave  you; 

This  counsel,  I  prny  you,  don't  lose; 
The  best  of  advice  I  cuu  give  you 

Is,  pay  in  advance  far  the  AVics. 

Fortunately  for  the  prospects  and  reputation  ot  the  paper,  such  efiusions  were 
rare  even  in  its  early  pages.  The  Deseret  News  was  at  first  less  ably  edited, 
and  inferior,  as  to  typo  and  paper,  to  the  Frontier  Ouardian,  It  appears, 
indeed,  to  have  lacked  support,  fur  in  the  first  number  are  only  two  adver- 
tisements, one  from  a  blacksmith  and  the  other  from  a  surgeon-dentist,  who 
also  professes  to  cure  the  scurvy.  In  Nov.  1851  it  appeared  in  folio  and  in 
greatly  improved  form;  for  years  it  was  the  only  paper,  and  is  still  the  lead- 
ing Mormon  journal,  in  the  territory. 


INDUSTRIES. 


At  Salt  Lake  City  and  elsewhere  throughout  the 
country  manufactures  began  to  thrive.  Isolated,  poor, 
having  brought  little  or  nothing  with  them,  these  set- 
tlers were  peculiarly  dependent  for  necessaries  and 
comforts  upon  themselves,  and  what  they  could  do 
with  their  hands.  And  it  would  be  difficult  to  find 
anywhere  in  the  history  of  colonization  settlers  who 
could  do  more.  Among  them  were  many  of  the  best 
of  Europe's  artisans,  workers  in  wood,  iron,  wool, 
and  cotton,  besides  farmers,  miners,  and  all  kinds  of 
laborers. 

At  Tooele  and  several  other  settlements  grist- 
mills and  saw-mills  were  established  before  the  close 
of  1852."  Near  Salt  Lake  City,  a  small  woollen- 
mill  was  in  operation."  At  Parowan  and  Cedar 
City,  iron- works  were  in  course  of  construction; 
at  Paragoonah,  a  tannery  had  been  built;  and  at 
Salt  Lake  City,  in  addition  to  other  branches  of  man- 
ufacture, flannels,  linseys,  jeans,  pottery,  and  cutlery 
were  produced,^^  and  sold  at  lower  prices  than  were 
asked  for  eastern  goods  of  inferior  quality.  "Produce 
what  you  consume,"  writes  Governor  Brigham  Young 
in  his  message  of  January  5,  1852;  "draw  from  the 
native  elements  the  necessaries  of  life ;  permit  no  viti- 
ated taste  to  lead  you  into  indulgence  of  expensive 
luxuries  which  can  only  be  obtained  by  involving 
yourselves  in  debt;  let  home  industry  produce  every 
article  of  home  consumption."^^     This  excellent  advice 

"The  first  grist-mill  built  at  Tooele  was  erected  by  Ezaias  Edwards;  in 
1849  a  saw-mill  waa  built  at  Provo  by  Jamca  Porter  and  Alex.  Williams,  and 
in  1S50  a  grist-mill,  by  James  A.  Smith  and  Isaac  Uigbee.  At  American  Fork 
Azra  Adams  built  a  grist-mill  in  1851 ;  at  Manti  a  grist-mill  waa  built  by 
Brigham  Youns;  and  Isaac  Morley,  and  a  saw-mill  by  Charles  Shumway;  in 
1848  Samuel  Parish  built  a  grist-mill  at  Oentreville.  Utah  Sketches,  MS., 
passim.  In  Salt  Lake  county  there  were,  in  the  autumn  of  1851,  four  grist- 
mills and  five  saw-mills.  Utah  Early  Records,  MS.,  158.  Near  Ogden,  Lorin 
Farr  built  a  grist-mill  and  saw-mill  in  1850.  Stanford's  Ogden  City,  MS.,  3. 

'°In  March  1851  the  general  assembly  appropriated  $2,000  for  this  pur- 
pose. Utah  Early  Records,  MS.,  12.3. 

"  'Our  pottery  is  nearly  completed;. .  .cutlery  establishments  are  com- 
pleted.' im.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1851,  26. 

"In  Id.,  Nov.  6,  1852,  similar  advice  is  given  to  the  saints:  'Buy  noarti 
cle  from  the  stores  that  you  can  possibly  do  without.  Stretch  our  means, 
■kill,  and  wisdom  to  the  utmost  to  manufacture  what  we  need,  beginning  with 


828 


EDUCATION  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


was  not  unheeded;  but  the  supply  of  home-manufac- 
tured goods  did  not,  of  course,  keep  pace  with  the  de- 
mand. Such  commodities  as  were  not  the  products 
of  home  industry  were,  for  the  most  part,  obtained  by 
barter  with  passing  emigrants,  or  were  brought  in 
wagon  trains  by  way  of  Kanesville;"  though  already 
traffic  had  been  opened  with  regions  far  to  the  west- 
ward on  either  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.^ 


i 


H  f 


i 


According  to  the  United  States  census  returns  for 
the  year  1850,  the  population  of  the  valley  of  Great 
Salt  Lake  mustered  11,354  persons,  of  whom  about 
53  per  cent  were  males,  and  6,000  residents  of  Salt 
Lake  City.^^  There  were  16,333  acres  under  culti- 
vation, on  which  were  raised  128,711  bushels  of  grain. 
The  value  of  live-stock  was  estimated  at  $546,698, 
and  of  farming  implements  at  $84,288.  At  the  close 
of  1852,  the  total  population  was  variously  estimated 
at  from  25,000  to  30,000,^  of  whom  perhaps  10,000 
resided   in   the   metropolis.     The  assessed   value  of 

a  slioestring  (if  we  cannot  begin  higher).'  'When  wo  have  manufactured  an 
article,  sell  it  for  cash  or  its  equivalent,  as  low,  or  lower,  than  it  can  be 
bought  for  at  the  stores. '  In  the  lifth  general  epistle  is  the  following:  '  Beacii 
and  Blair  have  opened  a  general  manufacturing  establishment; . . .  are  uow 
making  molasses  and  vinegar.  Several  grain  and  lumber  mills  have  been 
erected  in  the  various  settlements, . . .  chairs  and  various  articles  of  furniture 
are  multiplying, . . .  two  or  three  threshing-machines  have  been  in  successful 
operation.'  Hist.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1851,  24.  'We  are  going  in  extensively 
for  home  manufactures.  My  own  family  alone  have  this  season  manufactured 
over  500  yds  of  cloth,  and  the  home-made  frequently  makes  its  appearance  in 
our  streets' — a  great  blessing,  'if  it  will  prove  an  inducement  to  the  people 
to  depend  and  rely  upon  their  own  resources  for  their  own  supplies.'  M, 
1852,  IG. 

"On  May  1,  1851,  the  first  train  of  merchandise  for  the  season  arrived  in 
the  city,  laden  partly  with  sugar,  coffee,  and  calicoes.  Utah  Early  Records, 
MS.,  127. 

^^  On  Nov.  19,  1848,  Capt.  Grant  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  arrived 
from  Fort  Ilall  with  pack-horses  laden  with  skins,  groceries,  and  other  goods. 
On  April  17,  1851,  a  small  party  arrived  from  Fort  Hall  in  search  of  pron- 
sions  and  Indian  trading  goods.  On  the  10th  of  the  same  month,  Col  Ecese 
sent  ten  or  twelve  wagon- loads  of  flour  to  Carson  Valley  for  trading  purposes. 
Id.,  39,  125, 127. 

'•  The  returns  were  made  under  the  direction  of  Brigham  Young,  who 
was  appointed  census  agent.  Utah  Early  Records,  MS.,  112;  Deseret  Ncwr, 
Oct.  5,  1850. 

"'Early  in  1853  the  Deseret  Almanac  places  the  number  at  30,000,  while 
in  Orson  Pratt's  Seer  it  is  given  at  30,000  to  35,000.  Olshausen'a  Mormonen, 
192.  At  this  date  it  was  estimated  at  25,000  by  the  gentiles.  Burton's  City 
qf  the  Saints,  357.     Prob.ably  the  Mormons  exaggerated,  as  they  desired  to 


i 


A  THRIVING  COMMUNITY. 


329 


taxable  property  at  the  latter  date  was  $1,160,883.80, 
or  an  average  of  more  than  $400  per  capita.  The 
entire  revenue  amounted  to  $26,690.58,^  of  which  sum 
$'.),725.87  was  expended  for  public  improvements,  the 
encouragement  of  industries,  or  educational  purposes. 


'  Not  more  than  one  tenth  was  collected  in  cash,  payment  being  usually 
e  in  grain.  Contributor,  332.     '  Securing  a  territonal  revenue  of  $*2.3,000, 


Little  more  than  five  years  had  elapsed  since  the 
pioneer  band  entered  the  valley  of  Great  Salt  Lake, 
and  now  the  settlers  found  themselves  amidst  plenty 
and  comfort  in  the  land  of  promise,  where  until  their 
arrival  scarce  a  human  being  was  to  be  seen,  save 
tlie  Indians  whose  clothing  was  the  skin.^  of  rabbits 
and  whose  food  was  roasted  crickets.**  There  was 
no  destitution  in  their  midst  ;'^  there  was  little  sick- 
ness.* In  these  and  some  other  respects,  the  wildest 
misstatements  have  been  made  by  certain  gentile 
writers,  among  them  Mr  Ferris,  who,  as  we  shall  see, 
was  appointed    secretary  for  Utah.''^     In   this   pure 

shon-  as  soon  as  possible  a  population  of  100,000,  which  would  entitle  them 
to  claim  admission  as  a  state. 

maile :     _  _ 

inclading  merchants'  licenses  and  tax  on  liquors. '  Hiat.  B.  Young,  MS. ,  1852,  2. 

*'  The  most  exposed  parts  of  the  country  are  annually  run  over  by  the 
fires  set  by  the  Indians  to  kill  and  roast  the  crickets,  wmch  they  gather  in 
summer  for  winter  food.'  GunnisorCa  The  Mormons,  21. 

^The  coontry  was  canvassed  to  ascertain  how  many  inmates  there  would 
be  for  a  poor-house,  then  projected.  Only  two  were  found,  and  the  Mormons 
concluded  that  it  was  not  yet  time  for  such  an  institution.  Id.,  34. 

"The  number  of  deaths  in  the  territory  during  the  year  ending  June  1, 
1850,  was  239.  U.  S.  Census,  1850,  997;  and  in  Salt  Lake  county,  which  vir- 
tually meant  Salt  Lake  City,  121 ;  in  both,  the  mortality  was  therefore  less 
than  20  per  thousand,  or  about  the  average  death-rate  in  San  Francisco  dur- 
ing recent  years.  Moreover,  the  population  of  Utah  included  a  very  large 
proportion  of  infants.  Of  64  deaths  reported  in  the  Deseret  News  of  March 
S,  ISol,  34  occurred  between  the  ages  of  one  and  ten. 

^'  Utah  and  the  Mormons:  the  Hixtory,  Government,  Doctrines,  Customs, 
and  Prospects  of  the  Latter-day  Sainti^;  from  personal  observation  during  a 
iix  months'  residence  at  Great  Salt  Lake  Citif.  By  Benjamin  G.  Ferris,  late 
iecntary  of  Utah  Territory,  New  York,  1S54.  Mr  Ferris  is  not  the  first  one 
whom  in  his  own  opinion  a  six  months'  residence  in  the  west  justifies  in  writ- 
ing a  book.  It  was  the  winter  of  1S52-3  which  lie  spent  there,  and  while 
professing  that  he  writes  wholly  from  an  anti-Mormon  standpoint,  as  a  rule 
he  b  comparatively  moderate  in  his  expressions.  The  illustrations  in  this 
volume  are  many  of  them  the  same  whicli  are  found  in  several  other  works. 
Beginning  with  the  physical  features  of  Utah,  he  goes  through  the  whole 
range  of  Mormon  history,  and  concludes  with  chapters  on  government,  doc- 
trines, polygamy,  book  of  Mormon  proselytizing,  and  society.  While  some- 
times interesting,  there  is  little  original  information;  and  aside  from  what 
the  author  saw  during  his  residence  in  Utah,  the  book  has  no  special  value. 


i  '  'I 


m 


1 


sso 


EDUCATION  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


mountain  air,  with  its  invigorating  embrace,  the  aged 
and  infirm  regained  the  elasticity  of  a  second  }'outh. 
Ilere  was  no  rank  vegetation,  here  were  no  stag- 
nant pools  to  generate  miasma,  no  vapors  redolent  of 
death,  like  those  amid  which  the  saints  encamped  on  the 
banks  of  the  Missouri.  In  the  valley  were  mineral 
springs,  the  temperature  of  which  ranged  from  36°  to 
150°  of  Fahrenheit,  some  of  them  being  prized  for  their 
medicinal  properties.  From  the  warm  spring^  in  the 
vicinity  of  Salt  Lake  City,  waters  which  varied  be- 
tween 98°  in  summer  and  104°  in  winter'**  were  con- 
ducted by  pipes  to  a  large  bath-house  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  city.** 

•'*  The  water  was  analyzed  in  1851  by  L.  D.  Gale.  Its  snecifio  gravity  was 
found  to  be  1.0112;  it  was  strongly  impregnated  with  sulphur,  and  100  parts 
of  water  yielded  1.0S2  of  solid  matter.  The  specifio  gravity  of  tlie  hut 
spring  in  the  same  neighborhood  was  1.013,  and  100  parts  yielded  1.1454  of 
solid  matter.  Detailed  analyses  are  given  in  Stanabury's  Expedition  to  0.  S. 
Lake,  i.  41 9-20.  An  analysis  of  the  warm  spring  given  by  Joseph  T.  Kingsbury 
in  Contributor,  iv.  59-(i0,  differs  somewhat  from  that  of  Gale.  Further  in- 
formation on  these  and  other  springs  and  mineral  waters  will  be  found  in  hh, 
iv.  8G-9;  Hid.  Nev.,  17,  this  series;  Salt  Lake  Weekly  Herald,  July  29,  ISSO; 
S.  L.  C.  Tribune,  Jan.  5,  1878;  Wlteeler's  Surveys,  iii.  105-17;  JlolUsler's  lit- 
sources  of  Utah,  83-5;  Hardy's  Through  Cities  and  Prairie,  121;  Burtou'g 
City  of  the  Saints,  222;  Sac.  Union,  Aug.  7,  1860. 

^'  Contributor,  iv.  59.  One  of  the  brethren,  writing  to  Orson  Hyde  from 
Salt  Lake  City,  Sept.  10,  1850,  says  that  the  temperature  stands,  winter  and 
summer,  at  about  92°.  Frontier  O'uardian,  Jan.  8,  1851. 

'"  On  Xov.  27, 1850,  the  warm-spring  l)ath-house  was  dedicated  and  opened 
with  prayer,  festival,  and  dance.  Utah  Earhi  Records,  MS.,  116. 

The  material  for  the  preceding  chapters  has  been  gathered  mainly  from  a 
number  of  manuscripts  furnished  at  intervals  between  1880  and  1885.  As  I 
have  already  stated,  to  F.  D.  Richards  I  am  especially  indebted  for  his  un- 
remitting etibrt  in  supplying  data  for  this  volume.  The  period  betwceu  Feb. 
1846  and  the  close  of  1851 — say  between  the  commencement  of  the  exodus 
from  Nauvoo  and  the  opening  of  the  legislature  of  Utah  territory — is  one  of 
which  there  are  few  authentic  printed  records.  From  Kane's  The  Mormom, 
from  Fullmer's  ExjmUion,  and  other  sources,  I  have  gleaned  a  little;  but  aa 
far  as  I  am  aware,  no  work  has  yet  been  published  that  gives,  or  prctcniU  to 
give,  in  circumstantial  detail  tiie  full  story  of  this  epoch  in  the  annals  of  Mor- 
monism.  In  the  Utah  Early  Recordu,  M.S.,  I  have  been  supplied  with  a  brief 
but  full  statement  of  all  the  noteworthy  incidents  from  the  entrance  of  Orson 
Pratt  and  Erastus  Snow  into  the  valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  to  the  close 
of  the  year  1851.  In  the  Narrative  of  Franklin  D.  Richards,  MS.;  tlic  H'mi- 
nisceiices  of  Mrs  F.  D.  Richards,  MS. ;  Inner  Facta  of  Social  Life  in  Utah,  MS., 
by  the  eauie  writer;  History  of  Drvjliam  Young,  MS.,  which  is  indeed  a  cnu- 
tinuation  of  the  History  of  Joseph  Smith,  or  the  history  of  tiie  church;  Mar- 
tin's Narrative,  MS. — I  have  bticu  kindly  furnished  with  many  details  tliat 
it  would  have  been  impossible  to  obtain  elsewhere.  Some  of  them  I  have  .A- 
ready  noticed,  and  otiiers  I  shall  mention  in  their  place. 

In  Reminiscences  of  President  John  Taylor,  MS.,  we  have  an  account  of  the 
migration  from  Nauvoo  to  Winter  Quarters,  the  organization  of  the  various 


MANUSCRIPTS. 


331 


companies,  and  much  information  of  a  miscellaneous  nature,  relating  to  house- 
buiKling  in  Salt  Lake  City,  the  first  manufactures,  the  location  of  the  temple, 
ami  otlicr  matters.  The  manuscript  also  makes  mention  of  his  visit  to  £aig> 
land  as  a  'nissionary  in  184C,  in  company  with  Parley  P.  Pratt  and  Orson  Hyde. 

The  Narrntivt  o/Oeneral  Daniel  H.  Wells,  MS.,  gives  an  account  of  the 
disturbances  in  Hancock  county,  the  troubles  at  Nauvoo  before  the  exodus, 
the  JDUi-ney  to  Winter  Quarters,  the  organization  of  the  Nauvoo  legion,  and 
of  tlio  state  of  Dcscret;  but  perhaps  the  most  valuable  portion  is  a  condensed 
uarrativo  of  all  the  Indian  outbreaks  between  1849  and  1804,  a  task  for  which 
General  Wells,  who  during  this  period  had  charge  of  the  Nauvoo  legion  and 
aided  in  suppressing  some  of  the  disturbances,  is  specially  qualified. 

WUford  Woodruff's  Journal,  MS. ,  commencing  with  the  claims  of  Sidney 
Rigdon  to  the  guardianship  c:f  the  church,  in  1846,  and  closing  with  a  sum- 
mary of  the  operations  of  the  pioneers  in  the  following  year.  Mr  Woodruff 
gives  some  valuable  details  concerning  this  most  interesting  period  in  the  an- 
nals of  Mormoniam.  Being  himself  a  pioneer,  he  furnishes  minute  particu- 
lars as  to  their  journey  and  their  early  labors  in  the  valley. 

In  A  Woman  s  Experiences  with  the  Pioneer  Band,  by  Mrs  Clara  Decker 
Yotairj,  MS.,  we  have  also  some  information  aa  to  the  work  accomplished 
during  the  single  month  that  the  pioneers  remained  in  the  valley,  among 
otiicr  matters  being  the  building  of  the  old  fort.  Items  of  interest  are  also 
given  concerning  those  who  were  left  alone  in  the  valley  after  the  pioneers' 
departu  re,  until  the  arrival  of  Parley  Pratt's  companies.  Chu^  Decker  Young, 
a  native  of  Freedom,  N.  Y.,  moved  with  her  parents  to  Daviess  co..  Mo.,  in 
1837,  the  family  being  driven,  during  the  persecutions  of  that  year,  to  Far 
West,  whence  they  removed  to  Quincy,  and  later  to  Nauvoo.  When  16  years 
of  age  she  became  the  fifth  wife  of  Brigham  Young. 

From  the  Material  Progress  of  Utah,  by  William  Jennings,  MS.,  I  have 
gathered  many  details  as  to  the  industrial  condition  of  the  Mormons  from  the 
earliest  settlement  of  S.  L.  City  up  to  a  recent  date,  among  them  being  items 
relating  to  manufactures,  agriculture,  stock-raising,  the  grasshopper  plague, 
and  the  influence  of  the  railroad  on  the  population  of  Utjui. 

Early  Jit.itice,  by  John  Nebeker,  MS.,  besides  describing  the  punishment  of 
oflenilers  in  the  days  of  1847,  ».hen,  as  I  have  already  3toted,  the  whipping- 
post was  substituted  for  imprisonment,  furnishes  other  material  of  value 
relating  to  early  times.  In  his  capacity  of  public  complainer,  Mr  Nebeker 
prosecuted  one  culprit  before  the  high  council  for  stealmg,  and  himself  ad- 
niiuistcred  the  flogging.  Mr  Nebeker,  a  native  of  Delaware,  came  to  Nauvoo 
in  the  winter  of  1846;  crossed  the  plains  with  the  first  companies,  and  left 
Winter  Quarters  with  Parley  Pratt's  detachment. 

In  The  Migration  and  Settlements  of  the  Latter-day  Saints,  by  Mrs  Joseph 
IL  Home,  MS.,  is  an  account  of  her  conversion,  her  experiences  at  Far  West, 
Quincy,  and  Nauvoo,  and  the  hardsliips  sufTered  during  the  migration.  Then 
follows  a  description  of  the  first  years  in  S.  L.  City,  the  food,  dress,  ond 
dwellings  of  the  saints,  their  make-shifts  and  privations,  with  some  mention 
of  the  Mormon  battalion,  and  the  ill  feeling  caused  by  the  withdrawal  of  500 
able-bodied  men  at  tliis  crisis  in  their  afiairs.  Mrs  Home,  a  native  of  Rain- 
iiani,  England,  moved  with  her  parents  to  Now  York  (now  Toron*^o,  Canada) 
when  ten  years  of  age.  In  1836,  the  year  of  her  marriage,  she  was  converted 
by  the  preaching  of  Parley  and  Orson  Pratt,  her  house  being  afterward  open 
to  the  elders,  who  frequently  held  meetings  there. 

From  the  Utah  Sketches,  MS.,  I  have  gathered  much  information  as  to  the 
founding  of  various  settlements  and  their  progress  up  to  the  year  1880,  of 
which  mention  will  be  made  later.  Most  of  them  were  written  by  persons 
who  were  themselves  among  the  earliest  settlers,  and  of  whom  some  are  still 
prominent  members  of  the  several  communities  among  which  their  lot  ^vaa 
cast.  In  this  connection  may  bo  mentioned  the  Bri^  iJistorical  Sketch  of  the 
Sdtlementsin  Weber  County,  by  Joseph  Stanford,  MS.,  and  the  Historical  Sketch 
of  (Ji/den  City,  by  the  same  author. 

In  addition  to  the  manascripts  and  journals  constituting  the  yaat  original 


A 


EDUCATION  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


sources  upon  which  I  have  drawn,  I  would  mention  also  the  following  printed 
and  secondary  authorities:  MUlen.  Star,  iv.  187-90,  T.  174-7,  vi.  41-2,  vii. 
71-2,  87-9,  103-4,  149-53,  viiL  68-71,  97-8, 102-3,  113-21,  149-58,  ix.  11-22, 
xi.  46-7;  Times  and  Seasons,  i.  30-1.  44,  185-7,  517,  ii.  273-4, 281-6,  309, 319, 
321-2,  336,  355-6,  370-1,  376-7,  380-2,  417-18,  435,  517,  567-70,  iii.  630-1, 
666,  638,  664,  083-6,  700,  718,  733-4,  743,  767-9,  775-6,  806-7,  831-2,  902-3, 
919-21,  936-7,  iv.  10-11,  33-6,  65-71,  154-7,  198-9,  241-78,  v.  392-6,  418- 
23,  455,  471-2,  636-48,  560-75,  584-99,  618-22,  vi.  762,  773-80,  026,  972-3; 
Beaclle,  Life  in  Utah,  58-9,  63-121,  125-54,  161-2,  280;  Bennett,  Morm.  Ex- 
posed, 5-10,  140-62,  188-214,  278-302,  307-40;  Bertrand,  Mem.  Morm.,  61, 
65-70;  Bonnnck,  Morm.  and  SUv.  Mines,  3;  Burton,  City  of  Saints,  183-4, 433, 
625-07;  Busch,  Oesch.  Morm.,  43-5,  97-113,  125-30,  205-17,  254-98;  Dfoth 
of  the  Prophets,  with  Offic.  Doc,  no.  23,  in  Utah  Pamph.  Belig.;  Deseret  News, 
1851,  Apr.  8,  Nov.  29,  Deo.  1,3,  27;  1867,  July  24;  1868,  July  1,  Dec.  10,  30; 
1869,  Apr.  7,  Sept.  1;  1876,  Mar.  22;  1877,  Nov.  14;  Hall,  Morm.  Exposed,  7- 
8,  16-16,  24-7,  28-34,  55-70,  91-9,  106-7;  Twker,  Morm.,  37,  167-207;  Tul- 
lidge,  Life  of  Young,  6-191.  204;  Women  of  Morm.,  297-300,  425-32,  443-4, 
488-95;  Edinburg  Rev.,  Apr.  1864,  319-83;  Ford  (Thoa,  Gov.  III.),  in  Utah 
Tracts,  no.  11;  Ferris,  Utah  and  Morm.,  51,  92-107,  114-15,  137^6,  15M. 
120-30;   Gunnison,  Morm.,  133,  115-,39;  Stansbury,  Exped.,  135-7;  Green, 
Morm.,  28-9,  36-7,  64-64;  Hickman,  Destroying  Angel,  41-6;  Hyde,  Morm., 
140,  144-6,  152-3,  165-7,  172-6,  183-5,  189-92;  Kidder,  Morm.,  157-9,  182- 
92;  Kanesville  (la).  Front.  Guard.,  1849,  Feb.  7,  21,  Mar.  7,  June  27,  Aug. 
8,  Nov.  14;  Id.,  1860,  May  1,  29,  Oct.  2,  30;  Id.,  1852,  Mar,  18,  25;  lAJiforlh, 
Route  from  Liverpool,  61-9,  72-6;  Lee,  Morm.,  109-12,  144-8,  152-5,  167-8, 
173-4,  179-80;  Mackay,  The  Morm.,  115-206;  Niles'  Reg.,  Ixix.  70,  134,  Ixx. 
208,  211,  327,  Ixxii.  206,  370,  Ixxiii.  6;  Olskausen,  Gesch.  Mormonen,  59-65, 
88-90,  100-3,  144-61,  202-34;  Hon.  Polynesian,  ii.  1846,  91;  PraU  (P.),  Au- 
tobiog.,  378, 398-401, 405-6;  Remy,  Journey  to  G.  S.  L.  City,  i.  336-406, 434-8, 
ii.  258-63;  Smucker,  Hist.  Morm.,  119-34, 148-276,  pasoim;  Snow  (Eliza),  in 
Utah  Piuiiecrs,  33d  Ann.,  41-50,  in  Times  and  Seasons,  iv.  287;  Snow  (Lo- 
renzo), with  Taylor,  Govt  of  God,  no.  12,  9-11;  Stenhouse,  Tell  It  All,  30G; 
Crimes  o/L.  D.  Saints,  11-15;  Dunbar,  Romance  of  Age,  45;  Ebberts,  Trapper's 
Life,  MS.,  18;  Fullmer,  in  Utah  Tracts,  no.  9,  1-40;  Mather,  in  Lippincotl's 
Mag.,  Aug.  1880;  McGlashen,  Hist.  Donner  Party,  34-56;  Spence,  Settler's 
Guide,  268-9;  Saia,  Amer.  Revisited,  ii.  289;  Salt  Lake  City,  Contributor,  ii.  86, 
134-7, 195-8, 239, 301, 354-6, 366,  iii.  passim,  iv.  370-6;  Sail  Lake  City,  Deseret 
News,  1850,  July  27;  1851,  July  26,  Aug.  19;  1862,  Feb.  7.  Aug.  7,  21;  18.54, 
July  27,  Aug.  3;  1855,  Sept.  26;  1857,  July  29,  Aug.  6;  1858,  June  30;  Salt  Lake 
City,  Herald,  1880,  July  3,  29;  Salt  Lake  City,  Telegraph,  1868,  May  30,  Oct. 
10,  12-14;  Smith,  Rise,  Progress,  etc.,  6-18,  314-22,  3:M-6;  Smoot  (Margaret 
S.),  Experience,  etc.,  MS.,  4-5;  Cal.,  lU  Past  Hist.,  218-19;  Tracy  (Mrs  N. 
N.),  Narr.,  MS.,  10-19;  Thornton,  Or.  and  Cal.,  i.  158-9;  Utah  Pioneer,  S3d 
Ann.,  50-2;  Narrative  of  the  Murders  of  the  Smiths,  in  Utah  Tracts,  no.  1, 
passim;  The  Murder  of  Jos  Smith,  in  Utah  Tracts,  no.  1,  54-5;  Tyler,  Hist. 
Morm.  Battalion,  passim;  U.  S.  Ex.  rtoc.,  24,  31  Cong.  1st  Sess.;  Van  Tramp, 
Adventures,  313-38;  Woodruff  (W.),  in  Utah  Pion.,  SSd  Ann.,  19-24;  Ward, 
Mormon  Wife,  81-4,  109-40,  165;   White  (Mrs  V.  V.),  The  Mormon  Prophet, 
etc.,  4-8;  Young  (Ann  Eliza),  W\feNo.  is,  54-7;  Marshall,  Through  Amer., 
184;  Murphy,  Mineral  Resour.,  84-6;  Miller  (J.),  First  Families,  etc.,  65-73; 
Martin  (ThosS.),  Narrative,  etc.,  MS.,  42;  San  Francisco,  AltaCal.,  1851, 
Aug.  8;  Id.,  Cal.  Star,  1848,  Feb.  26;  Id.,  Call,  1869,  Sept.  5, 1877,  Aug.  31; 
Id.,  Chronicle,  1881,  Jan.  9;  Id.,  Herald,  1851,  Oct.  12, 1859,  Nov.  15;  Sacra- 
mento.  Placer  Times,  1849,  May  26;  Id.,  Union,  1855,  Sept.  10,  27,  1859, 
Aug.  24;  Portland  (Dr.),  Telegram,  1879,  Mar.  15;  Salem  (Or.),  Argus,  1858, 
Feb.  13,  Aug.  28;  Id.,  Statesman,  1851,  Dec.  23;  Or.  City  (Or.),  Spectator, 
1848,  July  4;  Ogden  (Utah),  Freeman,  1879,  May  2;  Gold  mil  (Nev.),  News, 
1872,  May  1,  Oct.  24;  Eureka  (Nev.),  Leader,  1880,  July  24;  Carson  (Nev.), 
State  Register,  1872,  Nov.  24;  Rae,  Westward  by  Rail,  126-7. 


CHAPTER  XV. 

MORMONISM  AND  POLYOAMT. 

What  is  Mormonism  ?— Tenets  ov  the  Chuboh — Saobed  Books  and  VwaMoti' 
AGES— Orqanization — Pbiesthood— FiBST  Pbisidbhct — The  Twelve 
Apostles— Fatriabohs — Eldebs,  Bishops,  Pbiests,  Teacbebs,  and 
Deacons — The  Seventies— Stakes  and  Wabds— Mabbiaoe — Temple 
Building— Tabebnacle — Politioal  Aspeot — Poltoamt  as  a  Chuboh 
Tenet — Celestial  Mabbiaoe— Attitddb  and  Abouhents  of  Civiu- 
ZATioN— Poltqaut's  Beflt— Ethios  akd  Law— The  Chaboe  or  Dis- 

LOTALTT— PBOPOSED  REMEDIES. 


We  are  now  prepared  to  ask  the  question  with  some 
degree  of  intelligence,  What  is  Mormonism?  In  for- 
mulating an  answer,  we  must  consider  as  well  the 
political  as  the  religious  idea.  I  will  examine  the 
latter  first. 

Mormonism  in  its  religious  aspect  is  simply  the  ac- 
ceptation of  the  bible,  the  whole  of  it,  literally,  and 
following  it  to  its  logical  conclusions. 

As  the  Christian  world  has  advanced  in  civilization 
and  intelligence  these  two  thousand  years  or  so,  it  has 
gradually  left  behind  a  little  and  a  little  more  of  its 
religion,  first  of  the  tenets  of  the  Hebraic  record,  and 
then  somewhat  even  of  those  of  the  later  dispensation. 
Long  before  religionists  began  to  question  as  myths 
the  stories  of  Moses,  and  Jonah,  and  Job,  they  had 
thrown  aside  as  unseemly  blood-sacrifice  and  burnt- 
offerings,  sins  of  uncleanness,  the  stoning  of  sabbath- 
breakers,  the  killing  in  war  of  women,  children,  and 
prisoners,  the  condemnation  of  whole  nations  to  per- 
petual bondage,  and  many  other  revolting  customs  of 
the  half-savage  Israelites  sanctioned  by  holy  writ. 

(888) 


884 


MOBMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


mi 


.'I 


This  they  did  of  their  own  accord,  not  because  they 
were  so  commanded,  but  in  spite  of  commandments, 
and  by  reason  of  a  higher  and  more  refined  culture — a 
culture  which  had  outgrown  the  cruder  dogmas  of  the 
early  ages.  Then  came  the  putting  away  of  slavery 
and  polygamy,  the  former  but  recently  permitted  in 
these  American  states,  and  the  latter  being  here  even 
now.  Among  the  discarded  customs  taught  and  eii- 
couraged  by  the  new  testament  are,  speaking  in 
tongues,  going  forth  to  preach  without  purse  or  scrip, 
laying  on  of  hands  for  the  healing  of  the  sick,  rais- 
ing the  dead,  casting  out  devils,  and  all  other  miracles; 
and  there  will  be  further  repudiations  as  time  passes, 
further  ignoring  of  portions  of  the  scriptures  by  ortho- 
dox sects,  a  further  weeding  out  of  the  unnatural  and 
irrational  from  things  spiritual  and  worshipful. 
The  tenets  of  the  Mormon  church  are  these : 
The  bible  is  the  inspired  record  of  God's  dealings 
with  men  in  the  eastern  hemisphere;  the  book  of 
Mormon  is  the  inspired  record  of  God's  dealings  with 
the  ancient  inhabitants  of  this  continent;  the  book 
of  Doctrine  and  Covenants  of  the  Church  of  Jesus 
Christ  of  Latter-day  Saints  consists  of  revelations 
from  God  concerning  the  present  dispensation  to 
Joseph  Smith,  who  was  inspired  to  translate  the  book 
of  Mormon  and  organize  the  church  of  Christ  anew. 
Joseph  Smith  to  the  present  dispensation  is  as  Moses 
was  to  Israel;  there  is  no  conflict,  either  in  per- 
sonages or  books.  The  statements,  assertions,  prom- 
ises, and  prophecies  of  the  books,  and  the  precepts 
and  practices  of  the  personages,  are  accepted,  all  of 
them,  and  held  to  be  the  revealed  will  to  man  of  one 
and  the  same  God,  whose  will  it  is  the  duty  and  en- 
deavor of  his  people  to  carry  out  in  every  particular 
to  the  best  of  their  ability. 

There  are  more  gods  than  one.  There  are  spirit- 
ual gifts.  Not  only  must  there  be  faith  in  Christ,  but 
faith  in  the  holy  priesthood,  and  faith  in  continual 


CHURCH  DOCTRINE. 


revelation.*  Man  is  a  free  agent.  The  laying  on  of 
hands  for  ordination,  and  for  the  healing  of  the  sick, 
descends  from  the  early  to  the  later  apostles.''  There 
will  ho  a  resurrection  of  the  body  and  a  second  coming 
of  Christ.  Israel  is  a  chosen  people;  there  has  been 
a  scattering  of  Israel,  and  there  will  be  a  gathering. 
Joseph  Smith  was  the  fulfiller  not  only  of  bible  proph- 
ecies, but  of  the  book  of  Mormon  prophecies,  and  of 
his  own  prophecies.  Foreordination,  election,  and 
disj)ensation  of  the  fulness  of  times  are  held.  There 
was  au  apostasy  of  the  primitive  church,  and  now 
there  is  a  return.  There  was  the  Jerusalem  of  the 
eastern  hemispliere;  on  the  continent  of  North  Amer- 
ica is  planted  the  new  Jerusalem.  Miracles  obtain; 
also  visions  and  dreams,  signs  and  tokens,  and  angela 
of  light  and  darkness.  There  are  free  spirits  and 
spirits  imprisoned;  the  wicked  will  be  destroyed,  and 
there  will  be  a  millennial  reign.  The  saints  are  largely 
of  the  house  of  Israel,  and  heirs  to  the  promises  made 
to  Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Jacob.  The  aboriginal  in- 
habitants of  America  and  the  Pacific  isles  were  the 

'In  ISoS,  licnjamin  Brown,  high-priest,  and  pastor  of  the  London,  Read- 
ing, Ivcut,  and  Essex  conferences,  published  at  Liverpool  a  tract  entitled, 
Tefliinoiiiea  for  the  Truth;  a  Record  of  Manifestationt  of  the  Power  of  Ood, 
iliraru!ouH  and  Providential,  witnessed  by  him  in  his  travels  and  experiences. 
The  iuillior  was  a  native  of  New  York,  and  born  in  1794.  He  was  a  finn  be- 
liever in  latter-day  revelations  from  God,  and  that  the  ancient  gifts  of  the 
gos])tl  Htill  remained,  long  before  ho  joined  the  Mormons.  He  labored  long 
ami  in  various  places.  He  held  property  in  Nauvoo  when  the  saints  were 
diivoii  out,  and  was  obliged  to  take  $:250  for  what  was  worth  $3,000.  After- 
ward he  underwent  all  the  suQcrings  and  vicissitudes  of  the  overland  journey 
to  Suit  Lake.  Mr  Vro^\'n  was  an  earnest  and  honest  man;  his  book  is  the 
rccoril  of  his  life,  and  is  simple  and  attractive  in  style  and  substance. 

'' !  Icaling  the  sick.  Joseph  early  laid  it  down  as  a  rule  tliat  all  diseases 
and  sickness  among  them  were  to  bo  cured  by  the  elders,  and  by  the  use  of 
hei'bs  alone.  Physicians  of  the  world  were  denounced  as  enemies  to  mankind, 
and  the  use  of  their  medicines  was  prohibited.  Afterw  "il,  anointing  with  oil, 
prayer,  and  laying  on  hands  were  resorted  to  in  addi  'on  to  the  tirst  men- 
tioned. Says  Mrs  Richards,  '  In  all  sicknesses  we  useu  no  medicines,  with 
the  exception  of  herb  teas  that  wo  ourselves  prepared,  trusting  exclusively 
to  the  cllieacy  of  the  anointing  with  oil  and  prayer.'  Peminiscencea,  MS.,  34. 
Josc[)li  said,  'All  wholesome  herbs  Ood  hath  ordained  for  the  constitution, 
nature,  and  use  of  man.  Every  herb  in  the  season  thereof,  and  every  fruit 
in  the  season  thereof.'  The  use  of  flesh  was  not  forbidden,  but  rather  re- 
stricted to  seasons  of  cold  and  famine.  All  grain  was  pronounced  good  for 
man,  but  wheat  was  particularly  recommended,  with  com  for  the  ox,  oats  for 
the  iiorsc,  rye  for  fowls  and  swine,  and  barley  for  all  useful  animals,  and  for 
mild  drinks;  aa  also  other  grain.  Time$  and  Seasons,  v.  730. 


lil:. 


S38 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


I 


'I  ■:il 


seed  of  Joseph,  divided  into  numerous  nations  and 
tribes.  The  Lamanites  were  of  the  house  of  Ma- 
nasseh. 

We  believe,  say  their  articles  of  faith,  in  God  the 
father,  in  Jesus  Christ  the  son,  and  in  the  holy  ghost. 
For  their  own  sins,  and  not  for  any  transgression  of 
Adam,  men  will  be  punished;  but  all  may  be  saved, 
through  the  atonement,  by  obedience  to  the  ordi- 
nances of  the  gospel,  which  are:  faith  in  Christ,  re- 
pentance, baptism  by  immersion,'  and  laying  on  of 


'Bftptiam,  a  prerequisite  to  church  membership,  as  well  aa  to  final  salva- 
tion, to  be  of  avail,  must  bo  by  immersion,  and  performed  by  one  of  the  sect. 
The  person  who  is  called  of  God,  and  has  authority  from  Jesus  Christ  to  bap- 
tize, shall  go  down  into  the  water  with  the  person  to  be  baptized,  and  shall  say, 
calling  him  or  her  by  name:  '  Having  been  commissioned  of  Jesus  Christ,  I 
baptize  yuu  in  the  name  of  the  father,  and  of  the  son,  and  of  the  holy  ghost. 
Amen.'  Doclrine  ami  Covenauls,  115,  118.  Baptisms  are  entered  in  the  gen- 
eral church  records,  giving  the  name,  place,  and  date  of  birth,  quorum,  u.ite 
of  l>aptLsm,  first  time  or  re-baptism,  by  whom  baptized,  when  and  by  whom 
confirmed.  De^ret  News,  Feb.  22, 1851.  In  1844,  complaints  were  made  that 
members  of  tiie  church,  dismissed  by  the  council,  had  been  re-baptized  by 
ciders  who  were  themselves  excluded,  and  declaring  such  baptisms  invaUd. 
Unfit  arul  Seanoiu,  v.  458-9. 

In  1S36,  Joseph  introduced  the  ceremony  of  anointing  vt  ith  consecrated  oil. 
lie  tirst  anointed  his  father,  who,  having  been  blessed  by  the  first  presidency, 
anointed  them  in  turn,  beginning  with  the  eldest.  The  bishops  of  Kirtland 
and  Zion,  together  with  their  counsellors,  were  next  anointsd,  and  after- 
ward the  presiding  officers  of  each  quorum  performed  the  ceremony  on  their 
subordinates,  assisted  in  some  instancbs  by  the  Smith  brothers.  Joseph  de- 
scribes the  ceremony  of  consecmting  the  oil,  as  follows:  '  I  took  the  oil  in  my 
lei  t  hand.  Father  Smith  being  seated  before  me,  and  the  remainder  of  the 
presidency  encircled  him  round  about.  We  then  stretched  our  right  hands 
towards  heaven,  and  blessed  the  oil,  and  consecrated  it  in  the  name  of  Jesus 
Christ.'  ilil.  Star,  xv.  020.  Olive-oil  is  commonly  used.  Mrs  Rkhanh, 
Hfminitcenct*,  MS.,  34.  Many  remarkable  cures  are  mentioned.  A  sea- 
man, belonging  to  H.  B.  M.  ship  Tcmyr,  was  re  dered  deaf  and  dumb  by 
a  stroke  of  lightning,  at  Bermuda.  Several  ye.  i  after,  he  was  liaptized 
by  elders  in  a  canal  in  England,  and  instantly  i  acovered  both  speech  and 
hearing.  Frontier  Ottardian,  Jan.  23,  1850.  In  1840,  a  young  woman  then 
living  at  Batavix^  N.  Y.,  who  had  been  deaf  and  dumb  for  four  and  one 
half  years,  was  first  restored  to  her  hearing  by  the  laying  on  of  the 
hands  of  the  elders  of  the  church,  and  a  second  ministration,  some  tune 
afterward,  enabled  her  to  speak.  Times  and  Seasons,  ii.  516-17.  During 
the  building  of  Nanvoo,  nearly  every  one  was  attacked  with  malarial  fever, 
caused  by  breaking  up  the  now  land,  and  even  the  prophet  himself  suc- 
cumbed for  a  time.  But  hearing  the  voice  of  the  Lord  calling  on  hiin, 
he  arose  and  went  through  the  camp  healing  all  to  whom  he  drew  near. 
Woodruff  (Mrs),  AiUobiog.,  2-3.  Brigham  declares  he  was  among  the  num- 
ber healed  at  this  time.  Mil.  Star,  xxv.  646.  While  Joseph  was  in  the  midst 
of  bis  sick,  an  unbeliever,  living  a  few  miles  distant,  came  to  him,  beseeching 
him  to  come  and  heal  his  twin  children,  who  were  near  death's  door.  Tlie 
prophet  was  unable  to  go  himself,  but  sent  Wilford  Woodruff  in  his  place. 
Says  the  latter,  '  He  [Joseph]  took  a  red  silk  handkerchief  oat  of  his  pocket 
and  gave  it  to  me,  and  told  me  to  wipe  their  faces  with  the  handkerchief 


Ite 


THE  MORMON  CREED. 


837 


hands  for  the  gift  of  the  holy  ghost.     We  believe  in 
the   same  organization   and  powers   that   existed  in 


wlxn  I  administered  to  them,  and  they  should  1)0  healed.'  Ho  also  said  unto 
iiiu:  "As  long  aa  you  will  keep  that  handkerchief,  it  siiall  remain  n  league 
livtwoca  you  and  me."  I  went  with  the  man,  and  did  as  the  prophet  coin- 
iniinili'd  mo,  and  tiie  children  were  healed.  I  huvo  possession  of  tlic  iiand- 
kmliiitf  unto  this  day  [1881].'  LeavfH j'rommy  JmimcU,  05.  F.  D.  liichards, 
will)  liad  been  sick  for  several  months,  was  luptized,  anointed,  and  contimicd; 
iiniiit'diatoly  after  which  he  was  restored  to  health.  Some  time  afterward, 
lioiii;,'  then  an  elder,  ho  cun  d  a  severe  toothache  by  touching  the  tooth  witii 
his  linger.  Narrutlve,  MS.,  15-10.  Mra  Richards'  brother,  afterward  Elder 
iSiiviU  r,  was  raised  from  a  sick-bed  after  having  been  baptized  and  adminis- 
tend  to  by  Elder  John  E.  Page.  Mrs  Richards  was  taken  by  her  brother 
fi'uiii  a  sick-l)ed  to  a  lake  from  the  surface  of  which  ice  more  than  a  foot  thick 
hikil  licoii  removed,  and  there  baptized,  whereupon  she  immediately  recovered. 
Similar  coses  ndght  l>e  given  by  the  score. 

liaptism  for  the  dead  is  first  alluded  to  by  the  prophet,  who,  in  a  revela- 
tion dated  Jan.  19,  1841,  declares,  'A  baptismal  font  there  is  not  upon  the 
cartli,  that  they,  my  saints,  may  be  baptized  for  those  who  are  dead.'  It  j^ 
iutiniated  that  a  reasonable  time  will  l>o  allowed  in  which  to  build  a  temple 
Btiil  a  permanent  font,  and  that  daring  this  time  a  temporary  substitute 
fur  tlic  font  may  be  employed;  but  after  the  completion  of  the  tcmi)lc,  no 
Iwptisins  for  the  dead  will  be  of  avail  unless  conducted  witiiin  the  b.  'M- 
ing.  See  Doctrine  and  Covenants,  392,  395.  Brigham  says  he  first  he  '  of 
the  new  doctrine  when  he  was  in  Euro])e  (1840),  and  that  ho  believed  in  it 
before  anything  was  said  o*  done  about  it  in  the  church.  Times  and  SeaM)ns, 
vi.  9,")4.  Daniel  Tyler  ..  ,  >  lie  doctrine  was  first  taught  in  Nauvoo,  althougli 
Joseph  told  some  of  the  elders  in  Kirtlnnd  that  it  was  part  of  the  gosiicl,  nuU 
woulil  yet  bo  practised  as  such.  Juvenile  Jnstrvctor,  xv.  56  He  also  says 
that  bct'ore  otlici  provision  was  made,  many  were  baptized  in  the  Mississippi 
Kivcr.  The  first  baptismal  font,  a  temporary  structure,  intended  for  use  oiilv 
until  the  completion  of  the  temple,  was  erected  in  the  basement  of  that  bnild- 
iiig,  and  dedicated  on  Nov.  8,  1841,  Joseph  being  present  and  Brigham  deliv- 
ering the  address.  Joseph  thus  describes  the  font:  It  is  constructed  of  pine 
Btavt's,  tongued  and  grooved,  and  is  oval-shaped,  'sixteen  feet  long  cast  and 
west,  and  twelve  feet  wide,  seven  feet  high  from  the  foundation,  the  basin 
four  IVut  deep;  the  mouldings  of  tlie  cap  and  base  are  formed  of  beautiful 
carved  work  in  antique  style.  The  sides  are  finished  with  panel-work.  A 
flight  of  stairs  in  the  north  and  south  sides  lead  up  and  down  into  the 
basin,  guarded  by  a  side  railing.  The  font  stands  upon  twelve  oxen,  four  on 
each  siile  and  two  at  each  end,  their  heads,  shoulders,  and  fore  legs  project- 
ing out  from  under  the  font;  they  are  carved  out  of  oak  plank,  glued  together, 
and  copied  after  the  most  beautiful  five-year-old  steer  that  could  be  found  in 
tiic  country,  and  they  are  an  excellent  striking  likeness  of  the  original;  the 
liorns  were  geometrically  formed  after  the  most  perfect  horn  that  could  be 
procured.  The  oxen  and  the  mouldings  were  carved  by  Elder  Elijah  Ford- 
ham,  from  the  city  of  New  York,  the  work  occupying  eight  months.  The 
whole  was  enclosed  in  a  temporary  frame  building.  Mil.  Star,  xviii.  744.  On 
Sept.  6,  1842,  Joseph  writes  to  the  church  that  all  baptisms  must  be  re- 
corded by  a  person  appointed  for  the  purpose,  and  whose  duty  it  will  be  to 
note  every  detail  of  the  ceremony  in  each  cose.  One  of  the  officials  is  to 
be  appointed  in  each  ward,  and  his  returns  properly  certified  to  are  to  be 
forwarded  to  the  general  recorder,  who  will  enter  them  on  the  church  records, 
together  with  the  names  of  all  witnesses,  etc.,  and  finally  add  his  own  certifi- 
cate as  to  the  genuineness  of  the  signature  of  the  ward  recorder.  This  detail 
is  necessary  for  the  proper  identification  hereafter  of  those  baptized,  for  the 
authority  for  which  the  prophet  quotes  lievelalions,  xx.  12.  'And  I  saw  the 
Hist.  Uiab.    23 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 

the  primitive  church,  namely,  apostles,  prophets,  pas- 
tors, teachers,  evangelists;  in  the  gift  of  tongues,* 

dead,  small  and  great,  stand  before  Gk>d;  and  the  books  were  opened,'  etc. 
He  also  states  that  it  was  revealed  to  him  on  Sept.  1,  1842,  that  a  general  re- 
corder must  be  appointed.  Mil.  Star,  xx.  5-6;  Doctrine  arid  ComnarUa,  409- 
13.  For  the  ceremony  itself,  he  findis  warrant  in  lat  Cor.,  xv.  29.  '  Else 
what  shall  they  do  who  are  baptized  for  the  dead  ?  If  the  dead  rise  not  at 
all,  why  are  they  then  baptized  for  the  dead?' 

Contirmation  follows  baptism,  with  frequently  an  interval  of  a  few  days. 
Baptism  may  take  place  on  any  day  in  the  week,  and  the  confirmation  be  de- 
ferred until  the  church  assembles  on  the  following,  or  even  a  later,  Sunday. 
Two  or  more  elders  conmionly  attend,  all  taking  part  in  the  ceremony.  Mrs 
Steuhouso  thus  describes  her  own  confirmation:  'Four  elders  placed  their 
hands  solemnly  upon  my  head,  and  one  of  them  said:  "Fanny,  by  virtue  of 
the  authority  vested  in  me,  I  confirm  yoa  a  member  of  the  church  of  Jesus 
Christ  of  latter-day  saints;  and  inasmuch  as  vou  have  been  obedient  to  tbe 
command  of  God,  through  his  servants,  and  have  been  baptized  for  the  re- 
mission of  your  sins,  I  say  unto  you  that  those  bins  are  remitted.  And  in  the 
name  of  God  I  bless  you,  and  say  unto  you,  that  inasmuch  as  you  are  faithful 
and  obedient  to  the  teachings  of  the  priesthood,  and  seek  the  advancement 
•f  the  kingdom,  there  is  no  good  thing  that  your  heart  can  desire  that  the 
Lord  will  not  give  unto  you.  Yon  shall  have  visions  and  dreams,  and  angels 
sliall  visit  you  by  day  and  by  night.  You  shall  stand  in  the  temple  in  Zion, 
and  administer  to  the  saints  of  the  most  high  God.  You  shall  speak  in 
tongues  and  prophecy;  and  the  Lord  shall  bless  you  abundantly,  both  tempo- 
rally and  spiritually.  These  blessings  I  seal  upon  your  head,  inasmuch  as 
you  shall  be  faithful;  and  I  pray  heaven  to  bless  you;  and  say  unto  you,  be 
thou  blessed,  in  the  name  of  the  father,  and  of  the  son,  and  of  the  holy  ghost. 
Amen.'"  Englishwoman  in  Utah,  19-20. 

*The  gift  of  tongues  is  the  i>ower  to  speak  in  a  strange  language,  but 
not  to  translate.  It  first  appeared  about  1830,  when  it  was  pronounced  of 
the  devil.  Howe  says  it  was  revived  in  the  early  part  of  1833,  and  that  at 
•ne  TDccting  Joseph  passed  around  the  room  laying  his  hand  upon  each  one, 
and  speaking  as  follows:  'Ak  man,  oh  son,  oh  man,  ah  ne  commene  en  holle 
coste  en  haben  en  glai  hosanne  en  holle  goste  en  esac  milkea  Jeremiah,  eze- 
kiel,  Nephi,  Lehi,  St  John,'  etc.  Mormonium  Unveiled,  132-6.  In  this  year, 
it  was  suggested  that  'no  prophecy  spoken  in  tongues  should  be  made  public, 
for  this  reason:  many  who  pretend  to  have  the  gift  of  interpretation  are  liable 
to  be  mistaken,  and  do  not  give  the  true  interpretation  of  what  is  spoken;. . . 
but  if  any  s^'jak  in  tongues  a  word  of  exhortation  or  doctrine,  or  the  princi- 
ples of  the  go  ipel,  etc.,  let  it  be  i:iterpreted  for  the  edification  of  the  cluircli.' 
Times  and  Seasons,  vi.  865.  iiie  gift  was  not  confined  to  men;  many  women 
were  noted  for  eloquence  when  thus  inspired.  Says  Mrs  Stenhouse  of  a  Sister 
Ellis:  '  Her  hands  were  clenched,  and  her  eyes  had  that  wild  and  supernatural 
glare  which  is  never  seen  save  in  cases  of  lunacy  or  intense  feverish  excite- 
ment. Every  one  we  Itjd  breathlessly,  listening  to  catch  what  she  might  say; 
Tou  might  have  heard  a  pin  drop.  I'hey  [her  utterances]  seemed  to  me  chief- 
ly the  repetition  of  the  same  syllables,  something  like  a  child  repeating  la,  la, 
la,  le,  lo;  ma,  ma,  ma,  mi,  ma;  dele,  dele,  dele,  hela;  followed,  perhaps,  by 
a  num1)er  of  sounds  strung  together,  which  could  not  be  rendered  in  niiy 
shape  by  the  pen.*  Englighwoman  in  Utah,  27-8.  Says  Orson  Hyde:  'Wo 
beliex  e  in  the  gift  of  the  holy  ghost  being  enjoyed  now  as  muoh  as  it  was  in 
the  apostles'  days,  and  that  it  is  imparted  by  tbe  laying  on  of  hands  of  those 
in  authority;  and  that  the  gift  of  tongues,  and  also  the  gift  of  prophecy, 
are  gifts  of  the  spirit,  and  are  obtained  through  that  medium.  Frontier 
Cfxtardian,  Dec.  12, 1849.  Mrs  Stenhouse  remarks  that  *in  later  days,  the  exer- 
cise of  this  gift  has  been  discouraged  by  the  elders,  and  especially  by  Brighain.' 
■Going  to  the  Lion  House  one  day,  she  was  blesMd  by  one  of  Brighani's  wives, 


ADMINISTRATION  OP  JUSTICB. 


prophecy,  revelation,  and  visions.  In  the  scriptures 
is  found  the  law  of  tithing,  which  law  is  now  revived, 
and  the  keeping  of  it  made  one  of  the  first  duties  of 
the  saints.  The  ten  commandments,  and  all  other 
coinniandments,  ordinances,  promulgations,  and  possi- 
bilities, are  in  force  now  as  at  the  time  they  were 
given.  Marriage  is  a  sacred  and  an  eternal  covenant. 
Plural  marriage,  sanctioned  under  the  old  dispensa- 
tion and  revived  under  the  new,  is  open  to  all,  and  is, 
ill  yoiiiG  instances,  commanded,  when  it  becomes  a 
sacred  obligation. 

Seldom  does  a  good  Mormon  appear  in  a  court  of 
law  arrayed  against  a  brother  Mormon.  And  this  is 
vljy,  iis  the  saints  allege,  the  twenty-five  or  fifty  law- 
yei  in  Utah  who  are  con)pelled  to  derive  their  living 
aliuost  entirely  from  the  gentiles,  are  so  bitter  against 
tli;'  saints.  When  two  Mormons  disagree,  they  pre- 
sent themselves  before  the  president  of  the  stake,  who 
\vit!i  twelve  councillors,  six  facing  six,  their  selection 
liaviiii,^  been  agreed  to  by  the  litigants,  is  ready  to  try 
the  ca.so  without  delay.  Plaintiff  and  defendant,  each 
with  his  witnesses,  take  their  places  before  the  pres- 
ident, and  between  the  rows  of  councillors.  Prayer 
is  then  offered,  almighty  aid  being  asked  in  bringing 
the  affair  to  a  riijhteous  and  amicable  conclusion. 
The  litigants  state  the  case,  each  from  his  own  stand- 
point; tlie  witnesses  are  heard;  the  councillors  de- 
cide. Prayer  is  again  ofi'ered.  The  adversaries  shake 
hands;  there  is  nothing  to  pay.  Until  the  gentiles 
came,  there  were  in  Utah  no  police  or  police  courts; 
no  houses  of  drinking,  or  of  gambling,  or  of  prostitu- 
tion. Of  the  administration  of  justice  among  the 
saints  I  shall  speak  more  at  length  in  a  later  chapter. 

and  thu  blessing  interpreted  by  another  wife;  the  latter,  however,  cautioned 
her  not  to  repeat  what  liaJ  occurred,  for  'Brother  Brigham  does  not  like  to 
hcaruf  theso  things. '  Englinhwuman  in  Utah,  29.  Tullidgo  mentions  t ho  namea 
of  many  women  who  were  distinguished  as  possessing  this  gift,  and  relates  aii 
instance  of  a  imrty  whoso  wagon  was  surrounded  by  Indians,  escaping  \vith 
their  livcsand  property?  the  captors  being  induced  to  abandon  their  prize  by 
June  Grovcr,  a  girl  of  seventeen,  who  ad^essed  them  in  their  own  Luiguaga. 
Women  qf  Mormondom,  474-8. 


840 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


The  doctrine  of  blood  atonement  was  early  inculcated 
by  the  church,  as  a  sacrifice  necessary  for  salvation,  and 
not,  as  many  have  asserted,  in  order  to  legalize  murder. 
There  were  the  altars  and  the  offerings  of  the  old 
testament,  and  the  great  god-man  sacrifice  of  the 
new.  Christ  made  the  atonement  for  the  sins  of  the 
world  by  the  shedding  of  his  blood.  By  the  laws  of 
the  land,  he  who  commits  murder  must  atone  for  it 
by  his  own  death."     There  are  sins  of  various  de- 

'The  theory  of  blood  atonement  is  that  for  certain  sins  the  blood  of  the 
transgressor  must  be  shed  to  save  his  soul.  Among  these  sins  are  apostasy, 
the  shedding  of  innocent  blood,  and  unfaithfulness  to  marriage  obligations 
on  the  part  of  the  wife.  Says  Brigham,  in  a  discourse  delivered  in  Salt  Lake 
City:  'There  are  sins  which  men  commit  for  which  they  cannot  receive  for- 
giveness in  this  world,  or  in  that  which  is  to  come,  and  if  they  liad  tiicir 
eyes  open  to  their  true  condition,  they  would  be  perfectly  willing  to  iiavc 
their  blood  spilled  upon  the  ground,  that  the  smoke  thereof  might  ascend  to 
heaven  as  an  offering  for  their  sins;  and  the  smoking  incense  would  atone  for 
their  sins;  whereas,  if  such  is  not  the  case,  they  will  stick  to  them  and  re- 
main upon  them  in  the  spirit  world.  1  know,  when  you  hear  my  brctlircn 
telling  about  cutting  people  off  from  the  earth,  that  you  consider  it  is  strong 
doctrine;  but  it  is  to  save  them,  not  to  destroy  them. .  .1  do  know  that  there 
are  sins  committed,  of  such  a  nature  that  if  the  people  did  understand  the 
doctrine  of  salvation  they  would  tremble  because  of  their  situation.  And 
furthermore,  I  know  that  there  are  transgressors  who,  if  they  knew  them- 
selves and  the  only  condition  upon  which  they  can  obtain  forgiveness,  would 
beg  of  their  brethren  to  shed  their  blood,  that  the  smoke  thereof  might  as- 
cend to  God  as  an  offering  to  appease  the  wrath  that  is  kindled  against  them, 
and  that  the  law  might  have  its  course.  I  will  say  further:  I  have  had  men 
come  to  me  and  offer  their  lives  to  atone  for  their  sins. .  .There  are  sins  that 
can  be  atoned  for  by  an  offering  upon  an  altar,  as  in  ancient  days;  and  tliere 
are  sins  that  the  blood  of  a  lamb,  of  a  calf,  or  of  turtle-doves  cannot  remit, 
but  they  must  l-e  atoned  for  by  the  blood  of  the  man. '  And  at  another 
time:  'AH  mankind  love  themselves,  and  let  these  principles  be  known  by 
an  individual,  and  ho  would  be  glad  to  have  his  blood  shed.  That  would  he 
loving  themselves,  even  unto  an  eternal  exaltation.  Will  you  love  your 
brothers  or  sisters  likewise  when  they  have  committed  a  sin  that  can- 
not be  atoned  for  without  the  shedding  of  their  blood?  Will  you  love 
that  man  or  woman  well  enough  to  shed  their  bloo<l  ?  That  is  what  Jesus 
Christ  meant... I  could  refer  you  to  plenty  of  instances  where  men  have 
been  righteously  slain  in  order  to  atone  for  their  sins.  I  have  seen  scores 
and  hundreds  of  people  for  whom  there  would  have  been  a  chance  in  the 
last  resurrection  if  their  lives  had  been  taken  and  their  blood  spilled  on  the 
ground  as  a  smoking  incense  to  the  almighty ...  I  have  known  a  great  ninny 
men  who  have  left  this  church  for  whom  there  is  no  chance  whatever  for 
exaltation;  but  if  their  blood  had  been  spilled  it  would  liave  been  better  for 
them.  This  is  loving  our  neighl)or  as  ourselves;  if  he  needs  help,  help  iiim; 
and  if  he  wants  salvation,  and  it  is  necessary  to  spill  his  blood  on  the  earth 
in  order  that  he  may  be  saved,  spill  it.'  Deneret  Xexcs,  Oct.  1,  18jG,  Feb. 
18,  1857.  Following  Brigham's  lead,  Heber  C.  Kimball  and  Jedcdiaii  M. 
Grant  taught  .he  same  doctrine  during  the  religious  revival,  or  socalled 
reformation,  in  Utah,  in  1856-7,  of  which  more  later.  Grant  being  the  must 
vehement  of  the  three.  The  reader  will  find  tliesc  discourses  reported  at 
length  in  the  Detent  News,    The  doctrine  is  very  clearl;  explained  in  Ptn- 


ORDERS  OF  PRIESTHOOD. 


341 


grees  of  heinousness;  some  requiring  only  public  con- 
fession and  promised  reformation  by  way  of  atone- 
ment, whilst  others  are  characterized  by  an  enormity 
so  vast  that  pardon  on  earth  is  impossible.  Of  the 
first  class  are  all  minor  offences  against  church  disci- 
pline, breach  of  which  has  been  publicly  acknowledged 
by  nearly  every  leader,  from  Joseph  himself  down  to 
the  humblest  official. 

For  the  proper  carrying  out  of  the  instructions  re- 
vealed in  the  sacred  books,  an  organization  has  been 
effected  in  these  latter  days,  based  upon  books  and 
on  former  organizations.  There  are  two  principal 
priesthoods,  the  Melchisedek  and  the  Aaronic,  the 
latter  including  the  Levitical.  The  Melchisedek  is  the 
higher,  comprising  apostles,  patriarchs,  high-priests, 
seventies,  and  elders.  It  holds  the  right  of  presi- 
dency, with  authority  to  administer  in  all  the  offices, 
ordinances,  and  affairs  of  the  church.  It  holds  the 
keys  of  all  spiritual  blessings,  receives  the  mysteries 
of  the  kingdom  of  heaven,  whose  doors  are  ever  open, 
and  holds  communion  with  God  the  father,  Jesus 
Christ  the  mediator,  Joseph  Smith  the  prophet,  and 
all  departed  saints." 

The  Aaronic  is  a  subordinate  priesthood,  being  an 
appendage  to  the  Melchisedek,  and  acting  under  its 

rosi's  Blood  Atonement,  passim.  See  also  Lee^s  Morm.,  282-3;  Mom.  Proph,, 
157-00;  Young's  Wife  No.  19,  182-99;  Paddock's  La  Tour,  305-8;  Bertrand'a 
Mem.  Morm.,  139-72,  250-8,  29G-316. 

*  Iti  regard  to  the  two  priesthoods,  the  Melchisedek  and  the  Aaronic,  or 
Levitical,  all  authority  in  the  church  is  subordiuato  to  the  first,  which  iiolds 
tlie  right  of  presidency  and  has  power  over  all  the  oflSces  in  the  church.  The 
prcsiuency  of  the  high-priesthood  of  this  order  has  the  right  to  officiate  in 
all  the  ofUccs  of  the  church.  High-priests  are  authorized  to  officiate  in  any 
lower  positions  in  the  church,  as  well  as  in  their  own  office.  Elders  are  of 
tills  priesthood,  and  are  authorized  to  officiate  instead  of  high-priests,  in  tlie 
absence  of  the  latter.  The  twelve  apostles  art  charged  with  the  duty  of  or- 
daining all  the  subordinate  officers  of  the  church,  and  also  with  its  missionary 
work.  Together  they  form  a  quorum  whose  authority  equals  that  of  the 
first  presidency,  but  action  by  either  body  must  bo  unanimous.  A  majority 
may  form  a  quorum  when  circumstances  render  it  impossible  to  assemble  the 
whole  body,  They  also  constitute  a  travelling,  presiding  high-council,  under 
the  direction  of  the  presidency  of  the  church,  and  it  is  their  duty  to  ordain 
niinistcis  iu  all  large  branches.  The  seventies  are  also  missionaries — assist- 
ants to  the  twelve,  and  united  they  are  equal  in  autiiority  with  the  twelve. 


I 


MORMOXISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


supervision.  It  comprises  bishops,  priests,  teachers, 
and  deacons,  who  hold  the  keys  of  the  ministering 
angels,  having  power  to  administer  in  certain  ordi- 
nances and  in  the  temporal  afiairs  of  the  church,  bap- 
tizing and  sitting  as  judges  in  Israel.  The  bishopric 
is  the  presidency  of  the  Aaronic  priesthood.  The 
office  of  a  bishop  is  to  administer  in  temporal  matters. 
First-born  sons,  lineal  descendants  of  Aaron,  and 
no  others,  have  a  legal  right  to  the  bishopric.  But 
a  high-priest  of  the  order  of  Melchisedek  may  officiate 
in  all  lesser  offices,  including  that  of  bishop,  when 
no  lineal  descendant  of  Aaron  can  be  found,  and 
after  he  has  been  ordained  to  this  power  by  the  first 
presidency.     There  is  also  the  patriarchal  priesthood,^ 

^  About  1834,  Joseph  Smith  bad  a  revelation  to  the  effect  that  it  was  the 
will  of  the  Lord  that  every  father  should  bless  his  own  children,  and  tliat 
patriarchs  should  be  set  apart  to  bless  those  without  a  father  in  the  churcL. 
riiis  revelation  was  due  to  an  expressed  desire  on  the  part  of  Brighain  Young's 
father  to  bless  liis  own  children  before  dying,  after  the  manner  of  the  patri- 
aichs  of  old.  Young's  Wi/e  Xo.  19,  581.  Several  years  before  this,  it  had 
been  directed  that  every  member  of  the  church  having  children  should  bring 
them  to  the  cldei-s  before  the  church,  who  were  to  lay  their  hands  upon  them 
in  the  name  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  bless  them.  Doctrine  awl  Covenants,  7-. 
During  the  life  of  the  first  patriarch — Jos.  Smith,  sen. — these  blessings  were 
Doniinally  free  to  the  recipients.  A  high-council  held  at  Kirtland  in  Sept. 
183J  decided  tl  .t  when  the  patriarch  was  occupied  in  blessing  the  churcb, 
he  should  bo  paid  at  the  rate  of  ten  dollars  a  week,  and  his  expenses;  abo 
that  Frederick  G.  Williams  be  appointed  to  attend  blessing  meetings,  and 
record  the  proceedings,  for  which  services  he  should  receive  the  eamo  com- 
pensation. Tlio  payment  of  twelve  dollars  for  a  book  in  which  to  record  tlie 
blessings  caused  discussion  in  this  council,  and  brother  Henry  Green,  who 
had  intimated  that  a  suitable  book  could  be  procured  for  less  money,  was  ex- 
cluded from  the  church  for  his  presumption.  Mil.  Star,  xv.  308-9.  lu  Jan. 
1830,  Smith,  sen.,  was  anointed  with  oil  by  the  prophet,  blessed  by  each  of 
tlie  presidency  in  turn,  and  was  thenceforth  known  as  Father  Smith.  Id.,  G20. 
In  1837,  the  pay  of  the  patriarch  was  fixed  at  a  dollar  and  fifty  cents  a  day, 
and  that  of  the  recorder  at  ten  cents  for  each  100  words.  Mil.  Star,  xvi.  lO'J. 
When  Hyrum  became  patriarch,  says  the  author  of  Young's  Wife  No.  10, 5S1, 
the  demand  for  blessings  had  so  increased  that  one  dollar  each  was  charged 
for  them;  and  in  1873  the  price  had  advanced  to  two  dollars.  Upon  the 
death  of  his  father  in  1840,  Ilyrum  Smith  succeeded  to  the  olBco  of  patriarch, 
pursuant  to  a  revelation  entailing  it  on  the  eldest  son.  The  revelation  is  datcii 
in  Jan.  1841.  Doctrine  and  Covenants,  30.'>-Gj  Mil.  Star,  xviii.  3G3.  The  ful- 
lowing  notice  appears  in  Timex  and  Seasons,  Nov.  1,  1841:  'The  brethren  are 
herebjyr  notified  that  our  well-beloved  brotlier,  Hyrum  Smith,  patriarch  of 
the  church,  has  erected  a  comfortable  oflico  opposite  his  dwelling-housu  [in 
Nauvoo],  where  himself,  together  with  his  scribe  and  recorder,  James  Sloan, 
will  attend  regularly  every  Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday,  during  the 
entire  day,  or  upon  any  other  day  if'  urgent  circumstances  require  it,  to  poi  ■ 
form  the  duties  of  his  liigh  and  holy  calling.  A  copy  of  tho  blessings  can  i)0 
received  immediately  after  being  pronounced,  so  that  the  brethren  who  live 


■^i4 


THE  HEAD  OF  THE  CHX7RCH. 


84S 


the  patriarch  to  be  the  oldest  man  of  the  blood  of 
Joseph  or  of  the  seed  of  Abraham.  Likewise  there 
are  mothers  in  Israel.' 

Head  over  all  is  the  First  Presidency  of  the  Church, 
known  also  as  the  First  Presidency  of  the  High-Priest- 
hood, and  consisting  of  a  president  and  two  council- 
lors.*   The  first  presidency  presides  over  and  governs 

at  a  distance  can  have  it  to  take  with  them.'  Hyrum's  successor  was  his 
brother  William,  who  was  disfellowshipped  in  1845,  John  Smith,  brother  to 
tlic  prophet,  being  ordained  patriarch  over  the  church,  and  holding  that 
oiilce  until  his  death  ir.  1854.  In  the  following  year  Hyrum's  son  John  was 
ordained  patriarch,  arid  since  that  date  has  been  sustained  iu  his  office  at 
each  successive  conference.  A  child  is  first  blessed  when  eight  days  old,  and 
a:zain  so  soon  as  the  mother  is  able  to  present  her  child  on  a  regular  fast-day. 
lie  llrst  Thursday  in  each  month  is  set  apart  for  fasting.  JJrs  Richard*'  Itetn- 
iiiiycence.'i,  MS.,  34-5.  The  second  ceremony  is  usually  attended  by  both 
parcut3,  and  in  addition  to  a  blessing,  the  child  receives  its  name.  Each 
biftbday  it  b  customary  for  the  parents  to  hold  a  family  gathering,  when  the 
child  is  a;;ain  blessed,  and  prayers  offered  for  its  welfare.  When  eight  years 
old,  the  child  is  baptized.  See  Home's  Migrations,  MS.,  37.  The  blessings 
are  not  only  pronounced,  but  also  written  out.  Id.,  34.  'These  blessings 
arc  rather  wouderful  affairs;  they  promise  all  sorts  of  things,  in  a  vague,  iu- 
delinitc  way,  if  only  the  recipient  proves  faithful.  Some  are  assurol  they 
»uall  never  taste  death,  but  live  until  Christ  comes,  and  be  caught  up  to  meet 
Lim  iu  tho  air;  others  are  assured  that  they  are  to  have  the  privilege  of  re- 
deeming their  dead  so  far  back  that  there  shall  not  be  a  broken  link  in  the 
cliaiu.  Al)surd  as  this  all  seems,  there  are  hundred  of  saints  who  believe  that 
every  word  shall  be  fulfilled.'  Young's  \V\fe  No.  19,  581. 

^  Hall  says  there  is  a  class  of  women,  mothers  iu  Israel,  whose  business 
it  is  to  iostruct  females  as  to  their  duty  in  matters  not  suitable  to  be  taught 
from  the  stand.  Mormonism  Exposed,  39-44. 

*  Early  in  1833  the  first  presidency  was  established,  with  Joseph  Smith 
at  the  head,  his  associates  in  the  management  of  affiurs  being  Sidney  Kigdou 
and  Frederick  G.  Williams.  The  reveution  creating  this  triumvirate  is  dated 
March  Sth,  and  in  it  Joseph's  coadjutors  are  instructed  first  to  finish  the 
translation  of  the  prophets,  and  afterward  preside  over  the  affiiirs  of  the 
church  and  the  school.  Times  and  Seasons,  v.  73G-7.  William  Hall,  who  was 
a  member  of  the  church  for  seven  years,  erroneously  states  that  the  presidency 
at  first  consisted  of  Smith,  Rigdon,  and  William  Law.  AhomincUions,  8.  At 
a  conference  held  in  Sept.  1837,  Joseph  appealed  to  the  church  to  ascertain  if 
he  was  still  regarded  as  its  head,  when  the  vote  was  unanimous.  He  then 
introduced  Rigdon  and  Williams  as  his  councillors.  According  to  the  min- 
utes of  the  conference,  Williams  was  not  accepted  at  first,  but  this  action 
appears  to  have  been  rescinded  afterward.  Mil.  Star,  xvi.  50.  Oliver  Cow- 
der}-,  Jos.  Smith  sen.,  Hyrum  Smith,  and  liuhn  Smith  were  accepted  as  assist- 
ant councillor?,  liese  seven  were  henceforth  to  be  regarded  the  heads  of 
the  church.  Al  n  general  conference  of  the  branch  of  the  church  at  Far 
West  iu  Nov.  1837,  the  action  of  the  Kirtland  conference  was  sustained  so 
far  OS  Smith  and  Rigdon  were  concerned,  but  Williams  was  rejected.  Hyrum 
Smith  was  unanimously  chosen  in  Williams'  place.  Mil.  Star,  xvi.  lOG-7.  At 
a  coufereucc  held  at  Far  West  in  April  1838,  the  lirst  presidency  was  ap- 
pointed to  sign  the  licenses  of  the  ohicial  meml)ers  of  the  church.  In  Jau. 
1^41.  Joseph  liad  a  revelation  to  the  effect  that  ho  was  presiding  elder  over 
all  the  church,  translator,  revelator,  a  seer,  and  prophet;  and  tliat  his  coun- 
cillors were  Sidney  Rigdon  and  William  Law.    These  three  were  to  consti. 


344 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


all  the  affairs  of  the  church,  temporri  and  spiritual; 
the  first  president  is  the  prophet  of  God,  seer,  reve- 
lator,  and  translator. 

Next  in  authority  are  twelve  apostles,  who  are  a 
travelling  presiding  high-council,  and  with  whom,  on 
the  death  of  the  president  of  the  church,  the  supreme 
rulership  rests  until  another  first  presidency  is  in- 
stalled.^"    The  president  of  the  twelve,  chosen  in  the 

tute  a  quorum  and  first  presidency,  to  receive  tbe  oracles  for  the  wliolc 
cliurch.  Law's  selection  was  to  fill  tbe  vacancy  caused  by  tbe  appointinunt 
of  Uyrum  Sinitb  to  be  patriarcb.  JUil,  Star,  xviii.  3C3.  In  tbis  bainc  inuiitli 
Joseph  uotilied  the  recorder  of  Hancock  county  that  be  (Josepli)  hud  been 
elected  sole  trustee  of  the  church  of  Jesus  Obrist  of  latter-day  saints  by  the 
church  at  Nauvoo,  to  bold  oflice  during  life.  Id.,  373.  Smith,  Kigdon,  uiid 
Law  were  continued  in  oihce  by  the  annual  conference,  convened  in  April  IS43. 
After  tbe  murder  of  the  Smiths  in  1844,  tbe  first  presidency  lapsed,  and  for 
mure  than  three  years  tbe  church  was  governed  by  the  quorum  of  the  twelve 
apostles,  of  which  Brigham  was  president.  At  a  meeting  of  the  twelve  apos- 
tles, high-council,  and  high-priests  at  Nauvoo,  in  August  1844,  .Sidney  Kigdon 
offered  himself  as  guardian  to  the  church,  claiming  that  his  action  was  in 
obedience  to  revelation.  Young  opposed  Rigdon's  claims,  and  tbe  assembly 
decided  that  tbe  twelve  should  govern  tbe  church,  with  Young  at  their  head. 
Mil.  Star,  xxv.  215-17,  2(J3-4.  In  Dec.  1847  Brigham  Young,  Heber  C.  Kim- 
ball, and  Willard  Richards  were  chosen  to  constitute  the  tirst  presidency. 
Juv.  Just.,  xiv.  128.  Young  died  in  1877,  and  tbe  presidency  remained  vacant 
until  October  1880,  when  John  Taylor  was  chosen,  with  George  Q.  Can- 
non and  Joseph  F.  Smith  as  councillors.  Marshall,  Through  Amerka,  101. 
This  conference  lasted  five  days.  S.  L.  Tribune,  Oct.  11, 1880.  On  the  death 
of  tbe  president  the  quorum  is  dissolved,  and  its  members,  as  a  presidency, 
have  no  status.  Richards'  Narr.,  MS.,  51. 

'"On  Feb.  14,  1835,  tbe  church  at  Kirtland  met  for  tbe  purpose  of  cliooa- 
ing  and  ordaining  the  twelve  apostles.  The  business  occupied  several  days. 
Briefly,  the  ceremonies  were  as  follows:  The  assemblage  consented  to  accept 
the  names  presented  by  the  three  witnesses  who  had  been  appointed  to  iuukc 
tbe  selection.  P.  P.  Pratt  says,  in  bis  AtUobiog.,  127-28,  the  ceremonies  were 
performed  by  Smith,  Wbitmer,  and  Cowdery,  and  that  they  acted  in  accord- 
ance with  the  revelation  of  June  1829;  but  in  the  history  of  Jos.  Smith,  Mil. 
Star,  Mar.  and  Apr.  1853,  the  three  witnesses  only  are  mentioned.  Muitiu 
Harris'  name  does  not  appear  in  the  revelation  referred  to.  See  Doctrine 
and  Covenants,  190-2.  In  an  article  by  'R.  A.'  in  \heJuv.  hist.,  xiv.  1-J8, 
the  selection  is  accredited  to  the  three  witnesses,  who  are  mentioned  by 
name.  As  Pratt  was  one  of  the  ordained,  it  would  seem  that  bis  account 
should  be  reliable.  Each  candidate  came  forward  as  summoned,  and  in  re- 
turn received  a  blessing,  and  a  charge  from  one  of  the  three.  Tbe  order  of 
ordination  was  as  follows:  On  Feb.  14tb,  Lyman  £.  Johnson,  Brigham 
Young,  and  Heber  C.  Kimball.  On  the  next  day,  Orson  Hyde,  David  W. 
Patten,  Luke  Johnson,  Wm  E.  McLellin,  John  F.  Boynton,  and  William 
Smith.  On  Feb.  2l8t,  Parley  P.  Pratt,  Orson  Pratt,  and  Thos  B.  Marsh,  who 
were  absent  on  a  mission,  were  ordained  upon  their  return  to  Kirtland,  which 
occurred  later.  Mil.  Star,  xv.  200-12.  Shortly  after,  the  names  were  arranged 
according  to  seniority,  when  they  stood.  Marsh,  Patten,  Young,  Kimball, 
Hyde,  McLellin,  P.  P.  Pratt,  Luke  Johnson,  Smith,  O.  Pratt,  Boynton,  and 
L.  E.  Johnson.  Four  of  the  above  apostatized  in  1838,  viz. :  McLelliu,  tiio 
Johnsons,  and  Boynton;  John  Taylor,  John  E.  Page,  Wilford  Woodruff,  and 
Willard  Richards  were  appointed  instead.    Shortly  after  this,  Marsh,  the 


THE  APOSTOLATE. 


345 


first  instance  by  reason  of  seniority  or  ordination, 
usually  becomes  president  of  the  church.  The  office 
of  tlie  twelve  is  to  preach  and  teach  throughout  the 
^v()l■kl,  regulating  the  affairs  of  the  church  every- 
\vlit  re  under  the  direction  of  the  first  presidency, 
calling  to  their  aid  therein  the  seventies. 

An  apostle  may  administer  in  the  several  offices  of 
tlie  church,  particularly  in  spiritual  matters."  The 
olKcc  of  a  pfc'.riarch  is  to  give  patriarchal  blessings; 
the  office  of  a  member  of  a  seventy  is  to  travel  and 
preach  the  gospel;  but  a  patriarch,  a  high-priest,  a 


president  of  the  twelve,  apostatized,  and  in  1838  Patten  was  killed,  which 
left  Young  at  the  licad  of  the  list,  and  he  became  president  of  the  twelve. 
(.ieo.  A.  ^inith  was  ordained  in  1839,  and  Lyman  Wight  not  long  after.  In 
Ls44,  according  to  Elder  Phelps,  the  following  names  were  on  the  roll: 
Yiniii!,',  ivinilmll,  Parley  P.  Pratt,  Hyde,  Richards,  Taylor,  William  Smith, 
WooiiiulF,  George  A.  Smith,  Orson  Pratt,  Page,  and  Wight.  During  this 
year  Win  Smith  and  Page  apostatized,  and  were  replaced  by  Amasa  M. 
Lyiiiau  and  Ezra  T.  Benson.  Early  in  1845,  Young,  Kimball,  and  Rich- 
aril.s  were  chosen  to  the  first  presidency,  and  W^ight  was  disfellowshipped 
for  apostasy;  the  vacancies  thus  caused  were  filled  by  appointing  C'has  C. 
Iticli,  Lorenzo  and  Erastus  Snow,  and  Franklin  D.  Richards.  In  1857,  Cieo. 
0.  Carillon  was  appointed,  vice  P.  P.  Pratt,  deceased.  In  18C7,  Lyman  was 
dropped  and  Jos.  F.  Smith  appointed.  In  18G8,  Geo.  A.  Smith  bccanio  one 
of  the  first  presidency,  and  Brigham  Young,  jun.,  succeeded  him.  Albert 
C'ai'riii<;ton  was  appointed  in  18U9  in  place  of  Benson,  deceased,  and  Moses 
Thatcher  in  1879,  vice  Hyde,  deceased  in  1878;  which  left  the  twelve  in  the 
follow  iiig  order:  John  Taylor,  Wilford  Woodruff,  Orson  Pratt,  Clias  C.  Rich, 
Lorenzo  Snow,  Erastus  Snow,  Franklin  D.  Richards,  George  Q.  Cannon, 
Brij,'huiii  Y'oung,  Joseph  F.  Smith,  Albert  Carrington,  Moses  Thatcher,  Pratt 
bciiy  the  only  remaining  member  of  the  original  twelve.  Juv.  fust.,  xiv. 
I'JS-',).  The  vacancies  caused  by  the  elevation  of  John  Taylor  to  the  presi- 
dency in  1880,  with  George  Q.  Cannon  and  Joseph  F.  Smith  as  councillors, 
were  partially  filled  by  the  appointment  of  Francis  M.  Lyman  and  John 
H.  .Smith.  S.  L.  Tribune,  Oct.  11,  1880.  Orson  Pratt  died  Oct.  1881,  and  a 
year  later  Geo.  Teasdale  and  Heber  J.  Grant  were  elected.  J  land-book  of  lief. , 
8;)  'JO.  Up  to  1877,  the  twelve  received  no  pay  for  their  services;  but  the  con- 
fereiiciiof  Oct.  voted  $1,500  a  year  to  each  apostle.  'This  is  the  first  sum 
that  has  ever  been  publicly  appropriated  to  any  council  of  the  church  for  the 
1)01  forniunce  of  their  duties  to  the  people.  When  I  went  to  Europe  in  I8GC,  I 
l)ono\\ed  tlie  means  and  gave  my  note;  on  my  return  I  had  to  pay  back  my 
iiulelitedness.'  Eichanh'  Narr.,  MS.,  59-60. 

"  In  1845  was  issued  at  Nev  York  and  Liverpool,  Proclamation  of  the 
Tvelve  Apoxtles  of  the  Church  o/  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter-day  Saints;  to  all  the 
Kinijs  of  the  World;  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  of  America;  to  (he. 
Honruors  of  the  several  states,  and  to  /he  rulers  and  people  of  nil  nations, 
(j  reeling,  'Know  ye  that  the  kingdom  of  God  has  come,' etc.  The  tract  goes 
oil  to  say  that  'Jehovah  has  been  pleased  once  more  to  speak  from  tlio 
heavens, '  by  which  means  the  apostleship  of  Christ  has  been  restored,  in 
preparation  for  his  coming,  which  is  now  near  at  hand.  Then  are  recited  the 
Icudiug  ]ioints  of  faith,  with  allusions  to  the  history  of  the  church,  and  calls 
to  repentance. 


846 


MOBMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


A' 


Wi 


member  of  a  seventy,  and  an  elder  may,  in  common 
with  an  apostle,  administer  in  other  spiritual  offict;s. 

All  superior  officers  are  frequently  called  oldurs. 
Thus  an  apostle  is  an  elder;  and  he  may  baptize,  and 
ordain  other  elders,  priests,  teachers,  and  deacons. 
It  is  his  calling  to  administer  bread  and  wine,  or  bread 
and  water,  emblems  of  the  flesh  and  blood  of  Cliiist; 
to  confirm  the  baptized  by  the  laying  on  of  hands  for 
the  baptism  of  fire  and  the  holy  ghost;  to  teach,  ex- 
pound, exhort,  and  to  lead  in  meetings  as  he  is  led  by 
the  holy  ghost. 

A  bishop  who  is  a  first-born  and  a  lineal  descend- 
ant of  Aaron  may  sit  as  a  common  judge  in  the  church 
without  councillors,  except  in  the  trial  of  a  president 
of  the  high-priesthood.  But  a  bishop  from  the  high- 
priesthood  may  not  sit  as  a  judge  without  his  two 
councillors.  Over  ail  the  bishops  in  the  church  there 
is  a  presiding  bishop. 

The  duties  of  a  priest  are  to  preach,  baptize,  ad- 
minister the  sacrament,  and  visit  families  and  pray 
with  thcni.  The  duties  of  a  teacher  are  to  watch  over 
and  strengthen  the  church,  and  see  that  no  iniquity 
creeps  into  it.  and  that  every  member  performs  his 
obligations  and  conducts  himself  without  guile.  The 
duties  of  the  deacon  are  to  assist  the  teacher  and  the 
bishop,  attending  to  the  temporal  affairs  of  the  church, 
looking  after  the  houses  of  worship  and  the  necessities 
of  the  poor.  Teachers  and  deacons  may  instruct  and 
exhort,  but  they  are  not  authorized  to  baptize,  lay  on 
hands,  or  administer  the  sacrament.  No  one  can  hold 
office  except  by  authoritative  call  and  ordination,  or 
by  special  appointment  of  God. 

The  seventies  are  organized  into  various  councils  of 
seventy,  commonly  called  quorums.  Each  council  of 
seventy  has  seven  presidents,  chosen  oat  of  the  seven- 
ty, one  of  the  seven  presiding  over  the  others  and  over 
the  whole  seventy.  The  seven  presidents  of  the  first 
council  of  seventies  also  preside  over  all  the  councils 


I 


COUNCILS. 


m 


of  seventies.*'  According  to  Elder  John  Jaques,  to 
whose  little  book  on  the  priesthood  I  am  indebted  for 
this  information,  there  were  in  1882  seventy-six  coun- 
cils of  seventies,  with  seventy  members  in  each  council 
when  complete.  Elders  are  organized  in  councils  of 
ninety-six,  each  council  having  a  president  and  two 
councillors.  Priests  are  organized  in  councils  of 
forty-eight,  each  with  a  president — who  must  be  a 
bishop — and  two  councillors.  Teachers  are  organized 
in  councils  of  twenty-four,  and  deacons  in  councils  of 
twelve,  each  with  a  president  and  two  councillors.** 

In  the  society  of  saints,  there  are  territorial  divi- 
sions into  what  are  called  Stakes  of  Zion.  In  Utah, 
those  divisions  correspond  usually,  but  not  necessa- 
rily, with  the  counties,  each  county  being  a  stake. 


"In  February  1S35,  Joseph  Smith,  with  the  aid  of  the  recently  appointed 
apostles,  proceeded  to  organize  two  quorums  of  the  seventies,  whoso  duties 
were  to  assist  in  the  missionary  work  of  the  church.  Each  quorum  had  seven 
prusidcnts,  and  these  constituted  the  councils  of  the  two  organizations.  Jo- 
si'pli  Youugsen,  who  gives  an  account  of  the  seventies,  gives  tho  names  of  the 
presidents  of  the  first  quorum  only,  as  follows:  Uazen  Aldrich,  Joseph 
Vouug,  Levi  W.  Hancock,  Leonard  llich,  Zebedeo  Coltrin,  Lyman  iSherman, 
and  Sylvester  Smith.  After  noting  the  changes  in  the  interval,  he  states 
that  in  1878  the  presidents  were  Young,  sen.,  Hancock,  Henry  Ilcrriman, 
Albert  P.  Kockwood,  Horace  S.  Eldredge,  Jacob  Gates,  and  Jolin  Van  Cott. 
JJid.  of  Organ,  of  Sevmties,  1-8.  In  an  account  of  the  dedication  of  their 
liall  at  Nauvoo,  in  1844,  it  is  stated  there  were  fifteen  quorums— one  thousand 
ana  fifty  in  all,  if  each  quorum  was  full.   Times  and  Seasons,  vi.  794. 

"For  act  of  incorporation  of  Mormon  church,  1851,  see  Utah,  Acts  Legist. 
(oJ.  18CC),  108;  S.  L.  C.  Contributor,  ii.  270;  number  and  wealth  of  churches, 
iSeveiUh  Census  Rept,  1851-2,  45;  prayer  in  tho  family,  llobinson^s  Sinners  and 
Saintu,  243-4;  church  property,  and  law  regulating  it,  liichards'  Aarr.,  MS., 
8;];  church  government.  Ward's  Husband  in  Utah,  lG-17;  Mil.  Star,  iii.  07;  po- 
Bitions  of  church  ofiicials.  Id.,  xv.  709.  As  showing  tho  relative  standing  of 
tho  church  dignitaries,  the  order  of  voting,  as  prescribed  at  the  conference 
wliicii  elected  Taylor  to  the  presidency  in  1880,  is  given.  The  twelve  apos- 
tles and  their  councillors;  the  patriarchs;  presidents  of  stakes  and  their 
couucillors,  and  the  high-councils;  tho  high-priests;  the  seventies;  tho  elders; 
the  bishops  and  their  councillors;  tho  lesser  priesthood — priests,  teachers, 
and  deacons.  The  members  of  each  order  voted  standing  and  with  the  right 
hand  uplifted,  and  finally  the  congregation  voted  in  the  same  manner.  S.  L. 
Cilij  2'ribune,  Oct.  11,  1880.  On  faith  and  doctrine,  see  Jaqiifs^  Church  of 
Jesus  Christ,  passim;  Hand-book  of  Reference,  passim;  Jaques'  Catechism, 
passim;  Book  of  Doctrine  and  Covenants,  passim;  Richards'  and  Little's  Com- 
j)cndiiim,  passim;  Articles  of  Our  Faith,  passim;  Pearl  of  Great  Price,  pjissim; 
Times  and  Seasons,  passim;  JUillennial  Star,  passim;  Deseret  New-t,  passim; 
Moffat's  Catechism,  passim;  Pratt's  Persecutions,  passim;  Pratt's  I  oice  of 
^i'arning,  passim;  Reynolds'  Jio^k  of  Abraham,  passim;  and  many  other 
books,  pamphlets,  and  periodicals  by  various  members  and  dignitaries  of  the 
church. 


348 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


Every  stake  has  a  president,  with  his  two  councillors, 
and  a  high-council,  consisting  of  twelve  high-priests." 
The  high-priests  assemble  in  council,  having  its  presi- 
dent and  two  councillors,  at  stated  times,  usually  once 
a  month,  for  conference  and  instruction.  The  presi- 
dent of  a  stake,  with  his  two  councillors,  presides  over 
the  high-council  of  that  stake,  which  has  original  and 
appellate  jurisdiction,  and  whose  decisions  are  usually, 
but  not  invariably,  final.  Appeals  are  had  to  a  gen- 
eral assembly  of  the  several  councils  of  the  priesthood, 
but  such  appeals  are  seldom  taken.  The  jurisdiction 
of  the  several  councils  is  ecclesiastical,  affecting  fellow- 
ship and  standing  only,  the  extreme  penalty  being 
exconinmnication. 

Each  stake  is  divided  into  wards,  the  number  being 
according  to  territory  and  popnHtion;  over  each  warcl 
presides  a  bishop,  with  his  two  councillors.  Each 
stake  and  each  ward,  as  a  rule,  has  its  own  meeting- 
house. There  are  about  twenty-five  stakes,  divided 
into  some  three  hundred  wards.  Salt  Lake  City  is 
divided  into  twenty-one  wards,  each  containing  for  the 
most  part  nine  ten-acre  blocks,  though  in  the  out- 
skirts they  are  larger.  Each  stake  holds  a  quarterly 
conference ;  and  the  church  holds  a  general  conference 
every  April  and  October. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  orders  of  priesthood 
and  organization  of  the  church  are  copied  essentially 
from  the  bible.  As  before  remarked,  the  Mormons 
believe  and  practise  what  their  sacred  books  teucli, 
and  all  that  they  teach,  without  intended  misinter- 

"  Tho  standing  high-council  at  the  stakes  of  Zion  forms  a  quorum  equal  in 
authority  in  the  affairs  of  the  church,  in  all  its  decisions,  to  the  quorum 
of  the  presidency,  or  to  the  travelling  high-council.  Each  order  is  gov- 
erned as  follows:  the  seventy,  by  seven  presidents,  one  of  whom  presides  over 
the  other  six;  and  as  many  additional  seventies  may  be  organized  as  tlic  in- 
crease of  the  church  shall  demand.  The  president  of  the  high-priests  is  to 
preside  over  the  whole  church ;  the  president  of  the  ciders  presides  over  ninety- 
six  elders;  the  president  of  the  Aaronic  priesthootl  over  forty-eight  priests; 
the  president  of  tlie  teachers  over  twenty-four  teachers,  and  tho  president  of 
the  deacons  over  twelve  deacons.  Should  the  president  of  the  church  trans- 
gress, he  is  to  be  tried  before  the  common  council  of  the  church. 


li 


MORMOXISM  AND  THE  BIBLE.  M» 

protation,  elimination,  or  repudiation.  And  as  the 
book  of  Mormon  is  held  to  be  a  continuation  of  tiio 
historical  portion  of  the  bible,  and  equally  with  it  the 
word  of  God;  and  as  the  ideas  and  instructions  con- 
tained in  the  book  of  Doctrine  and  Covenants  have 
been  derived,  for  the  most  part,  from  a  study  and  lit- 
eral interpretation  of  the  bible — though  with  some- 
thing added — it  is  safe  to  say  that  in  the  main  the 
^Mormons  believe  what  the  bible  teaches,  and  that 
Mormonism  is  the  acceptation  of  the  bible,  the  whole 
of  it,  literally,  and  following  it  to  its  logical  conclu- 
bions. 


IS  a 


Tithing,    though    enjoined   by   divine 
free-will  offering."     The  law  of 


tithing 


command, 
its 


m 


■'Upon  the  matter  of  tithing,  Joseph  Smith  in  1831  had  three  several  rev- 
elations, each  containing  a  clauxo  requiring  money  and  otiicr  property  to  l>e 
Bct  apart  for  general  use  in  the  church.  Iho  tirst  was  received  in  Feb.,  the 
scciiikI  in  May,  and  the  lost  in  Aug.  See  Times  aiul  Secuons,  iy.  300;  v.  4Ui, 
4()U.  But  it  was  not  until  several  years  later  tliat  an  organized  system  was 
established,  by  revelation  dated  Far  West,  July  8,  1838.  See  Doctrine  ami 
Covenants,  382-3.  During  the  progress  of  settlements  at  Far  West,  tlie  ques- 
tion of  taxation  was  brought  up  and  referred  to  the  prophet,  who  inquired  of 
the  Lord,  and  received  answer  that  all  surplus  property  must  be  turned  over 
to  the  bishop  as  the  first  step,  after  which  one  tcntli  of  each  annual  interest 
was  also  to  be  paid.  These  payments  were  to  be  devoted  to  the  building  of 
a  place  of  M'orship,  and  for  the  dcbta  of  the  presidency.  In  tlie  Millennial 
Star,  XXV.  474,  it  is  denied  that  the  priet.'  oocl  receive  any  supi)ort  from  the 
tithing  fund,  and  asserted  that  it  is  expended  for  general  purposes  solely, 
such  03  public  buildings,  roads,  assisting  immigration.  The  twelve  apostles, 
ill  an  epistle  dated  Nauvoo,  Dec.  13,  1841,  declare  that  the  tithing  rcquireil 
is  'one  tenth  of  all  any  one  possessed  at  the  commencement  of  the  building 
of  the  temple,  and  one  tenth  part  of  all  his  increase  from  that  time  till  the 
completion  of  the  same,  whether  it  be  money,  or  whatever  he  be  blessed  with. 
Many  in  this  place  are  laboring  every  tentli  daj'  for  the  huusc,  and  this  is  the 
titliing  of  their  income,  for  they  have  nothing  else.*  Times  and  Season*,  iii. 
C'2G.  Says  William  Hall:  •  When  I  came  to  Illinois,  I  gave,  as  was  required, 
one  tenth  of  the  amount  of  my  whole  estate  to  be  appropriated  to  the  building 
of  the  temple.  After  this,  annually,  I  gave  one  tenth  of  the  products  of  my 
fariii;  even  the  chickens,  cabbages,  and  other  vegetables  it)  kind  were  turned 
over,  with  a  like  share  of  the  grain. '  Mormonium  Exposed,  G.  Mrs  Stenhouse, 
(luring  her  first  winter  in  Salt  Lake  City,  made  bonnets  for  Brigham  Young's 
wives,  for  which  a  bill  of  $250  was  presented  to  Young,  when  the  latter  gave 
orders  that  the  amount  should  be  credited  to  the  Stenhouses  for  tithing. 
Eii;iliahwoman  in  Utah,  187-8.  There  are  two  colonies  of  Mormons  in  Arizona 
that  are  free  from  territorial  and  county  taxes.  They  are  so  isolated  that  the 
cost  uf  collecting  amounts  to  more  than  the  taxes.  They  do  not  escape  tithes, 
however.  Elko  (Nev.)  Daily  Independent,  Jan.  28,  1882.  During  the  construc- 
tion of  the  railroad  through  Utah,  Mormon  agents  collected  tithings  from  the 
railroad  laborers.  Salt  Lake  Reporter,  Feb.  y,  1869,  in  S.  F.  Times,  Feb.  19, 
1809.    Should  a  laborer  be  idle  thirty  days,  the  tithing  otBce  claims  three 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


fulness  requires  the  tenth  of  the  surplus  property  (»f 
members  coming  to  Zion  to  be  paid  into  the  church  as 
a  consecration,  and  after  that  one  tenth  of  increase  «ir 
earnings  annually.     This  is  to  bo  used  for  the  poor,  for 

dajrt  from  him,  on  the  grounds  that  he  may  do  as  ho  pleases  with  twcnty-m  vrn 
days,  but  he  lias  no  riglit  to  idle  away  three  iliiya  belonging;  to  the  Lor<l. 
Vtdfttf,  in  San  Jo»i  Mercurii,  Mar.  14,  1807.  Says  llichards:  'If  tlicy  do  iiot 
pay  their  tithes,  nothing  ia  done  to  compel  them  to  do  it;  they  arc  only  re- 
niinded  of  the  case,  as  with  neglect  to  attend  meeting,  or  of  any  otiicr  duty.' 
Narr.,  M.S.,  C!J-1.  At  the  conference  held  at  Salt  Lake  City  on  April 
6,  ISSO,  it  W.18  reported  that  the  total  tithing  receipts  for  the  year  cndin;{ 
Dec.  31,  187'J,  were  $458,.333;  which  amount  it  had  cost  818,0.V).7.'>— paid 
the  bishops — to  collect.  S.  L.  C.  Tribune,  April  7, 1880.  This  rcj^rt  includes 
only  the  Iiranches  of  the  church  in  Utah.  Coyner,  in  a  letter  to  the  Uonton 
EdurtUionat  Journal,  dated  S.  L.  City,  Not.  25,  1878,  states  timt  the  cliurch 
has  an  income  of  about  $1,000,000  from  tithing.  Numerous  complaints  are 
made  from  the  church's  pulpits  against  delinquents  who  have  failed  to  |ny. 
In  a  book  of  travels,  entitled  My  First  Holiday,  Boston,  18S1,  C'aroliuc  II. 
Dall  wrongly  asserts  that  the  Scandinavian  Mormons  refuse  to  pay  tithes.  In 
almost  any  number  of  the  Deseret  Neios  the  reader  may  find  a  notice  c::lliiig 
upon  delinquents  to  pav  their  tithing.  In  the  issue  of  May  14,  ISM,  the 
bi-ihop  within  whose  jurisdiction  a  saw-mill  is  in  operation  is  rcniinduil  that 
lumber  is  wanteil  at  the  public  yard;  and  in  the  number  of  July  '23,  1634,  the 
first  presidency  calls  on  every  bishop  throughout  the  territory  to  funii  -h  at 
once  lists  s!iowing  who  have  paid  and  who  still  owe.  In  a  speech  by  Uri  'liani, 
April  7,  1S7.'),  he  said:  'When  I  reached  here  I  could  not  pay  one  tenth,  I 
could  not  pay  my  surplus,  I  could  not  give  myall,  for  I  had  nothing.'  iJ-Mt'l 
AViM,  April  23,  1873.  Finally,  at  the  jubilee  conference,  held  in  celebration 
of  the  scmi-ccntentiial  of  the  church's  organization,  one  half  of  thedclin'|ucnt 
tithes  throughout  the  whole  church,  the  amount  being  about  S7j,9(X),  waa  re- 
mitted. The  (lesen-ing  poor  of  the  church  were  further  assisted  on  tlii  i  occa- 
sion by  the  gift  of  0,000  head  of  milch-cows  and  sheep,  and  a  loan  of  about 
34,000  bushels  of  wheat  until  after  harvest,  without  interest.  Circular;* j'n.  i 
the  Twdre  ApoWet,  S.  L.  City,  Apr.  10,  1880. 

If  tithing  dues  are  satistied  by  manual  labor,  the  workman  is  paid  from 
the  public  stores  at  rates  which,  though  fixed  from  time  to  time,  are  proba- 
bly never  so  low  as  those  paid  in  ready  money  elsewhere.  Ca;)tain  Lnrton 
copies  a  price-current  list  for  1800,  ,too  long  for  me  to  repeat  here,  Imt 
which  will  l<e  referred  to  again  elsewhere,  and  remarks  that  wheat  is  quoted 
at  $1.50  per  bushel,  more  than  double  its  current  value  at  the  time  in  t!ic 
▼alley  of  the  Mississippi.  City  of  the  Saints,  389.  Mrs  VVaite  states  that 
when  the  poor  clamored,  in  1862-3,  because  the  tithing-oflice  price  of  flour 
was  $G  i)er  hnndred,  they  were  assured  that  thougli  flour  would  undouljtcdiy 
still  advance  in  price,  the  cost  to  them  would  be  no  ^ater.  But  the  fol- 
lowing winter,  when,  owing  to  the  demand  from  the  mining  regions  of  Idaho 
and  ebewhere,  flour  rose  rapidly  in  price,  the  tithing-office  charged  §12  per 
hundred.  This  caused  so  great  an  excitement  that  Brigham  deemed  it  neces- 
sary to  interfere,  and  the  price  was  reduced  to  $0  agaiL  It  is  compbiued 
in  the  Deteret  News  of  Jon.  K .  18j2,  that  merchants  are  paying  33  per  cent 

ise  rates,  and  that  this  action  had  draw  n  the 

ise,  and  thus  forced  the  laborers  on  tlie  tern- 

tter.     This  was  in  the  midst  of  winter,  when 

ther  unexpected;  but  we  find  six  months 

%  that  from  March  29th  to  July  11th  there 

I'ds  of  butter,  2,534  i  of  cheese,  and  1,1  v.", 

fast  the  work  woulil  proceed  at  this  rate  of 

avelation  establishing  tithing  was  follow*id 


more  for  batter  than  tithing-h 
saints  away  from  the  tithing-h 
pie  to  cat  their  bread  without  > 
such  action  might  not  be  alt 
later  another  complaint,  repor. 
had  only  been  received  5. 1  loj  p 
dozens  of  e^s,  and  inquiring  ho 
■apply.  Id.,  July  24, 1852.     The 


TITHINO. 


sni 


building  or  other  church  purposes,  and  for  the  support 
of  those  engaged  in  church  business.  There  are  no 
salaried  preachers.  Tithing  is  paid  in  kind  to  the 
bishop,  who  renders  a  strict  account,  the  whole  finan- 

tcn  (l»yB  later  by  another,  in  which  it  was  declared  that  the  church  fund 
•houlil  be  diapoaed  of  by  a  council  composed  of  the  first  presidency,  tlid 
bishop  and  his  council,  and  the  high-council.  This  revelation,  nhicl)  is  not 
given  in  the  earliest  editions  of  iJoctrinf.  and  CovcnauU,  will  be  found,  how- 
cvif,  on  p.  383  of  the  edition  of  1870,  and  also  in  the  Mil.  Star,  xvi.  183.  The 
twilve,  m  an  epistle  dated  Nauvoo,  Dec.  13,  1841,  direct  that  nil  money  and 
other  property  designed  for  tithings  be  poid  to  Tresidcnt  Joseph  Smith, 
trustee  in  trust.  Timea  ami  Seasons,  iii.  C27.  Smith  had  been  chosen  to  this 
ollico  some  time  before  by  a  general  conference,  at  Quincy,  III.  /(/.,  ii.  57D. 
After  Smith,  each  president  has  held  the  position  in  turn.  \V.  Uiuhards, 
editor  r)f  the  Deaeret  2\^tw»,  describes  the  system  of  accounts  in  use  at  the 
gtiioral  tithing-ofDco,  in  his  number  of  Nov.  29,  1851.  A  debtor  and  credit 
account  was  kept  on  a  ledger,  with  all  persons  who  paid  tithing.  When  an 
account  was  settled  in  full,  the  name  was  transferred  to  the  general  tithing 
record,  or  the  book  of  'The  Law  of  the  Lord,'  and  a  certificate  of  non-in- 
(klitcilncss  given  to  the  person  paying,  which  •  ^  evidence  in  case  of  a 
deinnnd  from  the  bishop  of  his  ward.  Four  kinds  of  certificates  were  is- 
Bueil  at  this  time:  one  for  property  tithing  duo  previous  to  Sept.  10,  18ol; 
Olio  for  property  tithing  a.j  in  accordance  with  the  vote  of  a  confer- 
ence of  tlio  date  mentioned;  and  one  eacli  for  labor  and  produce  tithing. 
These  were  all  for  the  year  !8ol,  after  which  only  the  labor  and  produce 
tiihcs  would  be  required  untilafuture  conference  should  authorize  anew  levy. 
The  business  of  appraising  property  belongs  of  right  to  the  presiding  bishop, 
but  lie  may  send  one  of  his  clerks  to  attend  to  the  matter.  It  has  been 
charged  against  Joseph  Smith  that  his  entire  wealth  was  acquired  by  the 
diversion  of  tithes.  The  prophet,  at  his  own  estimate,  had  property  worth 
one  million  dollars  about  the  time  of  hia  death.  He  was  then  at  the  Iiead  of 
aOairs  in  planning  and  laying  out  the  city  of  Nauvoo.  His  estimates,  based 
upon  his  faith  in  the  pros[>erity  of  the  city,  may  have  been  not  unreasonable; 
but  with  the  crash  of  the  falling  walls  of  his  temple  came  ruin  to  his  estate. 
As  the  general  conduct  of  the  church  under  lirigham  was  peaceful,  and 
therefore  progressive  compared  with  the  disastrous  rule  of  his  predecessor, 
so  opportunities  increased,  not  only  for  augmenting  private  fortunes,  but 
for  tiio  circulation  of  scandal.  A  writer  in  tlie  Salt  Lake.  Tribune  of  June 
2J,  1870,  asserts  that  during  Brigham's  term  of  oiBco  he  received  about 
$13,000,000  in  tithes,  of  which  '  about  $9,000,000  was  squandered  on  his 
family,'  and  dying,  left  the  remainder  to  be  quarrelled  over  by  his  heirs  and 
assigns,  including  the  church.  In  July  1859  Horace  Greeley  visited  r>rig- 
ham,  who  said:  '  I  am  the  only  person  in  the  church  who  has  not  a  regular 
calling  apart  from  the  church's  service,  and  I  never  received  one  farthing 
from  her  treasury.  If  I  obtain  anything  from  the  tithiug-house,  I  am  charged 
witii  and  pay  for  it,  just  as  any  one  else  would ...  I  am  called  rich,  and  con- 
sider myself  worth  9250,000;  but  no  dolbr  of  it  was  ever  paid  me  by  the 
church,  nor  for  any  service  as  a  minister  of  the  everlasting  gospel.  I  lost 
nearly  all  I  had  when  we  were  broken  up  in  Missouri  and  driven  from  that 
state.  I  was  nearly  stripped  again  when  Joseph  Smith  was  murdered,  and 
we  were  driven  from  Illinois;  but  nothing  was  ever  made  up  to  mo  by  the 
church,  nor  by  any  one.  I  believe  I  know  how  to  acquire  property,  and  how 
to  take  care  of  it.*  Overland  Jour.iey  t^  California,  213-14.  The  governor,  in 
his  message  to  the  legislature  in  1882,  stated  that  tithing  should  bo  prohib- 
ited. The  message  was  referred  to  a  committee,  which  reported  that  the  ques- 
tion being  one  of  a  purely  religious  character  did  not  call  for  legislative 
action.     '  The  payment  of  tithing,  like  contributions  for  missionary,  charita- 


,>-. 


mM 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 

cial  system  being  in  the  hands  of  the  bishopric,  but 
supervised  by  tlie  trustee  in  trust  through  the  aid  of 
an  auditing  committee.  The  names  of  those  who  do 
not  keep  the  law  of  tithing  shall  not  be  enrolled  with 
the  people  of  God;  neither  shall  their  genealogy  be 
kept. 

The  doctrine  of  divine  revelation  is  continued. 
God's  ways  are  immutable;  past  and  present  to  him 
are  as  one;  what  he  has  done,  that  he  continues  to  do; 
what  was  right  five  thousand  years  ago  is  right  now. 
If  God  spoke  to  Abraham  and  Solomon,  and  gave 
them  more  wives  than  one,  even  giving  to  David  his 
neighbor's  wives,  there  is  no  reason  why  he  should  not 
do  the  same  with  Joseph  and  Brigham.  There  is 
nothing  which  God  has  ever  done  and  sanctioned  that 
he  may  not  do  and  sanction  now;  otherwise  he  is  not 
an  oninisc'  it,  omnipotent,  unchangeable,  all-wise,  and 
perfect  being.  Every  member  of  the  church  may 
hold  communion  with  God  relative  to  his  own  affairs; 
revelations  for  the  church  are  only  given  through  its 
head. 

As  through  Christ  alone  man  may  be  saved,  in 
order  that  the  souls  of  many  millions  who  never  heard 
of  him  may  not  be  all  of  them  lost,  baptism  for  the 
dead,  and  thereby  salvation,  was  revealed,  as  was  also 
celestial  marriage. 

Nature  is  dual.  An  unmarried  man  or  woman  is 
and  forever  must  be  an  imperfect  creature.  There 
are  marriages  for  time  and  marriages  for  eternity.  A 
celestial  marriage  is  a  marriage  of  God,  and  those  thus 

l)le,  and  otlier  church  purposes,  by  the  members  of  other  religious  bodies,  ia 
clearly  au  ecclesiastical  matter,  with  whicli,  as  law-makers,  we  have  iiotliiiii; 
whatever  to  do,  so  long  as  the  free  exercise  thereof  does  not  intcrfcro  v,Hh 
the  rights  and  liberties  of  otliers.  Tithing  is  not,  as  wo  understand  it,  a 
new  doctrine,  for,  as  a  religious  ))rivilcgo  and  duty,  Abraham  paid  tithos  to 
Melchisedek  about  four  thousanil  years  ago.  We  arc  not  aware,  howivti-, 
that  exactions  of  tithings  arc  made  in  this  territory,  even  by  ecclesiastical 
authority;  but  supposing  they  were,  there  is  no  law  by  which  payment  can 
be  enforced,  nor  is  it  likely  tliere  ever  will  Imj,  for  it  is  a  matter  not  within 
the  constitutional  province  of  legislative  enactment.  If  any  citi/cn  in  the 
territory  fools  aggrieved  by  reason  of  the  payment  of  tithes  or  other  church 
donations,  he  holds  the  remedy  in  his  own  hands  by  sim]>Iy  reuouuciug  con- 
ucutiou  with  any  religious  body  requiring;  such  donations.' 


MARRIAGE  AND  SEALING. 


353 


shopric,  but 

ii  the  aid  of 
hose  who  do 
nrollod  with 
jenealogy  be 

3   continued, 
jsent  to  him 
tinues  to  do; 
is  right  now. 
3n,  and  gave 
bo  David  liis 
iie  should  not 
Q.     There  is 
netioned  that 
vise  he  is  not 
,  all-wise,  and 
chureh    may 
3  own  affairs; 
n  through  its 

be  saved,  in 
never  hoard 
itism  for  the 
as  was  also 

or  woman  is 
Iture.     There 
lternit3^     A 
lid  those  thus 

teligious  bodies,  is 
I,  we  liavo  nothing 
Inot  interfere  witii 
unilcrstaiul  it,  a 
am  paid  titlu's  to 
aware,  howcvor, 
by  ecclesiastical 
liich  paynieut  can 
Inattcr  not  witldii 
iny  citizen  in  Ilia 
\a  or  other  cluucli 
reuounciug  con- 


joined can  never  be  divorced,  except  by  the  power  of 
Grod.  If  a  man's  wife  dies  and  he  marries  another,  and  she 
dies  and  ho  marries  a  third,  believing  in  resurrection 
and  a  life  of  purity  beyond  the  grave  but  repudiating 
polygamy,  how  will  ho  manage  with  his  plural  wives 
ill  heaven  ?  She  who  dies  unmarried  cannot  enter  into 
the  full  enjoyment  of  God;  but  as  a  man  may  be  bap- 
tized for  the  dead  and  so  save  their  souls,  so  he  may  be 
scaled  to  a  husbandless  woman  in  heaven.  There  is  a 
difference  between  marriage  and  sealing;  the  former  is 
secular,  and  the  latter  both  secular  and  celestial,  as  it 
may  be  either  for  time  or  for  eternity,  in  person  or 
by  proxy,  and  with  the  living  or  with  the  dead.  A 
woman  may  be  sealed  to  one  man  for  time  and  to 
another  for  eternity,  the  former  being  still  living.'" 

'"  (icntile  marriage  and  divorce  are  not  recognized  as  valid  in  the  Mormon 
cliurcli.  In  its  early  days,  the  church  had  no  marriage  ordinances  of  its  ov/n, 
and  tlie  requirements,  conditions,  and  ceremonies  incident  to  the  rite  were 
bimiliir  to  those  of  the  various  j  rotestant  sects.  Nor  had  it  ofliciula  legally 
((iiiililicil  to  marry,  other,  perhaps,  than  a  few  such  men  as  Sidney  Rigdon, 
wlio,  having  been  duly  appointed  to  preside  over  churches  of  other  denomi- 
nations, were  still  competent  to  joiu  in  legal  marriage.  In  1830,  when  the 
church  was  three  years  old  and  the  Kirtlaml  temple  about  to  bo  dedicated, 
\vc  lind  Joseph  petitioning  the  court  of  Medina  county,  Ohio,  for  licenses 
iKi-niltting  his  elders  to  perform  marriage  ceremonies,  which  authority  had 
lioL'ii  refused  them  by  the  Geauga  county  court.  Mil.  Star,  xv.  708. 

Later,  when  the  church  had  gained  power,  the  result  of  more  complete 
oryani/ation,  Joseph  announced,  as  its  belief  respecting  marriage,  that  it 
'shiiiild  bo  sulcninizcd  in  a  public  meeting,  or  feast,  prepared  for  that  pur- 
pose,'  and  that  the  celebrant  should  be  'a  presiding  high-pciest,  bishop,  cliler, 
(If  iiricst.'  But  no  prohibition  was  issued  against  marriage  by  any  other 
authoiity.  Neither  were  chu.ch-mcmbers  forbidden  to  marry  out  of  the 
churcli,  though  any  so  doing  would  bo  considered  weak  in  the, faith.  In  the 
eili'iion  of  Doctrine  ami  CorcnantH,  published  at  S.  L.  City  in  1870,  ;i  revela- 
tion of  the  prophet's  purporting  to  explain  1st  (Jor.,  vii.  14,  is  construed  as 
forbiiUlin;^'  UKirriages  between  believers  and  unbelievers.  Ann  Eliza  Webb, 
who  was  twice  married  nccording  ■  ■  Mormon  practice,  once  by  Brighani,  and 
altciward  to  him,  thus  describes  the  cercmonie.'):  After  registration,  ^vhich 
iMtliulcs  name,  age,  place  of  birth,  with  county,  t tatc,  or  country,  *  we  went 
iK'foie  lirigliam  Young,  who  was  waiting  for  us,' and  who  asked,  '  Do  you, 
I'lother  James  Dec,  take  Sister  Ann  Kliza  Webl)  by  the  right  hand,  to  re- 
ceive her  unto  yourself,  to  he  your  lawful  aiul  wedded  wife,  and  you  to  l)o 
her  lawful  and  wedded  husband,  for  time  and  eternity,  with  a  covenant  and 
liromisc  on  your  part  that  you  will  ful.il  all  the  laws,  rights,  and  ordinances 
jicvtainiiig  to  this  holy  matrimony,  in  tlio  new  and  everlasting  covenant,  <lu- 
iii:;  tills  ill  the  presence  of  God,  angels,  a;id  these  witnesses,  of  your  own  free 
Will  an^;  accord?'  'Yes.'  'Do  you.  Sister  Ann  Eliza  Webb,  take  Brother 
James  Deo  liy  the  right  hand,  and  give  yourself  to  him,  to  be  his  lawful  and 
wedded  wife,  for  time  and  for  all  eternity,  with  a  covenant  and  promise  ou 
your  part  that  you  will  fulfil  all  the  laws,  rights,  and  ordinances  peitaiuing 
to  this  holy  matrimony,  in  the  new  and  everlasting  covcuuut,  doing  this  io 
Uux.  UXAU,    'M 


111 


i 

I 


ii  [ 


^1 


3S4 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


A  sacred  duty  is  the  constant  effort  to  convert  all 
men  throughout  the  world  to  a  belief  in  the  divinity 

the  presence  of  Qod,  angels,  and  these  witnesses,  of  your  own  free  will  and 
accord?'  'Yes.'  'In  the  name  of  the  Lord  Jcsua  Christ,  and  by  the  author- 
ity of  the  holy  priesthood,  I  pronounce  yon  legally  and  lawfully  husbund  niul 
wife,  for  time  and  for  all  eternity.  And  I  seal  upon  you  the  blesain<;s  of  the 
holy  resurrection,  with  power  to  come  forth  in  the  morning  of  the  tirst  resur- 
rection, clothed  with  glory,  immortality,  and  everlastirg  lives;  and  I  seal 
upon  you  the  blessings  of  thrones,  and  dominions,  and  principalities,  ami 

Sowers,  and  exaltations,  together  with  the  blessings  of  Abraham,  Isaac,  and 
acob.  And  I  say  unto  you,  Be  fruitful,  and  multiply  and  repleuisii  the 
earth,  that  you  may  have  joy  and  rejoicing  in  your  prosperity  in  the  day  of 
the  Lord  .Jesus.  AH  these  blessings,  together  with  all  other  blcssinus  per- 
taining to  the  new  and  everlasting  covenant,  I  seal  U|K)n  your  heads,  through 
your  faithfulness  unto  the  end,  by  the  authority  of  the  holy  priesthood,  ia 
the  name  of  the  father,  and  of  the  son,  and  of  the  holy  ghost.  Ameu. '  '  The 
scribe  then  entered  the  date  of  the  marriage,  together  with  the  names  of  my 
mother  and  the  one  or  two  friends  who  accompanied  us. '  When  the  marriage 
is  a  polygamous  one,  the  wife  stands  on  the  left  of  her  husband,  and  tliu  briile 
at  her  left  hand.  The  president  then  puts  this  question  to  the  wife:  'Are 
you  willing  to  give  this  woman  to  your  husband,  to  be  his  lawful  and  wedded 
wife  for  time  and  for  all  eternity?  If  you  are,  you  will  manifest  it  by  jilac- 
ing  her  right  hand  within  the  right  hand  of  your  husband. '  The  right  liunda 
of  the  husband  and  bride  being  thus  joined,  the  wife  takes  her  husband  by 
the  left  arm,  as  in  walking,  and  the  ceremony  then  proceeds  as  in  the  manner 
quoted  above.  Young's  Wife  No.  19,  388.  Mrs  Stenhouse,  who  gave  a  po- 
lygamous wife  to  her  husband,  states  that  in  her  case  the  ceremony  was  per- 
formed at  the  altar,  her  husband  kneeling  on  one  side,  and  the  two  women 
opposite  him;  the  wife  being  required  to  join  the  hands  of  the  contracting 
parties  as  in  the  other  case;  but  it  does  not  appear  that  she  afterward  took 
her  husband's  arm.  Indeed,  the  position  of  the  three  would  render  tliis  im- 
practicable. See  Tell  It  All,  453-4.  Of  course,  as  these  ceremonies  took  place 
in  the  endowment  house,  the  temple  robes  were  worn. 

But  apart  from  ordinary  marriage  as  known  among  gentiles,  remarriage  of 
converts  and  polygamous  unions,  the  church  in  its  bcneiicenee,  by  an  aiUli- 
tional  marriage  nte,  secures  to  her  children  eternal  salvation  accoiu|iunied 
with  permanent  positions  of  rank.  This  is  e£feeted  by  the  ceremony  Icnown 
as  spiritual  marriage,  based  upon  the  following  tenets:  No  unmarried  ninn  or 
woman  can  be  eternally  saved.  One  woman  can  save  one  man  only;  but  a 
man  can  be  instrumental  in  the  salvation  of  an  indefinite  number  of  women. 
Scaling  may  be  either  for  the  dead,  or  for  those  yet  alive.  Persons  scaled  on 
earth  need  not  necessarily  live  together.  Brigham,  in  a  discourse  delivered 
in  Nauvoo,  Apr.  6,  1845,  announces  the  doctrine  in  the  following  language: 
'And  I  would  say,  as  no  man  can  be  perfect  without  the  woman,  so  no  wo- 
man CQU  be  perfect  without  a  man  to  lead  her.  I  tell  you  the  truth  as  it  i3 
in  the  bosom  of  eternity;  and  I  say  so  toevery  man  upon  the  face  of  the  cartli: 
if  he  wishes  to  be  saved,  he  camiot  be  saved  MiLhout  a  woman  by  his  eido. 
This  is  spiritual  wifeism,  that  is,  the  doctrine  of  spiritual  wives.'  Time^  and 
StasojUy  vi.  055.  '  No  woman  can  be  sealed  to  two  husbands;  she  must  chuoso 
which  it  shall  be  whom  she  will  marry  for  eternity.  The  man  can  be  sealed 
to  as  many  wives  as  he  pleases.  If  the  husband  will  be  baptized  for  a  fornier 
husl)and  who  perhaps  died  out  of  the  church,  then  it  leaves  the  wife  at  lib- 
erty to  make  that  choice.  If  she  feels  that  her  second  husband  is  her  ])ref- 
erence,  she  can  be  baptized  for  some  dead  female  and  have  her  sealed  to  her 
dead  husband,  so  as  to  secure  his  conjugal  happiness  forever.'  Mr»  liichanli' 
Inner  Facts,  MS.,  6.  *  If  a  husband  has  lost  his  wife  by  death,  before  he  iind 
the  opportunity  of  attending  to  this  holy  ordinance,  and  securing  her  ns  his 
lawful  wife  for  eternity,  then  it  is  the  duty  of  the  second  wife,  hrst,  to  bo 


r.^\- 


MISSIONABIEa 


36> 


nvert  all 
divinity 

ree  will  and 
r  the  autlior- 
husband  and 
ssings  of  the 
ic  lirst  rcaur- 
;  and  I  seal 
ipalities,  and 
n,  Isaac,  and 
replenish  tlie 
in  the  day  of 
bleasiniis  per- 
eads,  tiiroivh 
pricsthooil,  iii 
\.mcn.'     'The 
names  of  my 
1  the  marriage 
,  and  the  bride 
;hc  wife:  'Are 
il  and  wedded 
jst  it  by  plac- 
he  rigiit  hands 
,er  husband  by 
,  in  the  manner 
ho  gave  a  po- 
mony  was  pcr- 
ho  two  women 
the  contracting 
ifterward  took 
endcr  this  im- 
inies  took  place 


of  Joseph  Smith's  mission.  To  this  end  are  sent  forth 
proselyting  ministers,  elders  of  the  church,  selected  by 

scaled  or  married  to  the  husband,  for  and  in  the  name  of  the  deceased  wife, 
fur  all  eternity;  and,  secondly,  to  be  married  for  time  and  eternity  hersell, 
to  the  same  man.  Thus,  by  this  holy  ordinance,  both  the  dead  and  the  liv- 
ing wife  will  be  his  in  the  eternal  worlds.  But  if,  previous  to  marriage  for 
eternity,  a  woman  lose  her  husband  by  death,  and  marry  a  second,  and  if  her 
iirst  husband  was  a  good  man,  then  it  ia  the  duty  of  the  second  husband  to 
be  married  to  her  for  eternity,  not  for  herself,  but  in  the  name  of  her  deceased 
liusbaiul,  while  ho  himself  can  only  be  married  to  her  for  time;  and  he  is 
obliged  to  enter  into  a  covenant  to  deliver  her  up,  and  all  her  children,  to  her 
deceased  husband,  in  the  morning  of  the  first  resurrection. '  Waite'a  Mormon 
i'luphet,  173.  'A  man  can  either  have  a  woman  sealed  to  him  as  his  coo- 
iiurt  ior  this  world  only,  or  he  can  have  her  sealed  to  him  both  for  this  world 
as  well  as  for  the  world  to  come— she  is  A.  's  wife  while  she  is  on  earth,  but 
she  becomes  B.'s  as  soon  as  she  has  reached  heaven.  Or  again,  a,  woman — a 
spinster,  for  instance — who  has  taken  a  particular  fancy  to  any  deceased 
saint,  and  who  wishes  to  become  bis  consort  in  the  world  to  come,  can  be 
scaled  to  him  by  proxy  by  becoming  the  wife  of  some  living  saint.  She  has 
th'st  to  be  sealed  on  earth  before  she  can  obtain  the  necessary  introduction 
into  heaveu.  When  a  woman  is  said  to  be  sealed  to  a  man,  it  docs  not  neces- 
sarily imply  that  she  is  married  to  him.  It  may  mean  marriage,  or  it  niii,^ 
simply  amount  to  an  arrangement  to  marry,  to  be  consummated  in  the  next 
wui.d,  made  either  directly  l>etween  the  two  parties,  or  by  proxy  by  another 
party  in  place  of  one  of  the  two  interested  parties  who  is  dead, . .  .even  if 
she  prefers  being  the  consort  of  Abraham,  Isaac,  Moses,  Job,  etc.,  for  the 
iMurmoa  spiritual- wife  doctrine  even  ventures  to  go  the  length  of  thisl '  Mar- 
shall, Through  Amvrica,  186.  Mrs  Stenliouso  says  President  Heber  C.  Kim- 
ball upon  one  occasion  introduced  her  to  five  of  his  wires  in  succession,  and 
upon  being  asked,  'Are  these  all  you  have  got?'  replied,  'O  dear!  no.  1 
lia\'e  a  few  more  at  home,  and  about  fifty  more  scattered  over  the  earth  some- 
where. I  have  never  seen  them  since  they  were  sealed  to  me  in  Nauvuo,  and 
1  hope  I  never  shall  again.'  Expose  of  Polygamy  in  Utah,  Ul-2.  See  also,  in 
this  connection,  Green's  Mormonism,  180-9'2;  Leu's  Mormonism  Unveiled, 
lU.)-7-2. 

Brigham,  as  head  of  the  church,  claimed  authority  not  only  to  marry,  but 
also  to  iiivorcc  at  will.  No  law's  delay,  no  tiling  of  bills,  summoning  witnesses, 
or  learned  decision  granting  absolute  or  partial  severance,  accouipanied  by 
partial  or  impartial  award  of  property  and  the  custody  of  infants,  was  required. 
Uiven  the  approbation  of  the  chief,  and  the  rest  followed  as  speedily  as  a  clerk 
could  write  the  certificate  and  receive  the  fee.  In  a  district  removed  from 
the  capital,  only  the  consent  of  the  bishop  is  necessary,  and  the  bill  of  divorce- 
ment ia  a  very  simple  writing.  'March  18,  1871.  To  whomsoever  it  may 
concern.  This  is  to  certify,  in  the  beginning  of  1869  when  I  gave  a  bill  of 
divoi'ce  to  Sarah  Ann  Lowry  I  gave  to  her  for  the  good  of  her  four  children 
the  following  property,  viz. :  a  parcel  of  land  of  about  nine  acres  enclosed  all 
around,  with  a  house  of  two  rooms  and  one  cow  and  heifer.  William  C  Hit- 
ter.' The  customary  fee  is  ten  dollars,  and  Mrs  Waite  relates  an  instance  in 
M  hieh  a  woman  who  had  been  granted  a  divo  ce  was  told  by  Brigliain  that 
tiic  act  was  null  until  the  money  was  paid.  The  Mormon  Prophet,  239.  Tlie 
following  is  copied  from  note  U,  app.  to  Paddock's  Madame  La  Tour:  'An 
Englishwoman  who  abandoned  her  husband  and  children  for  tlie  purpose  of 
gathering  with  the  saints  to  Zion  has  been  divorced  and  remarried  five  tiines 
since  she  came  to  Utah.  The  present  writer  has  lived  within  half  a  block  of 
a  woman  who,  after  beins  divorced  from  live  husbands,  is  now  living  in  polyg- 
amy with  the  sixth;  and  one  of  our  district  judges  reports  the  cose  of  an 
elderly  saintess,  living  near  the  place  in  which  he  holds  court,  who  has  been 
divorced  fourteen  timei.' 


t!^ 


356 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


the  authorities  and  called  by  the  saints  assembled  at 
the  general  semiannual  conferences  held  in  Salt  Lakvj 
City.  Neither  age  nor  pecuniary  condition  governs 
the  selection.  They  may  be  men  or  boys,  rich  or 
poor;  but  they  must  have  faith  and  integrity,  and  go 
forth  without  purse  or  scrip,  relying  alone  upon  tlio 
hand  of  God  to  feed  them.  An  elder  is  likewise 
selected  by  the  church  authorities  to  preside  over 
each  mission.  Thus  has  been  visited  almost  every 
quarter  of  the  globe,  the  book  of  Mormon  being  mean- 
while translated  into  many  languages.  And  a  Per- 
f>etual  Emigration  Fund  Company  has  been  estab- 
ished,  which  has  advanced  the  funds  to  bring  out 
thousands  to  Zion,  the  money  being  paid  back  by  the 
inmiigrant  after  his  arrival,  as  he  has  been  able  to 
earn  it. 

Temple  building  is  a  characteristic  work,  and  is 
prompted  by  the  belief  that  Jesus  Christ  will  some 
day  come  suddenly  to  his  temple.  Hence  the  devotion 
and  self-sacrifice  practised  by  Christ's  people  in  order 
to  prepare  for  him  a  fitting  place  of  reception.  Won- 
ders in  this  direction  have  been  accomplished  by  a 
poor  and  wandering  people,  at  Kirtland,  at  Nauvoo, 
at  Salt  Lake  City,  St  George,  Manti,  and  Logan, 

In  the  north-west  corner  of  Temple  block,  Salt 
Lake  City,  in  which  is  the  tabernacle,  the  smaller 
church  building,  and  the  new  temple,  stands  a  plain 
two-story  adobe  structure  known  as  the  Endowment 
House.  Here  are  conducted  the  most  secret  and 
soleum  mysteries  of  the  church,  which  maybe  termed 
reliLjio-masonic  ceremonies,  illustrative  of  the  oriijin 
and  destiny  of  man.  Here  also  are  performed  the 
rites  of  baptism  for  the  dead,  anointing  with  oil,  mar- 
riage, and  other  ceremonies,  by  which  the  convert  is 
endowed  with  the  special  grace  of  God,  receives  his 
inheritance  as  a  child  of  God,  and  is  made  a  partaker 
of  the  fulness  of  all  the  blessings  of  religion.  All 
these  rites  should  properly  be  performed  in  tlie  temple, 
which  on  its  completion  will  supersede  the  endowment 


Ji 


ENDOWMENT. 


987 


house,  and  in  which  special  apartments  are  being  con- 
structed for  these  purposes." 

''  The  ccreiuony  of  Endowment,  or  as  it  is  termed,  going  through  the  en- 
UowuK-iit  bouae,  occupies  usually  about  eight  hours,  it  had  been  de.sci'il>cd 
at  kngth  by  several  persona  who  have  experienced  it,  and  I  give  herewith  a 
ixiiiiknaation  of  the  moat  reliable  accouuta.  Minor  changes  have  been  iutro- 
dueeil  since  the  daya  of  Joseph  Smith,  but,  in  the  main,  the  rites  are  as  tlioy 
verc  iu  the  beginning.  Certain  daya  in  each  week,  throughout  the  year,  are 
M  ajart,  upon  wliich  candidates  present  thcmselvia  at  the  endowment  house, 
as  early  as  seven  o'clock  A.  M.  Each  is  required  to  bring  a  bottle  of  the  best 
olive-oil,  and  supposed  to  bring  his  robes  also,  although  it  is  common  to 
K.rrow  the  latter  from  friends,  tor  the  first  appearance,  after  hIucIi  e\ery 
g,>o<J  Mormon  possesses  his  own.  Tlieso  garments  are  described  as  follows: 
Tlie  touiple  robe,  alike  for  both  sexes,  is  a  long,  loose,  Howing  garment,  made 
of  white  linen  or  bleached  muslin,  and  reaching  to  the  ankle.  It  is  gathi-red 
to  a  band  sufficiently  hmg  to  pass  around  the  body  from  the  right  sliouUlcr 
uiKk-riicath  the  left  arin,  thus  leaving  the  latter  free.  A  linen  belt  holds  it 
in  place.  The  women  wear  a  head  covering  made  of  a  large  square  of  .Su  iss 
muslin,  gathered  in  one  corner  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  cap  to  fit  the  head,  the 
ii-maiudtr  falling  down  aa  a  veil.  For  the  men,  a  round  piece  of  linen,  dniwn 
uji  w  ith  a  string  and  a  bow  in  front,  aomething  after  the  fashion  of  a  .^^cotch 
cap,  i^<  r.sed.  'i'he  under  garment,  which  is  also  alike  for  both  se.xt-s,  is  a  sort 
of  jacket  ami  trousers  together,  something  like  the  night-dresses  maile  for 
children;  and  is  worn  night  and  day.  When  changed,  only  an  aim  or  a  leg 
iaQ>t  lie  removed  at  once,  the  fresh  garment  being  thus  put  on  as  the 
Oilier  is  taken  olf.  This  garment  protects  from  disease,  and  even  death, 
for  the  bullet  of  an  enemy  will  not  penetrate  it.  The  prophet  Joseph 
carelessly  left  off  this  gai-ment  on  the  day  of  his  death,  and  had  he  not 
done  sj,  lie  would  have  escaped  unharmed.  Over  the  inner  gaiment  t!ie  men 
wear  an  onlinary  sliirt,  and  the  women  a  white  skirt.  White  stoekin;:.-!  and 
a  pair  of  white  linen  slippers  complete  the  costmne.  Entering  the  building, 
the  candidate's  own  name  and  age  are  registered,  and  also  the  names  of  the 
parents.  The  candidates  hand  in  their  oil,  remove  their  shoes,  and  i<as3  with 
their  bundles  of  clothing  into  a  bath-room  divided  down  tiic  middle  by  a 
litavy  curtain  which  separates  the  sexes.  Here  the  ceremony  of  purification 
is  r*r;onned,  the  women  being  washed  by  women,  anil  the  men  by  men.  The 
I*rs'ju  washed  is  informed  that  he  or  she  is  now  cleansed  from  the  bhxnl  of 
this  generation,  and  if  faithful,  shall  never  be  subject  to  the  plagues  and  mis- 
eries wliich  arc  about  to  come  upon  the  earth.  Next  follows  the  anointing. 
Tlic  oil  is  poured  from  a  large  horn  into  the  hand  of  the  person  otficiatiuL%  and 
applied  to  the  crown  of  the  head,  eyes,  ears,  mouth,  and  feet  of  the  candidate. 
T;.e  eyes  are  touched,  that  they  may  be  quick  to  see;  the  ears,  that  the  hear- 
Li'u'  may  l>e  sharj);  the  mouth,  to  bestow  wisdom  upon  speech;  and  the  let, 
tLat  tlicy  be  swift  to  run  in  the  ways  of  the  Lord.  Then  a  new  name,  wliicli 
b  rarely  to  be  mentioned,  is  whispered  into  the  ear,  and  all  are  marched  into 
room  Xo.  2,  where  they  are  seated,  the  sexea  on  opposite  siiles  of  the  room, 
and  f  K-ing  each  other.  Here  they  arc  told  by  a  priest  that  any  i)ers<>n  not 
•trong  enough  to  proceed  may  retire;  but  if  any  portion  of  the  ceremony  ia 
disclosed,  the  throat  of  the  person  so  ofTending  will  be  cut  from  ear  to  lar. 
Tho-e  faltering,  if  any,  having  retired,  the  remainder  are  taken  into  room  Xo. 
3,  where  a  rei)resontation  of  the  creation,  the  temptation,  and  fall  is  given. 
Each  candidate  then  puts  on  over  his  robe  an  apron  of  white  linen,  n;)on 
which  are  sewn  pieces  of  green  silk  representing  fig-leaves,  and  also  the  cap 
or  veil.  All  good  Monnons  arc  buried  in  their  endowment  robes,  and  tiie  veU 
worn  by  the  women  covers  their  faces  when  they  are  consigned  to  the  grave. 
In  the  morning  of  the  resurrection,  this  veil  is  to  be  lifted  by  tlie  husband; 
othcrwij*  no  woman  can  see  the  face  of  tiic  almighty  in  the  next  world.  Thi* 
«itU  the  first  degree;  and  the  initiated  arc  now  driven  out  of  Edeu  into  room  No. 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 

The  order  of  exercises  in  the  tabernacle,  which 
seats  seven  thousand  persons,  is  much  the  same  oa 
in  orthodox  evangelical  churches,  beginning  and  end- 
ing with  prayer  and  singing,  and  sometimes  singing 
and  administering  the  sacrament  in  the  middle  of  a 
discourse.  The  speaker  seldom  knows  that  he  is  to 
speak  until  called  upon  by  the  moderator,  who  regu- 
lates the  services,  and  makes  the  selection  under  inspi- 
ration, announcing  the  name  of  the  person  sometimes 
without  knowing  whether  he  is  in  the  house,  or  even 
in  the  city.  The  singing  is  very  fine,  the  organ,  con- 
structed wholly  by  Mormon  artisans,  being  the  largest 


4,  which  represents  the  world,  where  they  encounter  many  temptations,  the 
diicf  of  which  is  the  false  gospel  preached  by  methodists,  baptists,  etc.  Fiunlly 
St  James  and  St  John  appear  and  proclaim  the  true  gospel  of  Morinonism,  which 
ail  gladly  embrace.  After  this  they  receive  certain  grips  and  pass-words,  and 
•II  are  arranged  in  a  circle,  kneel,  and  the  women  lower  their  veils.  Then, 
with  the  right  hand  uplifted,  an  oath  is  taken  to  avenge  the  death  of  Josepit 
Smitli,  jun. ,  upon  the  gentiles  who  hail  caused  his  murder,  to  teach  the  childrcu 
of  the  church  to  do  likewise,  to  obey  implicitly  and  without  murmur  or  question 
all  commands  of  the  priesthood,  to  refrain  from  adultery,  and  finally,  eteiujil 
■ecrecy  concerning  all  that  transpired  in  the  endowment  house  is  promi  '. 
Then  comes  an  address,  after  wliich  onotlier  room  is  entered,  leading  from 
which  is  a  door  with  a  hole  in  it,  covered  with  a  piece  of  muslin.  Tlic  nuu 
approach  this  door  in  turn  and  ask  to  enter.  Then  a  person  behind  the  liour 
reaches  thraugh  the  opening,  and  with  knife  in  hand  cuts  a  certain  niaik  on 
the  left  breast  of  the  shirt,  another  over  the  abdomen,  and  one  over  tlic  right 
knee,  which  marks  are  faithfully  copied  by  the  women  in  their  own  garments 
after  returning  to  their  homes.  The  man  then  mentions  his  new  name,  gives 
the  grip  of  the  third  degree,  and  is  permitted  to  pass  in.  Tliis  is  cailctl  go- 
ing behind  the  veil.  When  the  men  are  all  in,  each  woman  is  passed  tliroiigli 
by  her  husband,  or  having  none,  by  one  of  the  brethren.  This  concludes  the 
ceremony,  with  the  exception  of  marriage,  whicli  will  be  notice'  elaewhorc. 
Of  these  ceremonies  MrsStenhouse,  from  whose  account  the  foregoing  is  partly 
taken,  says:  'About  what  was  done  in  Nauvoo,  I  con  only  speak  by  hear- 
say, but  have  been  told  many  strange  and  revolting  stories  about  the  cere- 
monies which  were  tliere  performed.  Of  the  endowments  in  Utah,  everything 
was  beautifully  neat  and  clean,  and  I  wish  to  say.  most  distinctly  that,  al- 
though the  initiation  appears  now  to  my  mind  as  a  piece  of  the  most  ridiculous 
absurdity,  there  was,  nevertheless,  nothing  in  it  indecent  or  immoral.  Lmj- 
li'ihwoman  in  Utah,  190-2.  For  more  on  endowment  ceremonies,  sec  Morm. 
at  llmne,  209;  Staihoune's  Eiujliahwoman,  la:>-201;  Tdl  It  All,  2:»:i-C,  514-1.'); 
Beadle's  Life  in  Utah,  480-r)02;  Hyde's  Morm.,  89-101,  108-9;  Worthiiiqton's 
Woman  in  Battle,  f<91-2;  Barton's  City  of  Saint«,  271-2;  Yoiinrf's  Wife  Xo. 
19,  3d6-72;  S.  L.  Herald,  Mar.  31,  1881;  Tribune,  Nov.  16,  1878;  Sept.  28, 
1879;  Utah  Rev.,  Dec.  12,  1871;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  1878,  Nov.  16;  1879,  May  5, 
Oct.  25;  Herald,  July  27,  1852;  Red  Bluff  Sentind,  Nov.  30,  1878;  Scu: 
Union,  Sept.  25,  1858;  Rec. -Union,  Oct.  1,  1879;  San  Joai  Ar(jus,  Sept.  1'), 
22,  1877;  StaCnaCour.,  May  10,  1878;  Stockton  Indep.,  May  6,  1S70;  7V- 
hama  Tocsin,  Nov.  1,  1879;  Yreka  Union,  Nov.  22,  1879;  Salfm  (Or.) 
Statesman,  Nov.  7,  1879;  Car-oon  City  (Nev.)  Tribune,  Oct.  6,  1879;  Eil» 
Imlep.,  Dec.  12,  1878;  Gold  Hill  News,  1873,  Oct.  29-31. 


TABERNACLE  SERVICE. 


and  finest  in  America  at  the  time  it  was  built.  The 
acoustic  properties  of  the  oval-shaped  room  and  ceil- 
ing are  wonderful;  stationed  at  one  point,  a  pin  may 
be  heard  drop  at  the  opposite  end.  The  singers,  thirty 
or  forty  in  number,  are  stationed  on  the  main  stage, 
facing  the  audience  in  front  of  the  organ.  In  front 
of  then)  are  the  church  officials,  seated  on  a  series  of 
platforms  according  to  their  respective  grades,  the 
iirist  presidency  highest,  next  the  twelve  apostles,  and 
finally  the  teachers,  priests,  and  bishops,  who  have 
charge  of  administering  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's 
supper,  which  is  done  regularly  every  Sunday.  In 
the  first  organization  of  the  church,  bread  and  wine 
were  specified  as  the  proper  elements  to  be  used,  but 
it  was  soon  after  revealed  that  it  makes  no  difference 
what  the  emblems  are,  and  now  bread  and  water  are 
used.  Tabernacle  services  are  held  Sunday  after- 
noons; there  are  Sunday-schools  at  the  ward  meeting- 
houses Sunday  mornings,  and  preaching  at  the  same 
places  in  the  evening  by  subordinate  officials,  who 
often  repeat  the  main  points  of  the  morning  taber- 
nacle discourse.  In  the  tabernacle,  several  rows  of 
the  best  seats  are  reserved  for  gentile  strangers,  and 
are  filled  for  the  most  part  by  travellers  and  tourists, 
American  and  European,  who  take  no  pains  to  hide 
their  contempt  for  all  about  them,  and  return  the 
courtesy  extended  by  smiles  and  sneers,  which,  to  say 
the  least,  is  in  bad  taste  for  people  pretending  to  a 
superior  culture.^* 

"■  One  or  two  other  matters  of  belief  I  may  mention  here.  There  was 
early  established  the  order  of  Enoch.  The  prophet  Joseph  not  only  indorsed 
the  biblical  account  of  the  translation  of  Enoch,  but  added  to  it.  There  waa 
not  only  one  Enoch,  but  a  whole  city  full.  This  city  of  Enoch  was  locatod 
where  are  now  the  waters  of  the  gidf  of  Mexico,  and  its  inhabitants  were 
absolutely  perfect.  Many  sought  to  reach  this  place,  for  its  fame  had  be- 
coino  noised  abroiid;  but  none  were  successful,  owing  to  wanderings  and 
bickerings  by  the  way.  Within  its  gates  all  things  were  held  in  common, 
and  unalloyed  liappiness  reigned.  And  inasmnch  as  the  people  of  Enooh 
were  unfitted  by  their  moral  excellence  to  mingle  with  other  earthly  inhabi- 
tants, t  hey  were  removed  to  celestial  realnis.  Joseph's  idea  at  this  time  seema 
to  have  been  to  induce  his  followers  to  surrender  all  rights,  including  that  of 
property,  into  the  hands  of  the  church.  In  May  1831  it  was  revealed,  'And 
again,  let  the  bishop  appoint  a  storehouse  uuto  this  church,  and  let  *U 


I  4 


1   i: 


860 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


After  all  that  can  be  said  about  Momionism  and 
polygamy  in  their  social  or  moral  relations,  it  is  only 
when  we  come  to  consider  them  in  their  political  as- 
pect, in  their  relations  to  government  and  governiii 


things,  both  in  money  and  in  meat,  which  is  more  than  is  needful  for  the  wants 
of  tills  people,  bo  kept  in  the  hands  of  the  bishop.'  Times  and  Scanoiix,  v. 
41G.  1  tiia  revelation  was  for  the  information  and  guidance  of  the  first  bisliop, 
Partridge,  who  is  authorized  therein  to  take  what  ho  wants  for  himself  ;,ii(l 
family.  Tlio  prophet's  revelation  concerning  tiie  order  of  Enoch  is  without 
date,  and  is  entitled  '  lievclation  given  to  Knoch  concerning  the  order  of  the 
ehurcli  fur  the  benefit  of  the  poor.'  In  it  is  prescribed  that  there  sliall  l:c 
two  treasuries:  from  the  lirst,  to  be  called  '  the  sacred  treasury  of  tlie  Lord,' 
nothing  can  be  taken  but  by  the  voice  of  the  order,  or  by  commandment; 
into  the  second  treasury  are  to  bo  cast  all  moneys  except  those  reserved  for 
sacred  purposes.  It  is  also  provided  that  general  consent  is  necessary  for  the 
withdrawal  of  funds  from  this,  as  in  the  case  of  the  first  repository,  but 
common  consent  in  this  case  is  construed  to  be,  if  any  man  shall  siiy  to  the 
treasurer, '  I  have  need  of  a  certain  sum,'  he  shall  receive  it,  provided  tlic  asher 
shall  bo  in  full  fellowship.  The  revelation  in  full  will  be  found  in  L>o<tri,:e 
and  Covenants,  283-9.  One  of  the  grounds  of  complaint  brouglit  against  the 
saints  in  Caldwell  county,  by  the  Missourians,  was  that  the  former  were  com- 
munists, aa  has  been  narrated  already.  Says  the  Salt  Lake  Tribune  of  May 
9, 1874:  '  The  Mormons  paid  the  United  Statea  authorities  §318,000  for  puhlio 
lands  in  Missouri,  but  were  not  allowed  to  enjoy  one  acre  of  their  purchase' 
See  also  Deseret  Newn,  May  13,  1874.  At  Nauvoo,  Joseph  had  hinisolf 
appoiiitctl  trustee  in  trust  of  the  whole  church,  and  thereafter  we  hear  no 
more  of  the  order  of  Enoch  until  some  years  subsequent  to  the  establishment 
of  the  Deseret  colonics.  Soon  alter  Joseph's  death  we  find  Briglmui  solo 
trustee  of  aQ'airs.  During  the  scenes  following  the  murder  of  the  (Smiths, 
the  expulsion  from  Illinois,  and  up  to  the  settlement  of  the  migratory  saints 
in  Utah,  there  was  little  property  to  care  for;  but  after  that,  attention  \\a.s 
again  turned  to  the  matter.  Robinson,  in  his  Sinnara  and  SalMl-i,  gives  a 
copy  of  a  deed:  '  Be  it  known  by  these  presents,  that  I,  Jessie  \V.  l''o.\,  of 
Great  Salt  Lake  City,  in  the  county  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  territory  of 
Utah,  for  and  in  consideration  of  the  sum  of  one  hundred  (S^lOO)  dollars  ami 
the  good-will  which  I  have  to  tho  church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  latter-day 
saints,  give  and  convey  unto  Brigham  Young,  trustee  in  trust  for  tho  said 
church,  his  successor  in  ofiice  and  assigns,  all  my  claims  to  and  ownership  of 
the  following-described  property,  to  wit:  One  liouso  and  lot,  §1,000;  one  city 
lot,  §100;  east  half  of  lot  1,  block  12,  $50;  lot  1,  block  14,  §75;  two  cows, 
850;  two  calves,  $15;  one  mare,  $100;  one  colt,  $50;  one  watch,  §20;  one 
clock,  §12;  clothing,  $300;  beds  and  bedding,  §125;  one  stove,  $20;  household 
furniture,  $210;  total,  $2,127;  together  with  all  the  rights,  privileges,  and 
appurtenances  thereunto  belonging  or  appertaining.  I  also  covenant  and 
agree  that  I  am  the  lawful  claimant  and  owner  of  said  property,  and  ^^ill 
warrant  and  forever  defend  the  same  unto  the  said  trustee  in  trust,  his  suc- 
cessor in  office  and  assigns,  against  tho  claims  of  my  heirs,  assigns,  or  any 
person  whomsoeTcr.*  Then  follows  the  attestation  of  the  witness,  and  the 
formal  certificate  of  the  judge  of  the  probate  court  that  tho  signer  of  the 
above  transfer  personally  appeared  before  him  on  April  2,  1857,  and  made 
the  customary  acknowledgment.  Robinson  also  gives  a  list  of  rules,  which 
I  have  not  room  for  in  detail,  but  which  the  reader  may  find  in  pp.  223-."),  in 
the  work  already  quoted.  William  Hall,  who  was  a  member  of  the  cluuch 
from  1840  until  1847,  says  that  at  the  time  of  tho  exodus  from  Nauvoo  a 
mei  oautile  firm  was  appointed  to  act  as  trustees,  not  only  for  the  church 
property,  but  also  for  individuals.    These  trustees  were  to  sell  the  property 


OPPONENTS  OF  POLYGAMY. 


m 


that  we  touch  the  core  of  the  matter.  Those  who 
wax  the  hottest  against  the  latter-day  saints  and 
their  polygamous  practices  are  not  as  a  rule  among 
the  purest  of  our  people.     They  care  no  more,  indeed, 

left  beliind,  and  account  to  the  proper  owners.  Mormomsm  Exposed,  6(>-70. 
,Suy3  E.K-cldcr  John  Hydo,  jun. :  'In  l8oi  Brigham  Young  coniniandcd  tlio 
j)L'uiilc  to  consecrate  by  legal  transfer  all  right  and  title  to  all  personal  prop- 
erty. Quitclaim  deeds  were  drawn  up,  and  from  their  land  to  their  wear- 
in:;  iipparel  the  majority  transferred  everything  to  Brigham  or  his  successor 
nstiustoo  in  trust  tor  the  latter-day  saiuts;  and  some,  in  the  exuberance  of 
eiitlmsiasm,  threw  in  their  wives  and  families. '  Mormonium,  37-9.  The  Icgis- 
ktui'L',  l>y  act  approved  Jan.  18,  18o5,  legalized  these  transfers,  and  provided  a 
foi  in  in  blank  therefor.  See  Utah  Laws  (ed.  1835),  2G8-9;  (ed.  18GG),  92-3.  At 
tiio  semiannual  conference  held  in  Oct.  1873,  the  subject  of  reviving  the  order 
wuH  iigaiu  agitated.  Elder  David  McKenzio  touched  upon  the  ultimate  es- 
tablisliment  of  the  order  of  Enoch  in  a  very  emphatic  manner.  Desent  News, 
Oct.  1.'),  1873.  The  Salt  Lake  Tribune  of  March  21,  1874,  quotes  the  elder 
as  follows:  '  We  should  give  thanks  and  praise  to  almighty  God  that  there  is 
a  chance,  n  door  opened,  by  which  we  may  take  a  step  towards  establishing 
tlie  order  of  Enoch.'  Mrs  Steuhouse  says  eflforts  were  made  to  revive  tho 
Older  before  tho  completion  of  the  railw.iys,  which  were  not  finished  until  18(i9. 
EiKjUshwuimiiiin  Utah,  371-2.  Rev.  Clark  Smith,  author  of  a  12mo  pamphlet 
entitled  Mysterif  and  Crime  in  the  Land  of  the  Ute,  states  that  tho  plan  for 
re\i\ inr;  tho  order  was  matured  during  tho  winter  of  1873-4  at  St  George, 
where  Brigham  and  a  few  of  his  leaders  were  at  that  time.  During  the  early 
part  of  1S74,  scarcely  a  sermon  was  delivered  without  a  reference  to  tho 
iiiJcr  and  an  assurance. that  all  joining  would  be  benefited  both  spiritually 
and  temporally.  On  May  9th  an  cleution  of  otficers  was  held.  Brigham  was 
waa  chosen  president;  Geo.  Smith,  Duul  H.  Wells,  and  the  twelve  apostles, 
vice-presidents;  David  McKenzic,  George  Goddard,  D.  O.  Calder,  P.  A. 
Scliettlm-,  John  T.  Caine,  and  James  Jack,  secretaries;  Thos  W.  EUerbeck, 
geueial  book-keeper;  Edward  Hunter,  treasurer;  and  Horace  J.  Eldridgc,  John 
foliar]),  Ferezmoro  Little,  James  Van  Cott,  Moses  Thatcher,  Thos  Dinwiddle, 
and  Klijah  Sheets,  directors.  iS^.  L.  C.  Tribune,  May  16,  1874. 

Tho  dogma  of  adoption  for  eternity  originated  after  Joseph's  time.  Hall 
says  he  first  heard  of  it  about  the  date  of  tho  expulsion  from  Nauvoo.  Mor- 
monUni  Ex/ioxed,  70.  It  was  ascertained  that  many  of  the  saints  had  inter- 
married with  gentile  stock,  and  were  thus  debarred  from  a  fall  enjoyment  of 
tlic  rights  and  privileges  of  tho  house  and  lineage  of  Abraham.  But  these 
lui-t  blessings  could  be  restored  by  ingraf  tmcnt  upon  the  stock  of  one  of  tho 
tv.elvo  tribes  of  Israel,  represented  by  tho  twelve  apostles,  each  of  whom  was 
deemed  ns  in  lineal  descent  from  Abraham,  tracing  his  consanguinity  to  Isaac 
i'.nd  Jacob,  and  thence  to  himself  as  a  chief  of  one  of  tho  tribes.  Romans,  xi. 
Ki,  is  quoted  as  authorizing  tho  doctrine,  which  requires  every  member  of  tho 
church,  except  the  twelve,  to  choose  a  father  from  one  of  tho  latter.  Tho 
father  may  be  cither  younger  or  older  than  the  son,  but  in  any  case  assumes 
tlie  character  of  guardian,  with  full  control  of  the  labor  and  estate  of  the 
adopted  sou.  Many  young  men  give  themselves  over  to  the  leaders  as  '  otcr- 
ual  sons, '  in  the  hope  of  snarins  the  honor  of  their  adopted  parents.  W.  C. 
Stuiues  was  Brigham's  adopted  son,  and  D.  Candland,  Heber  C.  Kimball's. 
Jniite,  Monnoui.in,  1 10.  Wilbert  Earls  is  also  mentioned  as  Kimball's  son. 
Jlall,  Mormonism  Exposed,  70. 

Aliout  1840,  in  obedience  to  a  special  revelation,  Joseph  Smith  established 
a  secret  society  known  as  the  Order  Lodge.  None  save  persons  of  high  stand- 
ing in  tho  church  could  gain  admission,  the  avowed  object  of  the  organization 
being  induction  into  the  higher  mysteries  of  the  priesthood.  J.  C.  Bennett 
writes  as  follows  of  this  order:  '  Tlic  lodge-rocm  is  carefully  prepared  and 


if 


I   " 


i 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMT. 


t    HI 


about  the  half-dozen  wives  of  the  Mormon  than  about 
the  half-dozen  mistresses  of  the  congressman.  As 
Judge  Rosoborough,  in  a  very  able  dictation  to  my 
stenographer,  remarks:  "When  I  came  here  I  was  u 

consecrated ;  anil  from  12  to  24  sprigs  of  cassia,  olive  branches,  cedar  bou^'hs, 
or  other  evergreens,  are  tastefully  nrranucd  about  it.  These  are  intended  to 
represent  tlio  eternal  life  and  nnmingled  bliss,  which,  ii.  the  celestial  kiugilom, 
vill  be  enjoyed  b^  all  who  continue  iu  full  fellowship.'. .  .The  eaudiilutu  is 
8tri[>pcd  naked,  blindfolded,  and  in  this  condition  marched  around  tliulod^e- 
room,  tlio  most  excellent  Grand  Master  repeating:  'I  will  bring  tho  blind  by 
a  way  tlicy  know  not;  I  will  lead  them  in  paths  that  tliey  have  not  known; 
I  will  mnko  darkness  light  before  them,  and  crooked  things  straight.  Tiiuiiu 
things  will  I  do  unto  them,  and  not  forsake  them.'  Tlic  candidate  liavitig 
knelt  before  tlie  altar,  the  following  oatli  is  administered:  '  In  tho  name  Jt 
Jesus  Christ,  the  son  of  God,  I  now  promise  and  swear,  truly,  faithfully,  uiul 
witliout  reserve,  that  I  will  servo  the  Lord  with  a  perfect  heart  and  a  willing 
mind,  dedicating  myself,  wholly  and  unreservedly,  in  my  person  oiiil  cti'Lcts, 
to  tho  upbuilding  of  his  kingihun  on  earth,  according  to  liia  revealed  will.  I 
furthermore  promise  and  swear  that  I  will  regard  the  first  president  of  the 
church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  latter-day  saints  as  the  supreme  head  of  the  eliurcli 
on  earth,  and  obey  him  the  same  as  tlie  supreme  God,  iu  all  written  roviln,- 
tiona,  given  under  the  solemnities  of  a  "thus  saith  the  Lord,"  and  that  1  will 
alw.iys  uphold  the  presidency,  right  or  wrong.  I  furthermore  promise  and 
swear  that  I  will  never  toucli  a  daughter  of  Adam  unless  slic  is  given  me  of 
the  Lord.  I  furthermore  promise  and  swear  that  no  gentile  shall  ever  be 
admitted  to  the  secrets  of  this  holy  institution,  or  particiiiate  iu  its  blcssiu:;s. 
I  furthermore  promise  and  swear  that  I  will  assist  the  Daughter  of  Zion 
in  the  utter  destruction  of  apostates,  and  that  I  will  assist  iu  setting  up  tho 
Kingdom  of  Daniel  in  these  last  days,  by  the  power  of  the  highest  and  the 
sword  of  Ilia  might.  I  furthf  rniore  promise  and  swear  that  I  will  uever  com- 
municate the  secrets  of  this  degree  to  any  person  in  the  know-n  world,  except 
it  bo  to  a  true  and  lawful  brotlicr,  binding  myself  under  no  less  a  pL-iialty 
than  that  of  having  melted  lead  poured  into  my  ear.  So  help  me  God  and 
keep  mo  faithful.'     J  list,  of  the  Saints,  275-6. 

I  have  thousands  of  references  to  articles  written  and  sermons  preached  on 
the  doctrines  of  the  church.  The  tabernacle  and  bowery  sermons  have  been 
reported  and  published  in  the  Dtseret  Aews,  from  its  lirst  publication  up  to 
18(j0.  IJesides  President  Young,  the  prominent  speakers  were  I'arU  y  1'. 
Pratt,  Orson  Hyile,  Orson  Pratt,  Lorenzo  JSnow,  Hel)cr  C.  Kimball,  (icor^'u 
A.  Smith,  John  Taylor,  Franklin  D.  Richards,  David  Fullmer,  J.  \V.  Ciim- 
inings,  John  Young,  Wilfonl  WoodiiiflF,  John  D.  McAllister,  Joseph  Youm,', 
Dr.uiel  H.  Wells,  Cyrus  H.  Wheelock,  Kobert  T.  Burton,  Jacob  (iates,  Cliai  les 
H.  Bassctt,  and  many  others.  For  duties  of  bishops,  see  Deseret  i,  eic-<,  I SoO, 
Aug.  10;  patriarchal  notice,  Sept.  21;  revelation,  Dec.  28;  1851,  for  religious 
questions  and  answers,  Jan.  1 1 ;  minutes  special  conference  of  seventies,  Jan. 
25;  appel.  presidency  and  apostolate.  Mar.  8;  min.  gen.  con.,  19;  Patriarch 
Smith's  letter  to  the  saints  throughout  the  world,  and  letter  from  1'.  I'. 
Pratt  to  Brigham  Young,  Nov.  29;  letter  from  Thos  Bullock,  president 
of  seventies,  Dec.  27;  1852,  letter  from  O.  Jones  to  Pres.  Young,  Jan. 
10;  offices  in  church,  authority  explained,  Jan.  24;  signs  of  the  times,  and 
advice  to  the  saints,  Feb.  7;  disc,  by  Brigham,  Feb.  9;  letter.  Patriarch 
Smith,  Feb.  20;  opinions  about  Momionism  (from  Harper's  Jlai/.},  Feb. 
21;  min.  con,  new  tabernacle,  Apr.  17;  Mormon  question  {X.  Y.  Trib- 
une and  Herald),  May  1;  letter  of  defence  (in  N.  Y.  Herald),  \Li}'  1.5; 
reflections,  O.  Pratt,  June  26;  disc,  by  Kimball,  Aug.  15;  gen.  funeral  ser- 
mon by  O.  Pratt,  Aug.  21;  Brigham  on  apostles,  jVpipa- extra,  p.  25;  remarks 
by  Taylor  and  Kimball,  Sept.  4;  speech  l>y  Kimball,  Sept.  14;  special  eon., 


JUDGE  ROSEBOROUOH'S  PROTEST. 


^han  about 
man.  As 
ion  to  my 
'e  I  was  'A 

,  cedar  boughs, 
iro  iiitcudcil  to 
jstiul  kiiigilom, 
lie  camlitiatu  is 
jund  tlioloil.;e- 
ig  tho  blind  l)y 
ivo  not  known; 
;raight.     Tlicso 
ndidate  luiviug 
[n  tlio  name  uf 
.  faithfully,  luul 
rt  and  a  willing 
sou  and  ctlucts, 
Bvcalcd  will.     I 
resident  of  thu 
id  of  tho  cluirch 
written  rcvtla- 
"  and  that  1  will 
iro  promise  and 
;  ia  given  mo  of 
lie  shall  ever  he 
iu  its  b'.essiu;,'s. 
vughtcr  of  Zion 
n  setting  up  the 
highest  and  the 
will  never  com- 
n  world,  exoc;it 
I  less  a  ponulty 
elp  me  God  and 


democrat.  They  pretended  to  be  democrats,  but  I 
found  them  such  democrats  as  hell  is  full  of.  They 
are  neither  democrats  nor  republicans.  I  did  not  care 
about  matters  of  belief,  if  they  were  American  citizens. 

Si'|)t.  18:  disc,  by  Brigham,  Oct  2;  niin.  gen.  con.,  Oct.  IGand  Nov.  6;  epis- 
tle liy  Young,  Oct.  1(5;  tho  Mormoua  tho  Mahometans  of  19th  cent.  (iV.  V. 
Jlcritlil).  Nov.  2;  remarks,  Young,  Aug.  26,  Nov.  6;  1853,  sermon  by  P.  P. 
I'ratt,  Jan.  19;  addresa  by  Taylor,  Jan.  19;  disc,  by  Benson,  Feb.  1;  sermon, 
I'r.iit,  Mar.  2;  Brigham  and  I'ratt,  address,  Apr.  2;  Brigham,  disc,  Apr.  13; 
mill.  gen.  con.,  Apr.  10,  30;  cpistlo  pres.,  rcpt  quorum  seventies,  Apr.  16; 
ad.,  Hyde,  May  14;  ad.,  Brigham,  May  14;  disc,  Brighnui,  July  6  and  20; 
spi'ich,  Hyde,  July  30;  disc,  Brigham,  Aug.  24,  31,  and  Oct  1;  min.  cen. 
coll.,  Oct.  15  and  29;  cp.  pres.,  Oct.  15;  disc,  Brigham,  Sept.  7;  atl.,  H.  Kim- 
bull,  Nov.  12;  ad.,  tabeniaclc,  Nov.  24;  Mormon  va  gentile,  Nov.  24;  ad., 
liri.liani.  Dec.  8;  Mormonism,  Dec  8;  sermon,  Taylor,  Dec.  22;  1854,  disc, 
li.  Kimball,  Jan.  4;  Smith,  Jan.  18;  r«g.  dialogue,  and  art.  on  restitution, 
Jan.  I'J;  bible  and  Mormonism,  Jan.  19;  repts  <A  quorums  of  seventies.  Mar. 
'2.  Apr.  13.  Apr.  27;  gen.  cpis.,  Apr.  13;  gen.  confer.,  Apr.  13;  address,  Hyde, 
Ap:-.  -7;  disc,  Pratt,  Apr.  27;  address,  Kimball,  Apr.  27;  disc,  Taylor,  May 
1 ! :  liriylir.m.  May  1 1 ;  Smith,  May  1 1 ;  Grant,  June  8;  Brigham,  July  27;  Grant, 
July  -7;  r>ri;.;ham,  Aug.  3;  Kimball,  Aug.  17;  epis.  pres.,  Sept.  14;  disc,  Kim- 
lali,  .Sept.  14;  a  Mormon  leader  (from  Hem.  Wy.  Jour.,  Tex.),  Sept  21;  disc. 
Grant,  .Sept.  21;  cpis.  against  litigation,  Sept.  21;  remarks.  Grant,  Sept.  28; 
disc,  Kimball,  Sept  28;  Hyde,  Oct  5,  Oct.  19;  Kimball.  Oct  19;  Benson. 
Oct.  19;  8milh,  Oct  26;  Pratt,  Oct.  26;  Brigham,  Oct  20;  Hyde.  Nov.  9; 
(Inuit.  Nov.  23;  Kimball,  Nov.  23;  Pratt,  Nov.  30;  Grant,  Dec  7;  Kimball, 
liio.  1-4;  Pratt,  Dec.  21;  local  recog.  of  Morm.  (from  Democracy),  Dec  21; 
(liic,  I'ratt,  Dec.  28;  1855,  Grant,  Jan.  25;  testimony,  Kimlmll,  Jan.  25;  disc, 
lliii^iiain,  Feb.  8;  rept  of  27  ouor.,  Jan.  11;  disc,  on  prophecies,  Pratt,  Feb. 
'22;  -Monn.  worldliiicss,  etc.,  llarrison;  address,  Brigham,  Mar.  1;  belief  in 
supdioriiy,  Hyde,  Mar.  14;  sermon,  Woodruff,  Mar.  21;  Hyde,  Mar.  28; Smith, 
Apr.  t;  testimony,  faith,  and  confidence;  gen.  confer.,  Apr.  11;  sermon.  Grant, 
A;  r.  II;  gen.  cpist. ,  Apr.  25;  disc,  Brigham,  Apr.  25,  May  9;  remarka,  Pratt, 
Jlay  -;  ciders'  corrcsp..  May  16;  disc,  Pratt,  May  10;  on  inspection,  Brigham, 
May  -■>;  elders'  corrcsp..  May  23,  May  30;  remarks,  Brigham,  June  6;  disc, 
Brigliani,  June  20;  tho  word  of  wisdom  (in  Doctrinca  and  Cocenanti,),  June  27; 
sermon,  t^mith,  July  11;  Morm.,  July  18;  disc,  Brigham,  July  18;  lecture, 
Grant,  July  25;  disc.  Brigham,  Aug.  I;  Smith,  Aug.  22;  Benson,  Aug.  22; 
.^niitii,  Aug.  29;  comments  (X.  Y.  Pajters),  Sept.  12;  remarks,  Benson,  Sept 
12;  disc,  I'ratt,  Sept.  12;  remarks,  Pratt,  Sept.  19;  disc,  Brigham,  Sept.  26; 
i>mith,  Oct  10;  gen.  confer.,  Oct  10;  disc,  Oct.  10;  bowery  meeting,  Oct.  17; 
confer.,  Oct.  17,  24;  tabernacle  meeting,  Oct.  24,  31;  gen.  epis.,  Oct.  31;  ser- 
nicm,  Drigham,  Oct  31;  to  tho  truth-loving,  Nov.  7;  disc,  Nov.  7;  remarks. 
Grant,  Nov.  7;  tabernacle  meeting,  Nov.  7;  remarks,  Kimball,  Nov.  7;  ser- 
n.on,  Drigham,  Nov.  21;  disc,  Kimball,  Dec.  4;  Pratt,  Dec  12,  19;  Lyman, 
Dee.  19,  20;  1850,  disc,  Lyman,  Jan.  2;  Pr.att,  Jan.  .SO;  Kimball,  Feb.  0;  Brig- 
ham, Feb.  0;  Grant,  Feb.  6;  Lyman,  Feb.  20;  Brigham,  Feb.  27:  remarks, 
KinihcU,  Mar.  5;  Brigham,  Mar.  5,  12;  epis.  to  high  priest's  quorum.  Mar.  12; 
t^.isc.,  Kimball,  Mar.  12;  remarks.  Grant,  Mar.  12;  fair  weather  disc.  Mar.  12; 
disc..  Wells,  Mar.  19;  Kimball,  Mar.  19;  Brigham,  Mar.  20;  Vernon,  Mar,  20; 
remarks,  Brigham,  Mar.  26;  disc.  Grant,  Apr.  2;  Brigham,  Apr.  2;  Kimball, 
Apr.  2; gen.  confer.,  Apr.  9;  disc. ,  Kimball,  Apr. 9;  sacritice,  Apr.  9;  disc. , Smith, 
A))r.  10;  obedience,  Apr.  23;  disc,  Pratt,  Apr.  23;  Brigham,  Apr.  .30;  Pratt, 
M.'iy  14;  tho  world  and  the  saints,  May  28;  remarks,  Brigham,  June  18;  disc, 
Rri^'hani,  June  25;  counsel,  July  9;  obedience,  July  16;  disc,  Pratt,  July  16; 
Kind);. 11,  Aug.  20;  sermon,  Brigham,  A;.g.  27;  confer,  at  Knyville,  Sept.  24; 
disc,  Piutt,  Sept.  24;  sermon,  Brigham,  Sept.  27;  disc,  Grant,  Sept.  27;  disc., 


;,! 


•      !'>ffl 


an 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


■1 

i 

They  might  worship  the  devil  if  they  were  citizens  and 
iii.>char^ecl  tiieir  duties  au  citizens.  But  I  fuund  tliat 
in  a  ujiiitar}'  way,  in  a  pohtical  way,  and  in  a  judicial 
way  they  controlled  matters;  and  nearly  all  of  thLiu 

Uri.'liaui,  Oct.  1;  mretings,  Out.  1;  iUhc,  Kimball,  Oct.  1;  Brighani,  Oct.  1; 
rt-niarks,  Cirunt,  Oct.  1;  confer.,  Oct.  8;  rcinarkB,  KiinbiiU,  Oct.  8;  Urigliain, 
Oct.  8,  lo;  disc,  liicliurda,  Oct.  l.T;  confer.,  Oct.  I'l;  remarks,  Six-nccr,  «>■  i. 
15;  ouilitioii  uf  baiiits,  Oct.  '22;  rumurks,  Kimlmll,  Nov.  5;  disc.  Grant,  N'>\. 
5;  Cfxrcial  confer.,  Nov.  5;  ({irnrt.  confer.,  Nov.  I'i;  remarks,  Nov.  I'J;  ills..., 
)>ri^liatii.  Not.  \'2;  Grant,  Nov.  12;  appointments,  Nov.  12;  disc.  Grant,  N^.v. 
10;  Kimball,  Nov.  1!>;  remarks,  Drigiiam,  Nov.  lU;  Young  (Jos.  A.).  Nov.  It); 
WoodrulT,  Nov.  20;  UrigUam,  Nov.  20;  Kimball,  Nov.  2(5;  address,  I'ratt, 
I>cc.  1:  remarks,  Brigliam,  Dec.  10;  gen.  cpist.,  Dec.  10;  disc,  Pratt.  Dec.  -J-l; 
high  pricsl'M  meeting,  Due.  31;  sermon,  KimbuU,  Dec.  31;  remarks,  Wuodrutf, 
l)ec.  31;  |So7,  disc.,  Kimball,  Jan.  7:  remarks.  Grunt,  Jan.  7;  disc,  Snou, 
Jan.  14;  Richards,  Jan.  21 ;  Kimball,  Jan.  "' ;  8now,  Jan.  28;  remarks.  WimA- 
mff.  Feb.  4;  toleration,  Feb.  4;  remarks,  Grant,  Feb.  4;  morals,  Feb.  11;  disc., 
lirigham,  Feb.  11;  Kimball,  Feb.  II;  Cummings,  Feb.  18;  Brigliam,  Feb.  |S; 
r>  marks,  Kimball,  Feb.  25;  Hyde,  Mar.  4;  disc,  Richards,  Mar.  4;  Woodrutr, 
Mar.  4;  rc-uiarks.  Wells,  Mar.  4;  disc,  Brigliam,  Mar.  11;  Kimball,  M:ir.  II; 
.•^now.  Mar.  11;  remarks.  Wells,  Mar.  11;  clisc,  Brigham,  Mar.  IS;  V".i!d.j 
(Jo«.  I,  Mar.  18;  Brighani,  Mar.  25;  Kimball,  Mar.  25;  Grant,  Mar.  25;  rcniurks, 
McAllister,  Mar.  25;  Kimball,  Apr.  1;  Richards,  Apr.  1;  disc.  Woodruff,  Apr. 
l;8crnion.  Brigham,  Apr.  8;  remarks,  Burton,  Apr.  8;  gen.  confer.,  Apr.  15; 
remarks.  Wells,  Apr.  15;  Stout,  Apr,  15;  Wells,  Apr.  15;  disc,  Kimball,  Apr. 
22;  Brigham,  Apr.  22,  21);  remarks,  Herriman,  Apr.  29;  Whcclock,  Apr.  ■£); 
remarks,  .'^uow.  May  0;  Brigham,  May  0;  WoodrutF,  May  13;  disc.  Brigham, 
May  13;<ii£c.,  May  20;  the  bible,  May  20;  remarks,  Brigham,  May  20;  Fer- 
guson, May  -"J;  Fullmer,  May  20;  Davis,  May  20;  McKnight,  May  20;  Bas.-ett, 
May,  'JT;  disc.  Gates,  May  27;  remarks.  Woodruff,  May  27;  disc,  WooUcy, 
June  3;  Mills,  Jui.c  3;  remarks,  Brigham,  Juno  10;  Smith,  June  10:  Kimliall, 
Jnnc  10:  disc,  Kimball,  June  17;  remarks,  Brigham,  Jnno  17,  24;  iCich,  June 
24;  Brigljam,  June  24;  Hyde,  June  24;  Lyman,  Juno  24;  disc,  Kimlxtll,  Jiiiie 
24;  Chiilett,  July  8;  remarks,  Brigham,  July  8;  Cummings,  July  8;  Brigliam, 
July  15;  Kimball,  July  15;  Cam,  July  15;  Lyman,  July  22;  Ellsworth,  July 
22;  Brigham,  July  22;  disc,  Lyman,  July  29;  pol.  move,  against  Utah,  July 
29;  remarks,  Brigham,  Aug.  5;  Smoot,  Aug.  5;  Smith,  Aug.  5;  disc.  IlyUc, 
Aug.  5;  Smith,  Aug.  12;  Kimball,  Aug.  12;  Smith  (E. ),  Aug.  12;  remarks.  Brig- 
luun,  An,i.  12;  Kimball,  Aug.  12;  Taylor,  Aug.  19;  Brigham,  Aug.  19;Kiml)r.il, 
Aug.  2G;  Brigham,  Aug.  20;  disc,  Hyde,  Aug.  20;  Taylor,  Sept.  2;  remarks, 
Brigham,  Sept.  9;  Stewart,  Sept.  9;  disc,  Kimball,  Sept.  9,  10;  Taylor,  .Sept. 

16,  '£',;  remarks.  Smith,  Sept.  23;  Brigham,  Sept.  23;  Kimball,  Sept.  30;  Dri?- 
ham,  Sept.  30;  disc,  Taylor,  Sept.  30;  remarks,  WoodrnflF,  Oct.  7;  disc,  Kim- 
ball, Oct.  7;  sem.  ann.  confer.,  Oct.  14;  remarks,  Brigham,  Oct.  14;  Spcnci-T, 
Oct.  14;  Snow,  Oct.  14;  disc,  Hyde,  Oct.  14;  Kimball,  Oct.  14;  Snow,  Oct. 
21;  sermon,  Lyman,  Oct.  21;  remarks,  Spencer,  Oct.  21;  remarks,  Brigliam, 
Oct.  21;  Rich,  Oct.  21;  Young,  Oct.  21;  Snow.  Oct.  21;  Brigham,  Oct.  2J>;  by 
bishops  Jin<l  elders,  Oct.  2S;  Brigham,  Nov.  11,  -3,  De(!.  2,  9,  30;  1858,  con- 
fer, Apr.  14;  1859,  Mar.  9,  Apr.  13,  Oct.  12,  Dlc.  28;  disc,  1858,  Jan.  27, 
Feb.  17,  Apr.  14,  July  14,  28;  1859,  May  25,  Jmio  I,  8,  15,  July  6,  Aug   10. 

17,  Nov.  10,  23,  30;  1800,  remarks,  Brigham,  ..la  .  14,  Apr.  4,  25,  May  2,  10, 
30,  June  C,  27,  July  18,  25,  Aug.  1,  8,  15.  22,  29,  Sept.  5;  18<:4,  June  15; 
1865,  Jan.  4:  I8CC,  Mar.  15;  18C7,  Feb.  3;  1808,  Jan.  15;  1869,  Jan.  20,  Feb. 
2,  Dec.  10;  1870,  Mar.  30;  1871,  Apr.  19;  1879,  Feb.  12;  confer.,  1800,  Feb.  8, 
Apr.  11,  Oct  10;  ISGl,  Apr.  10,  Oct.  23;  1802,  Apr.  9,  10,  29,  Oct.  15;  IbtiS, 
Apr.  15.  22;  1804,  Apr.  13,  May  25,  Oct.  12,  Dec.  14;  1805,  Apr.  12,  Oct.  12; 
1SC6,  Mar.  S,  Apr.  12,  Oct.  10;  1807,  Apr.  10,  Oct.  9;  1868,  Apr.  8,  15,  Oct. 


JUDGE  ROSEBOROUOH'S  DISGUST. 


385 


nro  aliens.  I  found  that  I  had  got  out  of  the  United 
States  and  come  to  Utah.  I  liavc  never  got  over  that 
fLcliiiLf  yet,  and  I  think  I  will  get  out  of  Utah  and 
back  into  the  United  States  again." 

14;  1809,  Apr.  14,  July  7,  Oct.  13;  1870,  Apr.  1.1,  May  11,  Oct.  1*2,  Nov.  2; 
IsTI,  Air.  IJ,  May  '.'4,  Oct.  II;  187--'.  Apr.  10,  17,  'J I.  May  I,  Au^.  L'S,  Oct. 

II.  Ki;  l.s7;(,  Apr.  \\  10,  May  7,  Aug.  13.  Oct.  8;  1874,  Apr.  8,  May  1.1,  Oct. 
11;  1>:.'..  Mar.  3,  Apr.  14,  IM,  Oct.  13;  1870,  Apr.  12,  Oct.  11;  18T7,  May  Id, 
Jiiii.'  (),  i:t,  Oct.  10;  1878,  Mar.  0,  Apr.  10,  Oct.  9,  10;  1870,  Apr.  !>,  10;  Oct. 
1,');  1SS4.  Ai)r.  7;  liigl>  council,  1877,  Oct.  '24;  meetings  of  priesthood,  1877, 
Oct.  10,  Dec.  5;  1878,  Feb.  0;  1870,  Mar.  12;  epist.,  187'J,  Apr.  2;  elders'  disc, 
1S7J  .Ian.  '24;  187.1,  Jan.  22,  Apr.  10;  1874,  Jan.  21,  Apr.  22,  May  0,  27;  1870, 
May  3,  Oct.  11;  1877,  May  10,  2;};  1878,  Feb.  13;  liist.  of  Morm.  (from  St 
l.ouii  U'lrLli/  Uhion),  Dec.  27,  18ol;  misccl.  (from  St  Louia  Ilrjmblicun), 
S.  r.  Herald.  Sept.  25,  1851. 

I'lir  sermons  and  discourses,  see  also  Millennial  Star,  passim;  address, 
Kinil);ill,  yoiniij't  Journal  of  JJiaioitrsrn,  ii.  .154-7;  sermons,  Furr'in,  Utah  and 
tlif  MormoiiK,  217-32,  .102-3;  sermon,  Brigham,  Salem  (Or.)  Slatcaman,  Feb. 
;'),  iNiii;  rcptsof  confer.,  among  others,  Frontier  Guanliaii,  1851,  Juno  13,  Oct, 

III,  Nov.  28;  gen.  cpist.,  in  /(/.,  Nov.   14;  various  sermons,  Youii'jt  Jour, 
of  JJiif.,  ii.   passim;  disc,  Pratt,    Ward'n  Husband  in  Utah,  79-103;  ser- 
mons, Ijrij,'liam,  Sac.  Union,  1855,  Oct.  25,  Dec.  13;  1857,  Juno  10;  sermons 
liv  IJri^'luim  and  Kimball,  ct  uL,  S.  F.  Alta,  1854,  May  10;  1855,  Apr.  0,  Jlay 
j";  1S:.7,  Jan.  12,  June  4,  Oct.  14;  6\  /'.  Bulletin,  1857,  May  2;  1800,  Apr.  18; 
lirture,  Hyde,  S.  F.  Herald,  1857,  Apr.  14;  rites  and  ceremonies,  F<rris,  Utah 
ami  tho  Mormons,  31 1-17;  Onnnison'r,  jfomions,  .17-8;  lienv/it  Journey  to  G.  S. 
L.  Cihi,  ii.  4-82;  Derby,  Overland  Iloule,  .10-2;  Roe's  W'egtward  by  Hail,  123- 
4;  lliiHlh'H  Life  in  Utah,  255-9;  nunlim/a  Arrows  America.  100-9;  Lij'e  among 
lb'  MoniwnK,  173-9;  Jioller'n  Amomf  the  Indians,  401-3;  /lowlcn'  Our  Xcto 
]V,'st,  242-7;  Stenhouse,  Tell  It  All,  251,  387-9;  Ward's  Husband  in  Utah,  204- 
N;  Sdi'id.  J'ei.ie  durch  Felseiifjtb,  10;$-24;  Smith's  Ilisf,  Protjre-s,  and  Travels, 
(11-5;  I'la/i  Scraps,  5,  10;  Burton's  City  of  Saints,  IiG5-75.     On  faith  and  doc- 
trines, SCO  Smith,  Doc,  and  Cov.,  passim;  S.  F.  Got.  Era,  Dec.  1,  1807;  JMs. 
Xcir.i,  Sept.  14,  1 804;  Mackai/'s  The  Morm.,  51-4;  Ferris,  Utah  and  Morm., 
'201-1(1;  Gunnison's  Morm.,  39-03;  Frontier  Guardian,  Feb.  20,  1850;  Busch, 
Morm.,  72-105;  De  Rupert's  Cat.  and  Morm.,  138-40;  Titnes  and  S(fi.sons, 
vi,  971;  Tucker's  Morm.,  174-9;  S.  L.  C.  Contributor,  ii.   192-;'.24;  church 
f;fiv.,  Tidlidije,  Hist.  S.  L.  City,  57-8;  Todd's  Sunset  Land,  lS.'>-{):{;  .S'.  L. 
J  Jim:,  1S09,  58;  Head,  in  Overland  Monthly,  v.   275-7;  Utah  Scmiis,  8-9; 
.Uifctuii'-i  Morm.,  29S-.105;  Fei-ris,  Utah  and  Morm.,  171-7;  Stnunbary's  Ex- 
;.i'or.  Erp.,  1.15-9;  Richards'  Xarr.,  MS.,  42;  Smith's  Ri'<e,  Proij.,  etc.,  17- 
IS  -27-8;  Green's  Morm.,  150-OG,  .108-19;  Ili/de's  Morm.,  18,  '25,  101-'2,  188- 
'I;  Thr  Morm.  Proph.,  1*20-1,  114-19;  Beadle's  Life  in  Utah,  381-9;  Rnny's 
Jouninj  to  G.  S.  L.  City,  ii.  229-34;  Younj's  Wife  No.  19,  677;  Gunnison's 
Morm.,  2.']-5,  .'57-01,  78-9;  Sac.   Union,  June  20,   1857;  theory  of  creation, 
Stnihou.<c'--  R.  M.  Saints,  485-94;  orderof  Enoch,  /</.,  495-503;  law  of  adoption, 
/'/.,  503-0;  book  of  Abraham,  Id.,  507-20;  res.  of  infants,  483-4;  Washington 
I'ap.  by  prox..  Id.,  475-82;  Hyde  expelled.  Id.,  040;  negro  Mormons,  S.  F. 
JJi'llctin,  Nov.   14,  1884;  pub.  discuss.,  Pratt,  Ser.  of  Pamph.,  no.  10,  1-40, 
no.  11,  1-40;  Taylor's  Govt  of  God,  passim;  Morm.  pro  and  con,  Chandless' 
yisit  to  S.  Lnke,  15G;  Ward's  Ihn'band  in  Utah,  140-283;  Gunnison's  .Morm., 
S'),  104;  Salem  (Or.)  Statesman,  Dec.  5.  1854;  S.  F.  Herald,  1854,  Jan.  20, 
Aug.  '23,  Sept.  27;  Alta,   1851,  July  24,  Aug.  G,  7;   185'2,  Dec.  21;  1853, 
Nov.  20;  1854,  June  25,  20;  1850,  May  10,  15,  June  13,  Sept.  15,  Dec.  17; 
1S58,  Jan.  22;  Gal.  Chris.  Advoc,  Apr.  0,  1805;  Bulletin,  1856,  Aug.  21;  1877, 
.Vpt.  S;  Sue.  Union,  18.W,  Mr.r.  10,  July  17,  Dec.  13;  1850,  June  14;  Morm. 
at  Home,  05, 122-3, 142-o,  220-1;  jN'.  Y.  Jour,  of  Com.,  iu  Pan.  Star  and  Iler.^ 


m 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


ii 


1 


W'' 


it      4i 


r 


Thus,  notwithstanding  the  iniquities  of  the  saints,  to- 
gether with  their  impudence  and  arrogance,  as  charged 
upon  them  by  their  enemies,  the  impossibility  of  others 
living  with  them  as  members  of  one  community,  of 

Feh.  18,  1869;  Smvcker'a  Hist.  Norm.,  323-99;  Young'a  Wife  No.  19,  333-40; 
Ohhansen,  Morm.,  170-5;  Jonveaux,  L'Ameriquf,  235-6,  244-8;  Mackay's 
Thf-  Morm.,  271-326;  Ferris,  Utah  and  Aform.,  171-7;  Yoiniff's  Resurrection, 
11;  Smet's  Western  Missions,  390-7;  32  Cong.  Id  Sess.,  H.  Ex,  Doc.,  19-20; 
Frontier  Guardian,  1850,  Feb.  6,  20,  Mar.  6,  20,  June  12,  July  10,  Sept.  4, 
Oct.  30,  Dec.  25;  1851,  Jan.  8,  Mar.  21,  Apr.  18,  May  16,  30,  June  13,  27, 
July  25,  Aug.  8,  Sept.  5,  Oct,  31,  Dec.  12,  26;  1852,  Jan,  9,  23,  Feb.  6,  20; 
Ward's  Ihisband  in  Utah,  283-9;  Hyde's  Morm.,  60,  179-81,  306-30;  Bur- 
ton's Citif  o/ Saints,  437-97;  Hickman's  Dest.  Amjd,  10-15. 

In  addition  to  these  authorities,  it  is  safe  to  assert  that  every  gentile  paper 
of  importance  in  the  U.  S.  has  at  some  time  extracted  from  the  Salt  l^ke 
papers,  and  commented  freely  thereon.  During  the  existence  of  the  Kanea- 
ville  ( foma)  Frontier  Guardian,  1849-52,  nearly  every  issue  contained  arti- 
cles explanatory  of  the  dogmas  of  the  church,  a  few  of  which  I  have  r^^fer^cd 
tc.  The  Millennial  Star,  although  devoted  more  especially  to  miisiotidry 
effort  abroad,  has  always  copied  freely  from  home  publications.  I  append  a 
few  additional  authorities,  as  follows:  On  religion,  iSi.  F.  Alta,  Jan.  19,  18G0; 
Bulletin,  June  19,  1871;  S.  L.  Rev.,  Sept.  22,  1871;  Gaz.  Utah,  1871;  S.  L. 
Trib.,  Jan.  29,  1870,  May  19,  1877;  Juv.  Inst.,  xv.;  doc.,  Pratt,  Key  Co  licien. 
Theol.,  passim;  Bonwich,  Morm.  and  Silv.  Mines,  34-61;  S.  L.  Trib.,  Jan.  25, 
1872,  Mar.  28,  1874;  S.  L.  0.  Contributor,  ii.  39,  70,  135;  bible  and  book  of 
Morm.,  6\  L.  Trib.,  May  16,  1874;  rev..  Eureka  Sent.,  Apr.  16,  i875;  Silv. 
City  Aralan.,  Mar.  31,  1876;  S'.  L.  Trib.,  June  2,  Oct.  20, 1877;  Sept.  24,  Oct. 
26, 1879;  Silv.  Beef  Miner,  June  1 1, 1879;  Stenhouse,  Englishumnuinin  Utah,  34, 
74;  .S'.  F.  Stock  Bept,  Jan,  1,  1880;  church.  Sac.  Union,  Feb.  4,  Sept.  1,  1800; 
S.  F.  Bulletin,  Dec.  22,  1868,  Oct.  10,  1870;  Chronicle,  Oct.  7,  1883;  priest- 
hood. Sac.  Union,  Oct,  20,  1860;  S.  L.  Trib.,  in  Unionville  Silv.  State,  Mar. 
2.3,  m-2',  Eureka  Sent.,  Apr.  15,  1873;  <S,  F.  Alta,  Apr.  14,  1873;  5.  L.  Trib., 
July  4,  1874,  July  10,  1875;  Gold  Hill  News,  Dec.  14,  1875;  Smith's  Myntery 
and  Crime,  16-23,  27-30;  Circulars  of  First  Presid.,  1877;  Pratt's  prophecy, 
Austin,  Reese  Biv.  Bev.,  Apr.  23,  1880;  worship  and  preachers.  Burton,  Citu 
of  Saints,  316;  sermons.  Young,  1860;  Burton,  City  of  Saints,  320;  Sac.  Union, 
May  30,  Oct.  9;  Morm.  Expos.,  i.  no.  1;  S.  F.  Call,  May  11,  1865;  Bulletin, 
Oct.  17,  1867;  Alta,  July  19,  1869;  -S.  L.  Bev.,  Deo.  7,  1871;  Hubner's  Bound 
the  World,  109;  The  Besurr.,  S.  L,  City,  1875;  PrescoU  Miner,  Aug.  17, 1877; 
by  elders,  S.  L.  Tel.,  June  15,  1869;  Corinne  Beptr,  in  Elko  Indpt,  Aug.  21, 
1869;  Greenwood's  New  Lift,  144-7;  Taylor's  Summer  Savory,  21-5;  iS.  L. 
Herald,  1878,  Sept,  2,  17.  24,  Oct.  1,  22,  29,  Nov,  5,  12,  19;  MarshaU'n 
Through  Amer. ,  198-205;  Silver  Beef  Min.,  June  18, 1879;  character  of,  SaU's 
Amer.  Bevis.,  296;  Bichardson's  Beyond  Miss.,  356-7;  Sac.  Union,  Feb.  28, 
1861;  relig,  freedom,  Cannon,  Rev.  of  Decis.  ofSupm.  Ct;  confer.,  S.  F.  Alta, 
1869,  Oct.  9;  1872,  Apr.  29;  Bulletin,  1870,  Apr.  12;  1871,  Oct  6,  7;  1872, 
Apr.  9,  29;  1873,  Apr,  7,  9;  1874,  Oct,  7;  1876,  Nov.  3;  1877,  Apr.  11,  Oct.  8; 
1879,  Apr,  9;  1883,  Oct,  6,  15;  CaU,  1864,  Apr.  7;  1871,  Apr,  11;  1872,  Apr. 
9;  1873,  Apr,  7;  Chronicle,  1883,  Oct  6;  Post,  1875,  Apr,  12;  1877,  Apr.  6; 
Times,  1868,  Apr,  2\;Sac,  Union,  1860,  Oct  20;  Carton  Union,  Apr.  12, 1873; 
Jackson  (Amador)  Ledger,  Dec.  29,  1877;  S.  L.  Herald,  1878,  Oct  8;  1879, 
Apr,  9,  12,  22,  May  20,  June  10,  24,  Oct  7;  1880,  Jan,  6;  Telegraph,  18G9, 
Apr,  6,  7,  8,  9;  1870,  May  7,  8,  9;  Tribune,  187.3,  May  10;  1874,  Apr.  4;  1873, 
Apr.  17,  Aug.  6,  Oct.  9,  10,  12;  1876,  Apr.  8-15,  Oct  7;  1877,  May  19,  26, 
Oct  13;  1878,  Apr.  13,  July  13,  Oct  12;  1879,  Apr.  5,  8,  Oct  7;  1880,  Apr. 
10,  Sept  23;  Toumsend's  Morm.  Trials,  44;  Beadle's  L\fe  in  Utah,  278-89; 
Robiiuon's  Sinners  and  SaitUt;  bishopa,  Des.  Newt,  Nov.  29,  1851;  book  of 


GOVERNMENT  AND  THE  MORMONS. 


887 


le  saints,  to- 
I,  as  charged 
ity  of  others 
nmunity,  of 

e  No.  19,  333-40; 
244-8;  Mack-ay's 
»(/*«  Rentrrcclion, 
Ex.  Doc,  19-20; 
July  10,  Sept.  4, 
30,  June  13,  27, 
9,  23,  Feb.  6,  20; 
«1,  306-30;  Bur- 

rery  gentile  paper 
m  the  Salt  l^ke 
Qce  of  the  Kanes- 
e  contained  arti- 
;h  I  haver<!fer>ctl 
lly  to  mL':iBiou.;ry 
ions.     I  append  a 
:<a,  Jan.  19,  1800; 
Utah,  \8H;S.  L. 
rait.  Key  to  Sden. 
L.  T»i6.,Jan.  25, 
bible  and  book  of 
•r.  16,  1875;  Sllv. 
J77;  Sept.  24,  Oct. 
mmciniii  Utah,  34, 
4,  Sept.  1,  1800; 
.  7,  1883;  priest- 
Stir.  State,  Mar. 
[873;  S.  L.  Trib., 
Smith's  Mystenj 
'ratt's  prophecy, 
lers,  Burton,  Citu 
320;  Sac.  Union, 
,  1865;  Dulktvi, 
Hubner'a  Round 
]r,  Aug.  17, 1877; 
Indpt,  Aug.  21, 
iry,  21-5;  8.  L. 
!,  19;  Marshall'* 
[aracter  of,  Sdu's 
Union,  Feb.  28, 
ifer.,  S.  F.  Aha, 
lOct.  6,  7;  1872, 
Apr.  11,  Oct.  8; 
11;  1872,  Apr. 
;  1877,  Apr.  6; 
J,  Apr.  12, 1873; 
'8,  Oct.  8;  1879, 
"ekgraph,  18C9, 
;4,  Apr.  4;  1875, 
77,  May  19,  26, 
t.  7;  1880,  Apr. 
n  Utah,  278-89; 
I,  1851;  book  of 


one  commonwealth,  is  the  real  diflBculty — not  their 
reUgion,  their  so-called  blasphemies,  their  pretended 
revelations  and  miracles,  their  opposition  bible,  their 
latter-day  dispensations,  and  the  rest;  nor  yet  their 
crimes  and  misdemeanors,  their  robberies  and  mur- 
ders; nor  even  yet  their  secret  ceremonies,  their  en- 
dowments, Danite  bands,  blood  atonement,  and  the 
rest.  The  copy  or  counterpart  of  very  many  of  these, 
in  greater  or  smaller  degree,  is,  or  has  been,  practised 
by  the  gentiles;  or  if  not,  few  care  enough  for  any  of 
tlicin  to  go  to  war  on  their  account.  The  trouble  is 
this,  and  this  will  continue  to  be  the  trouble,  in  Utah 
or  elsewhere  in  the  United  States,  and  that  whether 
polygamy  stands  or  falls — the  saints  are  too  exclusive, 
industrially  and  politically,  for  their  neighbors. 

The  theory  of  government  of  this  republic  is  nu- 
merical equality,  each  man  and  each  hundred  men 
being  equal  to  every  other  man  or  every  other  hundred 
men  as  industrial  and  political  factors.  In  this  case, 
however,  it  is  not  so,  and  it  never  can  be  so.  Spirit- 
ual manifestations  and  spiritual  wives  have  nothing 
to  do  with  it.  A  hundred  or  a  thousand  Mormons 
are  a  unit,  socially,  politically,  and  commercially,  in  a 
community  organized  theoretically  upon  the  basis  of 
only  one  man  to  the  unit.  And  until  the  principles 
of  the  United  States  republic  are  remodelled.  Mor- 
mons and  gentiles  cannot  live  together  in  peace  and 
amity.     It  is  folly  for  gentiles  to  enter  a  Mormon 

Abraliam,  Smith's  Pearl  of  Ot  Price,  25-30;  MU.  Star,  xv.  549-50,  passim. 
For  additional  sermons  on  theology,  see  Mil.  Stur,  i.  passim,  vi.  33-8,  49-56, 
C5-70,  97-9,  viii.  35-8;  Times  and  Seasonn,  ii.,  i''.,  iv.,  and  v.  passim,  vi.  808- 
9,  823-5,  9.>7-8,  1001-5;  anal,  of,  Beadk's  Life  vi  Utah,  311-31;  Toumaend's 
Murm.  Trials,  40;  on  creed  and  faith,  Timtn  and  Seasons,  i.  68-70,  iii.  863-5, 
9,')l-3;  Spencer's  Letters,  etc.,  1-252;  Yoniirfit  Wife  No.  19,  58-60;  Bennett's 
lliM.  of  Saints,  10;t-32,  302-7,  340-1;  Eden  Rev ,  Apr.  1854,  352;  Pratt,  In- 
Ur.  Acct,  27-36:  Id.,  Series  of  Pamph.,  nos  2-0;  Tucl-er's  Morm.,  139-52; 
yetromile,  A  Tour,  70-1;  Ferris'  Utah  and  Morm.,  211-13,  299-300;  Sten- 
houne's  Tell  It  All,  295-300;  Reynolds'  Bk  of  Ah  alutm,  15;  Grass  ValUy,  Foot- 
hill Tidings,  July  5,  1879;  Pratt,  in  Des.  News,  Aug.  21,  1852;  Smith,  in 
Time-i  and  Seasons,  iii.  709;  Id.,  Pearl  ofOt  Price,  63;  Smucker's  Morm.,  61- 
6;  Pratt's  Persecutions  iii.-v.;  Id.,  Voice  qf  Warn.,  passim;  Dixon,  White 
Conquest,  182-8,  If  ,  223-8;  preachers  and  preaching,  Greeley's  Overland 
Jmit:,  218-22;  Seventies,  Mil.  Star,  xxxvi.  369-72;  church  charter,  S.  F. 
BuUetin,  Not.  26,  1853;  sincerity  of  Morm.,  S.  F.  Aiia,  Mar.  30,  1858. 


368 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


i:-  -.1! 

M 


I 


k  oiiJi. 


community  and  think  to  rule,  or  to  have  any  part  in 
the  government  as  at  present  existing,  and  following 
the  line  of  law  and  order.  This  is  why  the  people  of 
Missouri  and  Illinois  drove  them  out — not  because  of 
their  religion  or  immorality,  for  thoir  religion  was 
nothing  to  the  gentiles.,  and  their  morals  were  as  good 
or  better  than  those  of  their  neighbors.  It  may  as 
well  be  understood  and  agreed  upon  that,  in  the 
United  States  or  out  of  the  United  States,  the  ]\Ior- 
mons  are,  and  ever  will  be,  a  people  self-contained  and 
apart. 

Thus  the  matter  continues  to  be  discussed  by  the 
world  at  large,  as  a  question  of  theology  or  morality, 
and  not  of  active  political  and  judicial  control,  or  of 
the  domination  of  a  politico-religious  organization, 
with  aspirations  and  purposes  diverse  from  those  of 
the  American  people  generally. 

The  theory  and  assumption  of  the  Mormon  church 
as  a  politico-religious  organization  is  that  the  church 
is  a  government  of  God,  and  not  responsible  to  any 
other  government  on  earth  conflicting  with  it,  if  not 
indeed  bound  from  necessity  to  overturn  and  supplant 
all  civil  governments.  This  assumption  lies  at  the  very 
foundation  of  the  Mormon  creed;  and  from  this  point, 
in  practical  operation  as  well  as  in  theory,  there  is  a 
divergence  between  that  organization  and  the  Uiiitod 
States  government.  Grant  that  any  man  believes 
what  the  Mormons  believe,  say  their  enemies,  and 
where  will  liis  allegiance  rest- — with  the  government  of 
the  United  States,  or  with  this  politico-religious  or- 
ganization which  ought  to  and  will,  as  they  iniagint\ 
supplant  all  other  governments?  Many  of  them  are 
alien  born,  and,  from  the  treatment  they  receive  on 
their  arrival,  learn  to  distrust  the  government  of  tho 
United  States,  and  to  cling  all  the  closer  to  the  insti- 
tutions of  their  sect. 

"  It  is  not  consistent  that  the  people  of  God,"  says 
Orson  Pratt,  "  should  organize  or  be  subject  to  man- 


made 


governments. 


If  it  were  so,  they  could  never 


THE  MORMON  CHURCH. 


y  part  in 
following 
people  of 
)eeausc  of 
igion  was 
•e  as  good 
[t  may  as 
it,  in  the 
the  Mor- 
ained  and 

ed  by  the 
•  morality, 
itrol,  or  of 
ranization, 
n  those  of 

ion  church 
the  church 
ble  to  any 
1  it,  if  not 
d  supplant 
,t  the  very 
this  point, 
there  is  a 
he  United 
believes 
mics,  and 
rnment  of 
lio-ious  or- 
imagine, 
them  are 
receive  on 
3nt  of  tlie 
the  insti- 

U)d,"  says 
It  to  man- 
liud  never 


be  perfected.  There  can  be  but  one  perfect  govern- 
ment— that  organized  by  God,  a  government  by  apos- 
tles, prophets,  priests,  teachers,  and  evangelists;  the 
order  of  the  original  church  of  all  churches  acknowl- 
edged by  God." 

Early  in  this  narrative  we  saw  plainly,  and  re- 
marked upon  it  as  we  proceeded,  that  it  has  been 
chiefly  the  political  character  and  aspirations  of  the 
church  that  have  brought  it  into  all  its  difficulties 
everywhere — in  Ohio,  in  Missouri,  in  Illinois.  And 
its  thirty  years  of  isolation  and  independence  in 
Utah,  during  which  time  it  came  in  contact  with 
the  A.merican  people  or  with  the  government  only 
ill  a  limited  degree,  intensified  its  desire  for  con- 
tro].  The  only  way  the  Mormons  can  live  in  peace 
>:itL  gentile  neighbors  is  for  them  to  follow  the  ex- 
aiu:  of  their  brethren,  the  Josephites — leave  politics 
■d\\\:  government  out  of  their  ethics,  and  not  combine 
tor  the  purpose  of  controlling  counties,  states,  or  ter- 
ritories. But  this  strikes  at  the  very  root  of  their 
religion,  which  has  already  given  them  for  an  inher- 
itance all  counties  and  countries  and  peoples  through- 
out the  world,  as  they  modestly  claim. 

There  is  here  much  more  than  the  religious  unity 
of  ancient  Israel.  As,  a  cooperative  association,  Mor- 
monism  has  not  its  equal  in  the  history  of  the  world. 
In  every  conceivable  relation,  position,  interest,  and 
idea;  ]\  every  Beutiment  of  hope  and  fear,  of  joy  and 
sorrow — there  h  mutual  assistance  and  sympathy.  It 
entcn:  int.*.-  all  siTairs,  whether  for  time  or  eternity; 
there  is  a^  alischrte  unity  in  religion,  government,  and 
society,  aiyi  to  'he  fv.llest  - xtent  short  of  communism, 
niutual  assistuiiv. .?  .'ii  agriculture,  commerce,  and  manu- 
factures. If  a  foreign  convert  wishes  to  come  to  Amer- 
ica, he  is  helped  hither;  if  he  wants  land,  farming  imple- 
ments, seed,  stock,  he  is  helped  to  them ;  trade  and  man- 
ufactures are  largely  cooperative.  And  this  bond  of 
strength,  whether  it  be  called  the  holiness  of  saints  or 

UiBT    Jtah.    M 


m 


370 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


I 


t 


■'~1    1 


S    i 


f:i 


si    . 

-a  i 


the  bigotry  of  fanatics,  causes  them  to  be  feared  and 
hated  by  their  neighbors. 

Polygamy,  as  a  tenet  of  the  Mormon  church,  is 
based  upon  scripture  example,  and  ii'  this  is  unlaw- 
ful, it  says,  all  is  unlawful.  Marriage  is  ordained  uf 
God,  and  essential  to  salvation.  Christian  sects 
hold  up  the  patriarchs  as  examples  in  their  sacred 
instruction,  and  yet  condemn  in  these  personages  a 
practice  which  Christ  nowhere  condemns.  While 
m  polygamy,  God  blessed  them  and  their  polyga- 
mous seed,  saying  never  a  word  about  their  plural 
wives.  Polygamy  w^as  common  in  Asia  at  the  time 
of  the  apostles;  yet  none  of  them  preached  against 
it,  nor  does  J^lm  the  revelator  mention  it,  writing 
to  the  seven  ch  i  In  the  days  of  Justin  Martyr, 

the  Jews  practise  olygamy.  It  is  true  that  the 
emperor  Theodosius,  about  a.  d.  393,  promulgated  a 
law  against  polygamy,  but  it  was  repealed  sixty  years 
after  by  Valentinian.  Nevertheless,  as  the  civilized 
Morld,  particularly  Christian  sects,  regarded  the  prac- 
tice with  abhorrence,  the  prophet  Joseph  inquired  of 
the  Lord  as  to  what  he  should  do.  And  the  Lord 
answered,  commanding  him  to  restore  all  things,  the 
practice  of  polygamy  among  the  rest.  The  revelation 
on  this  subject  is  given  entire  in  note  19  of  this  chap- 
ter. The  inferior  order  of  wifehood,  known  in  the 
sacred  scriptures  as  concubinage,  is  not  recognized  in 
the  Mormon  church.  By  the  marriage  covenant,  all 
are  made  wives,  and  all  children  are  legitimate. 

Celestial  marriage  and  the  plural-wife  system,  as 
incorporated  parts  of  the  IMormon  religion,  are  essen- 
tial to  the  fulness  of  exaltation  in  the  eternal  world. 
The  space  around  us,  it  declares,  is  inhabited  by  spirits, 
thousands  of  years  old,  awaiting  tabernacles  in  the 
flesh,  which  can  be  legitimately  furnished  them  only 
by  marriage  and  procreation;  and  bodies  cannot  be 
obtained  for  these  spirits  fast  enough  unless  men  have 
more  wives  than  one.     It  is  the  will  and  glory  of  God 


THE  ETHICS  OP  POWGAMV. 

hose  who  keep  this  comt^^ent  1'"  ^''  ^"'S'^'-'"'' 
fw.ug  as  gods;  otherwise  t^^-J'"^  '"  mu  tiply 
.n  the  bodies  of  unbeHeve«  andr*^  T'" '«''«'  ■■'=4e 
But  civilization  has  S„n„^f  T''  *°  Perdition, 
an.  a  crime,  a  retro^eS  aS^ i°'^S«?y  «  ourae 
and  against  moralitj,  a  Stlv  »5    i*^"^'««^ety 
...cestuous,  degrading,  a^  f  otTr*'-""'  '°"»<»-al. 
shame,  a  vice,  and  as  sn^l,  )k      J-     ™""'»nsm,  a  sin  a 
laws  against  i't.     And  the  is^et^"'*'*' '' and  pZ'^ 
monogamy  is  one  purX  for  cfvmi^"  r'^S*""^  ^-^ 
<hnst,an.ty  lias  not  a  Lt  of  jl?  T.'° ''«'«™i<'e; 
Hi  the  matter.  *  "'  S^<""«1  to  stand  upon 

Culture  cares  nothing  f.  -  roT,„: 
<!■«,  not  what  he  belie^ves  t  if ,* "  1*  '^  »''"'  «  man 
"III  not  do  to  break  the  law  i^  tbf ^"^  P">S^-     It 
^"I'poso  a  man's  relieion  »T.fT    •     "^^^  "^  "-eligion 
'uurder    does  that  tf ^e  a  IhT^^M^  *<?  ooSmrt 
tbiiughestmoralitv -inrffi,  f-  /     Civilization  seeks 
H  not  that  of  the  b'^i:"rf*?f ''■^•'f '  """.lity,  it  Z^ 
an.v  other  so-called  ho  y  boof"  feV^fo^on.  or  rf 
ha-sed  on  nature,  and  br  a  «t ^      ? '''■^''*^'^  ""ral'ty  is 
f-y  find  it.     W  before  ChLf  "^^^ '«  '^''^  ■"«» 
t^:  the  evils  of  thfs  custom  wh'h  """'"=*"°'"'""'ke 
with  Its  morality.     Thf  r^r  -^  '^  "»*  '»  accord 
-to  died   470  years   beforfn    'f'^™*''  ^'^^It 
whose  followers   now   nm«K       ""r^*  ""«  l""™,  and 
;  .y  whole  human  ;^e.  preached    '"'■  ""'   '^'^   "^ 
"hen  Greece  and  Ron  eCere  tteT"''  P"'^^^'"^- 

fX -o^amy  as  Greecroth^^:^/^  ^t^ta 
--ftheChristrS:L%^„^-sin^theh^ 


n' 


1      K~ 

'  1 

II' 

J: 

j\ 

■J 

-*. 

i  '■ 

'J- 

■Tl 

M 

■■      if. 

1 

372 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


progresses,  religion  becomes  less  dogmatic,  and  the 
insanity  assumes  more  and  more  the  milder  form. 
Thus  it  is  with  the  Mormons  as  with  others;  they 
would  not  feel  justified  in  doing  now  some  things 
which  were  done  by  their  predecessors,  any  more 
than  gentile  Cliristians  would  wisli  to  burn  here- 
tics, or  slaughter  millions  in  the  name  of  the  re- 
deemer; or  any  more  than  they  would  accept  Joseph 
Smith  as  a  prophet  from  God,  or  believe  in  his  metal 
book  of  Mormon,  or  his  pretended  revelations. 

But  admitting  man's  obligation  to  follow  the  pre- 
cepts and  example  of  the  bible,  which,  if  done  literall}-, 
would  lead  him  into  all  manner  of  contrarieties  ancl 
absurdities,  even  as  it  does  the  Mormons  to-day,  the 
scriptural' argument  in  support  of  polygamy  does  not 
go  for  much.  Among  the  half-savage  Israelites  the 
custom  obtained,  but  as  they  grew  more  civilized,  it 
died  out.  The  first  apostles  had  none  of  them  two 
wives,  and  St  Paul  maintained  that  it  was  best  not 
to  have  any:  the  spirit  of  the  new  testament  is  all 
against  plurality  of  wives,  and,  though  it  nowhere  in 
so  many  words  condemns  the  system,  the  books  of 
Mormon  and  doctrine  and  covenants  do. 

Thus  we  see  that  holy  books  are  contradictory  and 
unreliable,  not  being  consistent  in  themselves,  or  pro- 
ducing consistent  followers.  Codes  of  morality  de- 
pending on  the  divine  will  are  without  foundation :  are, 
mdeed,  not  codes  of  morality,  which  to  be  genuine 
must  be  based  on  nature  as  the  law-giver  and  punisher ; 
for  otherwise  all  men  to  whom  the  will  of  God  has  not 
been  revealed,  or  who  do  not  believe  in  any  god  or 
revelation,  would  be  without  any  knowledge  of  right 
and  wrong,  or  any  standard  of  morality. 

Innate  perceptions,  supernatural  intuitions,  or  a  con- 
science divinely  given,  instead  of  one  evolved  from  the 
ever-increasing  accumulation  of  human  experiences, 
are  not  safe  guides  to  right  conduct,  as  the  doctrines 
and  doings  of  the  Mormons  clearly  show.  By  the  re- 
sult of  an  act,  not  by  supernatural  revelation,  we  know 


MONOGAMT  AND  P0L70AMY. 


S73 


whether  it  is  good  or  bad;  and  here,  the  result  being 
bad,  the  act  is  wrong,  immoral. 

The  result  is  bad  because  by  reason  of  the  act  civ- 
ilization takes  a  step  backward,  woman  is  degraded, 
and  the  progress  of  the  race  hampered.  The  mono- 
gam  ic  is  the  highest  type  of  family,  and  the  highest 
t y  pe  of  society,  yet  evolved.  Polygamy  is  better  than 
promiscuity  or  polyandry,  but  it  is  not  equal  to  mo- 
1 1  ( >gamy .  Polygamy  springs  from  the  desire  to  extend 
the  sexual  gratification  at  the  expense  of  the  better 
sense  of  the  better  part  of  the  world's  inhabitants. 
It  is  but  a  few  removes  from  the  old  way  among  sav- 
ages, where  women  were  property,  and  bought  by  hus- 
bands to  be  used  as  slaves.  To  monogamy  is  due  the 
fullest  development  of  the  emotions,  t)f  the  higher 
sentiments,  motherly  tenderness,  fatherly  care,  and 
the  dutiful  respect  and  obedience  on  the  part  of  chil- 
dion.  It  is  here  that  the  passion  of  lovo  assumes  its 
most  refined  form ;  it  is  here  that  we  find  in  family, 
social,  and  political  relations,  the  greatest  good  to  the 
orcatest  number. 

For  if  we  degrade  woman,  we  degrade  her  children, 
her  husband,  and  the  whole  community.  Through- 
out all  ages  the  position  of  woman  has  fixed  the  ad- 
vancement of  the  nation  in  the  scale  of  refinement  and 
intelligence.  Polygamy  makes  of  woman,  not  the 
equal  and  companion  of  man,  but  his  subordinate,  if 
not  indeed  his  serf  or  slave.  The  charm  of  her  in- 
fluence is  gone;  the  family  circle  becomes  incongruous 
and  less  cohesive;  and  there  is  an  absence  of  those 
lirni  relations,  filial  and  paternal,  which,  continued 
through  successive  generations,  engender  the  highest 
type  of  society  yet  known.  Make  of  American  wo- 
men Circassian  slaves,  and  you  will  make  of  American 
men  Turks. 

The  nations  having  the  highest  and  best  literature, 
laws,  commerce,  and  religion,  the  nations  that  are 
eidightening  the  world  with  their  books,  telegraphs, 
steamboats,  and  railroads,  are  monogamic.    Polygamy 


11 


>M 


I 


374 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


encourages,  if  it  does  not  necessitate,  a  domestic  des- 
potism, which,  united  with  a  religious  and  political 
despotism,  constitutes  one  of  the  worst  possible  of 
social  evils.  It  adds  to  the  Mormons  numbers  ati<l 
strength,  banding  them  in  a  pecuHar  brotherhood, 
politically  and  socially. 

The  system  is  not  an  equitable  one.  There  are  born 
a  tolerably  even  number  of  males  and  females,  so  that 
under  this  arrangement,  where  one  man  had  a  dozen 
wives,  a  dozen  or  so  men  would  have  none.  Then, 
as  to  the  relationships  of  the  individual  members,  in- 
justice is  wrought,  some  of  them  being  but  little  bet- 
ter than  those  existing  among  animals.  There  is  un 
instinct  in  every  woman  which  tells  her  that  to  be 
second  or  third  is  to  be  no  wife  at  all.  Neglect  must 
exist.  One  man  cannot  properly  care  for  so  many 
women  and  children.  Even  if  he  is  wealthy,  he  has 
not  the  time.  Differences  of  origin  and  interests 
breed  jealousies,  foster  selfishness,  and  are  injurious 
to  character.  Then,  when  the  reproductive  age  has 
passed,  there  is  nothing  left  for  the  wife  but  a  lonely 
and  miserable  old  age. 

Further  than  this,  if  reproduction  be  the  chief  in- 
centive to  the  plural-wife  system  among  the  Mormons, 
and  if  it  be  true,  as  is  often  asserted,  that  as  a  rule 
the  sexes  are  born  numerically  equal,  then  the  system 
will  in  the  end  defeat  its  own  object,  for  more  chil- 
dren will  be  born  and  cared  for  where  there  is  one 
man  for  every  woman  than  where  some  women  have 
to  go  without  a  husband,  or  with  a  fraction  of 
one.  It  might  pertinently  be  asked,  in  this  connec- 
tion, what  is  the  benefit  in  multiplying  the  popula- 
tion? Are  there  not  enough  people  already  in  the 
world?  and  is  it  not  better  to  improve  the  stock  than 
unduly  to  multiply  it?  This  prevention  is  practised 
often  for  improper  motives  and  by  injurious  methods: 
but  millions  do  it  because  they  tliink  they  cannot 
afford  to  raise  children,  and  have  no  right  to  bring 
them  into  existence. 


THEOCRACY  AND  REPUBLICANISM, 


375 


True,  the  evils  of  the  practice  are  not  so  great  under 
a  theocratic  and  patriarchal  system  like  that  of  the 
Mormons,  as  it  would  be  if  allowed  to  run  riot  round 
the  world,  giving  libertines  the  widest  opportunity  to 
deceive  and  then  desert  women;  in  which  case  there 
would  be  no  need  of  prostitution  to  satisfy  men's  pas- 
sions, as  the  great  barriers  between  the  virtuous  and 
the  lewd  would  be  for  the  most  part  broken  down. 
Among  the  Mormons,  this  is  prevented  by  strong  re- 
ligious feeling,  and  by  the  patriarchal  influence  of  the 
leaders.  But  the  majority  of  mankind  in  the  great 
outside  world  are  not  controlled  by  religion  or  reason 
— they  simply  drift. 

Whether  for  this  reason  or  some  other  reason.  Mor- 
mons are  not  loyal  to  the  government,  and  the  issue 
is  between  polygamic  theocracy  and  American  repub- 
licanism. Nor  are  the  fears  of  the  friends  of  the  lat- 
ter wholly  groundless;  for,  as  one  writer  said  of  it, 
"the  Mormon  church  is  one  of  the  best  organized 
systems  in  the  world.  The  cunning  of  the  devil  and 
the  sophistry  of  error  are  so  mingled  with  truth  as  to 
make  it  one  of  the  most  powerful  agencies  to  delude 
the  ignorant."  The  truth  is,  the  theocratic  organiza- 
tion has  already  become  absolute.  Opposition  stimu- 
lates propagandism,  and  persecution  brings  only  de- 
fiance of  federal  authority  and  the  moral  sense  of  the 
nation.  Legislation  is  defeated  at  every  turn.  The 
history  of  Utah  is  the  history  of  the  Mormon  priest- 
hood in  its  attempt  to  subordinate  the  state  to  the 
church,  and  make  the  authority  of  the  priesthood  su- 
perior to  that  of  the  United  States  government. 

So  says  civilization. 


ij 


In  answer,  polygamy  reiterates  scriptural  example 
and  divine  command,  and  repudiates  civilization 
wherever  it  interferes  with  religion.  Culture  and 
progress,  which  set  at  defiance  God's  law,  are  of  the 
devil.  There  is  no  retrogression  in  keeping  the  com- 
mands of  the  most  high.     God  blessed  Abraliam,  and 


376 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


David,  and  Solomon;  polygamy  is  no  curse.  And 
that  cannot  be  a  sin  which  God  commands;  that  can- 
not be  a  vice  which  has  for  its  accomplishment  only 
the  highest  and  holiest  purposes  of  the  almighty; 
that  cannot  be  against  morality  which  is  practised  only 
by  the  righteous,  and  for  the  pure  and  eternal  welfare 
of  the  human  race.^" 

>*For  a  time,  in  so  far  as  possible,  the  practice  of  polyntmy  in  Illinois  and 
Utah  vas  kept  secret  by  the  missionariea  in  England  and  in  Europe.  Says 
I'arley  P.  Pratt  in  Manchester,  and  ia  the  Millennial  Star  of  1846,  '  Such  a 
doctrine  is  not  held,  known,  or  practised  as  a  principle  of  the  latter-day 
saints;'  and  John  Taylor  at  the  Boulogne  discussion,  in  France,  in  July  ISoO, 
says,  *  We  are  accused  here  of  polygamy  and  actions  the  most  indelicate,  ob- 
scpne,  and  disgusting,  such  as  none  but  a  corrupt  heart  could  have  conceived. 
I'hese  things  are  too  outrageous  to  be  believed. 

Ou  the  morning  of  Aug.  29,  lSo2,  before  a  special  conference  in  session  at 
S.  L.  City,  Orson  Pratt  preached  on  the  subject  of  marriage,  in  which  dis- 
course he  stated,  '  It  is  well  known,  however,  to  the  congregation  before  me, 
th;it  the  latter-day  saints  have  embraced  the  doctrine  of  a  plurality  of  wives 
:is  part  of  their  religious  faith.'  In  the  evening,  whilst  the  sacrament  was 
)>(  ing  passed,  Brigham  addressed  the  audience,  saying  in  the  course  of  his  re- 
1 1  lurks,  '  Though ;  hat  doctrine  [polygamy]  has  not  been  preached  by  the  ciders, 
this  people  have  believed  in  it  for  many  years. '  At  the  close  of  Brigham's 
address,  the  revelation  of  July  12,  1843,  was  read  by  Elder  Thomas  Bullock, 
Tlie  proceedings  of  this  coufercnce  were  published  in  full  in  an  8vo  pamplilet 
of  48  pages,  issued  as  an  extra  by  the  Deseret  Neivs,  on  Sept.  14,  1852,  when 
tlie  revelation  tirst  saw  the  light.  It  next  appeared  in  the  Millennial  Star, 
and  may  now  bo  found  in  the  book  of  Doctrine  and  Covenants.  Herewith  I 
give  the  revelation  entire. 

Revelation  given  to  Joseph  Smith,  at  Nauvoo,  July  12,  1843:  '  V^erily, 
tlius  saith  the  Lord  imto  you,  my  servant  Joseph,  that  inasmuch  as  you  have 
inquired  of  my  hand  to  know  and  understand  wherein  I,  the  Lord,  justified 
my  servants  Abraham,  Isaac,  and  .Jacob,  as  also  Moses,  David,  and  Solo- 
mon, my  servants,  as  touching  the  principle  and  doctrine  of  their  having  many 
wives  and  concubines:  behold,  and  lo!  I  am  the  Lord  thy  God,  aud  will 
answer  thee  as  touching  this  matter;  therefore,  prepare  thy  heart  to  receive 
and  obey  the  instructions  which  I  am  about  to  give  unto  you;  for  all  those 
who  have  this  law  revealed  unto  them  must  obey  the  same;  for  behold!  I  re- 
N-eal  unto  you  a  new  and  an  everlasting  covenant,  and  if  ye  abide  not  that 
covenant,  then  are  ye  damned;  for  no  one  can  reject  this  covenant  and  be 
permitted  to  enter  into  my  glory;  for  all  who  will  have  a  blessing  at  ray 
hands  shall  abide  the  law  which  was  appointed  for  that  blessing,  and  the  con- 
ditions thereof,  as  were  instituted  from  before  the  foundations  of  the  world; 
and  as  pertaining  to  the  new  and  everlasting  covenant,  it  was  instituted  for 
the  fulness  of  my  glory;  and  ho  that  receiveth  a  fulness  thereof  must  aud 
shall  abide  the  law,  or  he  shall  be  damned,  saith  the  Lord  G>  J.  And  verily  I 
say  unto  you,  that  the  conditions  of  this  law  arc  these:  All  covenants,  con- 
tracts, bonds,  obligations,  oaths,  vows,  performances,  connections,  associa- 
tions, or  expectations  that  are  not  made  and  entered  into  and  sealed  by  the 
holy  spirit  of  promise,  of  him  who  is  anointed,  both  as  well  for  time  and  for  all 
eternity,  and  that,  too,  most  holy,  by  revelation  and  commandment,  through 
the  medium  of  mine  anointed,  whom  I  have  appointed  on  the  earth  to  hold 
this  power  (and  I  have  appointed  unto  my  servant  Joseph  to  hold  this  power 
in  the  last  days,  and  there  is  never  but  one  on  tlie  earth  at  a  time  ou  whom 
this  power  and  the  keys  of  this  priesthood  are  conferred),  are  of  no  efficacy, 
virtue,  or  force  in  and  after  the  resurrection  from  the  dead:  for  all  contracts 


:| 


MONOGAMY  FROM  THE  MORMON  STANDPOINT. 


»77 


Whatever  may  be  the  blessings  attending  civiliza- 
tion, they  are  insignificant  as  compared  with  the  bless- 
int^s  of  religion,  a  life  of  faith  and  holiness,  and  the 
pure  worship  of  God.  Civilization  with  its  one-wife 
or  no-wife  system  breeds  licentiousness,  fosters  pros- 


that  are  not  made  unto  this  end  have  an  end  when  men  are  dead.  Behold 
mine  house  is  a  house  of  order,  saith  the  Lord  God,  and  not  a  house  of  confu- 
sion. Will  I  accept  an  offering,  saith  the  Lord,  that  is  not  made  in  my  name  ? 
Or  will  I  receive  at  your  hands  that  which  I  have  not  appointed  ?  And  will  I 
appoint  unto  you,  saith  the  Lord,  except  it  be  by  law,  even  as  I  and  mv 
father  ordained  unto  you,  before  tiie  world  was  ?  I  am  the  Lord  thy  God, 
and  I  give  unto  you  this  commandment  that  no  man  shall  come  unto  the  fa- 
ther but  by  me,  or  by  my  word,  which  is  my  law,  saith  the  Lord;  and  every- 
thing that  is  in  the  world,  whether  it  be  ordained  of  men,  by  thrones,  or 
jirincipalities,  or  powers,  or  things  of  name,  whatsoever  they  may  be  that  are 
not  by  me,  or  by  my  word,  saith  the  Lord,  shall  be  thrown  doMm,  and  shall 
not  remain  after  men  are  dead,  neither  in  nor  after  the  resurrection,  saith  the 
Lord  your  God;  for  whatsoever  things  remain  are  by  me,  and  whatsoever 
things  are  not  by  me  shall  be  shaken  and  destroyed.  Therefore,  if  a  man 
marry  him  a  wife  in  the  world,  and  he  marry  her  not  by  me,  nor  by  my  word, 
and  he  covenant  with  her  so  long  as  he  is  in  the  world,  and  she  with  him, 
their  covenant  and  marriage  are  not  of  force  when  they  are  dead,  and  when 
they  are  out  of  the  world;  therefore,  they  are  not  bound  by  any  law  when 
they  are  out  of  the  world;  therefore,  when  they  are  out  of  the  world,  they 
neither  marry  nor  are  given  in  marriage,  but  are  appointed  angels  in  heaven, 
which  angels  are  ministering  servants,  to  minister  for  those  who  are  worthy 
nf  a  far  more  and  an  exceeding  and  an  eternal  weight  of  glory;  for  these  an- 
gels did  not  abide  my  law,  therefore  they  cannot  be  enlarged,  but  remain 
separately  and  singly,  without  exaltation,  in  their  saved  condition  to  all 
eternity,  and  from  henceforth  are  not  gods,  but  are  angels  of  God  forever  and 
ever.  And  again,  verily  I  say  unto  you,  if  a  man  marry  a  wife,  and  make  a 
covenant  with  her  for  time  and  for  all  eternity,  if  that  covenant  is  not  by  me 
or  by  my  word,  which  is  my  law,  and  is  not  sealed  by  the  holy  spirit  of  prom- 
ise, through  him  whom  I  have  anointed  and  appointed  unto  this  power,  then 
it  is  not  valid,  neither  of  force  when  they  are  out  of  the  world,  because  they 
arc  not  joined  by  me,  saith  the  Lord,  neither  by  my  word;  when  they  are  out 
of  the  world,  it  can  not  be  received  there  because  the  angels  and  the  gods  are 
appointed  there,  by  whom  they  cannot  pass;  they  cannot,  therefore,  inherit 
my  glory,  for  my  house  is  a  house  of  order,  saith  the  Lord  God.  And  a^in, 
verily  I  say  unto  you,  if  a  man  marry  a  wife  by  my  word,  which  is  my  law, 
and  by  the  new  and  everlasting  covenant,  and  it  is  sealed  unto  them  by  the 
holy  spirit  of  promise,  by  him  who  is  anointed,  unto  whom  I  have  appomted 
this  power  and  the  keys  of  this  priesthood,  aud  it  shall  be  said  unto  them. 
Ye  snail  come  forth  in  the  first  resurrection;  and  if  it  be  after  the  first  resur- 
rection, in  the  next  resurrection;  and  shall  inherit  thrones,  kingdoms,  prin- 
cipalities, and  powers,  dominions,  all  heights  and  depths;  then  shall  it  be 
written  in  the  Lamb's  book  of  life,  that  he  shall  commit  no  murder  whereby 
to  shed  innocent  blood,  and  if  he  abide  in  my  covenant,  and  commit  no  mur- 
der whereby  to  shed  innocent  blood,  it  shall  be  done  unto  them  in  all  things 
whatsoever  my  servant  hath  put  upon  them,  in  time  and  through  all  eternity; 
and  shall  be  of  full  force  when  they  are  out  of  the  world,  and  they  shall  pass 
by  the  angeL  and  the  gods  which  are  set  there,  to  their  exaltation  and  glory  in 
all  things,  as  hath  been  sealed  uppn  their  heads,  which  glory  shall  be  a  fulness 
and  a  continuation  of  the  seeds  forever  and  ever.  Then  shall  they  bo  gods, 
because  they  have  no  end;  therefore  shall  they  be  from  everlasting  to  ever- 
lasting because  they  continue;  then  shall  they  be  above  all,  because  all  things 


ii 


378 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


titution,  and  brings  much  misery  on  the  human  race 
in  this  world,  not  to  mention  the  world  to  come. 
The  laws  of  God  we  know;  civilization's  laws  we 
know  not.     Civilization  has  little  to  boast  of  in  the 

are  subject  onto  tbem.  Then  shall  they  be  goda,  because  they  have  all  power, 
and  the  aogeli  arc  subject  unto  them. 

'Verily,  Terily,  I  say  unto  you,  except  yo  abide  my  law  ve  cannot  attain 
tothiagkny;  for  straight  is  the  gate  and  narrow  the  wav  that  feadeth  unto  the 
exaltation  and  continuation  of  the  lives,  and  few  there  be  that  £nd  it,  becauM 
ye  receive  me  not  in  the  world,  neither  do  ye  know  me.  But  if  ye  receive  me 
in  the  world,  then  shall  ye  know  me,  and  shall  receive  your  exaltation,  that 
where  I  am  ye  shall  be  also.  This  is  eternal  lives,  to  know  the  only  wise  and 
true  (xod,  and  Jesus  Christ  whom  he  hath  sent.  I  am  be.  Receive  ye, 
therefore,  my  law.  Broad  is  the  gate  and  wide  the  way  that  leadeth  to  the 
deaths,  and  many  there  are  that  go  in  thereat,  bccanao  they  receive  me  uot, 
nt'ither  do  they  abide  in  my  law.  Vorily,  verily,  I  say  unto  you,  if  a  man 
marry  a  wife  according  to  my  word,  and  thev  are  sealed  by  the  holy  spirit  uf 
promise,  according  to  mino  appointment,  and  ho  or  she  shall  commit  any  iiia 
or  transgression  of  the  new  and  everlastiiig  covenant  whatever,  and  all  nun- 
ncr  of  blaaphemiea,  and  if  they  commit  no  murder  wherein  they  shed  innocent 
blood,  yet  they  shall  come  forth  in  the  first  resurrection  and  enter  into  their 
exaltation;  but  they  shall  be  destroyed  in  the  ilcsh,  and  shall  be  dcliveK-.l 
unto  the  buffetings  of  Satan,  unto  ..he  day  of  redemption,  saith  the  Lord  ( lO-J. 
The  blasphemy  against  the  holy  ghost,  which  shall  not  be  forgiven  in  tiie 
world  Dor  out  of  the  world,  is  in  that  ye  commit  murder  wherein  yc  shed  in- 
nocent blood,  and  assent  unto  my  death,  after  ye  have  received  my  new  a  1 
everlasting  covenant,  saith  tho  Lord  God;  and  he  that  abideth  not  this  1  w 
can  in  no  Hiiso  enter  into  my  glory,  but  shall  be  damned,  saith  the  Lord.  I 
am  the  Lord  thy  God,  and  will  give  unto  theo  the  law  of  my  holy  pric-sth'>«l 
as  was  ordained  by  me  and  my  Father  before  tho  world  was.  Abraham  i  •;•■ 
ceived  all  things  whatsoever  he  received  by  revelation  and  coiiuuanilmeut  i>;.' 
my  word,  saith  the  Lord,  and  hath  entered  into  his  cxaltuuon  and  ~i-:e.!i 
upon  his  throne.  Abraham  received  promises  conoerning  his  seed  an<l  of  tJ.e 
fniit  of  his  loins — from  whoso  loins  ye  are,  viz.,  my  servant  Josep'.i — whi'i 
were  to  continue  so  long  as  they  were  in  the  world;  and  as  touching  Abraham 
and  bis  seed  out  of  the  world,  they  eiiould  continue;  both  in  the  world  ac<l 
out  of  the  world  should  they  continue  aa  innumerable  as  the  stars,  or  if  \  ? 
were  to  count  the  sand  upon  the  seashore,  ye  could  not  ncmber  them.  This 
promise  is  yours  also,  because  ye  are  of  Abraham,  and  the  promise  was  nui''? 
imto  Abraiiam,  and  by  this  law  are  the  continuation  of  the  works  of  lu  / 
father,  wherein  he  glorifieth  himself.  Go  ye,  therefore,  aad  do  the  works  • :' 
Abraham;  enter  j-e  into  my  law,  and  yo  shall  bo  saved,  jiut  if  ye  enter  net 
into  my  law,  ye  cannot  receive  the  proniiso  of  my  Father  which  he  ii:a«'i  ■ 
unto  Abraham.  God  commanded  Abraham,  and  Sarah  gave  Hagar  to  Ah:-,- 
ham  to  wij'e.  And  why  did  she  do  it?  Because  this  was  the  law,  and  i  r  i 
Hagar  sprang  many  people.  This,  therefore,  was  fulfilling,  among  oti.- 
things,  the  promises.  Was  Abraham,  therefore,  under  condemnation?  Ver 
ily  I  say  unto  you,  nay;  for  I,  the  Lord,  commanded  it.  Abraham  was  co;:. 
manded  to  ofier  bis  sun  Isaac;  nevertheless  it  was  written  thou  shalt  n  : 
kilL  Abraham,  however,  did  not  refuse,  and  it  was  accounted  unto  him  t  : 
righteousness. 

'Abraiiam  received  concubines,  and  they  bare  him  children,  and  it  w- 
accoonted  unto  him  for  righteousness,  because  they  were  given  unto  him  a:  '■ 
he  abode  in  my  law;  as  Isaac  also,  and  Jacob,  did  none  other  things  tL.i  i 
that  which  they  were  commanded;  and  because  they  did  none  other  thin  •. 
than  that  which  they  were  commanded,  they  have  entered  into  their  exal... 
tion,  according  Vj  tlic  promises,  and  sit  upon  thrones,  and  arc  not  angeb,  1  .: 


REVELATION  ON  POLYGAMY. 


379 


lan  race 
3  come. 
aws  we 
F  in  the 

e  all  power, 

umot  attain 
ith  onto  the 
1  it,  becauM 
e  receiTe  me 
ItatioD,  that 
ttly  wise  and 
Receive  ye, 
idetti  to  the 
ive  me  uot, 
on,  if  a  man 
loly  spirit  vf 
amit  any  Ma 
ind  all  nun- 
hcd  innocent 
XT  into  thiir 
he  deliver.-.l 
lie  Lord  <  lol. 
given  in  the 
a  yc  shed  in- 
iny  new  a  ■•1 
not  this  liw 
the  Lord.    I 
,y  pricsth(>«l 
Abraham  r-:- 
lanilmeut  \>y 
and  iitte.h 
d  and  of  t!.e 
ieijh — wUi'-  . 
ing  Abrahar.i 
world  aL  I 
rs,  or  if  >  • 
them.     Thii 
..  waa  nia'' ' 
■orks  of  111.- 
;ho  works ' :' 
e  enter  no; 
;h  he  iiiaJ; 
jar  to  Abn- 
\r,  ojid  fwni 
mong   other 
,tioa?     Ver 
was  com- 
shalt  no: 
ito  him  for 

land  it  w  • 
Lto  him  an  I 
Ihings  tiwi 
\her  thin  « 
heir  exal-;»- 
langeb,  1  "-■- 


line  of  its  moralities.  It  is  true  thit  monogamy  was 
early  enforced  in  Greece;  but  outside  of  marriage 
limits,  there  was  gross  indulgence  in  every  form, 
which  was  as  freely  permitted  and  practised  as  among 

we  godf.  David  also  received  many  wives  and  conoubiuea,  aa  alio  Solomon 
and  Moses,  m^  servanta,  as  also  nuuiy  others  of  my  servants',  from  the  begin- 
ning of  creation  until  this  time,  and  in  nothing  did  they  sin,  save  in  those 
things  which  they  received  not  of  me.  David's  wivea  and  cononbines  were 
given  unto  him  of  me  by  the  hand  of  Nathan,  my  servant,  and  others  of  the 
prophets  who  had  the  kevs  of  this  power;  and  in  none  of  these  things  did  he 
tin  against  me,  save  in  the  case  of  Uriah  and  his  wife;  and  therefore  he  hath 
fallen  from  his  exaltation  and  received  hia  portion;  and  he  shall  not  inherit 
them  out  of  the  world,  for  I  gave  them  unto  another,  saith  the  Lord.  I  am 
the  Lord  tliy  God,  and  I  cave  unto  thee,  my  servant  Joseph,  an  appointment, 
and  restore  all  things;  ask  what  ye  will,  and  it  shall  be  given  unto  you,  ac- 
cording to  my  word;  and  as  ye  have  asked  concerning  adultery,  verily,  verily, 
1  say  unto  you,  if  a  man  receiveth  a  wife  iu  the  new  and  everlasting  cove- 
uaiit,  and  if  she  be  with  another  man,  and  I  have  not  appointed  unto  her  bv 
the  holy  anointing,  she  hath  committed  adultery,  and  shall  bo  destroyed.  If 
she  be  not  in  the  new  and  everlasting  covenant,  and  she  be  with  another  man, 
the  has  committed  adultery;  and  if  her  husband  bo  with  another  woman,  and 
he  was  under  a  vow,  he  hath  broken  his  vow  and  hath  committed  adul- 
tery; and  if  she  hath  uot  committed  adultery,  but  is  innocent,  and  hath  not 
broken  her  vow,  and  she  knoweth  it,  and  I  reveal  it  unto  you,  my  servant 
Joseph,  then  shzill  you  have  power,  by  the  power  of  my  holy  priesthood,  to 
take  her  and  give  hei;  unto  him  that  hath  not  committed  adultery,  but  hath 
been  faithful,  for  ho  shall  be  made  ruler  over  many;  fori  have  conferred  itpon 
you  the  keys  and  power  of  the  priesthood,  wherein  I  restore  all  thiug  .md 
make  known  unto  you  all  things  in  due  time.  And  verily,  verily,  I  say  imto 
you,  that  whatsoever  you  seal  on  earth  shall  be  sealed  in  heaven,  and  what- 
soever you  bind  on  earth,  in  my  name  and  by  my  word,  saith  tlie  Lord,  it  shall 
be  eternally  bound  in  tho  heavens;  and  whosesoever  suis  you  remit  on  earth 
shall  bo  remitted  eternally  in  the  heavens,  and  whosesoever  sins  you  retain 
m  curth  shall  be  retained  in  heaven.  And  again,  verily  I  suy,  whomsoever 
you  bless,  I  will  bless;  and  whomsoever  you  curse,  I  will  curse,  saith  tho 
Lord;  for  I  tho  Lord  am  thy  God.  And  again,  verily  I  say  unto  you,  n;y  ser- 
vant Joseph,  that  m  hatsoever  you  give  on  eartli,  and  to  whomsoever  you  give 
any  one  on  earth,  by  my  word  and  according  to  my  law,  it  sliall  be  visited 
with  blessings,  and  not  cursings,  and  with  my  power,  saith  the  Lord,  and  shall 
be  without  condemnation  on  earth  and  in  heaven;  for  lam  the  Lord  thy  God, 
and  will  be  with  thee  even  unto  the  end  of  tho  world,  and  through  all  eter- 
nity; for  verily  I  seal  upon  you  your  exaltation  ar.d  prepare  a  throne  for  you 
in  the  kingdom  of  my  father,  with  Abraham,  your  father.  Behold!  I  have 
seen  your  sacrifices,  and  will  forgive  all  your  sins;  I  have  seen  your  sacrifices, 
in  obedience  to  that  which  I  have  told  you;  go,  therefore,  and  I  make  a  way 
for  your  escape,  as  I  accepted  the  offering  of  Abraham,  of  hia  son  Isaau. 
'  Verily  I  say  unto  you,  a  commandment  I  give  unto  mine  handmaid,  Emma 
Smith,  your  wife,  whom  I  have  given  unto  you,  that  she  stay  herself  and  par- 
take not  of  that  which  I  comm.inded  you  to  offer  unto  her;  for  I  did  it,  saith 
the  Lord,  to  prove  you  all,  as  I  did  Abraham,  and  that  I  might  require  an  offer- 
ing at  your  hund  by  covenant  and  sacrifice;  and  lot  my  handmaid  Emma  Smith 
receive  all  those  that  have  been  given  unto  my  servant  Joseph,  and  who  are  vir- 
tuous and  pure  before  me;  and  those  who  are  not  pure,  and  have  said  they  were 
pure,  shall  bo  t'estroyed,  saith  the  Lord  God;  for  I  am  the  Lord  thy  God,  and  yc 
shall  obey  my  voice;  and  I  give  unto  my  servant  Joseph  that  he  shall  be  made 
raler  over  many  things,  for  he  hath  been  faithful  over  a  few  things,  and  from 
henceforth  I  will  strengthen  him.     And  I  command  mine  handmaid  Emma 


380 


MOBMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


the  foremost  nations  of  to-day.  Plato  even  advo- 
cated plurality  of  wives,  chiefly  on  patriotic  grounds. 
In  Rome,  the  one-wife  system  was  more  fix'mly  estab- 
lished, though  in  the  absence  of  marriage,  chastity 
was  little  regarded.  Marcus  Aurelius,  indeed,  was 
eulogized   by  his   biographer  for   bringing   into  his 


ll'^'i:iif 


Smith  to  abide  and  cleave  unto  my  servant  Joseph  and  to  none  else.  But  if  she 
will  not  abide  this  commandment,  she  shall  be  destroyed,  saith  the  Lord,  for  I 
am  the  Lord  thy  God,  and  will  destrov  her  if  she  abide  not  in  my  law;  but  if 
she  will  not  abide  this  couunaudment,  then  shall  my  servant  Joseph  do  all  things 
fur  her  even  as  he  hath  said,  and  I  will  bless  him  and  multiply  him,  and  give 
uuto  him  a  hundred-fold  in  this  world,  of  fathers  and  mothers,  brothers  aud 
sisters,  houses  and  lands,  wivs  and  children,  and  crowns  of  eternal  lives  in 
the  eternal  worlds.  Ard  again,  verily  I  say,  let  mine  handmaid  forgive  my 
servant  Joseph  his  trespasses,  and  then  shall  she  be  forgiven  her  trespasses. 
wherein  she  has  trespassed  against  me,  and  I,  the  Lord  thy  God,  will  bless 
her  and  multiply  her,  and  make  her  heart  rejoice.  And  again,  I  say,  let  not 
my  servant  Joseph  put  lus  property  out  of  his  hands,  lest  an  enemy  conic  and 
destroy  him — for  Sauin  sceketh  to  destroy — for  I  am  the  Lord  thy  God,  and  he 
is  my  servant;  aud  behold !  and  lo  I  am  with  him,  as  I  am  with  Abraham,  thy 
father,  even  unto  his  exaltation  and  glury.  Xow  as  touching  the  law  of  the 
priesthood,  there  are  many  things  pertaining  thereunto.  Verily,  if  a  man  be 
called  of  my  Father,  as  was  Aaron,  by  mine  own  voice,  and  by  the  voice  ot 
him  that  sent  me,  and  I  have  endowed  him  with  the  keys  of  the  power  of 
this  priesthood,  if  he  do  anything  in  my  nanvo.  aud  according  to  my  law,  and 
by  my  word,  lie  will  not  comu>it  bui,  and  1  will  justify  him.  Let  no  one, 
tliorcfoic,  set  oa  my  servaut  Joseph,  for  I  will  justify  liiin;  for  ho  sliall  do  the 
s.icrilice  which  I  require  at  his  hands,  for  liis  transgressions,  saith  tr.e  Lord 
your  Gotl.  Ami  again,  as  jiurtaiuing  to  the  law  of  the  priesthood;  if  any  man 
e.-jpousc  a  virgin,  and  desire  to  espouse  another,  and  the  first  give  her  consent, 
if  and  he  espouse  the  second,  and  they  arc  virgins,  and  liave  vo'ved  to  ou 
other  man,  then  is  hejustitied;  he  canuot  commit  adultery,  for  they  are  ^ivcu 
uuto  him;  for  he  canuot  coiiunit  adultery  with  that  that  belonged  unto  'lim, 
aud  to  none  else;  aud  if  he  have  ten  virgins  given  luito  him  by  this  law,  hr  can- 
not commit  adultery,  for  they  belong  to  hiui  aud  they  are  given  unto  him;  there- 
fore is  he  justitied.  But  ii'  cno  or  citiior  of  tlie  ten  virgins  after  she  is  espoused 
shall  be  with  another  man,  she  liaa  committed  adultery  and  shall  be  destroyed; 
for  they  are  given  uuto  him  to  multiply  and  replenish  the  earth,  acconhng 
to  my  commandment,  and  to  fuUil  tlio  promise  wL'chM'as  given  by  my  father 
liefuiO  the  foundation  of  the  world,  aud  for  their  exaltation  in  tiio  eternal 
worlds,  that  they  may  bear  tiie  souls  uf  men;  for  herein  is  the  work  of  my 
father  eontiuiod,  that  he  may  bo  glorified.  And  again,  verily,  verily,  1  say 
unto  you,  if  any  man  have  a  wife  who  holds  the  keys  of  this  power,  and  he 
teaches  uuto  her  the  law  of  my  priesthood  as  pertaining  to  these  things,  then 
shall  she  believe  and  administer  unto  him,  or  she  shall  be  destroyed,  saith 
the  Lord  your  God;  fur  I  will  destroy  her;  for  I  will  magnify  my  name  upon 
all  those  who  receive  aud  abide  in  my  iaw.  Therefore  it  shuU  bo  lawful  in 
me,  if  she  receive  not  this  law,  for  him  to  receive  all  things  whatsoever  I,  the 
T^rd  his  God,  will  give  unto  him,  because  she  did  not  administer  unto  iiim 
according  to  my  word;  and  she  then  becomes  the  transgressor,  and  ho  is  ox 
empt  from  the  law  of  Sarah,  who  administered  unto  Abraham  according  to 
the  law,  when  I  commanded  Abraham  to  take  Hagar  to  wife.  And  now.  im 
pertaining  to  this  law,  verily,  vc.ily,  I  say  unto  you,  I  will  reveal  more  unto 
you  hereafter;  therefore  let  this  sullieo  for  the  present.  Behold  I  am  Alpha 
aud  Omega.     Amen. ' 


POLYGAMY  IN  OLDEN  TIMES. 


881 


house  a  concubine,  upon  the  death  of  his  wife,  in- 
stead of  inflicting  upon  his  children  a  step-mother. 

If  monogamy  is  the  only  natural  form  of  sexual 
relationship,  how  happens  it  that,  throughout  the  life- 
time of  the  race,  there  have  been  and  still  are  so 
many  other  forms  of  relationship?  From  time  im- 
memorial polygamy  has  existed,  and  has  been  sanc- 
tioned by  all  religions.  Bramm,  Parsee,  and  Raj- 
poot all  indulged  in  it.  Though  nothing  is  said  of  it 
in  the  new  testament,  we  learn  from  the  Talmud  thai 
it  was  lawful  among  the  Jews  about  the  time  of 
Christ's  coming.  Among  the  early  converts  to  Chris- 
tianity in  Syria  and  Egypt  were  many  polygamists 
who  remained  uncensured.  The  rabbles  of  the  west 
prohibited  it  eight  or  nine  centuries  ago,  but  those  of 
the  east,  where  it  is  practised  by  nearly  all  nations, 
permit  it  even  now.  It  is  common  to-day  through- 
out a  large  part  of  the  world.  Take  all  the  peoples 
of  the  earth,  of  all  times  and  cultures,  and  those 
among  whom  plural  wives  obtained  are  far  in  excess  of 
the  others. 

Pre-nuptial  unchastity  was  scarcely  censured  either 
in  Greece  or  Rome.  "If  there  be  any  one,"  said 
Cicero,  "who  thinks  that  young  men  should  be  alto- 
gether restrained  from  the  love  of  courtesans,  he  is 
indeed  very  severe."  Even  that  most  austere  of 
Stoics,  Epictetus,  makes  a  wide  distinction  between 
what  he  regards  as  comparatively  innocent  pre-nuptial 
indulgences,  and  those  which  were  regarded  as  adul- 
terous and  unlawful.  While  the  utmost  license  was 
allowed  the  husband,  the  wife  was  held  under  close  re- 
strictions. Courtesans  were  the  real  companions  of 
men,  and  the  only  free  women  in  Athens.  Apelles 
painted  them;  Pindar  and  Simonides  sang  their 
praises.  Aspasia  was  worshipped  before  Pericles,  and 
sage  pLiilosophcrs  did  not  hesitate  to  pay  homage  at 
her  shrine,  and  receive  words  of  wisdom  from  her 
lips. 

In  imperial  Rome,  while  the  courtesan  class  never 


ma 


382 


MORMOXISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


I':i 


l!u .' 


attained  to  such  distinction  as  in  Greece,  divorce  was 
so  easy  and  frequent  as  to  render  the  marriage  cere- 
mony almost  a  nullity.  There  were  periods  when  the 
term  'adultery'  had  no  significance  as  applied  to  men; 
only  women  were  punished  for  this  crime.  Persons 
five,  ten,  twenty  times  married  and  divorced  were  not 
uncommon.  Though  monogamy  obtained,  female  life 
was  lower  there  than  in  England  under  the  restoration, 
or  in  France  under  the  regency.  Alexander  Seve- 
rus,  the  most  persistent  of  all  the  Roman  emperors, 
in  vainly  legislating  against  vice,  provided  his  provin- 
cial governors,  if  unmarried,  with  a  concubine  ass  well 
as  with  horses  and  servants. 

The  privilege  of  royalty  in  having  many  mistresses, 
tolerated  until  all  the  people  arose  and  usurped  roy- 
alty, was  but  a  modified  form  of  polygamy,  and  is  still 
secretly  practised  by  individuals. 

The  question  of  sensualism  has  i.othing  to  do  with 
it.  The  polygamist,  as  a  rule,  is  no  more  sensual 
than  the  monogamist.  Your  true  sensualist  does  not 
marry  at  all.  Hn  holds  himself  free  to  taste  pleasure 
as  he  can  find  it.  The  trammels  of  matrimony  and 
the  responsibilities  of  parentage  he  alike  avoids.  Ho 
is  the  most  selfish  of  beings;  for  his  own  gratifica- 
tion he  is  willing  to  sacrifice  society,  debase  manhood, 
and  doom  to  perdition  the  highest  inspirations  and 
holiest  affections  of  the  race. 

Beastliness  is  hardly  a  fit  word  to  apply  to  the 
exorcise  of  an  animal  impulse,  the  gratification  <if 
animal  appetite.  It  too  often  maligns  the  brute  cre- 
ation. Eating  and  sleeping  are  in  one  sense  beastly : 
while  smoking  and  dram-drinking  are  worse  than 
beastly.  Beasts  are  natural  in  all  things.  In  nmn\ 
respects  they  are  less  open  to  the  charge  of  beastli 
ness,  as  we  commonly  employ  the  term,  than  men; 
they  indulge  less  in  excess;  they  are  sometimes  glut- 
tonish,  but  they  do  not  intoxicate  themselves;  if  they 
do  not  regulate  intercourse  by  numbers,  they  d:;  by 
seasons.     Their  passions  are  in  subordination  to  the 


THE  CHRISTIAN  MONOGAMIST. 


orce  was 


law^  of  nature.  Man's  passions  arc  not.  Taking 
this  charge  of  beastliness  as  it  is  meant,  the  polyg- 
amist  is  less  beastly  than  the  monogamist,  who  in 
the  majority  of  cases  is  more  beastly  in  his  sexual 
intercourse  than  the  beast,  being  less  obedient  to  the 
laws  of  nature,  less  considerate  for  the  health  and 
strength  of  his  one  only  wife.  Millions  of  gentle,  un- 
complaining women  have  been  killed  by  beastly  hus- 
bands putting  upon  them  more  children  than  they 
should  bear,  not  to  mention  innumerable  cruelties  of 
other  kinds.  In  so  far  as  any  system  is  not  in  accord- 
ance with  the  laws  of  nature,  nature  will  in  due  time 
assert  her  rights  and  put  it  down.  It  is  said  that  the 
Mormon  women  are  martyrs:  so  are  other  women; 
part  of  them  because  they  are  married,  and  part  be- 
cause they  are  not. 

The  readers  must  bear  in  mind  that  these  are  the 
assertions  and  arguments  of  polygamy,  and  must  be 
prepared  to  take  them  for  what  they  are  worth,  and 
answer  them  each  according  to  the  light  of  his  own 
reason.  I  have  already  presented  the  current  argu- 
ments against  polygamy;  these  are  the  opinions  and 
dogmas  of  the  jSIormons  themselves,  the  doctrines  they 
rvcrywhere  preacli  and  print,  teaching  them  to  thoir 
children,  inculcating  them  into  the  minds  of  voun<x 
men  and  women,  until  they  have  fully  imbibed  tiuMn. 

y  'id  thus  they  continue.  How  many  husbaiidicss  wo- 
men there  are  who  drag  out  a  miserable  existence  in  the 
cifort  to  sustain  themselves  without  sinl  how  many 
fall  into  shame  under  the  effort!  Society  lays  no 
lioavier  burden  on  any  of  its  members  than  on  its 
jKivorty-strickevi  eingio  women,  reared  in  luxury,  and 
uiiai)le  to  support  themselves  by  nork. 

U  you  are  so  tender  of  woman,  her  position  and 
morals,  why  not  turn  your  batteries  against  the  ten 
thousand  of  your  own  people  of  all  classes,  including 
preachers  and  kgislators,  who  tamper  with  other  men's 
wives,  seduce  and  abandon  innocent  girls,  keep  mis- 
tresses, and  frequent  the  haunts  of  prostitution? 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


That  the  race  deteriorates  under  the  polygamous 
system  is  not  true,  they  say.  The  single  wife  is  very 
often  hurried  to  a  premature  grave  by  an  incon- 
siderate or  brutal  husband,  the  offspring  which  she 
meanwhile  bears  being  puny  and  ill-developed.  And 
again,  it  is  only  the  better  class  of  men,  the  healthv 
and  wealthy,  the  strongest  intellectually  and  physi- 
cally, who  as  a  rule  have  a  plurality  of  wives;  ami 
thus,  by  their  becoming  fathers  to  the  largest  number 
of  children,  the  stock  is  improved. 

The  charge  of  immorality,  as  laid  upon  the  Mi  >i  - 
mons  as  a  community,  is  likewise  untenable.  Moralit  \ 
is  the  doctrine  of  right  and  wrong,  the  rule  of  condui  t 
implying  honesty  and  sobriety.  In  all  honesty  an u 
sobriety  the  Mormons  live  up  to  their  standard  t 
right  and  wrong,  they  claim,  more  completely  than 
any  other  people.  They  indulge  in  fewer  vicos, 
such  as  drunkenness,  prostitution,  gambling,  and  like- 
wise fewer  crimes.  There  is  nothing  necessarily  im- 
moral in  the  practice  of  polygamy ;  if  it  is  not  immoral 
for  a  man  to  take  one  wife,  it  is  not  for  him  to  take 
twelve  wives. 

The  Mormons  are  loyal  to  their  consciences  and 
convictions.  They  are  essentially  a  moral  people, 
moral  in  the  highest  sense  of  the  term,  more  so,  tlit  y 
claim,  than  the  average  American  or  European.  They 
do  not  drink,  cheat,  or  steal;  adultery  is  scarcely 
known  among  them ;  they  are  not  idle,  profligate,  oi 
given  to  lying.  They  are  true  to  themselves,  true  t<> 
their  principles,  and  true  to  the  world.  Of  wiiat 
other  society  can  you  fairly  say  as  much?  Tliey 
are  honest  in  all  things,  and  law-abiding  when  the 
law  does  not  touch  their  rights  or  their  religion;  when 
it  does,  all  who  are  not  dastards  will  fight.  Jutiu'- 
them  by  their  fruits;  if  a  sect  is  to  bo  regarded  truiii 
the  standpoint  of  its  imperfections  and  inconsistencies 
rather  than  from  its  results,  what  shall  be  said  of 
christianitv,  which  has  butchered  millions  for  the  taith, 


INEQUALITY  OF  THE  SEXES. 


886 


and  has  further  committed  all  the  wickedness  flesh  is 
heir  to,  or  of  which  Satan  could  conceive? 

It  is  not  right  to  place  the  polygamist  on  a  par  with 
the  bigamist.  The  one,  without  deception,  and  in  con- 
formity with  the  proclaimed  tenets  of  his  faith,  takes 
to  wife  the  second,  or  third,  or  twentieth — the  more 
the  better  for  all,  it  is  said — promising  to  her  the 
same  life-long  care  and  protection  aa  to  the  first;  tlie 
other  breaks  his  contract  with  his  first  wife,  and  desfrts 
her  for  another  woman.  Neither  can  the  polygamist 
be  justly  placed  on  a  level  with  the  adulterer.  Mor- 
mons abhor  everything  of  the  kind.  The  sacred  cere- 
mony of  marriage  signifies  far  more  with  tliem  than 
witli  those  wlio  mark  the  difterence  between  morality 
anil  immorality  by  a  few  insignificant  rites. 

The  Mormons  lay  no  small  stress  <.n  the  faet  that 
there  is  always  a  large  number  t)f  wuiuen  wliu  have 
lie  liusbands,  and  can  get  none,  on  account  of  women 
being  always  so  greatly  in  the  prepondoranee.  Thiy 
lit  ny  tJiat  there  are  more  men  than  women. 

Whatever  may  be  true  witli  regard  to  the  numer- 
ical equality  or  inequality  of  the  sexes  at  birth,  it  is 
certain,  dating  back  almost  from  the  beginning,  that 
there  have  always  been  more  women  than  men  in  the 
world.  Particularly  in  primitive  times,  owing  to  war  <  >r 
exposure,  the  death  rate  was  nmch  greater  among  the 
males  than  among  the  females.  To  obviate  tlu;  evil 
— for  it  was  early  recognized  that  the  sexes  should  l)e 
mated — in  some  instances  the  female  children  were 
killed,  but  more  frequently  the  excess  of  women  was 
divided  among  the  men.  Where  wai"s  were  frequent 
and  continuous,  everything  else  being  equal,  the  mo- 
nogamous nation  could  not  long  stand  before  a  polyg- 
amous neighbor. 

Coming  down  to  later  times,  it  is  safe  to  say  that 
there  are  a  million  more  women  than  men  in  Christen- 
dom to-day;  there  are  here  five  millions  of  women  w-ho 
would  lik«>  to  marry  but  cannot,  being  denied  one  of 
the  fundamental  rights  of  humanity  by  statutory  law 


HiBT.  Utah.    25 


hi 


886  MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 

A  large  class  of  men  refuse  to  take  upon  themselves  the 
cost  and  cares  of  matrimony,  preferring  more  free  and 
cheaper  indulgence.  Of  very  many  of  these  five  mill- 
ions thus  left  to  themselves,  unmated,  unsupported, 
forbidden  to  become  plural  wives.  Christian  civiliza- 
tion makes  prostitutes  or  paupers.  And  this  is  the 
orthodox  idea  of  the  elevation  of  woman  1  Make  angels 
of  light  and  liappiness  of  one  portion,  while  dooming 
the  rest,  under  the  hard  heel  of  social  despotism,  to 
the  depths  of  misery  and  despair.  Nay,  more:  while 
the  men  are  thus  busied  working  upon  the  affections 
of  women,  taking  advantage  of  their  loneliness  and 
poverty,  and  constantly  adding  to  the  numbers  of 
the  lost  by  seducing  the  pure  from  the  paths  of  re- 
spectability, their  sisters,  mothers,  wives,  and  daugh- 
ters are  applying  the  scourge  with  all  their  might  to 
these  unfortunates,  hoping  thereby  to  gain  further 
favor  with  the  men  by  showing  how  much  better  are 
they  than  their  most  foully  wronged  sisters. 

Such  are  the  men,  such  the  society,  in  which  the 
foulest  wrongs  to  women  are  so  universally  and  con- 
stantly committed — wrongs  which  would  put  to  blush 
savages,  yea,  and  all  the  devils  of  darkness;  such  are 
the  men  who  wage  war  on  the  plural-wife  system, 
which  would  give  to  this  class  and  all  classes  of  wo- 
men home  and  honorable  alliance. 

Further  than  all  this,  pcjlygamy  claims  that  men  or 
governments  have  no  natural  or  moral  right  to  lorl)i<l 
the  practice,  pass  laws  against  it,  and  indict  punish- 
ments. Inherent  human  rights  are  above  statutory 
law.  Governments  have  no  right  to  pass  laws  against 
gambling,  prostitution,  drunkenness,  or  any  act  of  the 
individual  resulting  in  injury  ordy  to  himself  lb' 
who  harms  another  may  be  punished,  not  he  who 
harnjs  himself;  otherwise,  who  is  to  determine  what 
is  or  what  is  not  harmful?  All  men  and  women  are 
every  day  doing  things  harmful  to  themselves,  but 
which  no  one  thinks  of  checking  by  legislation.  By 
no  line  of  logic  can  polygamy  be  rightly  placed  in  the 


POLYGAMY  NOT  CRIMINAL. 


3S7 


ri  iminal  category.  In  its  worst  aspect,  it  can  only  be 
( ;illed  a  vice.  Drunkenness  is  not  a  crime :  it  is  a  vice. 
Statutory  law  cannot  justly  make  criminal  that  which 
1,\  the  law  of  human  rights  is  only  a  vice.  Govern- 
iiRiits  may  repress  crime,  but  they  never  can  uproot 
\ice;  and  the  sooner  legislators  realize  and  act  upon 
this  truth,  the  fewer  failures  they  will  have  to  record. 
Public  sentiment  and  moral  force  are  the  only  agen- 
das which  can  be  brought  against  this  class  of  evils 
with  any  hope  of  success. 

The  right  and  wrong  of  the  matter,  as  usually  dis- 
( nssed,  are  not  the  right  and  wrong  of  nature  and 
common  sense,  but  of  divine  and  human  enactment, 
\ariously  interpreted  and  viewed  from  different  stand- 
points. The  bible  forbids  prostitution,  but  permits 
jolygamy;  the  supporters  of  the  bible  and  its  civili- 
zation forbid  polygamy,  but  permit  prostitution. 

The  Mormons  are  held  to  be  a  most  unphilo.sophical 
sect,  and  yet  tlio  sentiment  against  them  is  more  un- 
jtliilosophical  than  their  doctrines  or  practices.  The 
American  congress  is  not  a  Sunday-school,  neither  is 
it  within  the  province  of  government  to  establish  and 
I  iitorce  a  code  of  ethics.  Congress  has  no  more  right 
to  legislate,  against  their  consent,  for  the  territories 
than  it  has  for  the  states.  I  do  not  know  that 
all  Mormons  hold  to  this  opinion,  but  many  of  tliem 
(111.  The  idea  of  political  nonage  is  only  an  idea; 
it  is  not  a  fart.  Murder,  theft,  breach  of  (>ontraet, 
iiuilefeasance  in  office,  unjust  monopoly,  cheating,  slave- 
holding,  adulteration,  bigamy,  etc.,  are  crimes  to  be 
[lunished  by  law.  Drunkenness,  gambling,  prostitu- 
tion, and  the  like,  are  vices  to  be  uprooted  l)y  precept 
antl  example.  A  crime  is  an  injury  to  one's  neighbor; 
a  vice  is  an  injury  to  one's  self  I  have  no  right  to  in- 
juie  my  neighbor,  but  I  have  the  right  to  do  as  I  will 
with  my  own  and  myself,  howsoever  foolish  ma}"  be 
the  act.  Congress,  indeed,  would  have  its  liands  full 
Were  it  to  undertake  to  pass  laws  to  keep  men  from 
making  fools  of  themselves.     If  polygamy  must  be 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 

placed  in  one  category  or  the  other,  it  must  be  denom- 
inated a  vice,  and  not  a  crime.  If  one  man  and  three 
women  contract  to  live  in  a  connubial  relationship, 
neither  God  nor  nature  pronounces  it  a  crime.  In 
bigamy  the  marriage  contract  is  broken ;  in  polygamy 
it  is  kept.  Admit  that  monogamy  is  best,  that  one 
man  for  one  woman  tends  to  the  highest  culture,  it 
still  does  not  prove  that  coercion  in  morals  is  better 
than  precept  and  example.  Is  woman  less  chaste  than 
in  the  days  of  feudalism,  now  that  she  is  less  watched  ? 
If  the  law  has  the  right  to  limit  a  man  to  one  wife,  it 
may  if  it  chooses  deny  him  any  wife,  as  many  orders 
among  the  Greeks  and  Armenians,  the  heathens  and 
christians,  have  declared.  If  one  man  is  restricted 
by  law  to  one  woman,  the  least  the  law  can  do  in 
common  justice  is  to  compel  everj^  man  to  marry  one 
woman.  Why  does  not  the  United  States  war  upon 
the  catholic  priest  or  the  unprincipled  debauchee,  who 
by  refusing  to  take  a  wife  repudiates  the  laws  of 
nature,  and  sets  an  example  which  if  universally  fol- 
lowed would  prove  the  strangulation  of  the  race^ 
Better  punish  those  who  denaturalize  themselves 
rather  than  those  who  are  too  natural. 

This  is  what  Utah  polygamy  says  to  civilization.-" 

'"My  references  to  articles,  both  printed  and  in  uiaauscript,  relatiug  to 
polygamy,  are  no  less  voluminous  than  those  touching  upon  otiier  oluircli 
matters.  I  note  as  follows:  early  polygamists,  Ferrit^  Utah  and  Mom.,  JIT: 
Smucker'a  Hint.  Morm.,  161-2;  Voung's  Wife  No.  19,  150-5;  Stenhotise's  Er 
poai,  85-93;  Atlantic  Monthly,  1859,  57(>-7;  denial  of  exist.,  Stenhouse's  Till 
It  All,  103-4,  499-500;  Pratt,  in  Millennial  Star,  vi.  22;  Lee'a  Momi.,  107; 
Youmfa  Wife  No.  10,  329-31;  favored  by  women,  Des.  News,  1870,  Jan.  IJ, 
19;  1871,  Nov.  8,  Dec.  20;  S.  F.  Gol.  Era,  Juno  13,  1868;  Woodruff's  Auto- 
biog.,  MS.,  4-6;  The  Momi.  at  Home,  145-7,  159;  S.  L.  Herald,  Feb.  1,  1879: 
Burton's  CUi/  of  Saints,  525-34;  Ward's  Husband  in  Utah,  130-4,  216-J-2; 
Tanner's  Letter,  MS.,  passim;  Snoot's  Experience,  etc.,  MS.,  4,  8-9;  Traaj\ 
Narr.,  MS.,  30-2;  Richards'  Uemin.,  MS.,  18-19,  36-7,  48-9;  Pratt  (Beliiula 
M.),  in  Utah  Pamph.  liHiff.,  no.  3,  27-33;  Marshall's  Through  Amer.,  185-8; 
Millennial  Star,  xvii.  36-7;  Brown's  Letter,  MS.,  passim;  arg.  in  favor  of, 
Smith's  Rise,  Progress,  etc.,  48-56;  Millennial  Star,  xix.  636-40,  xxxvii.  340- 
1 ;  Beadle's  Life  in  Utah,  252^;  Paddock's  La  Tonr,  324-5;  Ferris'  Utah  and 
Morm.,  115-17;  Johnson,  in  Utah  Tracts,  no.  10;  Richardson,  with  Taylor's 
Oovt  of  Ood,  no.  19;  Spencer,  with  Id.,  no.  18;  Taylor  v»  Ilollister,  Sup.  Ct 
Decis.,  no.  2,  in  Morm.  Pamph.;  ('annon's  Rev.  of  Decis,,  no.  11,  in  Id.;  Roh- 
inson' a  Sinners  and  Saints,  82-lOfl;  Dilke's  Greater  Brit.,  i.  130;  StenhoufeU 
Expose,  218-21;  Tell  It  All,  256-8;  Richards'  Narr.,  MS.,  79-81;  Worthiiin- 
ton^s  Women,  etc.,  592-3;  Bosch,  Gesch.  Morm.,  340-62,  407-44;  Times  and 


CHARGE  OF  DISLOYALTY. 


In  reply  to  the  charge  of  disloyalty,  of  maintain- 
ing an  anti-Anaerican  attitude  toward  the  people  of 
America,  of  endeavoring  by  anj'  illegal  or  indirect 
means  to  undermine  the  institutions  of  the  country 

Stri.-'oiiti,  vi.  "iQS-ti;  Tullidge's  Women,  etc., 'Mil-lti;  Jioui  Citi/ Statesman,  Sept. 
30,  1879;  S.  F.  Alia,  Nov.  13,  1857;  Chruuicle,  1880,  Dec.  \2;  188-',  Feb.  15, 
Julv  29;  Slm-k-  liept,  Jan.  8,  1880;  Dck.  Nnrs,  1857,  May  IH,  July  10;  1860, 
Mar.  15;  1807,  Apr.  17,  'M;  1871,  Oct.  11;  S.  L.  Contrib.,  ii.  '213;  Tribune, 
is;,-.,  July  17;  1879,  Oct.  10,  11;  S.  F.  Ifcrahl,  1852,  Sept.  17;  IS."):!,  Mar.  1; 
181)9,  Aug.  28;  1880,  Jan.  6,  18;  sermons,  Young,  DUke'H  Grmtrr  Brit.,  i.  129; 
Vdung,  Jour,  of  Disc,  ii.  75-90;  .S'.  /'.  Bidletin,  1850,  Sept.  10;  1802,  Sept. 
!(!;  1800,  Oct.  20;  1809,  Mnr.  3;  1874.  Nov.  13;  (\dl,  1807,  Sept.  II;  1808, 
.S.pt.  5;  (kcident,  July  10,  1873;  fiac.  Union.  .Ian.  12,  la^O;  Elko  Indpt,  Sept. 
(!,  1873;  Pan.  Star  and  Her.,  Jan.  1807;  Hoinii  City  Stalcsman,  July  24, 
l,sG9;  Snlem  (Or. ) Stati'sman,'Miiy  5,  1857;  S.  A.  //era/*/,  June 0,  1877;  Ward'$ 
11  unhand  in  Utah,  104-30,  245-6,  303-7:  i>'-'.  X"-",  May  25,  1870;  Pratt, 
Smith,  and  Cannon,  Discourses,  passim;  disc,  I'ratt,  JJeif.  iS''(«<,  Oct.  20,  1809; 
Hv'Ip,  S.  F.  Herald,  Nov.  23,  1854;  De-t.  New.-',  May  9,  1800;  Younj;  (John), 
/</.,  Apr.  22,  1857;  origin  and  prog.,  S.  F.  fiulleliii. '\h:i»,  July  23;  1859,  Apr. 
Hi;  1808,  July  18;  1809,  Mar.  1;  1870,  Nov.  12;  1671,  July  0;  IS72,  Feli.  21, 
June  25;  1882,  Mar.  3;  Call,  1865,  Aug.  2;  1868,  Aug.  29;  1809,  Feb.  28;  1874, 
July  1.5,  Oct.  21;  Gol.  Era,  July  3,  1809;  Plac.  Times,  Feb.  2,  1850;  N.  Y. 
llcr.,  in  Wataonville  Pajar.,  inne  G,  1872;  OfZ.  Chris.  Advoc,  Oct.  15,  1874; 
(  '('.  Farm.,  ,Tiino  16,  1870;  Dcs.  News,  1806,  Mar.  22,  Apr.  19,  May  17;  1879, 
Miy  7,  14;  S.  L.  Contrib.,  iii.  01;  Hendd.  M.iy  23,  77;  lieview,  1871,  Dec.  11, 
!!•;  Trleqraph,  May  20,  1868;  Tribune,  1871,  May  10;  1883,  Oct.  20;  Sac. 
rmoii,  Nov.  26,  Dec.  5,  1856;  S.  L.  Herald,  in  Heleua  Gaz.,  Apr.  27,  1872; 
('  /^  Cal,  18;  Beadle's  Letter,  Jan.  1,  1809;  Life  in  Utah,  .340-7;  The  Morm. 
ct  Home,  94-5,  102,  111-12;  Young's  Wife  No.  10,  124-0,  135-59;  Olshansen, 
U(S<-h.  Morm.,  175-84;  Smurker's  Hist.  Morm.,  402-24;  lirrtrnmVs  Mein. 
Morm.,  173-217;  Buseh,  Gesch.  Morm.,  105-33,  31.3-17;  Marshall's  Though 
Anur.,  221;  StenhouseU  Englishwoman  in  Utah,  38-9,  70-87,  153-4;  Slater, 
Morm.,  85-0;  Burton's  City  of  Saints,  217,  301-2;  The  Morm.  Proph.,  211-14; 
Fen  is'  Utah  and  Morm.,  239,  248-64,  309-11;  Macbiifs  Tlie  Morm.,  287,- 
(I  untpia,  Pion.  and  Dem.,  Feb.  0,  1857;  women's  opposition,  Sleiihotise's  Ex- 
pos', 34-11,  72-84;  Tell  It  All,  .393-404,  420-58. 

For  arguments  against  polygamy,  see  Ward's  Husband  in  Utah,  180,  303- 
0;  lliadle's  Life  in  Utah,  202-4,  354-80;  Nouv.  Ann.  Voy.,  cxliii.  183-4; 
Carndlo's  Inc.  qf' Travel,  151-4,  166^71;  llnll's  Morm.  Exp.,  52-5;  Overland 
Moiiihly,  vii.  .551-8;  De  Rupert,  <'al.  and  Morm.,  15.3-62;  Todd\tSun.tel  Land, 
lGl-212;  Dilke's  Greater  Brit.,  i.  144-52;  Pemy's  Journey,  etc.,  ii.  1.37-72; 
Young's  Wife  No.  JO,  98-109,  .591-7;  Pop.  Scien.  Month.,  Iii.  47ft-90,  Ivi. 
lGO-5;  Codman's  Round  Trip,  173-277;  Froiseth's  Women,  etc.,  passim;  Jon- 
vanx,  L'Amer.,  230-49;  Waite's  Morm.  Proph.,  216-00;  Book  of  Morm..  85, 
ISJ:  Doc.  and  Cov.,  218,  .330;  Tucker. ■<  .Morm.,  IS4-6,  207,  283;  Times  and 
S'd.-ons,  iv.  369;  Ferris'  Utah  and  Morm.,  .'{On-lO;  Mnrsholl'.i  Through  Amer., 
17>-9;  Har tier's  Mag.,  liii.  (SV,-i^\;  Stannbury'.-i  Exi)lor.  Exp.,  4-5;  Life  Among 
Morm.,  123-59;  Utah  Scraps,  15-17;  Tow n send' s  Morm.  Tria's,  42-3;  Green- 
vood'sNew  Life,  131-71,  101-3;  llubner's  Ramble,  90,  110;  OhKausen,  Morm., 
17.V82;  McClure's  Three  Thous.  Miles,  etc.,  15S-9;  Nordhofs  Cal.,  43;  Bur- 
loii\t  City  of  Saints,  517-25;  Crimes  of  L.  1).  Saints,  30-4;  Ilifde's  Morm., 
'2S4-5:  Dixon's  White  Conq.,  i.  200-14;  Slcnhome's  Exposf,  47-51,  146-53; 
Taylder's  Morm.,  148-83;  Barnes'  Allan,  to  Par.,  .56-8;  Greeley's  Overland 
Jour.,  238-41;  Ilowitt's  Hist.  Amrr.,  ii.  .3.50;  Rich<trdson's  Beiimm  MIm.,  300- 
'2:.S.  F.  Advocate,  Aug.  4,  1870;  Alta,  Mar.  26,  1877;  Feb.  1,  1882;  Bulletin, 
IS.-J6,  Aug.  18;  1860,  Apr.  28;  J804,  Jan.  18;  1805,  Aug.  24;  1807,  Oct.  25; 
1«70  Apr.  22,  Sept.  2;  1871,  Nov.  0;  1H72,  Sept.  25;  1873,  Jan.  17,  Dec.  17; 


^1 

■*'.■;  I 


:#     <■■■. 


M   ■ 


390 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


and  eventually  usurp  the  government,  the  Mormons 
say  that  it  is  not  true.  It  is  not  true  that  Mormons 
are  not  good  citizens,  law-abiding  and  patriotic.  Even 
when  hunted  down  and  robbed  and  butchered  by  tlie 

1875,  Apr.  0;  1877,  June  1,  Aug.  3;  1878,  Jan.  8,  Nov.  1;  1879,  Jan.  7, 10,  ill; 
1881,  Aug.  22;  Call,  1870,  Mur.  27;  1871,  Juno  30,  Aug.  9,  18;  1872,  Fel>,  Jl. 
Sept.  6;  1873,  Feb.  11;  1874,  Jau.  14;  1879,  Aug.  11;  Cal.  Farm.,  Apr.  17, 
18«3;  Chronicle,  18C9,  June  26,  July  28,  Aug.  11,  17,  18,  22,  Nov.  12,  28, 
Lee.  14;  1870,  Jan.  28,  Feb.  27,  May  8,  17;  1871,  Sept.  21,  Oct.  4,  S,  14,  17, 
31.  Nov.  5,  Dec.  2;  1872,  Feb.  3,  10,  Apr.  20,  Oct.  10;  1873,  Apr.  II,  IJ, 
July  17,  27,  31,  Aug.  1,  (i,  20,  Mar.  4;  1880,  Oct.  14, 24,  Nov,  «,  14,  28;  ISSI, 
Jan.  9;  Gol.  Era,  Sept.  2G,  1809;  News  Letter,  Mar.  10,  1807;  Pacij:  Ohsen:, 
Nov.  10,  1S71;  Pioneer,  Sept.  15,  1873;  Post,  1S79,  Sept.  11,  Dec.  5;  7V;«.'v, 
1809,  Jan.  5,  Mar.  25;  Toum  Talk,  Nov.  20,  1850;  .Vac-.  Uniou,  May  11,  18.'>fl; 
San  JoHi'  Herald,  Apr.  20,  1877;  Jackson  (Am. J  Ledger,  Dec.  l.'i,  1S77; 
Sta  Darbira  Index,  Mar.  8,  1877;  San  liti/aelJour.,  Oct.  10,  1879;  May  Jd, 
1880;  Red  Uluff  Sentinel,  Nov.  10,  1878;  Jan.  18,  1879;  Ukiah  Democ,  SL|,t. 
6,  1879;  Cren.  City  Com:,  Oct.  15,  1879;  Ilowburg  Plainde.aler,  Dec.  20,  ISTD; 
Marin  Co.  Jour.,  Oct.  16,  1879;  Monterey  Cal.,  Feb.  4,  1879;  Antioch  Lc/'iir, 
Nov.  23,  1878;  Ileahhhunj,  Rug».  Iliv.  Flag,  Aug.  22,  1872;  O'jden  (UMh) 
Freeman,  Mar.  28,  1879;  <S'.  L.  Anli-Poli/g.  Standard,  June  1880;  Contribiifm; 
iii.  jmssim;  J)es.  Kevt,  1S54,  Aug.  24,  Oct.  5;  1858,  Aug.  11,  25;  1800,  Mm 
29;  1807,  July  3;  1809,  Aug.  5,  Sept.  22;  1870,  Feb.  2;  1871,  Nov.  1;  IsTs. 
Nov.  20;  1884,  Sept.  10;  UtahJlev.,  1871,  Aug.  18,  Dec.  5;  1872,  Jan.  12,  -Jii; 
Tribune,  1872,  May  25,  June  1;  1874,  Mar.  21,  Apr.  4,  Oct.  24;  1875,  Aug.  Jl ; 
1870,  Jan.  5,  Nov.  19;  1877,  Apr.  14,  Aug.  25;  1878,  Oct.  1,  Nov.  22,  I)> . . 
21;  Apr.  20,  May  9,  Juno  25,  29,  July  17,  Aug.  23,  Sept.  24,  Oct.  3,  JO,  -Jl), 
Nov.  10;  1883,  June  7;  1884,  Sept.  7,  14;  Austin  (Nev.)  lieese  Riv.  R,v<il., 
Feb.  15,  1800,  Mar.  5,  1872;  Carson  State  Regis.,  Oct.  21,  1871;  Elko  Indq<., 
Aug.  1 1,  1879;  Eureka  Sentinel,  Aug.  28,  1879;  Oold  Hill  News,  Dec.  0,  iSTS; 
Tuscarora  Times-Rev.,  Nov.  22,  1878;  Virg.  City  Chron.,  Dec.  12,  1877;  Wm- 
nemucca,  Silv.  Stufe,  Apr.  20,  ISSO;  Pre.icott  (Ariz.)  Miner,  Aug.  15,  1^7!'; 
Helena(Mont.)Indep.,  Mar.  12,  1875;  Uou<4  ( Hah. )  Xews,  Aug.  27, 1804; '  "/ 
Statesmiin,  May  24,  1879;  Oxford  (Idah.)  Enterprise,  Oct.  9,  1879;  Port'  •  n't 
(Or.)  Bee,  Oct.  30,  1878;  Orcgonian,  July  28,  1805;  Ev.  Telegram,  May  1, 
1879;  Astoria,  Aslorian,  Jan.  19,  1878;  Eugene  City  Guard,  Feb.  1,  1^7:'; 
Saltm  Mercury,  Oct.  29,  1870;  Dy  Talk,  Nov.  7,  1879;  socialism,  Woods  (. I. 
O  ),  in  N.  Y.  Church  Union,  Aug.  15,  1884;  suggest,  for  supprcsi?.  polv::., 
Colfax,  in  Froiseth,  Women,  300-2;  Bliss  in  Id.,  307-71;  Ward's  Husband  m 
Utah,  55-02;  Crimes  of  L.  1).  Saints,  i.-iii.;  Rusding,  Across  Amer.,  191  "; 
8.  F.  Alta,  Jan.  8,  1880;  Bulletin,  Feb.  8,  1859;  Nov.  29,  1883;  Inyo  Ind/K, 
July  27,  1S72;  sermons  against.  Smith  (T.  W.),  in  X  Y.  Herald,  Feb.  .'u, 
1882;  lligbee,  A  Discourse,  etc.,  passim;  Sac.  Union,  May  12,  1855;  Nov.  l.">, 
1850;  S.  L.  Review,  Sept.  15,  1871;  S.  F.  Alta,  Nov.  8, 1878;  Ogden  Freem''  ■, 
May  30,  1879;  marriage,  social  and  moral  eflfocts.  Young's  Wife  No.  19,  3Ss-'.i; 
S.  F.  Alta,  Oct.  14,  1857;  Pratt,  in  Des.  News,  Jau.  10,  1850;  sealing  for  ttii- 
nity,  Chandless,  V^isit  to  S.  L.,  101-2;  Slenhcuse's  Expose,  69-70;  Rocky  Mtu 
Saints,  580-8;  Emilishwoman  in  Utah,  120-1;  Tell  It  All,  405-19,  550,  007;  S. 
F.  Bulletin,  Jan.  27,  1872;  Oct.  29,  1878;  Ferris'  Utah  and  Mormons,  2.'53-t(i; 
Young's  Wife  No.  19,  310-18;  Ward's  Husband  in  Utah,  12-38,  208-12;  Jl;/  '  < 
Morm.,  83-9;  Tucker's  Morm.,  270-5;  San  Jose  Herald- Argus,  Nov.  22,  1S7  s 
Dall,  My  First  Holiday,  91;  lirst  monog.  marriage,  S.  F,  Call,  Feb.  8,  ISG'; 
divorce,  Utah  Laws,  1878,  1-2;  Utah  Scraps,  19;  Stenhouse's  Tdl  It  All,  390-1, 
654-8;  S.  F.  Alta,  1873,  July  31,  Aug.  9,  23;  Bull,  tin,  1877,  Sept.  27,  Oct.  1 1 ; 
Cal.  Farm.,  May  12,  1870;  Post,  Feb.  13, 1873;  Slock  Exch.,  Feb.  23,  1878;  S'l 
Rot..-.  Time.'),  Nov.  1, 1877;  S.  L.  Tribune,  1874,  Mar.  28;  1877,  June  9,  July  14, 
Sept.  29;  Virg,  City  Chron.,  Sept.  27,  1877;  ilower.  Paddock's  La  Tour,  20,i; 


PEACEFUL  ATTITUDE  OF  THE  MORMONS. 


301 


oiumies  to  their  faith,  they  have  uot  retahated. — On 
this  point  they  arc  naturally  very  sore. — When  de- 
prived of  those  sacred  rights  given  to  them  in  common 
with  all  American  citizens,  when  disfranchised,  their 

(Jiafi,  Oov.  Mesa.,  1882,  14;  adultery,  Dilke's  Oreater  Brit.,  i.  127;  KanesviUr 
( lotca)  I'VoHt.  Guard.,  June  13,  ISol ;  Crimes  of' L.  U.  SaiiUi),  2-(>;  condition  of 
wonicu,  Diiffini-ffardj/'n  Thronf/h  CUicn,  etc.,  103-4;  Leslie,  California,  etc., 
7(i-10'J;  Puliiam's  Mag.,  144-607,  passim;  Utah  Scraps,  18-19;  Young's  W\fe 
No.  10,  224-531,  passim;  Crailkbaugh,  Speech  of,  4-7;  Bowies''  Our  New  WeM, 
'24!)-")3;  Ward's  Husband  in  tT/aA,  23-303,  passim;  The  Morm.  Proph.,  218- 
77;  Lij'e  Among  Morm.,  183-6;  Prime's  Around  the  World,  31-2;  l)'dke'» 
Great'.-  Brit.,  i.  129;  Hyde's  Morm.,  51-82,  158-67;  HaWs  Morm.,  113; 
TiirLrr's  Morm.,  173-82,  275-6;  Appleton's  Jour.,  xi.  547-8;  Morm.  at  Home, 
11«-^.');  Clark's  Sights,  MS.,  7-11;  Machay's  The  Morm.,  298,  303;  Smith's 
Mi/H.  ami  Crimes,  38-43;  Bonw'ick's  Morm,  and  Silv,  Mines,  110-140;  Jarkson's 
Bits  of  Trav.  at  Home,  22-7;  Qreenwood's  New  Life,  160-1;  Ounnis'm's  Morm., 
75,  l.VJ-Ol;  Stcnhouse's  Eiiql'mhwoman,  '2\yi-Xi\i;  Expos<i,  90-190;  Tell  It  All, 
passim;  S.  F.  Alta,  July  17,  1873;  Call,  Oct.  8,  1870;  Bulletin,  1850,  Nov.  24; 
18.58,  Nov.  17;  1871,  M-iy  4,  July  25;  1S72,  Sept.  30;  1872,  Aug.  20;  1877, 
July  19;  Herald,  Nov.  24,  18.")U;  Afail,  Jau.  4,  1870;  Pacif.  Baptist,  Sept.  17, 
1871;  Pos',  Nov.  18,  1872;  Eureka  Sentinel,  Jnn.  22,  1875;  Placer  Herald, 
Nov.  4,  1871;  Red  Bluff  Indept,  Apr.  3,  1867;  Sac.  tTnion,  Aug.  25,  1855;  Aug. 
li»,  lSo7;i/t'^  Nov.  9,  1878;  S.  L.  Obispo  Tribune,  May  5,  1877;  Stockton  In- 
df/.t.  Mar.  8,  1879;  .S'.  L.  Des.  A'chw,  Oct.  5,  1850;  Jan.  15,  1868;  Apr.  27, 
1870;  Herald,  Nov.  12,  1878;  Juno  25,  1879;  Utah  Rev.,  1871,  Aug,  21,  Oct. 
7,  Dec.  7,  19;  1872,  Jjin.  17,  20,  24;  Tribune,  1877,  Apr.  28,  May  19,  26,  June 
9;  Kauenrille  (Iowa)  Front.  Guard.,  Juno  13,  1849;  Belmont  (Xev.)  Coiir., 
Jan.  12,  1878;  Portland  (Or.)  Oregonian,  Dec.  24,  1803;  Eo.  Telegram,  May 
j,  1S7!';  Young's  wives,  Sleiihouse's  Englishwoman,  108-78;  Expose,  154-97; 
7'.//  It  All,  510-14;  Ward's  Husband  in  Utah,  243-4;  Morm.  at  Home,  1.30- 
I:  Yntin'i's  Wife  No.  19,  598-605;  S.  L.  Tribune,  1874,  Apr.  25,  May  23,  July 
Is;  S.  F.  Call,  1874,  Aug.  27,  Oct.  4;  1800,  Mar.  29,  Aug.  2;  1867,  Feb.  1; 
l)f  r  Lodije  (Mont. )  New  N.  West,  Jan.  31,1 874.  For  references  to  polygamy 
iu  presidential  messages,  see  S.  F.  Times,  Juno  27,  1809;  U.  S.  H.  Ex.  Dik., 
i.,  l2Con„'.,  2d  Sess.;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Aug.  1,  1872;  Pod,  Feb.  15,  1873;  Elko 
lii'/fpf,  Deo.  18,  1875;  S.  L.  Herald,  Dee.  8,  1881;  X.  Y.  The  Nation,  Deo. 

i:<,  1881. 

In  his  message  to  the  congress  of  1883-4-,  the  president  favors  a  i\-- 
pciil  uf  the  organic  act,  and  recommends  a  federal  commission  ;is  a  8ubstitut<.-. 
Li  euuiiuentiug  upon  this,  the  Des.  News  declares  that  the  destruction  of  the 
locjil  government  will  fail  to  destroy  polygamy,  neither  can  'commissions, 
edicts,  or  armies,  or  any  other  earthly  powers,'  for  the  plural  marriages  of 
tho  .Mormons  are  ecclesiastical,  perpetual,  aud  etenial.  Says  W.  S.  Goubic,  a 
well-known  writer  on  Mormoui.sm,  iu  a  letter  to  the  S.  L.  Tr'tbune  of  Deo.  9, 
IbS;!,  after  first  quoting  George  Q.  Cannon  as  pivacliing  in  the  tabernacle  '  it 
Is  uot  V0.X  populi  vox  Dei,'  but  '  vox  Dei  vox  populi,'  'The  essence  of  the  whole 
Utah  question  lies  couched  in  these  telling  words  of  the  church  organ  and  the 
leatliug  apostle.' 

For  tlio  messages  of  Utah  governors  touching  polygamy,  see  Utah  .l"Ui\ 
L<;ii.^.,  1602-3,  app.  v.-viii.;  1872,32-4;  187(i,  .'il  3,  34,  240;  1878,  43,41-5, 
47-9;  Utah,  Gov.  Mess.,  1882,  11;  .S".  /'.  Call,  Jan.  28,  1872;  Jiiu.  17,  l->78; 
Piftcott  Miner,  Apr.  30,  1S75;  Morm.  Prophet,  79-84;  Hazen's  report,  in 
Hayes'  Scra])8,  R.  It.  iii.  212;  discussions  in  congress,  .S'.  F.  Bulletin,  Mar.  23, 
1870;  Call,  1870,  Feb.  19,  Mar.  24,  Aug.  10;  Chronicle,  Feb.  16, 1882;  7>^r  Lodge 
XewN.  West,  Apr.  29, 1870;  S.  L.  Dy  Tdegraph,  Mar.  23, 24.  1870;  Des.  News, 
-May  10, 1800;  Apr.  20,  1800;  Apr.  3, 1807;  Mar.  9,  1870;  Apr.  6,  1870;  Nov.  29. 
1871 ;  Mar.  6, 1872;  Tribune,  May  15, 1875;  Millennial. Star,  xxxiv.  257-03,  268- 


I  P.  I 

i 


3M 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYftAMY. 


il 


li<»mos  hrokoM  up,  tlioir  fuinilios  scattered,  the  husliaiid 
and  fatlier  seized,  fined,  and  inijirisKUied,  they  hav»>  not 
defended  themselves  hy  violence,  hut  have  left  their 
cause  to  (jlod  and  their  country. 

71;  ArUiofh  Lnljer,  Jiiii.  17,  1S74;  Goorh'n  Sprec/i,  Apr.  1860;  Grrrn,  Jlnrtn., 
4.'.7-«5:  UecuUf'n  LiJ>  in  Utah,  5'J3-fi;  I'luh  Pamph.,  Pofit.,  no.  '2:  A/.,  /!>li-i., 
uo.  7:  Colfax'i'  Morm.  Quest.,  pasaim;  Prencolt  Minrr,  Apr.  30,  l!)7j;  aiJao 
''•jmj.  Globf,  passim;  Mils  introu.  in  coiigri's.s,  ('.  S.  II.  Jnnr.,  31  Cong..  Ut- 
i.M  .Sew.,  11 17- IS;  U.  S.  ArtM,  HI  Cong.,  'M  Sess.,  20S-!»;  S.  F.  BulUtln,  Apr. 
I.  1870;  S.  L.  Jhi  Tilnjrajih,  Mar.  '25,  1870;  t'omj.  lilolje,  ls70-l,  IWO;  A.  1'. 
Hfralil,  .Ian.  Ti,  \>>','l;  Utah,  Jour.  Lojis.,  1872,  84;  1878,  203-4;  Xn.  V'"jrf. 
//-T..  .July  1S7!»,  !U-2;  U.  S.  DiH  Atty,  in  Froi^elh'^  Women,  etc.,  ;«4--5.  .1W 
-ol,3.">J;  S.  L.  Jliralil,  Dec.  15,  1881;  liobiiDion's  Sinuira  and  Sa'tnU,  74- ""l; 
.<.  L.  fontrihutor,  iii.  204  13;  S.  F.  Alta,  1874,  Mnr.  1,  June  3,  l>ec.  6:  .■>••  F. 
JlmlUtin,  Dec.  14,  1881;  Ca//,  .Jan.  0,  1870;  Feb.  17,  1882;  fhronirle,  1881.  I>ec. 
J3;  1882,  Jan.  2."j,  Fob.  17;  1884,  June  18;  Paul,  Feb.  27,  1873;  June  ."5,  1S74; 
.<  Joi"<  Mernmj,  Dec-.  1878;  AuMh,  f!<e.te  lUr.  liernl.,  Anj;.  12.  1879:  A'.rfZn 
Sentiiifl,  Jan.  2S,  1870:  <ro/(/  /////  A<  »•■»,  .Ian.  3,  1S7S;  •>'.  A.  TrthuM,  Feb.  2. 
1878;  I'.  .*<.  Art.<  and  lle.<.,  passim. 

Arthur  (J.  Scdpwick,  in  the  ('fiiliiri/  Mai/,  for  .Ian.  Isyj,  under  the  hea<iing 
J^atling  Afpectn  of  the  Mormon  Problem,  refers  to  the  various  bilh  intnoJiirc)!, 
au<l  mentions  the  most  important  prosecutions  aiul  their  results:  tloci."*.  of  I'.  S. 
.Supreme  Ct,  X.  L.  Jfrmid,  1870,  Jnn.  8,  May  23;  Trilmm,  Aii>;.  2,  |s7l»:  .^^ 
F.  Uulhtin,  1870,  Jan.  7.  8,  Feb.  24;  Eureka  Sentinel,  Jan.  10,  1>1\):  evasion 
of  the  Edmunds  law,  S.  F.  BuUetiu,  ISS3.  Apr.  ;{0,  Sept.  •29;  grand  jiiri««, 
charges  to,  .S'.  /'.  IhiHetin,  Dec,  9,  I8.")S:  S<(lnn  (Orer/onJ  Argun,  Aug.  2H.  lv'>8; 
.vi#-.  L'iiio:i,  Apr.  20,  22.  18()7;  S.  F.  Call,  Oct.  14,  187J;  competency  ot  p<>Iyga- 
mi«t«  as  jurors,  S.  J.,  i'luh  J!er.,  1871,  Sept.  10,  27;  report  of,  Itivr.f  AVir*. 
Oct.  3,  1877;  rcpt  of  coniniis-sion,  Utah,  lU'itt  on  <}or.  MenM.,  !)-l3;  .n'.  /'.  /iulle- 
tiH,  I>ec.  7,  1882;  67i;'0/(ic/(',  Oct.  3,  1SS2;  cause  of  trouble  with  l".  .S.,  l.'ii'ianh' 
Xarr.,  MS.,  74;  discuss,  between  Colfax  and  Morm.,  liowlen'  Our  AVir  IIV.«f. 
23S-41 ;  />M.  Xeu-n,  Fcl>.  9,  1870;  Cliaplain  Newman  and  others,  Pralf  awl  A<  «•• 
rmojt,  etc.,  .3-07;  Tiillkliie'x  Life  of  Youn<i,  403-0;  Ni  •mnn.  Sermon,  |>a.ssitn: 
De«.  AVtt>,  Aug.  17,  1870;oon*C8p.  Newman  ami  ^  <mng,  A/..  1^70,  Aug.  10.  17: 
mass-meetings,  memorials,  petitions,  and  pi-otcsts,  TnlHdiji''t  Life  of  Youini, 
389-413;  Women  of  Morm.,  379-402,  o28-;M;  (',)-//« /•".i  Letter*,  etc.,  ni.;  .s'v)/ 
hotuf'"  En<jli«hwoman,  etc.,  .373  4;  Tell  It  All,  00(i  7;  U.  S.  //.  Er.  Dor.,  .'»•*,  45 
C«>ng.,  3<1  Sess.,  1-0;  Uttxh  Pamph.,  lieli'i.,  no.  18;  The  Cullom  Bill,  in  Mom. 
Pamph.,  no.  0:  S.  F.  Alta,  Ayr.  22.  1872;  Bulletin,  Jan.  18,  1870;  Nov.  9,  187>: 
Jan.  21,  1879;  Feb.  17,  23,  18S2;  ( Vt//,  Nov.  8,  1878;  Chronirle,  Feb.  3,  27,  Hvi: 
P'taluma  Argus,  Nov.  22,  1>>78;  Sae.  Bee,  Nov.  10,  187S;  Stockton  Indejtf,  Jan. 
21,  IS:»:  Elko  Indepf,  lioy.  !:>,  1878;  EurrkaSrntiml,  Nov.  17,  1878;  Cold  Hill 
AV«r#,  Nov.  8,  1878;  Beiio  Onzitte,  Nov.  21.  1878;  S.  L.  Cotitrihutor,  iii.  I.VMi: 
y>-.  Xewg,  18C7.  .Ian.  l(i;  1870,  Apr.  0;  1872,  May  22,  29;  Hertdd,  June  14, 
1)»T9;  Telegraph,  Apr.  1.  1S70;  Tribune,  1878,  Nov.  10,  23;  the  Reynolds  ca*e. 
Froi«eth'i'  Women,  401-12;  Utah  Pamph.,  Polit.,  no.  17,  2'*;  Jln-iew  of  Opin.. 
etc.,  in  Morm.  Pamph.,  no.  1;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Aug.  21,  1874;  <.'-(//.  "De..-.  -."i, 
1875;  Dec.  10,  1878;  Elko  Lidcpt,  1878,  Oct.  30.  Nov.  13;  1879,  J-in.  8;  Enr'Ln 
.<emtiml,  Aug.  0,  1879;  Gold  UiU  Xewn,  Nov.  15,  1878;  Tusearora  Timei-Iier., 
Xov.  21,  1S78;  S.  L.  Contributor,  ii.  154-7,  188-90;  Des.  Xew*,  1874,  Oct.  2S; 
187.'».  Apr.  7;  1878,  Oct.  9;  1879,  Jan.  15,  29,  Dec.  3;  Herald,  July  19,  ^79; 
the  Mdes  case,  S.  F.  Bulletin,  May  7,  1879;  Call,  Oct.  31,  1878;  Sae.  iU:- 
Union,  May  5,  7,  1879;  Elko  Indept,  June  5,  1879;  Virq.  City  Eve.  Chron., 
Oct.  30,  31,  Nov.  8,  1878;  S.  L.  />.i.  Xews,  1878,  Nov.  6,  13;  1879,  May  7. 
H.June  4;  Herald,  1878,  Oct.  27,  29,  Nov.  5;  1879,  Apr.  29,  30,  May  1  4.  »i.  7. 

On  March  10,  1803,  the  president  of  the  church  was  arrested,  as  we  shall 
•ee  later,  the  charge  being  polygamy,  and  brought  under  the  act  of  July 
1,  18C2;  the  accused  was  placed  under  lx>nds  in  the  sum  of  $2,000  to  aj'j>^ar 


MORMON  CLANNISHNES8. 


303 


Much  has  been  said  in  terms  of  reproach  against 
the  unity  and  brotherhood  of  the  Mormons,  or  as  it 
is  iDorc  often  denominated,  their  exclusivoness  or  clan- 
iiishnoss,  as  appHed  to  their  social,  business,  and  re- 
lit'iuus  roliitions.  It  is  said  that  they  hold  to  one 
aiii'tlicr,  band  against  all  societies  and  interests  except 
tluir  own;  that  they  hold  all  the  agricultural  lands, 
c(ii»i»erate  in  commerce  and  nmnufactures,  vote  all 
on;^'  way,  and  so  work  into  one  anotlier's  hands  in 
cvtry  way;  that  no  other  people  can  stand  up  in  com- 
petition with  them. 

ai  tl,r  mxt  sitting  of  the  U.  S.  ct  for  the  3d  judio.  diet.  On  Oct.  2,  1871,  ho 
MM-'  again  arrested  on  an  indictment  of  the  arand  jury,  found  under  the  stat- 
utis  of  Utah;  see  Utah  Lawa,  58,  sec.  32,  which  prohibits  the  cohabitation  of 
p.  I  .uDS  not  married  to  each  other.  On  Jan.  2,  1872,  Brigham  was  for  the 
third  time  arrested,  the  accusation  on  this  occasion  being  complicity  in  the 
der  of  one  Richard  Yates  in  Echo  Ca&on,  in  1857.  Ihero  being  no  gor- 
1 1  iiincnt  jail,  and  the  prisoner  old  and  feeble,  he  was  allowed  to  remain  in  his 
own  house  under  chafge  of  th.  *J.  S.  marshal.  It  docs  not  appear  that,  be- 
yuuJ  the  annoyance  caused  by  restraint  of  liberty,  Brigham  auSered  in  conse> 
(tuonce  of  either  of  these  charges.  For  details  of  the  arrests,  I  refer  to  Mil- 
lennial Star,  XXV.  273-4,  xxxiii.  696-700,  708-14,  728,  xxxiv.  58-60, 70-1, 120- 
;;,  JOO-Ij;  S.  f.  Alta,  1871,  Oct.  3,  4,  8.  13,  28,  29,  Nov.  1,  22,  24,  1872, 
.\pr.  20;  Bulktin,  1871,  Oct  3,  9,  13,  25,  27,  30,  31,  Nov.  21,  28;  1872,  Jan. 

3.  >.  Apr.  26;  Call,  1870,  Jan.  3;  1871,  Oct.  3,  5,  11,  17,  Nov.  22,  28;  1872, 
Apr.  •_•();  Examiner,  1871,  Oct.  6,  9,  13,  17,  19,  25,  Nov.  2,  22,  28;  1872,  Jan. 
.•?,  lull.  14;  Gol.  Era,  Nov.  12,  1871;  Sac.  Union,  1871,  Oct.  0,  18;  S.  L.  Des. 
Xevs,  1871,  Oct.  11,  18,  Nov.  1,  8,  !22;  1872,  May  1;  Trilmne,  1872,  Feb.  1, 
Ap  .•:  Utah  Heciew,  1871,  Oct.  12,  V.i,  20,  21,  Nov,  25,  27,  Dec.  1,  4;  1872, 
Tau.  1"  Feb.  10;  Carson  State  Regis.,  Oct.  14,  1871;  £Vio  Indejyt,  Jan.  6,  1872; 
.su      ci^y  (Id.)  Avalanche,  Oct.  7,  1871;  Portland  (Or.)  Deutsche  Ztit.,  Nov. 

4.  ISTl. 

On  Oct.  28,  1871,  Thomas  Hawkins,  of  Salt  Lake  City,  having  been 
fouud  guilty  of  adultery  with  two  women,  under  a  territorial  statute  ap> 
proved  by  Gov.  Young  on  Mar.  6, 1852,  was  sentenced  to  three  years'  imprta- 
omncnt  and  to  pay  |500  fine;  see  S.  F.  Alta,  Oct.  4,  1871;  Bulletin,  Nov.  3, 
1871;  Sac.  Union,  1871,  Oct.  24, 30,  Nov.  1.  On  Mar.  6,  1879,  Dan.  H.  Well* 
was  imprisoned  for  two  days  an  1  lined  $100  for  contempt  of  court  in  refusing 
to  testify  as  to  the  garments  worn  during  the  endowment  ceremonies.  Juv. 
bu<t.,  xiT.  114-15;  McCleUan,  Golden  State,  587-9.  In  1873,  Ann  Eliza 
Young,  known  as  Wife  No.  19,  began  suit  against  Brigham  for  divorce,  with 
alimony.  About  two  years  later  she  was  awarded  $500  per  mon  th,  which  deci- 
sion was  afterward  sctaside,  but  not,  Tullidge  says,  until  Brigham  i)ad  been  im- 
prisoned for  contempt  of  court,  and  had  paid  two  months'  alirnouy  and  $4,000 
counsel  fees;  see  Young'i  W'\fe  Ko.  19,  553-65;  TuUid',ie'.t  li/e  of  Young,  431- 
3;  Helena  ( Mont. )  Indept,  Nov.  2.>,  1875;  Viniinia  Miulisonian,  ,1une  9,  1877; 

5.  /:  Bulletin,  1873,  July  29,  31;  1875,  Feb.  26,  May  11;  IbTG,  Nov.  1,  8;  Call, 
July  10,  1875;  Lo»  Angeles  Star,  May  5,  1S77;  Dnytou  (Lyon  Co.)  Timet, 
May  2,  1877;  Eureka  Sentinel,  Jan.  10.  1S71>;  Cold  J /ill  News,  Apr.  28,  1877; 
S.  I.  Des.  NetPg,  Apr.  24,  1872:  .Sept.  2.  1.S74;  Mar.  3,  Nov.  3,  24,  1875;  Aug. 
2,  Nov.  8,  1876;  Tr&nme,  Nov.  16,  1876;  July  22,  1876;  Apr.  28,  1877. 

Herewith  I  give  a  table,  brought  down  to  include  1882,  compiled  from 
census  of  1880,  (K>lice  and  penitentiary  statistics,  aud  report  of  commissioners 
appointed  under  the  £dmunds  bill,  comparing  the  distribution  of  criminaU 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


Grant  it,  tbey  answer;  is  it  a  crime?  May  not  peo- 
ple legally  labor  hard,  practise  frugality,  worship  God 
after  their  own  fashion,  and  vote  as  they  choose?  Is 
this  contrary  to  the  free  f>nlightenment  of  American 
institutions? 

Of  what  are  the  people  of  the  United  States  afraid, 
with  their  fifty  millions  of  free,  intelligent,  progros;> 
ive  men  and  women,  that  they  should  deem  it  their 
duty  to  be  seized  witji  such  a  savage  hate  toward  this 
handful  of  poor  and  despised  religionists?  In  the  evo- 
lution of  society  as  an  organism,  the  fittest  is  sure  to 
remain.  If  this  principle  be  true,  it  is  perfectly  safe 
to  let  the  Mormons  alc»ne.  Their  evil  practices,  as 
well  OS  those  of  their  enemies,  are  sure  in  due  time  to 
bo  dissipated  by  the  ever-increasing  enlightenment  of 

between  Mormon  and  non-Mormon.    The  table  inclades  the  Mormon  settle- 
ments in  Idaho. 

317 

5 

95 


Murder,  manslaughter,  and  all  atsaults  endangering  life 41 

Bape 1 

Prostitution 

Keeping  brothels 

Lewd  conduct,  insulting  women,  exposing  person,  nuisance, 

obscene  and  profane  language 4 

Forgery  and  counterfeiting 

Dnmkennesa,  etc 109 

Violation  of  liquor  ordinance 

Gambling 

Robbery  and  burglary 4 

Disturbing  the  peace 34 

Bigamy 

Destroying  property 

Arson 

Obtaining  property  under  false  pretences 

Opium-smoking,  etc 

Stealing  railroad  rides 

Vagrancy 

Violating  prison  rules 


47 

8 

594 

IS 

52 

6',> 

ill 

1 

26 
o 

25 

16 

19 

147 

6 


208    1,578 


97 

30 

6 

1 


Confined  in  Utah  penitentiary U 

Confined  in  S.  L.  co.  jail , 14 

Confined  in  Oneida  co.  jail 1 

Confined  in  Idaho  penitentiary 

Confined  in  Bear  Lake  co.  jail 

Tlie  prostitutes  enumerated  are  those  in  S.  L.  City  only;  to  these  it  will 
be  safe  to  add  as  many  more  living  in  the  outside  townt:  and  miring  camps. 
In  1880,  the  population  of  Utah  was  I43,06;{,  that  of  Oneida  co.,  Idaho,  wa-s 
6,964,  and  tlicvo  were  3,235  souls  in  Bear  Lake  county.  About  T.^IOO  women 
were  in  1885  living  in  polygamy  in  Utah.  See  JitehanU*  Crime  in  Utah, 
MS.,  passim. 


REMEDIES  AGAINST  POLYGAMY. 


y  not  peo- 
rship  God 
loose?  Is 
American 

btes  afraid, 
,  progress 
m  it  tlieir 
oward  this 
[n  the  evo- 
;  is  sure  to 
'fectly  safe 
ractices,  as 
lue  time  to 
tenmeut  of 

Mormon  settle- 


317 

5 

95 

27 

47 

8 

51M 

IS 

52 

62 

111 

1 

21) 
.) 

25 

IG 

19 

147 

6 


41 
1 


4 
109 


4 
34 

is 


208    1,578 
0 


14 
1 


97 

no 

G 
1 

1  these  it  will 
liring  camps. 
I.,  Idaho,  was 
I7,»100womcii 
lime  «n  Uuih, 


civilization.     The  best  will  remain,  while  the  rest  will 
be  destroyed. 

As  a  remedy  against  the  Mormon  evil,  many  plans 
have  been  put  forth.  "Send  an  army  and  wipe  them 
out,"  say  the  unthinking  masses.  An  army  was  sent 
once,  but  when  it  came  to  Utah  there  was  nothing  at 
hand  to  wipe  out.  But  should  an  army  go  and  find 
them  there,  it  would  hcrdlv  be  prepared  to  enter  upon 
the  wholesale  slaughter  of  140,000  men,  women,  and 
(hiklren  while  in  pursui',  of  their  daily  vocations. 
Education  has  been  urged.  This  means  is  already 
employed;  but  while  there  are  gentile  schools,  the 
Mormons  still  teach  Mormonism,  and  the  more  they 
educate,  the  stronger  and  more  widely  extc  ided  be- 
comes their  faith.  Senator  Hoar  suggested  seizing 
the  perpetual  emigration  fund,  but  this  appeared  too 
much  like  robbery.  Make  marriage  a  civil  compact, 
give  the  wife  the  right  of  dower,  and  so  make  her  less 
dependent  op  the  husband,  some  have  said.  Amcsnd 
the  constitution,  prohibiting  polygamy,  others  have 
urged.  But  if  congressional  enactment  fails,  what  can 
constitutional  amendment  do  ?  Admit  Utah  as  a  state, 
and  let  the  people  split  into  parties,  and  so  fight  out 
their  own  issues.  But  they  will  not  split  into  parties, 
is  the  reply.  If  they  were  like  other  people,  this  might 
be  the  result;  but  they  are  not  like  other  people.  For 
the  people  to  diflfer  from  their  chiefs  on  matters  of  gov- 
oriinicnt,  or  on  any  other  matters,  would  throw  th^'m 
outsidu  the  category  of  Mormons.  Such  a  thing  ca  a- 
no^  bo.  Their  government,  ecclesiastical  and  civil,  is  a 
government  of  God;  their  chief  is  God's  prophet  cind 
vicegerent,  and  his  will  is  God's  will  and  cannot  be 
questioned. 

By  the  Edmunds  act,  approved  March  22,  1882, 
congress  made  polygamy  punishable  by  disfranchise- 
ment, and  a  fine  of  not  more  than  five  hundred  dollars, 
with  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  three  years, 
the  children  to  be  deemed  illegitimate.     There  have 


3% 


MORMONISM  AND  POLYGAMY. 


been  numerous  convictions  under  this  law,  bringing  se- 
rious injury  upon  individuals,  and  greatly  alaiining 
the  entire  brotherhood.  Many  other  schemes  have 
been  urged.  Cut  up  the  territory  and  divide  it  amonfr 
the  adjacent  states;  permit  the  wife  to  testify  against 
her  husband ;  compel  marriages  to  be  registered;  throw 
in  more  gentile  population,  establishing  milliners'  sliops 
for  the  women  and  whiskey-shops  for  the  men,  so  that 
the  full  force  of  civilization  may  be  brought  to  bear 
upon  them.  A  proposed  remedy  is  for  congress  to  as- 
sume the  political  powers,  and  govern  the  country  L, 
a  commission  of  nine  or  thirteen  members  appointed 
for  that  purpose,  and  which,  the  majority  being  always 
gentiles,  would  adopt  the  necessary  laws  for  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  territory,  instead  of  congress  or  a  legis- 
lature. Executive  and  judicial  afiairs  would  go  on  in 
the  usual  way;  and  as  for  the  municipal,  the  commis- 
sion as  a  legislature  could  make  such  regulations  as 
they  pleased,  providing  for  the  appointment  of  mayors 
by  the  governor  if  necessary.  In  such  an  event  there 
\v  ould  not  be  held  any  elections  of  any  kind.  A  board 
of  five  commissioners  was  appointed  under  act  of  eon- 
gress  of  March  22,  1882,  but  nothing  extraordinary 
came  of  it. 

In  conclusion,  it  is  scarcely  necessary  to  say  that 
•xn  intelligent  and  well-balanced  mind,  free  from  the 
bias  of  religion,  and  regarding  the  well-being  atul  re- 
finement of  the  race  as  most  greatly  to  be  desired, 
cannot  look  upon  polygamy  as  conducive  to  the  high- 
est cultu  :e.  On  the  other  hand,  it  may  as  trutht'nlly 
be  said  that  coercion  is  not  consistent  with  the  liigh- 
est  type  of  morality,  and  that  a  social  despotisni,  iu 
the  name  ol  freedom  and  pure  repubhcanism,  can 
become  the  severest  of  tyrannies. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 

1830-1883. 

Mormon  Missiomariks— Parlkt  Pratt  and  his  Colleaquks — Missionabt 
Labob  in  Canada — In  Obkat  Britain — Missionarixs  in  Europe — And 
itr  Othkr  Parts  of  the  World— The  Perpetual  Emiokation  Fond — 
A  General  Epistle  of  the  Twklve— From  Liverpool  to  Salt  Lake 
Citt  for  Fifty  Dollars— Emu;hant  Ships— Report  of  a  Liverpool 
Manaoer^Tbb  Pasbaob  to  New  Orleans— Otebland  Travel- 
Classes  or  Emiqbants— George  A.  Smith's  Companies  at  South  Pass 
— Tue  Hand-cart  Emiqbation— Biouraphical. 

Of  the  twenty-five  or  thirty  thousand  latter-day 
saints  gathered  in  the  valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  at 
the  close  of  the  year  1852,  less  than  one  third  came 
from  Nauvoo;  nearly  seven  thousand  proselytes  had 
arrived  from  various  parts  of  Europe,  and  the  re- 
mainder consisted  principally  of  converts  made  in  the 
United  States.*     As  to  the  number  of  those  who 


'  Thu  pioneer  band  included,  an  we  have  seen,  143  niemlxsra.  Parley  Pratt 'a 
coinnanics,  which  arrived  in  Sept.  1847,  mustered  1,640.  In  August  1848  the 
intialiit^tnts  at  Salt  Lake  City  were  estimated  at  nearly  1,800,  and  there  were 
at  thin  ilate  no  other  settlements  with  any  coiuiderable  population.  The 
eo)igranta  from  Winter  Quarters  during  the  autumn  of  this  year  numbered 
'2,3t).'<,  and  in  1840, 1,400.  Smaller  l>ands  arr' vvd  from  time  to  time,  but  with 
the  clone  of  the  latter  year  the  niigratiun  from  Nuuv(k>  nroctically  came  t<>  an 
eud.  The  number  of  Mormons  from  Nauyoc<  gathurea  in  the  valley  at  this 
ilato  may  be  roughly  estimatod  at  not  more  thuu  8,000,  for  there  were  atill 
lar^o  numbers  scattered  throughout  the  wcstcnt  states.  Acoordinu  to  the 
aUitiHtios  of  emigration  from  Great  Britain  and  Europe,  in  lAufbrt^*  Route 
from  Liverpool,  14-15,  2,877  proselytes  left  the  United  Kin^^dom  between  LS4fl 
uxl  IS40.  This  would  make  a  tutal  of  10,877.  As  the  reader  will  remomlM^i-, 
thoRutire  population  is  sUted  at  11,380  in  the  U.  S.  Ceiuni»  Iteptol  \X<0. 
Add  to  this  number  3,714  emigrants  who  arrived  from  Great  Britain  iiiul 
Ruropo  between  1860  and  1862,  as  reportetl  in  Lhiforth's  tables,  wo  have  a 
total  of  15,094.  The  remainder  were  not  all  ronvorts  from  the  U.  S.,  for 
tbiru  was  a  considerable  number  of  persons  who  were  not  Mormons,  probably 
500  in  all. 

(«rf) 


MISSIONS  AND  mMIGRATION. 

had  been  baptized  into  the  faith  in  various  parts  of  the 
world,  and  were  waiting  for  means  or  opportunity  to 
emigrate,  there  are  no  reliable  data;  but  they  proba- 
bly amounted  to  not  less  than  150,000,  and  possibly 
to  a  larger  number. 

Thus  within  little  more  than  twenty  years  the 
church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  latter-day  saints  had  in- 
creased from  a  handful  to  an  army.  And  theirs  was  a 
now  religion,  a  new  revelation,  not  an  ancient  faith: 
they  chose  for  their  proselytizing  efforts  civilized 
rather  than  savage  fields.  In  their  missionary  ad- 
ventures no  sect  was  ever  more  devoted,  more  self- 
sacrificing,  or  more  successful.  The  catholic  friars 
in  their  new-world  excursions  were  not  more  indif- 
ferent to  life,  wealth,  health,  and  comfort,  not  more 
indifferent  to  scorn  and  insult,  not  more  filled  with 
high  courage  and  lofty  enthusiasm,  than  were  the 
Mormon  elders  in  their  old-world  enterprises.  In  all 
their  movements  they  were  circumspect,  moderate, 
studying  the  idiosyncrasies  of  the  several  nations  ia 
which  they  labored,  and  careful  about  running  un- 
necessarily counter  to  their  prejudices. 

On  reaching  the  scene  of  his  labors,  the  missionary 
earned  his  daily^  bread  by  some  trade  or  handicraft, 
not  even  refusing  domestic  service,  in  order  to  provide 
for  his  wants,  and  meanwhile  studying  the  language 
of  the  people  among  whom  he  lived.  Many  were  east 
into  dungeons,  where  they  were  forced  to  live  on 
bread  and  water;  many  travelled  on  foot  from  district 
to  district,  with  no  other  food  than  the  roots  whieh 
they  dug  near  the  wayside;  many  journeyed  under 
the  rays  of  a  tropical  sun,  the  water  trickling  from 
the  rocks  and  the  berries  hanging  from  the  bushes 
forming  at  times  their  only  sustenance.' 

The  term  of  their  labors  had  no  certain  limit,  de- 
pending entirely  on  the  will  of  the  first  presidency. 
For  the  more  distant  missions  it  was  seldom  less  than 
two  years  or  more  than  six.     They  must  remain  at 

■Remy,  Jour,  to  O.  3.  L.  City,  ii.  IdO. 


THE  FIRST  MISSIONS. 


their  post  until  ordered  home ;  and  when  recalled,  they 
wtre  often  forced  to  earn  by  their  own  labor  the 
means  of  crossing  seas  and  deserts.  Restored  at 
length  to  their  families,  they  were  ready  to  set  forth 
at  a  day's  notice  to  new  fields  of  labor;  and  for  all 
this  self-denial  they  sought  no  earihly  reward,  es- 
teeming it  as  their  greatest  privilege  thus  to  give 
yiroof  of  their  unfailing  devotion  to  the  church. 

One  of  the  first  Mormon  missions  of  which  we  have.; 
any  record  was  sent  forth  in  October  1830,  in  which 
year,  as  will  be  remembered,  it  was  ordered  that 
Pratt,  Cowdery,  Whitmer,  and  Peterson  should  go 
an  J  preach  the  gospel  to  the  Lamanites.  During 
tli.ir  progress  they  labored  for  a  season  among  the 
Wyandots  in  western  Ohio.  Thence  they  journeyed 
to  Cincinnati,  but  meeting  there  with  little  success, 
prficecded  to  St  Louis,  preaching  at  several  points 
on  tlieir  way  to  large  congregations.  Starting  forth 
we.-tward  early  in  the  spring,  they  travelled  for 
300  miles  through  the  snow,  sometimes  knee-deep, 
their  food  beiug  corn  bread  and  raw  frozen  pork. 
After  a  journey  of  1,500  miles,  occupying  about  four 
months,  they  reached  Independence,  having  preached 
tlie  gospel  to  thousands  of  the  gentiles,  baptizing  and 
•ntirniing  ma-  y  hundreds,  and  establishing  several 

•  hurches.' 

The  Autobiography  of  Parley  Parker  Pratt,  one  of  the  Twdre  AportUa  of 

•  Chnrch  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter-day  Saints,  emhrnrimj  his  Lifr,  MiniMry, 
■  ,'l  Travels,  with  Extracts,  in  Prose  and  Verse,  from  his  Miscrliinfous  WrU- 
.  -J-,  Eilited  by  his  son  Parley  P.  Pratt,  New  York,  1874,  ia  one  of  the  moat 
°'  duablc  works  extant  on  the  subject  of  Mormon  missionn.  The  author  re- 
s;<3  in  simple  phrase  the  hardships,  persecutions,  and  odventurea  which  he 
anii  other  missiunarics  encountered  in  various  parts  of  the  Uniteil  Statea,  and 
tbt<uih  probably  he  makes  the  most  of  them,  there  can  l)o  little  doubt  that  bo 
iw  his  narrative  is  in  the  main  reliable.  Chosen  a  member  of  the  first  <juo- 
nsuj  in  18.'i5,  he  was  on  terms  of  intiwiocy  with  Joseph  and  Ilymm  Smith, 
Bdgham  Young,  Heber  C.  Kimball,  and  others  of  the  church  dij,-uitarifs,  and 
u  the  ed  or  remarks,  'his  liistory,  tlicrefore,  was  so  interwoven  with  that  of 
the  church,  that  many  of  the  most  interesting  sketches  of  church  history  will 
W  found  therein.'  In  the  autobiography,  which  covers  a  period  of  twenty 
years,  from  his  early  boyhood  to  his  l>etrayal  into  the  hantlsof  his  enemies,  of 
vfaioh  more  hereafter,  ia  an  account  of  his  life  and  travels,  hia  missiunarr 
labors,  and  the  labors  of  those  with  whom  he  was  associated,  together  w ith 
Kwic  of  his  miacellaneous  writings  in  proeo  and  verse.  Other  worki  .<f  this 
is'  hor  are:  A  n  Afpeal  to  the  Inhabitants  qf  the  State  tf  New  York,  a  pamphlet 


400 


MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 


For  twenty-five  years  Park^  labored  at  intervals 
as  a  missionary  in  various  parts  of  the  Union/  and 
in  1845  was  appointed  president  of  the  churches  in 
New  England  and  the  middle  states.     During  his 

of  six  pages  calling  for  help  and  deliveraDccj  from  the  persecutioDS  of  the  [wo- 
pie  of  the  United  States,  particularly  from  their  enemies  in  Missouri;  Letter 
to  Queen  Victoria  is  a  dissertation  on  the  fundamental  principles  of  the  faitb, 
dated  Manchester,  May  22, 1841.  The  Fountain  o/  Knowledge  ia&  short  cHa&y 
on  the  scriptures.  Immortality  and  Eteriuil  Life  of  the  Material  Body  ia  au  at- 
tempt to  prove  tlie  proposition  as  named.  fnteHigence  and  Affection  coinpriseg 
a  few  jiages  on  these  qualities  in  man,  muru  particularly  in  roKard  to  their 
immortality.  The  above  five  jiamphlcts,  besides  being  publiahed  sepamtel) , 
were  issued  as  one  pamphlet  at  Nauvoo.  The  third  son  of  Jared  and  Chari*  v 
Pratt,  Parley,  was  born  at  Burlington,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  his  ancestors  being 
among  the  earliest  settlers  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1839,  and  probably  amoin^ 
the  party  that  accompanied  Thomas  Hooker  from  Newtown,  now  Cambridge, 
Maas.,  in  1836.  Of  his  conversion  to  Mormoniam  I  have  already  spokcu,  aiui 
of  the  leading  incidents  in  hit)  life  and  the  manner  of  his  death  mention  in 
made  elsewhere.  One  of  those  who  set  forth  from  Nauvoo  in  Feb.  184(3,  ho  woit 
sent  from  Winter  Quarters,  aa  will  be  remembered,  during  the  same  year, 
on  a  mission  to  England.  But  for  this  circumstance  his  Autobiography  woul<l 
probably  have  included  a  complete  and  reliable  account  of  the  great  Murmou 
exodus,  and  one  that  would  have  been  a  most  valuable  addition  to  the  rcuunlH 
of  the  latter-day  saints.  Parley  was  a  man  of  many  miracles  and  visions. 
In  fact,  with  him  all  was  miraculous;  the  voice  of  nature  was  the  voice  of  (ioii, 
and  in  one  current  ran  revelation  and  human  happenings.  He  was  ininicii 
lously  directed  in  the  first  instano  to  the  book  of  Mormon  and  Joseph  Smith 
Myriads  of  falro  spirits  were  rebuked  by  him  and  driven  back  into  the  dark 
ness.  Durius  an  illness  he  had  a  dream.  '  I  thought  I  saw  myself  drcsnt  <1 
in  a  clean  and  beautiful  linen  robe,  white  as  snow,' on  which  was  written  tliu 
words  '  holy  prophet '  and  '  new  Jerusalem. '  At  the  elder's  conference  in 
Missouri,  February  1832,  he  was  obliged  to  keep  his  bod,  as  he  had  notyui 
recovered  from  his  illness.  At  the  close  of  it,  he  says,  '  I  re({ueated  the  elders 
to  lay  their  hands  on  me  and  pray.  They  did  so.  I  was  instantly  healed. 
Again,  when  detained  by  a  severe  tever,  ho  wimpered  to  Brother  Murdock  to 
lay  hands  on  him  unobserved  while  giving  him  water.  'I  drank  of  it,'  Ir- 
says,  '  bounded  on  my  feet,  dressed  myself,  put  on  my  shoes  and  hat,  and  cold 
him  I  was  ready  to  start.'  Still  travelling  with  Murdock,  he  wasagaiu  taken 
ill,  and  again  miraculously  cured.  While  engaged  in  fencing  and  ploughini; 
six  acres  for  wheat,  he  heard  a  voice  at  night  saying,  '  Parley,  Parley! '  I  au 
swered,  '  Here  am  I.'  Said  the  voice,  '  Cease  splittmg rails,  for  the  Lord  liati) 
prepared  you  for  a  greater  work. '  He  dreamed  one  night,  during  tho  troubles 
m  Missouri,  of  an  attack  by  enemies  at  a  distance,  antf  learned  afterward  that 
the  vidion  was  true.  About  to  set  out  from  Kirtland  on  a  mission  to  Canadii 
in  April  1836,  being  in  debt  and  deeply  depressed,  his  wife  sick  and  childleti.s, 
Heber  C.  Kimball  and  other  elders,  lillea  with  the  spirit  of  prophecy,  eu 
tered  his  house  late  one  night  and  said:  'Brother  Parley,  thy  wife  shall  In 
healed  from  this  hour,  and  shall  bear  a  son,  and  his  name  shall  be  Parley,  and 
ho  shall  be  a  chosen  instrument  in  the  hands  of  the  Lord  to  inherit  tho  |)ric!<t 
hood,  and  to  widk  in  the  steps  of  hia  father. '  Instances  might  be  multiplied. 
Scores  of  sick  women  and  children  in  obedience  to  the  coiLmand,  '  lu  tlie 
name  of  Jesus  Christ,  be  thou  made  whole,'  arose  and  walked. 

*  In  1831  among  the  Delawares;  in  1832  in  the  states  of  Ohio,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  and  Missouri;  in  1833,  after  the  exodus  from  Independence,  b  New 
York;  in  1835  in  New  England,  N.  Y.,  and  Penn.;  in  1837  and  1845  in  N.  V. 
city,  where  in  the  latter  year  he  commenced  the  publication  of  The  Prophet; 
ana  in  1856  in  St  Louis,  Phil.,  N.  Y.,  and  elsewhere.  Avichiog.,  passim. 


MISSIONARIES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


401 


career  he  made  several  thousand  proselytes,  and  where- 
soever he  set  foot,  seldom  failed  of  success. 

"Of  all  the  places  in  which  the  English  language  is 
siHikeM,"  writes  Parley  in  1838,  "I  find  the  city  of 
Nt'W  York  to  be  the  most  difficult  as  to  access  to  the 
minds  or  attention  of  the  people.  From  July  to 
January  we  preached,  advertised,  printed,  published,' 
iistilied,  visited,  talked,  prayed,  and  wept  in  vain." 
Elijah  Fordham  was  with  him,  and  for  several  weeks 
only  six  proselytes  were  made,  of  whom  two  or  three 
sometimes  met  in  a  small  upper  room  in  an  obscure 
street. 

Sorely  discouraged,  the  two  elders  invited  their 
converts  to  a  last  prayer-meeting,  intending  to  set 
forth  for  New  Orleans.  Each  prayed  in  turn,  when 
suddenly  the  room  was  filled  with  the  holy  spirit,  and 
all  hej^an  to  prophesy  and  speak  in  tongues.  "They 
sliouhl  tarry  in  the  city  and  go  not  thence  as  yet; 
for  the  Lord  had  many  people  in  that  city,  and  he 
had  now  cotne  by  the  power  of  his  holy  spirit  to 
gather  them  into  his  fold." 

Among  the  converts  was  a  chairmaker,  named 
David  Rogers,  who  now  fitted  up  a  large  chamber  at 
his  own  expense  and  invited  the  elders  to  preach. 
The  room  was  crowded  at  the  first  meeting,  and  soon 
afterward  the  elders  were  ministering  at  fifteen  dif- 
ferent places  throughout  the  city,  all  of  which  were 
erowded,  sometimes  preaching  twice  a  day  almost 
every  day  in  the  week,  besides  visiting  from  house  to 
house." 

^lention  has  already  been  made  of  the  labors  of 
Brigham  Young  and  other  missionaries  in  various 

' '  My  first  production  in  that  city  waa  a  boolc  of  upwards  of  two  hun- 
dred |mgc8,  entitled  the  Voice  of  Warning,  The  first  edition  of  this  work 
oiusistcd  of  four  thousand  copies;  it  has  pince  been  published  and  repub- 
lislic'l  in  America  and  Europe  till  some  forty  or  fifty  thousand  copies  have 
iiDt  Ix^un  sufficient  to  aupplv  the  demand.'  Id.,  184. 

'  lli-anches  of  the  church  were  formed  during  IS38  at  Sing  .^ing  and  in 
New  Jersey,  also  at  Brooklyn  and  elsewhere  on  Long  Island.  Id.,  188.  In 
tliu  S.  L.  Herald,  June  16,  1877i  ia  a  sketch  of  the  Mormou  missiun  in  New 
Vork  at  that  date. 

UitT.  Utak    31 


402 


MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 


.) 


M 


I- 


ft 

1 


im 


parts  of  the  United  States.  To  relate  them  in  detail 
for  each  succeeding  year  would  more  than  occupy 
the  space  alotted  to  this  volume,  and  for  further  par- 
ticulars I  refer  the  reader  to  the  note  subjoined.'    It 

'In  Jan.  1838,  B.  Winchester  left  Ohio  on  •  miasionaiy  tour,  durine  which 
ho  preached  in  Md,  Penn.,  and  N.  J.  At  thia  time  Onon  Pratt  was  in  New 
York  city,  and  L.  Barnes  and  H.  Sayen  in  the  states  of  N.  Y.  and  Penn. 
TimtH  and  Seatow,  i.  0- 1 1.  About  April  1, 1839,  Jno.  D.  Lee  and  Levi  Stew- 
art started  on  foot  from  Vandalia,  IlL,  and,  preaching  as  they  went,  passed 
througli  several  towns  in  0.,  returning  to  their  stsrting-point  in  October. 
During  this  journey  they  depended  entirely  on  donations  for  subeistence.  Lte'» 
Mormonitm,  07-108.  During  1830,  Lorenzo  Barnes,  H.  Bayers,  £.  D.  Woolly, 
Elisha  H.  Davis,  J.  Huston,  Henry  Dean,  Benjamin  Winchester,  Jas  lilaks- 
lee,  and  Saml  James  preached  in  O.,  Va,  Del.,  Penn.,  N.  J.,  and  N.  Y.;  A. 
Petty,  O.  H.  Brandon,  J.  D.  Hunter,  Benjamin  OUpp,  Jeremiah  Macklcy, 
Jno.  £.  Page,  and  Daniel  and  Norman  B.  Shearer,  in  Mo.,  Tenn.,  and  III.; 
Almon  Babbitt,  Jacob  K.  Chapman,  and  Orson  Hyde,  in  Ind.;  Stephen  Po»t, 
Julian  Moses,  and  M.  Sirrine,  in  Mich.;  Nathan  Uolmes,  in  Mass.;  and  Ly- 
Sander  M.  Dftvis,  in  8.  C.  Times  and  Seawna,  i.  25-0,  30-40,  00-63,  71-4. 
Francis  G.  Bishop  writes,  under  date  Feb.  4,  1840,  that  since  1S32,  when  he 
joined  the  church,  he  has  preached  in  fourteen  states,  spending  two  years  in 
Va  and  N.  G.  Jos.  Smith,  jr,  made  a  visit  of  inspection  through  th«  middle 
states  at  this  time  and  presided  at  several  assemblies.  Edward  M.  Webb 
and  others  preached  in  111.  and  la;  Duncan  McArthur  and  others,  in  Me  and 
N.  H. ;  Orson  Hyde,  in  Philadelphia  and  N.  J. ;  and  Geo.  J.  Adams,  in  Phil- 
adelphia, New  York,  and  Brooklyn.  Id.,  i.  77-80,  87-9,  108-10,  116-23,  ii. 
204-5,  220-1 ;  Millennial  Star,  i.  274-6.  In  1840-1,  Eider  Snyder  and  uthen 
established  a  church,  baptizins  about  100,  in  Laporte,  Ind.;  Richard*'  Item., 
MS.,  8-0;  and  in  northern  Ind.,  Ohio,  Penn.,  and  N.  Y.  some  converts  were 
made.  Jd.,  Narr.,  MS.,  11-12,  lti-18,  20-1.  At  a  conference  held  at  Phil. 
Oct.  17,  1840,  reports  were  received  from  various  churches  in  N.  Y.,  N.  J., 
and  Penn.,  showing  a  membership  of  806  (details  given).  In  1840-1,  Benj. 
C.  Elsworth,  Chas  Thompson,  and  Isaac  C.  Haight  werejpreaching  in  N.  Y.; 
Erastus  Snow,  in  Penn.  and  R.  I. ;  Jos.  Ball,  Phineas  Richards,  and  Manil 
Bent,  in  Mass.  and  Conn.;  Zadock  Parker  and  P.  Brown,  in  Vt;  Norwell  M. 
Head,  Danl  Tyler,  and  others,  in  Tenn.  and  Miss.;  E.  Luddington  and  others, 
in  N.  O. ;  A.  J.  Lumereaux,  in  Ohio;  and  J.  M.  Adams,  Amasa  Lyman,  and 
W.  O.  Clark,  in  111.  Times  and  Seaaont,  ii.  215-17,  210-21,  233-4,  331M0, 
348-50,  384-6.  300-402,  415-16,  451-2,  468,  615-16.  In  1841-3.  Eniatus 
Snow  and  others  were  in  Mass. ;  Joshua  Grant,  in  Va  and  N.  C. ;  Jacob  Gates, 
in  Ind. ;  Jas  Blakeslee.  in  N.  Y. ;  and  A.  Young  and  Saml  B.  Frost,  in  Tenn. 
Id.,  iii.  602-6,  020.  600-7,  702-8,  820-1.  In  1842-3,  A.  L.  Lamareaux  was 
preaching  in  Ind. ;  E.  M.  Webb.  M.  Serrine,  and  several  others,  in  Midi.; 
Edwin  D.  Woolley  and  L.  A.  Shirtliff,  in  Mass.;  Wesley  Wandell,  in  Cunn.; 
F.  M.  Edwards,  in  Tenn.;  and  R.  H.  Kinnamon  and  0.  White,  in  Ky.  /</., 
iv.  80,  166-7,  104-5.  226-7,  280-1,  300,  302,  354,  v.  508.  In  1843-4.  (!.  .1 
Adams  was  preaching  in  Penn.;  Benj.  Brown  and  Jesse  W.  Crosby,  in  N.  Y.; 
Alfred  Hall  and  S.  Braman,  in  Ind.;  Beni.  L.  CUpp,  W.  Huitt,  S.  (iiilly, 
and  H.  W.  Choroh.  in  Miss. ;  Danl  Botsford.  Jos.  Coon,  Levi  Stewart,  and 
W.  O.  Clark,  in  III.;  W.  O.  Clark,  in  Iowa;  R.  H.  Kinnamon,  in  Vaand  N. 
C;  and  P.  Haws  and  John  Brown,  in  AUbama.  Id.,  v.  387-8,  444,  4*iO-l, 
468-9,  484-5,  607-8,  620-2,  702-3.  In  the  Frontier  Guardian,  July  '.V>  and 
Oct  17,  1851,  also  in  the  Deteret  News,  Deo.  13,  1851,  are  further  reporU 
from  missionaries  in  various  parts  of  the  U.  S.  Between  the  date  of  Joseph 
Smith's  assassination  and  the  settlement  of  the  saints  in  the  valley  of  the 
Great  Salt  Lake,  missionary  work  was  partially  suspended.  For  furthcr 
.  missionary  work  in  New  York,  see  S.  L,  Herald,  June  16,  1877;  S.  F.  AUa, 


PARLEY'S  MISSION  TO  CANADA. 


408 


(iuUy, 
wart,  and 
ra  anil  N. 
4(>0-l, 
2,")  anil 
reports 
of  Joseph 
ley  of  lilt' 
furtlier 
F.  Alta, 


remains  only  to  add  that,  throughout  the  Union,  the 
Mormons  were  less  successful  in  making  proselytes 
than  in  some  other  parts  of  the  world,  especially  in 
Great  Britain  and  northern  Europe. 

In  the  year  1833,  Orson  Pratt  was  sent  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  southern  Canada,  and  ^  about  the  same  date 
Jo.seph  Smith  and  Sidney  Rigdon  organized  a  church 
near  Hamilton.  In  1836,  Parley  Pratt,  brother  to 
Orson,  being  then  one  of  the  twelve,  was  sent  to 
Upper  Canada'  to  preach  and  establish  a  church;  and 
from  this  ministry  it  was  foretold  that  the  gospel 
should  spread  into  England.  With  him  went  Brother 
Nickerson,  who  parted  company  at  Hamilton.  Left 
alone,  knowing  no  one,  having  no  money,  what  should 
lie  do?  His  destination  was  Toronto;  fare  by  steamer 
two  dollars;  it  would  be  a  tedious  journey  on  foot 
He  entered  his  closet  and  prayed  to  the  Lord,  then 
stepped  out  upon  the  street  and  began  chatting  with 
the  people.  Presently  he  was  accosted  by  a  stranger 
who  asked  his  name,  and  whither  he  was  going,  and 
if  he  did  not  want  money.  Parley  answered,  explain- 
ing his  position,  whereupon  the  stranger  gave  him 
ten  dollars,  and  a  letter  of  introduction  to  tfohn  Tay- 
lor, a  merchant  of  Toronto,  where  he  arrived  the 
same  day.     He  was  kindly  received  by  Mr  and  Mrs 


Nov.  (i,  1S60;  in  Boston,  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Ana.  16,  1870;  in  Washinffton,  Dfs- 
ml  Xcum,  Apr.  .30,  18J3;  in  Pa,  .V.  F.  Bulletin,  July  22,  1881;  in  Va,  Juve- 
ni  r  Instructor,  xv.  128-0;  in  N.  C,  Id.,  xv.  21-2;  in  Georffia,  S.  F.  Bulletin, 
An^'.  li!,  1881;  in  Tex.,  MilleHnhd Star,  xxxviii.  n8S-0;  in  uio  southern  states 
gondvilly.  Juvenile  Inntructor,  xv,  63;  in  Iowa,  Millennial  Star,  xxxviii.  381; 
D'seiri  Aewt,  Aug.  8,  1877;  in  Ark.,  Millennial  Star,  xxxviii.  380-1;  in  Col, 
S.  r.  Dull.,  Nov.  11,  1804;  in  Ar,  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Apr.  12,  1873;  S.  F.  Call, 
July  It,  1873;  PreKott  Miner,  Aug.  9,  1873;  Millennial  Star,  xxxviii.  170-1; 
in  (':»1.,  .S'.  /:  Herald,  Juno  20,  1854,  Feb.  9,  Juno  4, 18r»5:  in  Or.,  *'.  F.  Alta, 
Jan.  Jl.  1838;  Sac.  Union,  Aug.  12,  1857.  In  1882  there  were  about  110 
Monnon  missionaries  in  tho  United  States.  Contributor,  iii.  128. 

"  I'rcnchinff  in  Pottcn,  Canada,  north  of  Vermont,  the  first  sermon,  so  far 
as  i  I  known,  tuat  was  ever  delivered  in  the  British  dominions.  Utah  Pionem, 
S3d  Ann.,  25. 

*  After  retiring  to  rest  on  a  certain  evening  in  April  1835  he  was  aroused 
by  IklKr  C.  Kimball,  who,  being  filled  with  the  spirit  of  prophecy,  said: 
'  Tliuu  slialt  go  to  Upper  Canada,  even  to  the  city  of  Toronto,  tho  capital, 
aiiil  (hero  thou  shalt  find  a  people  prepared  for  tho  fulbess  of  the  gospel,  and 
tluy  shall  receive  thee.'  Pralft  AutMog.,  141-2. 


104 


MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 


'Hi 


Taylor,  but  they  co.uM  give  him  no  direct  encourajrc- 
ment;  he  took  tea  with  them,  and  then  sought  lud-f- 
irigs  at  a  public  house.  In  the  morning  he  visited 
tiie  clergymen  of  the  place,  none  of  whom  would 
open  to  him  their  dwellings  or  places  of  worship. 
Then  he  applied  to  the  sheriff  for  the  use  of  tliu 
court-house,  then  to  the  authorities  for  a  public  room 
in  the  market-place,  and  with  no  better  result.  Tlio 
prospect  was  dark,  considering  the  prophecies  con- 
cerning this  mission.  Again  and  again  he  tried  willi 
no  better  success.  His  resources  were  exhausted; 
he  could  do  nothing  more;  he  must  depart. 

He  retired  to  a  grove  just  ( utside  the  town  and 
prayed.  His  heart  was  very  heavy.  He  returned 
to  the  house  of  John  Taylor,  where  he  had  left  his 
handful  of  baggage,  and  bade  his  friends  farewell. 
Mr  Taylor  was  touched  with  pity,  and  held  him  for 
a  moment  in  conversation,  during  which  a  Mrs  Wal- 
ton entered  and  began  talking  in  an  adjoining  room 
with  Mrs  Taylor,  who  spoke  of  Parley's  failure,  say- 
ing: "He  may  be  a  man  of  God,  and  I  am  sorry  to 
have  him  depart."  The  visitor  was  at  once  doe})ly 
interested.  "Indeed,"  she  said,  "I  feel  that  it  is  so, 
and  that  I  was  directed  hither  by  the  spirit  of  the 
Lord.  I  am  a  widow;  but  I  have  a  spare  room  and 
bed,  and  food  in  plenty.  My  son  will  come  and  guide 
him  to  ray  house,  which  shall  be  his  home;  and  there 
are  two  large  rooms  to  preach  in."  Parley  gladly 
accepted  the  offer.  His  labors  were  thenceforth  at- 
tended with  success.  Mrs  Walton  soon  received  bap- 
tism; a  friend  of  hers,  a  poor  widow,  was  miraeulonsly 
cured  of  blindness,  and  many  in  consequence  believed. 

There  was  a  Mr  Patrick,  a  wealthy  and  influential 
man,  whose  custom  it  was  every  sabbath  to  hold  in 
his  house  a  meeting,  wherein  wore  discussed  questions 
concerning  salvation,  without  regard  to  doctrine  or 
dogma.  Both  John  Taylor  and  Mrs  Walton  were  in 
the  habit  of  attending  these  meetings,  tlie  former  fre- 
quently taking  a  part  in  the  discussions.     On  one  oc- 


MISSION  TO  ENGLAND. 


406 


casion  Parley  attended,  and  was  invited  to  speak,  but 
diclined,  preferring  to  give  a  special  call,  which  he 
did.  At  the  appointed  hour  the  rooms  were  filled; 
at  tiie  close  of  a  powerful  discourse  another  meeting 
was  called  for,  and  then  another.  Taylor  became 
more  and  more  interested ;  he  once  accompanied  Par- 
ley into  the  country  whore  he  had  promised  to 
proach ;  at  length,  with  Mrs  Taylor,  he  was  baptized. 
Thus  was  a  shining  light  brought  into  the  church,  a 
branch  of  which  was  now  established  in  Toronto,  and 
was  the  forerunner  of  the  mission  work  in  Great  Brit- 


10 


am. 

During  the  year  1837,  Heber  C.  Kimball  and  Orson 
Hyde,  of  the  quorum  of  the  twelve,  accompanied  by 
Willard  Richards,  were  placed  at  the  head  of  a  mission 
to  England,  the  members  of  which  were  drawn  from 
elders  of  the  church  in  Canada,  and  several  of  whom 
wore  English,  or  had  friends  in  England.  The  elders 
chosen  were  Joseph  Fielding,  Isaac  Russell,  John 
Goodson,  and  John  Snider."  Taking  ship  for  Liver- 
pool, where  they  ari»ved  on  the  20th  of  July,"  apos- 
tles Kimball,  Hyde,  and  Willard  Richards  landed 
without  the  means  of  paying  for  their  first  night's 
lodjjing;  but  the  remainder  of  the  party  furnishing  the 
tuiids,  all  secured  apartments  in  the  same  dwelling, 
and  two  days  later  took  coach  for  Preston.  Here  at 
Vauxhall  Chapel,  then  in  charge  of  the  Rev.  James 
Fielding,  brother  to  Elder  Fielding,  the  doctrines  of 
^lornionism  were  first  proclaimed  in  Great  Britain, 
Kimball  giving  a  brief  account  of  the  origin  of  the 
church,  and  of  the  teachings  of  the  book  of  Mormon. 

'*  After  miniflterins  at  Toronto  and  its  neighl>orhood  for  about  two  months, 
tho  uiKMtlo  announcca  that  ho  must  return  to  Kirtlond,  and,  as  he  relates,  on 
the  cvo  of  his  departure  several  hundred  dollars  were  placed  in  his  hands, 
tlioiigh  he  hod  asked  no  one  for  money,  and  none  know  that  the  main  rcosoa 
fur  rcturnin){  was  to  arrange  for  tho  itavnient  of  his  debts.  Parley  again 
visited  Toronto  in  April  IS^Mi,  and  laboreif  tlicro  until  spring  of  tho  folIuMing 
year.  Id.,  ](iO.  In  1841,  elders  Morrison  and  Bates  were  preaching  near  Kings- 
ton. Timet  and  titaaoiw,  ii.  415.  About  two  years  later,  Ben.  Brown  and 
Jc8.su  W.  Crosby  preached  in  Montreal  and  Quebec.  Id.,  vi.  7UO-7. 

■■  Utah  Pioneern,  S3d  Ann,,  20;  PraU'a  Autobiog.,  183;  Ttmet  atid  Seaton$t 
iu.  871). 

'^Ou  board  the  Oarriek 


4M 


MISSIONS  A^7o  IMMIORATIOir. 


The  work  prospered,  and  within  a  few  months  about 
1,500  converts  were  made,"  not  only  at  Preston,  but 
also  at  Manchester,  Leeds,  Birmingham,  and  &a  we 
is^hall  see  later,  in  Glasgow  and  in  the  south  of  Wales. 
In  April  1840,  when  was  held,  at  Preston,  the  iirst 
council  of  the  twelve  in  a  foreign  land,  Brighuui 
Young,  who  arrived  in  England  during  this  year,**  be- 
ing elected  their  president,  the  church  claimed  in  tite 
British  Islands  nearly  2,000  proselytes,*'  in  April  1841 
more  than  6,000,*'  and  at  the  close  of  1852  more  tluui 
32,000.  According  to  a  statistical  report  of  the  cliuroh 
throughout  the  United  Kingdom  for  the  half-year 
ending  December  31, 1852,  there  were  at  that  date  742 
branchesj  17  ofthe  quorum  of  seventies,  10  high-priests, 
1,913  priests,  2,752  elders,  1,446  teachers,  and  85ti 


**Stiutk,  Rue,  Proffnu,  and  Tmveft,  30-1.  In  TuOidg^t  Women,  246.  it 
is  stated  tbst  2,000  wcro  bisptizeil  within  eight  months.  This  is  probsblv  n  - 
aggvnited.  The  first  cuuverts,  nine  in  number,  were  hsptiaed  in  the  Kibble, 
Julv  .%.  1837.     Names  given  in  /(/.,  241. 

^'  On  board  the  Patrick  Urnry,  together  with  Parley  and  Orson  Prstt.  Oo. 
A.  Smith,  Uebcr  C.  Kimball,  and  Reuben  Hedlock.  Brighsm  left  his  home 
ir*  Montrose  on  Sept.  14,  1830.  Being  in  feeble  health,  he  was  carried  to  the 
boose  of  Heber  C  Kimball,  where  he  remained  until  the  I8th,  when  they  <et 
forth  tosether.  Mrs  Mary  Ann  Young  was  left  with  an  infant  v-mly  ten  days 
old.  and  the  younsest  child  of  Mrs  Kimball,  who  was  then  sick  with  cbil:* 
and  ferer.  was  only  three  weckv  old.  Heber,  who  was  also  suffering  from 
ague,  relates  that  when  he  took  leave  of  hu  family,  it  seemed  as  if  his  very 
heart  would  melt  within  him.  '  This  is  pretty  tough,  is  it  not?'  he  reiiiarkeii 
to  Brigham.  '  Let  us  rise  up  and  give  them  a  cheer. '  Thev  arose,  and  s«  io^'- 
ing  ti^  hats,  cried,  '  Hurrah,  hurrah,  hurrah  for  Itrael!  Neither  were  in 
ooodition  to  travel,  and  both  were  almost  penniless.  Arriving  at  Kirtlsna, 
which  place  they  visited  on  their  way,  Brigham  had  one  New  York  shillutg 
left,  and  Heber  claims  that  meanwhile  the  necessary  funds  had  been  »a\>- 
plicid  by  some  heavenly  messenser.  The  vessel  sailed  on  the  19th  of  March, 
and  reached  Liverpool  on  the  6tn  of  April,  the  tenth  anniversary  of  the  organ- 
ization of  the  church.  Brigham  left  the  ship  in  company  with  Heber  aii<l 
Parley,  and  when  he  landed  shouted  with  a  loud  voice,  '  Hosanna! '    On  the 


nt  day  they  went  to  Preston  by  rail.  HiU.  B.  Young,  MS. ;  Young"*  Jomr. ,  in 
Mil ennial Star,  xxv.  711-12;  Timei  and  SeoMoiit,  ii.  223;  It'hitnry't  Montti,'* 
Erprr.,  MS.  A  parting  hymn,  composed  by  Parley  s  iew  days  before  the 
vessel  sailed,  will  be  found  in  Prtat'»  Autt^tiog.,  332.  ^nd  Timea  and  Sfa*o-», 
L  II 1 .  On  Dec.  8, 1 839,  elders  Hiram  Clark,  Alex.  V,  right,  and  Sam.  M ullinrr 
had  anirtd  at  Preston,  and  on  Jan.  13,  1840,  elders  Wilford  Woodniff.  John 
Taylor,  and  Theodore  Turley.  Id.,  iii.  884. 

u  I0  iiie  MUlmnkd  Star,  i.  20,  is  a  list  of  mc^t  of  the  towns  in  which 
bnndies  were  established,  with  the  number  of  members  In  each. 

"In  /</.,  L  302,  the  number  is  given  at  5,814,  besides  SCO  who  had  t-mi- 
gnited  to  America  during  that  season.  These  figwes  include  th*  Welsh,  Irish, 
Beotcfa,  and  Manx  convert*. 


NUMBER  or  KN0U8H  PBOSELTTBS. 


4ir 


(Icnrons.*^  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  the  number  of 
innnbors  at  this  date  was  about  the  same  as  is  stattxl 
the  report  dated  June  1,  1851,*"  no  interval  of  this 


III 


1(  iiirfli  having  previously  occurred  during  which  the 
II limber  of  proselytes  was  not  largely  increased. 
Mtanwhilu,  however,  the  number  of  branches  had  in- 
I  r*  ased  by  100,  and  during  the  last  half  of  the  year 
185.2  more  than  2,000  members  had  emigrated. 

Manchester  conference,  with  its  starved  factory 
n|K  lativcH,  heads  the  list  with  3,282  members,  and 
those  who  have  visited  any  of  the  great  manufactur- 
ing towns  of  Lancashire,  where  in  wmter  men,  women, 
and  children  may  be  seer,  hastening  from  their  ill- 
dniin^jd  hovels  through  the  snow  and  slush  of  the 
ilark  streets  to  the  cotton-mill,  returning  exhaustcnl 
witli  toil  to  their  supper  of  bread  and  tea,  will  not 
wonder  that  these  hapless  human  beings  were  glad  to 
exchange  their  hard  lot  for  the  plenty  of  the  prom- 
ised land.  In  London  the  number  of  proselytes  was 
'J,4G4,  in  Birmingham  1,883,  in  Norwich  1,061,  and 
in  Liverpool  1,041.  In  no  other  town  or  city  does 
the  numbei  amount  to  one  thousand,  though  most  of 
the  shires  of  England  are  represented  in  the  list  of 
branches. 

At  this  period  tLe  British  Islands  were  justly 
termed  the  stronghold  of  Mormonism ;  and  that  Mor- 
mon missionaries  made  in  that  country  a  deep  and 
abiding  impression  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  their 
32,000  proselytes,  nearly  all  of  them  being  mechanics, 
laborers,  or  factory  operatives,  expended  of  their  scant 
earnings  nearly  one  dollar  per  capita  a  year  for  the 
purchase  of  Monnon  books,  periodicals,  and  insignia.*' 

'^  During  that  term  3,400  penona  had  been  baptized,  89  had  emigrated, 
and  234  had  died.  Id.,  xv.  78. 

"A  copy  of  which  will  be  foond  in  Id.,  xiii.  207,  and  in  condenaed  form 
in  Maekai,  The  Mormons,  246-7. 

■*  In  the  JIdlennial  Star,  xiii.  208,  it  is  stated  that,  between  May  30  and 
Judo  16,  1851,  £255-^1  waa  received,  or  at  tho  rate  of  about  80  ceuts  per 
capita  for  that  period.  In  Ibid,  we  have  a  list  of  £l,065-2-li  due  from 
the  various  conferences  for  books,  badges,  etc. 

The  first  number  of  the  JUiitenninl  Star  waa  publiahed  in  May  1840^ 
some  few  weeks  after  the  arrind  of  Brigham  Young  and  bia  party,  Parley  P. 


g! 


■» 


106 


MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGItATION. 


In  later  years  a  strong  reaction  set  in,  the  monibcrs 
of  the  c!iurch  at  the  close  of  1878  mustcrinjj  only 
2,904,  the  number  of  branches  having  decreaswl  tu 

Pratt  being  the  'irst  editor.  laaucd  originally  aa  a  monthly,  and  afterward 
as  a  bi-mouthly  and  then  as  a  weekly  periodical,  the  ciruulatiou  at  one  time 
reached  U'J.OOO  copies.  Ihchard^'  liihliog.  of  Utah,  MS.,  8-9.  But  lor  tliia 
publiciitiuu  and  the  Froutifr  (Juardiaii,  it  would  bo  impossible  to  till  tlu^  LMp 
which  occurs  in  the  records  of  the  Mormon  people  between  Feb.  I."),  ISKi, 
the  liute  of  the  lost  issue  of  tlie  Tiiiwa  and  Seanonn,  auil  June  15,  \SM,  whcu 
appeurcil  the  lirat  number  of  tlio  Deseret  Newn.  For  conferences  ut  vlji.  h 
reports  wore  received  as  to  the  condition  of  the  churcli  brunches  at  Manchis- 
ter  and  elsewlierc  in  1840-1,  see  Millennial  Star,  i.  07-71,  84-9,  10.VS,  ."Jil  ."i; 
Tinu'H  and  Scaiionn,  ii.  404,  40;{;  PnUl'a  Avlolnoij.,  341-'J,  344,  34.S-riO;  iu 
1842,  Milltnnial  Star,  iii.  28-32;  Times  and  Seagotm,  iv.  70-80;  in  IMS, 
Millennial  Star,  iv.  32-6,  81-5;  in  1845,  Jd.,  v.  100-7;  in  1840-7,  /</.,  vij. 
passim.  For  reports  of  church  progress,  giving  minor  dotiiils  of  no  parti>  iilur 
value  between  1840  and  1840,  see  Times  and  SeanoHS,  ii.  529,  543,  5."i7;  iii. 
690-9,  018,  030-7,  C82-3,  789-90,  843,  924-5;  Millennial  Star.  iv.  li'J-.lO, 
145-8,  101-2,  174-5,  203-4;  ▼.  25-0,  195;  vi.  6-7,  i;i-14,  23-4,  28-9,  39-40, 
73-5.  For  condensed  reports  showing  progress  during  latter  half  of  I.S40 
and  spring  of  1841,  sec  Kidder's  Mormonixm,  191-200.  For  missionary  woiii 
iu  dilicrent  towns  iu  1840-1,  see  Millennial  Star,  i.  71-2,  9<)-3,  ISl-.'»,  2IJ-I:., 
238-40,  25,')-0,  2S;i-0,  305-9.  ^Vitil  the  confcpjnco  of  April  0,  1841,  tlm  mis- 
sion of  lirighuni  Young  and  his  associates  end'jd  in  Eng.,  and  soon  aftcrwanl 
they  returned  home,  first  sending  un  epistle  U)  the  church  iu  Crent  liiit.iiii, 
and  leaving  I'arhsy  in  charge.  For  text  of  epistle,  see  Millennial  Star,  i.  .'iiiD- 
12.  IJrigham,  lleber,  O.  IVatt,  Woodruff,  Taylor,  Smith,  and  llichunis  lift 
for  New  York  on  the  sliiji  7?ocA('»<er,  on  Apr.  20,  l!r!41.  Younj?  arrived  in 
Nauvoo  July  1st.  TnlVulie's  Life  of  Yonng,  99-100.  Parley  remaineil  it  the 
head  of  atiairs  until  Oct.  29,  1842,  when  he  sailed  for  the  U.  S.  on  the 
Emerald,  arriving  in  New  Orleans  early  in  Jan.  1843,  leaving  Tliomus  W  unl 
to  succeed  lum,  with  Lorenzo  Snow  and  Hiram  Chirk  as  assistants.  l>iiriiig 
Parley's  ndniinistration,  several  parties  of  emigrants  were  sent  to  the  L'.  S. 
Pralt'n  Antohlo'j.,  359,  301.  The  Times  and  Seasons  of  Feb.  1,  IH4,'i,  an- 
nounces Pratt's  arrival  ut  Nauvoo.  In  June  1843,  Elder  Reuben  ''iailluik 
was  appointed  president  of  tlie  English  mission,  /</.,  iv.  23J;  a^d  ag^iin  in 
1840,  Millennial  Star,  vii.  42,  when;  the  name  is  spelled  Hedl  ick.  Wafil 
was  a.ss<iciated  with  Hedlock  in  tlie  presidency.  Id.,  v.  140,  142.  In 
1S40-7  Orson  Hyde  was  president  of  the  European  mission,  ilicha'dn'  X(trr., 
MS.,  27-  For  1S79,  32  uiissionuries  were  ap"'jiuted  for  the  United  Statisi. 
A  lii^t  is  given  ill  Millcnni'il  Sli.r,  xli.  092.  Further  mentiuu  of  missioiiaiy 
work  iu  England  will  l)e  found  in  the  (mges  of  the  Millennial  S/ar,  hYutt'T 
Guanlian,  .^pr.  4,  July  2.I.  Sept.  19,  1849,  July  24,  Dec.  11,  1850,  July  i:i, 
Aug.  8,  1851;  LyonH  Harp  oj  Zion,  04-0;  Desertt  Xewx,  Nov.  29,  Ike  "J", 
1851,  July  24,  lS.-)2,  Feb.  5.  l.S.-,3.  Oct.  5,  1854,  July  25,  1855.  Feb.  20,  isdi, 
Sept.  9,  180,1,  Mmh  9,  Dec.  7,  18ti4,  March  22,  1805,  June  7,  1805,  Mav  S, 
Nov.  20,  1807,  .Miroh  15,  1871,  July  l.\  1874,  Juno  30,  1875,  Sept.  II,  Is7s; 
U/(ih  Scriipn,  5;  V.  F.  liulletin,  Jxme  11,  Nov.  24,  1883;  Sae.  Cnhn,. \u]y  •-', 
KS.V),  May  14,  1809.  In  the  autumn  of  >S40John  Taylor,  I'aihy  lVatt,".iiiil 
Orsfiu  Hyde  were  ordered  to  proceed  to  England,  the  saints  being  thru  in- 
caniped  at  ('ounoil  Hlutl's.  Procuring  a  hat-bottomed  boat,  they  viiy:ii.'i'(l 
«l()wn  the  Misaouii  Rirer  Ut  Fort  Lea\env.orth,  wliei-o  they  Met  with  .•^.iiiio 
of  the  battalion  men,  and  t!"'iice  tm>k  the  steamer  Jo*-  St  Louis.  Frnrn  that 
city  they  reached  England  by  way  of  \ew  York,  Parley,  however,  retin  niiiy 
tofoiincil  Hlutl's  and  Wintei'lihia.-ters  with  money  contributed  by  tliewiinlsin 
the  jjistern  states  for  tlu^isniHtanie  of  their  families  and  brelhren,  joiniiij^  liis 
comrades  later.    The  missionaries  visited  the  various  churches  in  Fngla  , ', 


hi 


WELSH,  SCOTCn,  AND  IRISH  PROSELYTES. 


400 


OS.  of  priests  to  182,  of  eltlcrs  to  521,  of  toachcrs  to 
loj,  and  of  deacons  to  128.'-" 

Ill  Wales  and  Scotland  the  Mormons  were  at  first 
ii(,  less  successful,  the  number  of  proselytes  at  the 
close  of  1852  being  in  the  former  country  nearly 
.^).(K)0,-*  and  in  the  latter  more  than  3,000;"  but  in 
tin  se  countries  also  a  reaction  occurred,  the  number 
of  Welsh  members  at  the  close  of  1878  having  fallen 
to  :!J.')  and  of  Scotch  to  351.'^  In  Ireland,  as  in  other 
catliolic  countries,  their  missionaries  were  regarded 
with  little  favor,  the  converts  mustering  in  1852  only 
'JIj,  though  between  184G  and  1852  In  I  '.fhI  was 
|):i s>iiig  through  the  years  of  her  sorest  tribulation, 
and  tho.se  of  her  people  v/ho  accepted   Mormonism 


SroMand,  mid  Witlcs,  and  were  well  received.  Taylor  relates  that  the  loiivcrf  s 
will'  III  the  hal)it  of  getting  up  tea-partieu,  at  which  ho  was  often  rciiiicsU'cl 
t'l  MiiL',  one  of  the  songs  coi'iposed  hy  hiiii»elf  being  'Tlie  Upjxr  t'liliforuia, 
O  lii.ii's  the  hmd  for  nic!'  ifo  also  states  that  a  marked  feeliiif;  among  Uio 
Kii;;lish  was  the  desire  to  cnii^^rute.  JiemiitiHceiiceii,  M.S.,  IS-IO. 

■"  M(i''iijiial  Slur,  xli.  110. 

"  Millninial  Star,  xv.  7H.  On  July  6,  1840,  Henry  Roylo  and  Frederieii 
Conk  wiTe  appointed  to  Flintshire,  and  on  Oct.  30th  a  cliurcli  of  ,'{■.!  niemheis 
w.is  cst.ililislied  there.  Jas  liurnham  reported  from  Wivxlium  on  iKc.  '_';'., 
|s4(),  that  there  were  about  100  saints  in  that  neighlxjrhood.  On  Feb.  I(», 
Isll,  the  '2  eharehes  hud  an  ajigregato  membership  of  l."»0.  Utah  J'ioniirn, 
;:.,il  Ann  ,  '2(5.  In  bS44  Elder  llenshiiw  was  in  South  Wah.'s  and  incctiim 
Miili  ;.'(mmI  suceess.  MUlfiiiiinl  Star,  iv.  '203.  In  1845,  Stratton  and  lleiiKhaw 
vi!<i  in  W  dcs,  the  latter  preacliing  in  the  south  the  language  of  tlie  eoiintry. 
(  .ip!.  hull,  .loncs  Wius  preaching  in  Wrexham.  Time»  and  Srasoim,  vi.  OSS-'.I. 
.loins  writes  from  Uiiyd-ybt)nt,  Fel).  7,  1810,  that  he  has  more  places  to  iircach 
ill  tliaii  lie  can  possibly  attend  to.  Milleiiviat  Star,  vii.  (i.'l.  For  several  ycar^ 
a  I"  liiuliral  entitled  I'he  Udijorn  Si-ioii  was  published  at  Mcrthyr  Tydvil,  and 
iMiiiiiiiR'd  until  emigration  greatly  reduced  tho  numbers  ut  the  Welsh  mission. 
JUilKinls'  JUIiofj.   qfUtd/l,  MS.,  D. 

"  .Alexander  Wright  and  Samuel  Mi  ■  i nor  were  sent  tti  Scotland  in  l>ec. 
]XV.).  .shirtly  after  their  arrival  in  i'lnglaiul.  At  the  beginning  of  March,  they 
hill  baptized  a  few  converts  at  I'ai^li^.  TimcK  nnd  Seamtii',  i.  110;  (>.  j'ni'f, 
in  I 'Ink  J'ioiitrrn,  33(1  Ann.,  '.''i  At  a  general  conference  on  Apr.  17,  lvS4(», 
II  viiH  reported  tlie  Scotland  bni  ich  li.id.'J  elders  and  '21  members.  7'//h»'v  ai.d 
Sni.vii.t,  1.  I'20.  Elder  H.  Clark  left  Liverpool  for  Scotland  .July '27,  ISI(». 
//..  li.  •2J!I.  Alwut  May  1,  1840,  Elder  Orson  I'latt  was  sent  to  Fdinlmrgli. 
II.,  .'.  !(l.  At  a  conference  at  (Jlasgow  April  (i,  ISII,  the  niembersliiii  was 
IJiis.  'ii  lSJ'2.Fi\.  McAuiey  wasstationed  tiiere.  In  184:i,  Elder  .Ino.  <'.iiiii.s 
wa.s  npjointed  to  ocotlatid,  and  ut  tlie  'ilusgow  conference  of  Nov.  ,"i,  isl.'i, 
tlie  men.  u-rship  had  increased  to  708.  /(/'.,  ii.  101,  iv.  r20-.'U);  TimrMiind  Stn- 
fiiiiit,  iv.  V,\'2.  In  1845  I'eter  McC'iic  was  jiresiilent  of  tho  tJhisgow  emifur- 
tii'M'aiK  .liio.  Kanks  of  the  one  at  I'Minbiirgh.  Millninial  Star,  v.  Ih'2  '.i.  In 
I'^hi  I'l  .iiklin  |).  Richards  was  appointed  to  tho  jiresiden^'y  of  the  eliurch  iu 
Si'oilaii  ;,  ai  listed  by  his  brother  Samuel.  JikhariW  Narr.,  MS.,  "27. 

'^A  dkuniul  ata'r,  xli.  110. 


ifii-l 


s 


410 


MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 


i' 


hm\  an  opportunity,  as  wo  hIiuII  see  later,  of  improving 
tiu'ir  coiiditioii.'^* 

In  liritisii  India,''*  Ceylon.  British  (luiana,  at  tlio 
cape  of  (jJood  lloju-,  in  the  Wrst  Indies,""  in  Austiwliii, 
Tasmania,  New  Zealand ,'''  Malta,  and  (liiiraltar,  tlicn* 
were  also  hranchcs  of  the  ('hurch,  though  in  none  of 
the  ih'itish  colonies  were  the  missionaries  received  so 
cordially  as  in  the  mother  country. 

**Oii  July  '.'7,  1M40,  A|iutitle  Joliu  Taylor,  Kldt-r  Mdiatrv.  itiid  I'licxt  liliick 
wiilcil  li'iiiii  Livi'i'jMMil  for  Iri'laiiil,  Htttyiiiu  ulxiut  a  wui-k  ui  Nov.iyuml  Li.> 
l»urii.  Tlu\v  vvfri;  followi'd  in  ,Sf|)t.  Iiv  Kliicr  Thi-iHloru  ( "urtiH.  I'luh  I'um, .  cd, 
JM  Ann.,  iMi.  Oil  May  'J1(,  IH4.'i,  KUlHr  .Ium  Sloiui  wuii  a|)|MiiiiUil  lo  Inland. 
Tiniri  mill  Shimoiiii,  iv.  '2'A'^.  Miutkuy,  The  Moi  mvni,  *247i  miyH  tliut  Miifiii.jj 
JHiii  U'UM  not  iirunuliu<l  in  Uuldiu  till  lN.'iO,  hut  this  ■tittcnit^iit  in  tloubtlul.  Iti 
Su|it.  Is40  'luylor  vJHiti-ti  tliu  IhIv  of  Man,  uccomixiniiMl  hy  lliruni  Ciiiik  .tu>i 
ontior  tMo  iiri'tlirt'U  from  I.ivoriHJol.  I'Uth  l'ionerr*,  ,Uil  Ami,,  '.'11.  Ti>yl>>i n 
niaini'il  liutii  Hluirt  liniL-,  bciiiu  rt'placcil  liy  .1.  Hlakt-NU-u  in  Nov.  A  tliiin  li 
M'liH  or^itni/<'<l  at  l>ou^'iuii.  (lark  ri'turnud  to  Livur|MM)l  on  .Inn.  M,  l.sll.  .iinl 
Klukt'Nlt'i^  on  I'Vli.  tOtli,  leaving  a  nicnilwmliiii  of  7U.  Time*  ami  Stuitoif,  u. 
4h4;   Milli-iiiii.ll  Star,  iv.  117. 

-'-' W'ni  PonitlilMon  Huilt-il  from  Kn^land  for  Calcutta  curly  in  Au^^iiMt  Ih|(|. 
Tinii.i  mill  Si iiMiiiiM,  ii,  'J'M.  \\'t>>  Wilier  l.inilfil  lu  CalcuttJi  Itt'c. 'J.'i,  IVil, 
iuiil  iliu'in;;  liin  xojourn  lMi|it!/«'<l  winic  'MHt  iiutivt'n  un<l  cHtaliliHlicil  :t  rlmn  li 
ot  iilioiit  10  Muro|K'uni4.  Cliih  I'ii'iiiirn,  .i-iil  .Ann.  '2ti.  •Iom.  ICuIiiiiiIh  MiiMiil.'M) 
in  <'al<iitta  in  IVil.  //.,'.',H.  KMum  Niklliiinicl  \'.  .Iouih,  Itolxrt  Sk<  Iikii, 
•Sannirl  A.  WiHtlliy,  Wm  KutlKriii^iiam,  liiclianl  llallantyn« ,  'i'ruuiuu  l.<i>ii' 
unl,  .Vniim  Milion  Mimncr,  KuUTt  Oum,  ami  Wni  I'',  ('itrttir  urrivnl  \u  i  ui- 
ruda  iiiiil  lit'M  a  i'onfcl«'ni'<-  in  April  IVkI.  Sinilh'it  A'im,  J 'ruiin  mi,  itml  Truviln, 
.'!4  .'i.  I'lii'  iiuilirr  itt'hiN,  hvv.  litmiii  \.iiM,  Muy  14,  iMTtJ,  •Jan.  <>,  UlI.  I'.i, 
Ih,i4,  Manli  H,   l,S.h»;  Siii-.  L'liioii,  May  17,   Iv'"*!. 

^"I'ililciH  Aamn  F,  I'litr,  Oarwin  Ifiilianliwin,  Jttiutu  Turpin,  and  A  II. 
l.jinil>Hiiii  landed  at  .laniaira  ,lan.  10,  KtA.  'I'lu'y  ciillfd  on  the  AiiKiiiaii 
couHiil,  \(  lio  tuld  llicm  that  tin-  law  rvli-.'iijril  tolrration  to  all  religious  MtU, 
and  HiHtii  aiitTMarcl  held  u  nit'i'tin)^-,  Imt  a  nioli  ^itllifix'd  round  tint  liall  \\lirr<> 
Ht-rvicr  \wiH  lit'in;;  liidd  and  tlin-uti'ni'd  to  ti-ar  it  uown.  um  they  hail  liciinl 
thai.  tiM'  I'hli'iN  wrru  iMily^aniiitt.t.  Tmo  of  tlif  niiiuiioiiarics  wi-io  nIhiI  at  ululi' 
iimkiii^-  their  cHraiMj  from  the  inliind.  Smith'-  /{i»f,  /Voi/rr-ix,  iiiiil  I'rnrili,  :tli. 

''  \\  III  jlarrett  hum  Kent  to  AiiMtraliu  fmm  lluiiileiii,  Kn^laiid,  liy  tieo.  A. 
Smith  III  July  Ih40.  .Smi/h'ii  liU. ,  I'v'jn'.M,  nml  Trni'rl',  'M.  In  ISI.'i  .\ii- 
drcM  Aiidermiii  liad  or^aiii/ed  a  ehuicli  ot  II  nieniU-iN  at  Monli|H'er  touiiKl.i|i. 
Tiiiim  mill  iSni'iiiis,  \i  Us[l.  In  Mareh  Ih.Vi  Jno.  Murdoek  and  (Iiuh  \\ . 
Waiiilell  had  iir^uni/ed  a  ehiinh  with  a  iiiemU'iithip  of  .'ID  ut  Sydney.  K.uly 
in  Is.i.'l  Aii>;iiNtiiN  raiiiliaiii,  Wm  n.\de,  Itiirr  KroNt,  Jiuiiali  W.  Kleiuin^,  md 
othiiH  landed  at  Sydney,  and  ulterwurd  extentled  their  lulHirN  to  Van  I  Mi' 
niaiiH  Ijiiid  and  New  /eulaiiil.  t.'liih  /'iinirrr»,  .l.lil  Attn., '2t\.  Smilll'^  I,'." , 
I'rmjri-ii.  <niil  TnirrLt,  'M.  In  Aii^'imt  of  thin  y«iar  Furnhain  imiIiIihIhmI  ihr 
iiint  nuniliel  of  y.iiiii'n  W'litihmmt  at  Sydney.  It  WUM  •'ontllliled  lllitjl  Apr. 
|.S.'i.'i.  J!ii  liiiril.i'  Itililiiiij,  iijl'iith,  .Ms.,  i;i.  A  hrief  ai'4'ouiil  of  the  wmk  m 
the  ulNive  roiintries  \»  uiveil  in  I'liih  I'ioM.,  '.t»,  anil  Umith'ii  Uinr,  I'l-i'ijK.-', 
ami  '/'nitv/.i,  ,'14  It.  Ill  XKt'l  the  AuRtialinn  iiiiKiiioni  Hero  primperoiiH.  /'"i 
irr*  A'l  !/••<,  May  'i\  iS.'iH.  In  Iat«'r  jearn  they  wero  Icm  NiieeeMMfiil,  Oii  llm 
(itii  (if  Apiil,  1^711.  KIder  Cniviill  Mritei  fmin  Sidney  that  thu  luethii  u  iiru 
working'  faithliilly  in  Aimtnilia,  hut  meet  uitli  little  eiicoiiniKement.  Milm 
HiiU  Slur,  x\xviii.  .'isl.  In  thiN  year  there  were  fiair  Mormon  luiMNionain  1  ai 
CliriHt  <  liiiri'h,  and  one  at  Wellni^tmi,  N.  Z.  Tlivru  Mcrv  aUu  twu  or  iiiorw 
al  lioliurt  ToMii,  'riumiunitt.   /</.,  37i',  (Mi. 


FRENCH  AND  (;EnMAN  CONVERTS. 


411 


Til  Franco  ami  (irrmaiiy  few  proselytes  wore  made. 
Til  iIki  I'ormer  country  tliuro  were,  in  June  IKjO, 
l.ruiiclit's  «>r  the  church  at  Paris,  Boulogne,  Calais, 
uiiil  Havre;  but  the  total  number  of  members  was 
|iioliulily  little  more  than  a  hundred/'*  In  Germany 
til  •  Mormons  were  even  less  successful.  In  1853 
I'^lilcr  (am,  who,  two  years  before,  had  been  impris- 
nin  (I  an«l  afterward  expelled  from  the  confederation 
\\>v  luvacliing  Mormonism,  applied  at  lierlin  for  per- 
mission to  hold  n.eetings.  The  answer  was  that  he 
iiiiist  have  thi)  city  immediately  under  pain  of  trans- 
|M.rtiition.^     in  ilolland,*' iJenmark,"  Scandinavia,'* 

"An  I'liItT,  name  not  givoo,  wm  in  Franco  in  IK4ri  ami  iMpti/otl  two. 
Tiim  1  null  Siimoni,  vi.  0<s<).  John  I'lick  nn<l  CiirtiH  E.  lioltun  left  Salt  l<aku 
City  III  niiii|iun.v  witii  Apct8llu  Juo.  Tuyim',  on  Oct.  II),  |.S4t),  un<l  arrived  in 
|\\ii^  III  .liiiKi  ls.'i(),  iiuvin){  iM'vn  joini:ii  in  En^tluntl  Ity  Frc.'  I'iun.'y,  Arthur 
SiiiMH  r.  ami  Wni  llowi'll,  tliu  Lut  of  wliuni  huil  liui-n  in  Frunc'  hchiru.  Fur 
micirsi,  etc.,  ■*<■!!  (,'Uth  i'liiiifrrK,  SiU  Ann.,  27;  Sinilh'H  Jli^e,  i^'roijiVfH,  and 
Tr'fl',  .'I'.*,  (''iirtliur  iiifonnatiim  concerning  the  hruncliva  in  l<'rttnc(!  will  lio 
liiiiiiil  III  /'loiitirr  (luariliaii,  l''cli.  U,  Aug.  'Jl,  IHTM),  ,hiiic  Li  Sept.  1!>,  IS,il; 
Ik" III  .Scifi,  Juii.  lu,  (X't.  '2,  IM.V2.  In  l>S4il  a  iictilion  wu<i  pruNontud  to 
Nu|n'lci>ii  ill.,  iiitkin({  for  the  privilege  of  pniacliuig  tliu  goit|M)l.  JUUtenmiU 
Mar   wiit.  •J-'U-I. 

' ;  i  lifl'airH  in  Ocrmany  and  I'ruMia  boo  Ihwrrt  Nrim,  Apr.  17.  I8.VJ, 
Ma  . ■ ,  I  ""i:!,  .Aug.  14,  Ih<i7. i)ct.  II,  1870;  S|H!mcr  Orson,  in  Taylor'it  Uovt  <>/ 
1,'iiln  /  ,il^^•^,  no.  "JO;  lifitraiul,  Mem.  Morm.,'i,S'>A\.  AfcthucloHoof  IM7Htlio 
Oi ; iij.iii  iiiiHxion  (!luimuil  \>>'l  inunil>fra of  tliu cliurcli.   MUlriiiiiiil  Star,  xli.  111. 

~ '  .liter  Ncvi'i-ul  inontlia'  litlH)r,  a  churcli  wim  orfjoniziid  at  Aniittcrduiii,  iiuni- 
hciiii:,'  II  nicinlicri!.  Utah  /'ioiirrrn,  Xtil  Ann.,  'iS.  In  IMk)  the  Uutcli  inia- 
sioii  V  anfiiiily  pr(iS|>erouN.  Sco  lutturof  Elilcr.losopii  Wcilcr,  in  Dmrrrt  Xrws, 
0< ;.  Jl,  isiiO.  In  I.S77  tlivre  was  7>  mvnilNira  of  tliu  cliurdi  ut  AniHtunlAiii. 
MilliiiniiilStnr,  xl.  IM. 

^'  .AjMLitlc  EroatUN  .Suow  and  tlircu  cldcra,  apiMiintcd  liy  Suit  l.uko  coiifcr- 
ihTMi  Oct,  IStU,  arrived  at  ('o|MMiliag<'ii  Juno  I,  lS.'iO.  For  rcHiiltH  of  curly 
|iaiii>li  iiiiitMioii,  Hco  Utah  I'ionffru,  .llil  Ann.,  'il;  Smilh'M  A'(.«»",  i'roijrrsn,  ami 
'i'nirili,  :(■.•  ;i;  /irmrit  Xewn,  May  I,  Dec.  II,  I8.V2;  FroiiUrr  Giiardtun,  .Sept. 
I\  (),  t.  Ill,  IS.V»,  March  7.  -Muy  HJ,  July  II,  IS.-.1,  Jan.  10.  Nov.  II,  IS.V2.  In 
Is.'il  the  liook  of  Mormon  was  tnuiHl:kt<-il  into  Uaniah,  and  luter  The  Jioi'lrine 
iiul  I  '..(((((('(/jf.  /!irhiii<ln'  HiUio'i.  «</'  Uluh,  MS.,  II.  There  wcrn  in  I8."»l,  '201 
ccitivi'i'iK  ill  Itcnniark,  of  whom  l.'M)  were  at  Coptniliagcn.  Fmutiir  (iiuinlian, 
.\ii^'.  ■.'.',  IH.'i|.  AlMiiit  OUU  arc  claimed  in  Utah  J'ioneTn,  ;i.1il  .\nn., 'Jl.  lu 
July  IS77  (111.  lii-Ht  two  cliaptera  »tf  Jonrph  Smith  thr  I'ro/ihet  wi'i-e  |iiil)liiilii'd 
ill  haiiiNli,  bringing  hia  liiatory  up  to  the  tiinu  of  the  tirat  piiblicution  of  the 
JMKik  I  if  .Miii'iiion. 

Kv  "Klcr  ot  .\poatle  Snow,  wlio  lia<l  charge  of  the  .Scamlinavinn  niiiMicm, 
lihlrr  .inliii  Forngien  jiroceedcd  to  northern  Sweden  in  l.s.'iO,  where,  lu  (iellie, 
III'  hiiiiti/ei|  *2U iMTKona,  biitwua  Mcntout  of  tin- country  by  IheuiithoriticN.  In 
h'll  Killer  I'eterHon  wan  orderecl  to  Norwiiy,  and  oij;uni/cd  u  biuiieh  at  IWt 
yni.  t'liih  I'iimrrr^,  .'t.til  Aim.,  '.'7.  In  Is7!l  the  work  had  mo  ^'I'cutly  i.u'riutaed 
tliiit  'J.'l  niiitHionariea  were  np|Njinted  lor  Seiindinavia.  .\  Imt  of  Ihein  Ih  given 
ill  MtliMiiiul  Star,  xli.  0W2  ;».  At  ih«  elnse  of  I.s7s  there  wen-  in  this  niia- 
•lull  til  braiu'hcM,  407  eldera,  nn«l  4,I.')M  nieinlHix  of  the  church,  l,'2.Vi  |M<rm>ua 
iiut iii^j  lK<cn  buptixed  during  the  year.   /</.,  III.     For  further  purticulura,  mm 


■    H 


412 


MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 


Iceland,"  where  was  published  The  Voice  of  Jose j, I,  ^^ 
in  Italy,  Switzerland,^  in  Mexico,^ in  Chili,  in  Ciiitia, 
in   Siam,''  in   the    Sandwich   and   Society   islands," 


n 


v1  '!, 


Deserft  JV«w,  July  19, 1865,  May  3,  1866;  Juvenile  Instructor,  xv.  Oit-S;  'nr. 
ton  State  linji^frr,  J uae 'Hi,  1872.  Several  pamphets  were  puhlitiliuil  in  tL« 
Swedisb  language,  and  in  18.'>3  the  Scaiiduiavieii  Stjrriie  was  establish-  1  at 
CoiMiuliagen,  which  3U  years  later  wus  still  the  or^au  of  the  Mormun  ciaiab 
and  w.is  well  supported.  Ilichards'  Jiibllo<j.  of  Utah.  MS.,  9. 

»»  Utah  I'wiifrrs, 33d  Auii.,  27;  JJem-nt  jVcio^,  July  21,  1875,  Sept.  20,  \f>y^ 
*' See  letter  of  Francois  .Stuudeinan,  in  i>e«ere<  Arw<,  Oct  16,  ISoJ.  Li> 
enzo  Snuw,  with  three  elders,  anivcd  at  La  Tour  Sept.  ID,  1820.  For  r« aulu, 
■ee  /(/.,  27;  MilUnninl  Star,  xii.  370-4;  Smith^t  J{iae,  Proyreas,  and  TmttlA, 
32;  Fronli'-r  Guardian,  Feb.  21,  1850.  Further  missionary  items  will  U 
found  in  the  Ot-fnt  y<ic^,  Apr.  2,  1853,  March  8,  1855,  Aug.  14,  I>><i7.  Ti.; 
book  of  Mormon  and  other  works  were  translated  into  Italian  in  lt>52.  Tv 
I'oice  of  Joseph:  A  Uriij'  Account  of  the  Ilisc,  Proijrem,  and  J'er-seculwm  •■! 
the  Church  o/Jenua  Chritt  of  Latter-day  Saintit;  with  their  preMcnl  jtoxUiuu  it,'tl 
pronpects  in  Utah  Territory,  together  with  American  Exiles'  Memorial  to  ' .; ,. 
gress,  6//  Lorenzo  Siioic,  one  «/  the  Twelve  AjtOHlles,  Liverpool  and  y.o.../,j ,. 
JS6J,  abbreviiiled  from  the  Italian  edition,  was  published  for  ucneral  circuUtiua 
in  various  languages,  and  is  a  well-written  historical  sketch,  admnuluv 
adnptcd  to  the  pur|K>se.  Besides  the  expulsion  from  Missouri  aud  lUiuuii,  ^ 
general  view  of  their  'location,  settlements,  and  government  in  Upi>erL;u.i ^r- 
uia'  is  well  presented.  Tliere  isalsoan  account  of  the  missionary  labors  oi  lue 
elders  in  the  United  .States,  Canada,  England,  Wales,  Scotland,  and  ekcu  iitn-. 
''-'  Itrauches  of  the  church  were  established  in  Switzerland,  under  the  liiii.  - 
tion  of  Lorenzo  .^now,  about  the  year  1850.  Utah  Pioneers,  33d  A  nn. ,  28.  >•  -  u 
afterward  Klder  T.  U.  11.  Steuhouso  published  at  Ocnevaa  volume,  ciititiMi 
Le  licjtecleur,  and  organi/.cd  a  branch  of  the  church  in  the  French  (|tuirt<  r  <  f 
that  city,  h'ichurds'  UiUiotj.  of  Utah,  MS.,  11.  In  1850-7  Elder  Jiio.  I.. 
Smith  published  two  volumes  of  a  monthly  periodical  styled  iJer  l>arst,!:  ■ 
der  heiliijen  der  letvn  taije.     Other  books  and  pamphlets  innumerable  wiie 

Sublished  in  S witzcrlanil  aud  elsewhere  in  Europe.  Ilichards'  IJiblio'j.  v/  Lul',, 
IS.,  11.  For  further  mention  of  the  Swiss  mission,  see  iJeseret  Aetcs,  .'^tpc. 
21,  1854,  Aug.  14,  1867,  Oct.  11,  1867.  At  the  close  of  1878  there  wuro  la 
Switzerland  17  branches,  31  elders,  and  404  members  of  the  church,  127  ^i-i[- 
tisms  being  reoordetl  during  that  year.  Millennial  Star,  xli.  111. 

•'' A  letter  from  Elder  I).  \V.  Jones,  dated  Concepciou,  Chihuahua,  M  \  , 
Apr.  21,  187i>,  states  that  ho  and  his  fellow-missionaries  were  hard  ut  »"!», 
About  this  time  Jones  preached  at  the  theatre  in  the  city  of  Chihuahua,  t' ;: 
was  ill  received.  MdUnnial  Star,  xxxviii.  331,  509.  Portions  of  the  bo-k  i 
Mormon  were  translated  into  Spanish  for  tho  use  of  Mexicans,  aud  entiiioi 
Trozos  Sclectos  dtl  Libra  de  Mormon  (S.  L.  City,  1875). 

*''Smith'»  !{»■<*,  Protfrent,  and  Travels,  33,  35.     The  Chinese  mission  wai » 
failure.     See  Desent  AVim,  Oct.  29.  Deo.  22,  1863. 

*»De»eret  Xew-,  Nov.  29.  1851,  May  1,  13,  July24,  Nov.  27,  1852.  In  |s>i 
the  book  of  Mormon  was  published  in  Hawaiian  by  (jeorgo  Q.  Cai.aon  >'  •- 
Honolulu  Fi-ieud.  An  account  of  Caimou's  mission  to  tho  Sandwich  Inlaini-i  m 
1853-4  is  given  in  his  work  entitled  My  First  Mission.  For  further  mi>ai'  'u  u  y 
labors  in  these  islands,  see  IJeseret  News,  Apr.  2,  July  30,  Oct.  29,  Dei .  I  '. 
1853,  Aug.  6,  1856,  Jan.  21,  Doc.  9,  1857,  June  1,  Aug.  17,  Nov.  :10,  1864,  Iuko 
12.  1867,  Aug.  19,  1868,  July  3.  1874;  Millennial  Star,  xxxviii.  380;  ' 
trihutor,  v.  240;  JutrnUe  Instructor,  xv.  21.  In  1844  Addison  Pratt  was  -tj- 
tionod  on  tho  island  of  Tooboui,  Society  group,  where  ho  had  orgaai/>  4  a 
church  with  about  a  dozen  niemliers.  At  tho  some  time,  Noah  llugtra  u.ii 
lienj.  F.  Qrouarti  were  stationed  at  Tahiti,  but  mot  with  little  success.  In 
Oct.  Rogers  went  to  the  ialaad  of  Uuahiao.  Millennial  Star,  v.  178-9,  vi.  :>- 


RESULTS  OF  MORMON  EVANGELISM. 


413 


aivl    oven   in    Jerusalem,  was   the   Mormon   gospel 

jiioaclied.* 

It  may  be  stated  in  general  terms  that  the  success 
<»t Mormon  evangelism  has  been  the  most  pronounced 
in  coiuitries  where  the  climate  is  harsh,  where  wages 
an  low,  and  the  conditions  of  life  severe,  where  there 
is  lividoni  of  conscience,  and  where  there  is  a  large 
class  of  ilhterate  men  and  women,  prone  to  supersti- 
tion anil  fanaticism.  Elsewhere  no  lasting  imj)n'ssi()n 
lias  boon  made.  Thus  for  many  years  the  strong- 
lioM  of  ^lormonism  was,  as  we  have  seen,  in  Englaml, 
wliile  in  the  British  colonies,  where  f<»r  the  most 
|i;irt  food  is  cheap,  labor  is  in  demand  at  living  rates, 
and  the  people  are  somewhat  more  enlightcn«jd  than 
in  the  mother  country,  missionaries  have  ujct  with 
little  encouragement.  In  Norway,  Sweden,  and  Den- 
niaik  large  numbers  of  proselytes  have  also  been  bap- 
tized; but  in  central  and  southern  Europe,  with  the 
exception  perhaps  of  Switzerland,  the  rv-rults  ha\e 
been  meagre,  and  accomplished  with  great  effort. 
The  Seandinavian  and  British  missions,  the  former 
iiuluding  Denmark,  claimed,  at  the  close  of  1878, 
nearly  8,000  members  of  the  church;*"  and  it  is  proba- 
\jk  that  in  other  parts  of  Europe  there  could  not  be 


iJ 


aiua  waj  a 


6.  :>7-00,  vii.  14;  Times  and  Seasons,  vi.  812-14,  8:»-S,  g8-2,  1019.  Tliew 
tiJiTs  strirtoil  ia  Oct.  1843,  tliuir  possago  being  paitl  by  V.  B.  Lt-iri.s  aaa  tloiia- 
I  on  lu  tliu  iniasion.  One  of  thoir  iiumbor,  K.  F.  Hanks,  (lie>l  on  the  T<n-a;je 
ui'i  wuij  buriod  ut  sea.  They  bapti/eil  over  1,'JiX)  natives.  Other  nii.ssion- 
ari<-3  ui  these  islamla  were  Jas  S.  Uruwn,  Alva  itauks,  an<1  one  W1iitt.ikfr; 
1  .'.  a!l  wcrccxpclieil  by  the  French  in  18jI.  SmUh't  A'lV,  l'r<-jrt*»,aMd  Trav- 
f  •■  .il.     See  also  Utah  L'arli/  I'ccordK,  MS.,  3">,  .'>7,  }>1. 

^''t»r8f)n  Ilyilo  was  appointeil  by  a  genural  iMinforcncc  held  at  Xauvoo  .4pr. 
6.  ISIO,  to  p.  misaion  to  tiio  Jews  ia  London,  Amitteniam,  C'un»tantinoplc,  and 
J-rasalim.  Hoarrived  in  ti>o  last-TiKntioncd  city  Oot.  '24,  |H||,aiid  retunicil 
t'i  X.mvi)o  in  1 84'2.  Utah  Pioneern,  .>■  Id  A  iiii.,  '2{i.  IJy  his  own  otToil*.  lie  raisi-d 
'.:.'  lii'iiii  y  for  luH  passiago,  often  uufVuring  ^n-at  privation  dnriug  his  laUii-^, 
)  .s  :il .'  lood  at  times  being  snails.  Uf  Jcwicth  descent,  lie  atirrol  up  lii«  imi- 
I'-.c  1  ;g  race  in  the  towns  to  whieli  iic  wan  Heat  to  n  liv«»li«r  fattli  in  tho 
ir.j;aj-  s  of  their  gathering,  and  consecrated  t!uir  land  umw  to  iht-ir  rc«U>ra- 
ti  -n.  whvu  tho  glory  of  their  latter  b<ia.so  Bhrnild  bo  ^jri-^^rtr  than  the  );i<ti->'  «>f 
t.' ir  furtaer  house.  Jtichnrds'  Cluli  Misntl.,  MS.,  Is.  .S«e  also  Smilh's  t't^*, 
!'-ir--ii,  and  J'rutrln,  .11;  Milloini'ud  Star,  ii.  ltMi-9.  For  dummb  to  i'>lu»- 
'.'.'  la  IS72,  800  ('orrrnp.  of  l*al.  Tonriitu,  imsxini. 

**.\  statistical  report  is  given  in  MilUnniut  Utar,  xli.  110-lL 


^f 


«u 


MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 


found  more  than  2,000  or  3,000  additional  monihors. 
If  to  these  figures  be  added  15,000  converts  distrib- 
uted throughout  the  United  States,  4,000  in  British 
Anjerica,  3,000  in  the  Sandwich  and  Society  islands, 
and  perhaps  2,000  elsewhere  in  the  world,  wo  iwivi'  a 
total  of  35,000  latter-day  saints  scattered  ainoni:^  tli<' 
gentiles;  and  estimating  the  population  of  Utali  at 
140,000,  a  total  of  175,000  professing  the  Mormon 
faith." 

Of  the  present  population  of  Utah,  about  one  third 
are  of  foreign  birth,  and  at  least  another  thinl  of  I'or- 
eign  parentage,  converts  having  been  gathered  to  Zimi 
as  speedily  as  the  means  could  be  furnished,  from  the 
earliest  days  of  Mormon  evangelism. 

Between  1837  and  1851  about  17,000  prosilytis 
Bet  sail  from  England,"  among  them  a  considoralth' 

I»ercentage  belonging  to  other  nationalities.  In  tho 
atter  year,  not  more  than  3,000  persons  arrivid  in 
the  valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  including  converts 
from  the  United  States;  although  at  this  time  it  was 
published  in  American  and  copieil  in  European  pap*  is 
that  proselytes  b}'  the  hundred  thousand  wwv  mi 
their  way.  In  1852  immigration  was  on  a  st)me\vhal 
larger  scale.*'     During  a  single  month  352  converts 

*'  Rcmy,  Jour.  toG.  S.  L.  (-it!/,  ii.  2l'J-l,1,  givea  a  table  of  thottp|tr(txini;itp 
nunibi-r  of  Morino'ji  :n  each  country  in  lS.*iy.  Tlio  total  ih  IS0.(XH(.  i.i  w  lom 
80,000  wcro  in  Utuli,  40,000  in  other  Htaten  and  territoi  ics,  :V.>,(MK)  in  llii..'  iiil 
ami  Scotlnnd,  8,000  in  Kritiah  Aniorii'ii,  r*,(HM  in  Nuiway,  Swtilcn.  ami  i><  ii 
mark,  and  7,000  in  the  Sandwich  uml  Society  iHlands  Hin  ti^iires  ii  ^it 
li'iiHt  'JO  per  cent  too  high.  The  entire  |H)pulation  of  I'tah,  for  inntano',  ^^.lll 
not  nu)ro  tiian  00,000  at  tins  <l;>.tc.  A  writer  in  tlic  Hint.  Man  ,  Maicli  \<>\>, 
p.  8,'i,  plucea  the  total  at  i'iti.OOO,  rf  whom  lis. 000  woiv  n'sidcnt*  i>l  I't.ili. 
Add  W.OOO  more  for  I'luli,  and  wi  liavn  a  total  of  14t»mK)  which  niuy  1"'  ao 
fcpted  approximately  aH  tiie  correct  figuren.  Otlu-r  («tinmtes  .liller  wiili'v. 
the  MormonH  thenmelves,  in  aii  otiicial  Btatemeut  pu  -in  .u  the  I'l.-ir't 
aWh'm,  in  l8o(l,  claiming  480,000  menilicn  of  the  churi.u  lu  uil  }>art«  <>t  tliu 
world.     See  Amrrimn  Almanar.  lHr>8,  JilH. 

**  Linforth  givog  the  niimtwr  dcspatciied  by  tho  Rntiih  agrncy  liftwi-cn 
1M40  and  lavj  at  ll.'JtW.  Roulf /ntm  Lit>rr/H)ol,  I.I.  The  tirst  vuhw  1  -,  nt 
from  Kngland  warn  the  N^orth  .•Intrrini,  which  mailed  ,hiuv  l(i,  IH40.  'I'lic  >l.i|i 
started  on  iinotlier  voyaf.»o  Sept.  Nth  of  the  sanw  year.  In  UhHihi's  i  i/y 
it/lhf  Saiiil.i>.  ,'t(il~*J,  ia  li  lint  of  T''Hfiels  titat  aailtHl  lH>tween   IH.~il  and  l*><il 

**  hjtlima  cd  hy  Kzra  T.  ItenHon  ut  lU.iNtO  Htiul.t.     It  wiui  proUkbly  Icm 
than  half  that  nnmbor      Ths  cenMiia  of   I  ~M)  piui'CH  the   p<'!'uh»iion  ni  ''i' 
territory  at  a  little  over  II, (MM);  tin'  repo(t>*  of  tin-  hmiioi's  .i  wiiiiIh^iI 
Oct.  conference  iu  l8o3,  a*  given  iu  Jlichardt'  Uml.  IncuieittH  oj   (  inh.  '•<'  , 
SU,  at  lei,:>UU. 


VOCATIONS  OP  IMMIGRANTS. 


418 


eiiil)or.s, 
tlist  rill- 
British 
isliuids, 

!  hilVi'  u 
OllUf  tlu' 
J  tall  at 
Jonnoii 

ne  third 
1  of  lol- 
1  to  Ziiiii 
Voiu  the 

•oselytos 

itloralih' 

In  thr 

rivi'd   ill 

COtlVl'lts 

le  it  was 
paptis 

tVCl'i'    oil 

lU'wliat 

OllVcltS 

pjiri'xi'iiato 
l>.  111  w  'mm 

I  Ijl^'lall.l 

ami  l><n' 
itvs  i!i''  at 
tiiiuc,  uaii 

ivh  IVi'.l, 

.,1   full. 

liiuy  111?  lie 

T  wiili  Iv, 

||ii<    Ihmrrt 
il  tH  lit   lll« 

|v    )«>t»ri'n 

-•II!   M'lit 
1  he  »lii|i 
l^i»i('«  I  I'y 
litml  I'^il 
luilily  l<"t 

III    ol     ''l' 

iIh  at      I  ' 


took  ship  from  Liverpool,  of  whom  108  were  labor- 
ers, the  remainder  being  farmers,  joiners,  shoemak- 
ers, rope-makers,  watch-makers,  engine-makers,  weav- 
iis, tailors,  masons,  butchers,  bakers,  painters,  potters, 
(Ivors,  iron-moulders,  glass-cutters,  nail-makers,  basket- 
makers,  sawyers,  gun-makers,  saddlers,  miners,  smiths, 
aiul  shipwrights.**  Of  the  total  emigration  between 
18o0  and  1854,  it  was  estimated  that  28  per  cent 
Wire  laborers,  14  per  cent  miners,  and  about  27 
j)or  cent  mechanics,  among  every  two  hundred  be- 
int;  found  one  domestic  servant,  a  shepherd,  and  a 
printer,  and  among  every  five  hundred  a  school- 
master, with  here  and  there  a  university  graduate, 
usually  of  no  occupation,  a  dancing-master,  a  doctor, 
a  dentist,  and  a  retired  or  cashiered  army  ofKcer.** 
For  each  emigrant  as  he  arrived  was  apportioned 
an  allotment  of  ground,  and  thus  all  became  lan<led 
projirietors;  though  few  brought  with  them  capital, 
sa\  0  the  ability  to  labor,  and  many  had  not  the  means 
wherewith  to  pay  for  their  passage. 

On  October  6,  1849,  was  organized  at  Salt  Lake 
City  the  Perpetual  Emigration  Fund  Company,  for 
tlu'  purpose  of  aiding  the  |)Oor  to  remove  from  Europe 
atul   the    United    States.**     The   ci>mpany  has   con- 

**  }fivihfw,  TTie  Aformons,  24ft;  Kdinbiirifh  K^iew,  Apr.  1S.'>4,  X'A.  In 
lAnj'ortk'i*  Route j'rt^m  Liifrinwl,  Itk-17,  >«  a  tahlo  showiii^  the  occuitatioiis  <it' 
ciui/iniiitH  sent  tiiiMUgh  tho  itritUh  ainioy  IwtMct'n  \Xif  uiul  ls>4. 

•■•  AVmv'*  ./our.  loS.  L.  <Vy.  it.  -'-'4  5. 

**Ut<ih  Prrftfluat  Kmiijrtitiinj  t'liitd,  MS.  On  Sun.lav  Sept.  ft,  184H,  it 
waN  voted  tliuttt  perpetual  fund  l>c  inatitntotl  in  uid  <if  tho  p<Mir  uinMiiK  the 
lattiT-day  Mints,  and  th«t  WiUitnl  Snow,  .Inlin  P.  1,.ol',  Koron/o  Snow,  Kruiik 
liii  1>.  UifhnrdH,  and  John  .S.  Kiillnn  r  Iw  ap|H)int<-d  a  t'luiiinittec  At  a  ^on- 
II  al  ronfurcnee  of  the  church,  hidd  <  Kt  titli  and  7th,  it  wuh  orden-d  that  the 
I'lininittce  aluuld  raise  funds  for  tlii»  iiiii'jmnu>,  to  l«'  placivl  in  cliur^'u  of 
Kilward  iluutcr,  and  that  tho  control  nf  the  f^nmlH  )k>  "tid<  r  the<lu-ectiiin  of  the 
tii!<t  presidency.  On  Sept.  I.'ith  Itrighain  Youuk  >«.ui  clinai'u  presidriit  and 
Willaid  Kiuhards  was  afterward  appointed  Hcintajy.  I'fnh  h\rly  /.Vrnnfi, 
MS.,  il,"i, ',(7,  ll.'J,  114.  The  conipuny  wa«i  incor)M>rated  l>y  tiic  provisional 
(.'iv.'ninient  of  tho  state  uf  IVs^rtt,  S^pt.  14,  Ih."iO,  ati<l  the  a«'t  of  in>-t>r(Nir« 
tioii  was  made  le^^al  Oct.  4,  IS.M,  and  aiueiidiMt  a:  I  kuiilirnied  by  the  ivuiie 
buily  ,),tn.  I'i,  IHiiU.  The  coinpaiiv  Itet^an  niidiriu  iiiuteriiil  aid  <<n  tlie  l.'Uh 
iif  March,  lH,'tO,  On  Sept.  3,  IS.V.*,  tlio  first  connmny  of  enii^rauts  aisistod 
hy  this  fund  arriveil  at  S.  L.  City  in  clmvu'e  o(  .Xliniliain  ().  Siiiout.  /i.'  hunW 
U\*t.  Inciilciitt  of  Utah,  MS.,   18;  JJtnnt  Xcu-n,  s,  j.t.  18,  1802;  L'tah  Jilmi- 


i 


!•'  i 


it:r  B-i 


r 


416 


MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 


I! 


tinned  in  operation  for  nearly  forty  years,  and  tliroii.r]i 
it  fifty  thousand  persons  have  been  assisted  in  reiuov- 
in*,'  to  Utah.  "The  fund  was  gotten  up,"  says  Wood- 
rulf,  "on  the  principle  of  perpetual  succession,  to  con- 
tinue  increasing  on  condition  of  the  people  acting' 
iioneistly,  and  in  accordance  with  their  covenants 
repaying  the  amounts.  .  .which  had  been  advaiind." 
The  sum  thus  loaned  was  usually  refunded  as  .soon  as 
possible,  i'or  this  obligation  was  held  sacred  by  most 
of  the  .saints,  some  working  out  their  indebtechioss  at 
the  public  ateliers  of  the  tithing  oifice,  and  receiving; 
meanwiiile  lialf  the  value  of  their  labor,  besides  be- 
ing supplied  with  food.  There  were  many,  however, 
who  neglected  or  were  unable  to  pay  the  udvaiiLr, 
the  amount  due  to  the  funds  increusing  gradually, 
until,  in  1880,  it  had  readied,  with  interest,  !?1,<')01,- 
000.  At  the  jubilee  conference,  held  in  April  of  this 
vear,  one  half  of  the  debt  was  remitted  in  favor  of 
the  most  worthy  and  needy  of  tlie  assisted  emigrants.*^ 

On  (he  1st  of  May,  IB.VJ,  Samu.l  W.  l^ichards  was 

1)laced  in  chargeof  the  British  mission,  and  on  Septt  in 
)er  IJOth  was  appointed  agent  of  the  emigration  coin- 
pany.  During  this  and  the  following  year  emigratiMU 
pail ii's  were  organized  with  buttir  .system,  and  Hi- 
benefits  of  the  fund  extended  to  larger  mnubers  than 
(hiring  any  previous  perit)d.  On  .Inly  17,  IS.VJ,  was 
published  ill  the  MilU'iundl  St(tr  the  si'vcnth  gt'inral 
t-pistle  of  the  twelve.      "Finally,  brethren,  fear  (Jod; 

i/nitiiiii  Fiiiiil,  MS.  For  further  iwrticniars  concerning  tlio  fund,  see  Siioii'':^ 
r.'ii'i-  qt'  .lo'fj'h,  hi;  Fioiilivr  Ouariliail,  .Apr.  ;i,  Is.'iti;  Ihnnit  .NCic",  Stjit. 
is,  IS.")'..',  |)i'c.  I,  IS.Vl;  Coiilriliiitor,  ii.  177;  F<  rrin'  I'tak  ami  thf  Mormiin, 
l(i.'{-l;  .W(irt:ii;i'ii  T/n'  Mormuiiii,  'JliO  '2;  0/«/m«>(';i,  Mormoiieii,  ICu;  /{trlmil, 
Mini,  il'iiii  Mormon,  7.'l  4;  //l«^  Ji.  Youini,  NIS.;  L'uij\ir'h'ii  J,\,iiU'  /runt 
J.ivri)ft'il.  I.'l;    )"(iH/i;/'.'i  ,/oiir.  <;/'  JJinr.,  ii.  4!)  71;    Toilil's  Sniinit  l.tiiiil,  Is'J   1. 

'■  t  hili  I'ioiinrA,  ISHO,  p.  47.  In  ft  Utter  to  Orson  llyilc,  Uri>.'liain  (t;iys; 
'When  the  saiiits  thus  hclpoil  arrive  iieri',  they  will  give  their  oliliL,alioiia  to 
the  eiiurcli  to  refuinl  tlie  amount  of  wiiat  they  iiavo  receivcil  us  m>vn  as  >  i: 
cuniNtiinci's  will  aihuit, .  ,  .the  funds  tu  hu  appropriated  as  ii  loan  rather  tii.ia 
a  i;il('  //'"'■  i>-  y»ii"j,  MS.,  1S4!),  l."i'J-;i.  Iniuiigruuts  neatly  all  canie  ti 
.Si\lt  Like  aii'l  vtcre  distributed  from  thiM  |H>int. 

**('i.th    l.'/iii'ii-'iiiinj  Fund,  MS.;   Circular  from  the   Twelve  A2>Mllt^,  in 
A/oriiioii  !'>iii:jiliii D,  no.  3. 


fir 


GENERAL  EPISTLE  OP  THE  TWELVE. 


Air 


irou;jfh 
•oninv- 

WCMUI- 

eimnts 

soon  as 
ly  must 
iicss  at 
ccivin;4 
lIos  Ik- 
>\vcvt;r, 
ilvanot\ 
uluallv, 

?i,('.oi,- 

l  «)l"  this 
'avor  of 


Ljrunt: 


4^ 


M 


lis  was 

ptl'lU- 

11  I'liiii- 

i_ri;ltinti 

Tul  t Il- 
l's lliaii 
.)-J,  was 
o-fii.ral 
11"  (n'<l; 

l,iiN,  S»l)t. 

\,iilf    I'r""^ 
[,d,  Is'J  4. 

l^illiviU*  to 

i.u  lis  lii- 
liilii  r  ih.i" 
|l  caino  to 


work  righteousness,  and  conic  home  speedily.  Pro- 
pan'  against  another  season  to  come  by  tens  of  thou- 
santls;  and  think  not  that  your  way  is  going  to  ho 
opoiicd  to  come  in  chariots,  leastinff  on  the  fiit  of  all 
laiiils.  We  have  been  willing  to  live  on  bread  and 
water,  and  many  times  very  little  bread  too,  for  years, 
that  wo  mi"ht  search  out  and  plant  the  saints  in  a 
<r,,(»(lly  land.  This  we  have  accomplished,  through 
tho  l)lossing  of  our  heavenly  father;  and  we  now  in- 
vito you  to  a  feast  of  fat  things,  to  a  land  that  will 
supply  all  your  wants  with  reasonable  labor;  thore- 
foiv  let  all  who  can  procure  a  bit  of  bread,  and  one 
garment  on  their  back,  be  assured  there  is  water 
pK'iity  and  pure  by  the  way,  and  doubt  no  longer,  but 
come  next  year  to  the  place  of  gathering,  and  oven  in 
lloiks,  as  doves  fly  to  their  windi)ws  before  a  storm." 
Th«»se  words  were  repeated  by  hundreds  of  ciders 
throughout  the  United  Kingdom,  and  no  second  invi- 
tation was  needed.  Men  offered  themselves  by  thou- 
saiitls,  begging  for  passage  to  the  land  of  the  saints, 
promising  to  walk  the  entire  way  from  St  Louis  to 
Salt  Lake  City,  and  to  assist  in  hauling  the  provisions 
and  baggage.  To  meet  this  demand,  it  was  detor- 
iiiined  to  despatch  emigrants  for  the  ensuing  season 
at  the  low  rate  of  £10  sterling  per  capita  for  the  en- 
tire journey,*"  including  provisions,  and  nearly  one 
thiHisand  persons  availed  themselves  of  the  opportu- 
nity. There  were  now  four  classes  of  emigrants: 
tirst,  those  assisted  from  the  fund  by  order  from  Salt 
Lake  City;  second,  assisted  emigrants  selected  in 
( J ivat  Britain;  third,  the  XIO  emigrants;  fourth,  emi- 
grants wlio  paid  all  their  own  expenses  and  sent  for- 
waril  money  to  procure  teams.'""     The  entire  outlay 

"  Liii/ortli'n  liotUe/rom  Liverpool,  12.  Im  the  Millennial  Star,  xv.  (US,  la 
n  II 'tiou  tliut  the  first  ship  of  the  season  would  sail  euily  in  Jan.  \>iC>'A.  Kuch 
Hl'pllcation  must  be  accompanied  by  a  stutonient  of  tiiu  nunic,  ago,  ()i.-cu|>n- 
tiiiii,  and  nativity  of  the  applicant,  and  by  a  de|H)»it  of  ill.  Parties  wore  to 
jinniilo  tht'ir  own  bedding  and  cooking  utensils,  liichards,  Nttrr.,  MS.,  H2, 
niiia'ks  tiiat  vosscls  from  New  Orleans  could  bu  chartered  at  low  ratcM,  lia 
tlicy  loiiid  seldom  obtain  return  freight. 

'  At  this  date  the  price  of  a  team,  including  waf^on,  two  yoke  of  oxen,  and 
tw  '  iiulih  cows,  was  aliout  £iO.  Lii\/orth'a  Jiuulejrom  Livtr^iool,  I'J. 
uiiT.  vtau    ar 


^1  f 


li; :  :i 


'i  I 


Hi  MISSIONS  AND  IMMIORATION. 

for  the  season's  emigration  was  not  less  than  £30,000. 
A  year  or  two  later  it  was  found  necessary  to  increase 
the  minimum  charge  from  £10  to  £13,  on  account  of 
the  greater  cost  of  provisions,  wagons,  and  cattlu, 
caused  by  the  California  emigration. 

Of  emigrant  travel  by  sea  and  land  we  have  inter- 
esting records.  Excepting  perhaps  some  parts  of 
Soudan,  there  were,  at  this  date,  few  places  in  tho 
world  more  difficult  to  reach  than  the  valley  of  tliu 
Great  Salt  Lake.  After  arriving  at  New  Orleans,  a 
journey  of  more  than  three  thousand  miles  awaited 
the  emigrants  by  way  of  St  Louis  and  Council  Bluffs, 
from  which  latter  point  they  must  proceed  in  wagons 
or  on  foot  across  the  wilderness,  travelling  in  this 
primitive  fashion  for  three  weary  months  before  rcach- 
mg  their  destination.  Of  all  the  thousands  who  set 
forth  on  this  toilsome  pilgrimage,  few  failed  to  reach 
the  city  of  the  saints,  the  loss  of  life,  whether  of  man 
or  beast,  being  very  much  below  that  which  was  suf- 
fered by  parties  bound  for  the  gold-fields  of  Califor- 
nia. While  at  sea,  every  provision  was  made  for  their 
health  and  comfort,  and  after  reaching  Council  Bluffs 
none  were  allowed  to  start  until  their  outfit  was  com- 
plete and  their  party  fully  organized. 

The  Liverpool  manager  of  one  of  the  New  Orleans 
packet  lines  speaks  in  the  highest  terms  of  his  inter- 
course with  the  Mormons  during  the  year  1850.  He 
states  that  they  were  generally  intelligent  and  well 
behaved,  and  many  of  them  highly  respectable.  After 
mentioning  the  vocations  of  the  emigrants,  he  de- 
clares that  the  precautions  taken  for  tho  preservation 
of  order,  decency,  and  cleanliness  on  board  were  ad- 
mirable, and  well  worthy  of  imitation;  and  that  from 
his  observation  of  the  slovenly  and  dirty  habits  of 
other  classes  of  emigrants,  it  would  not  only  conduce 
to  their  comfort  and  health,  but  would  absolutely  save 
the  lives  of  many  if  similar  regulations  were  intro- 
duced." 

**  Mackay,  Tht  Aformotu,  C70-.1.  *Tha  moat  ■ornpuloiu  oleanlineM  woi 
thought  to  Im  aecowr>;  (raquuut  fumigation  and  apriukliug  witli  lime;  aud 


EMIGRANT  SHIPS. 


4lt 


was  com- 


The  Mormons  objected  to  take  passage  in  shipi 
which  carried  other  emigrants;  or,  if  thev  embarked 
ill  such  vessels,  it  was  always  arranged  tnat  a  parti- 
tion should  be  built  to  separate  them  from  the  gen- 
tiles. The  dietary  was  on  a  scale"  that  gave  to  most 
(if  them  better  fare  than  that  to  which  they  had  be- 
fore been  accustomed.  Many  of  the  vessels  chartered 
for  New  Orleans  were  of  large  tonnage,  some  of  them 
carrying  as  many  as  a  thousand  passengers.  When 
oil  board,  the  brethren  were  divided  into  wards,  each 
with  its  bishop  and  two  councillors,  who  were  imnlic- 
itly  obeyed.  The  centre  of  the  ship  was  occupied  by 
married  couples,  single  men  being  placed  in  tlie  bow 
and  single  women  in  the  stern.  Strict  discipline  was 
I'ljforced  on  the  voyage."  Divine  service  was  held 
each  day,  morning  and  evening,  when  the  weather 
was  favorable,  and  on  Sundays  an  awning  was  spread 
over  the  main  deck,  and  spare  spars  so  arranged  as  to 
furnish  seats.  Among  many  of  the  companies  were 
excellent  choirs,  which  rendered  the  church  nmsic; 
and  during  the  passage  there  were  frequent  entertain- 
ments, concerts,  and  dance-parties,  in  which  the  cap- 
tain and  officers  of  the  ship  participated. 

After  landing,  the  same  organization  was  maintained, 
lleinaining  for  a  few  days  at  New  Orleans,  the  ciui- 
1,'rants  were  conveyed  in  companies  by  steamer  to  St 
iiouis,  and  thence  proceeded  to  Council  Bluffs."   Here 


on  warm  days  all  tiok  peraona.  whether  willing  or  not,  were  brought  i 
uir  and  lunuiine.'  Linjorth'a  ttoule/rom  Livfrpool,  2o.    'For each  par 


i  into  the 
party  were 
appuintcd  watchmen  (or  committeemen)  to  «ee'  that  no  improprieties  occurred 
BiiiuUK  the  people,  or  lietween  our  people  and  theiuilon.*  AicAani/ A'arr., 
MS.,  31.  In  1855  the  line  of  route  waa  changed  to  Philadelphia  and  New 
York,  and  thence  to  Cincinnati.  Richanh'  Incidents  in  Utali  IluU. ,  MS. ,  6. 

"  For  each  adult,  weekly,  2|  Iba  bread  or  biacuit,  1  lb.  wheat  flour,  5  Iba 
oatmeal,  '2  lbs  rice,  |  lb.  lugar,  2  os.  tea,  2  oz.  aalt.  Three  Quarta  of  wat«r 
wero  allowed  per  diem.  Ui\jforth'»  RouUfrom  Liverpool,  20.  Twenty  pouiida 
of  hreadttnflii  per  capita  and  an  allowance  of  hntter  and  cheeae  were  proviili>d 
I  y  the  Mormon  aupenntendent  if ocbiy,  TAe  Jf ormoM,  270.  Meat  waa  uft«a 
iuued  in  lieu  of  meal  or  bread. 

"  All  were  rrqQire<l  to  be  in  their  berths  at  8  o'clock,  and  before  7  the 
beds  were  made  i    I  the  docks  swept.  Maekav,  The  Mormons,  272. 

*'  In  the  DtmH  Ntws,  May  20,  June  12,  1852,  and  the  Juvenih  InMnu^or, 
xiv.  143,  is  an  account  of  a  boiler  explosion  that  oocurred  on  boanl  a  ataaoMr 
from  St  Louis,  with  a  list  of  those  wno  were  killed  by  the  accident. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  {MT-3) 


/. 


(./ 


fi 


k 


/!/ 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


141  m 


2.5 


M    11112.2 


1^ 


2.0 


1.8 


U    ill  1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


} ;  WEST  MAIN  STReCT 

WUBSTEK.N.Y.  14580 

;  '^«'i  172-4103 


.yi^.. 


^ 


p.. 


^ 


fv 


420 


MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 


they  rested  for  a  time  to  recruit  themselves  and  their 
cattle,  and  those  who  were  without  funds  worked  for 
the  means  wherewith  to  continue  their  journey,  or 
waited  until  supplied  with  money  from  the  emigration 
fund. 

When  the  brethren  were  ready  to  set  forth  for  Salt 
Lake  City,  they  were  divided  into  companies  of  ten, 
fifty,  and  a  hundred,  and  the  order  of  march  was  the 
same  as  that  adopted  in  1848,  during  the  migration 
from  Nauvoo.  For  every  party  of  ten,  a  wagon,  two 
oxen,  two  milch  cows,  and  a  tent  were  provided. 
Each  wagon  was  examined  by  one  of  the  bishops,  and 
none  were  allowed  to  start  that  did  not  contain  the 
requisite  quantity  of  provisions'*  and  ammunition. 
All  who  were  capable  of  bearing  arms  were  required 
to  carry  a  rifle  or  musket.  Any  surplus  means  that 
the  members  might  possess  was  invested  in  breadstuffs, 
groceries,  dry  goods,  clothing,  cattle,  seeds,  or  imple- 
ments. 

Of  the  journey  of  the  emigrant  trains  from  Council 
Bluffs  to  the  city  of  the  saints,  little  remains  to  be 
said,  as  mention  of  this  matter  has  been  made  in  a 
previous  chapter.  To  each  emigrant  as  he  travelled 
his  wagon  served  for  bpflrv  m,  parlor,  and  kitchen, 
and  sometimes  even  as  ;  it  in  which  to  convey  his 
effects  over  river  or  swaiij|).  The  average  day's  jour- 
ney did  not  exceed  thirteen  miles,  though  the  trains 
were  in  niotionalmost  from  sunrise  until  even-fall, a  halt 
being  made  for  the  mid-day  meal,  and  in  order  to  give 
the  cattle  time  to  graze.  Many  of  the  caravans  con- 
sisted of  several  hundred  wagons,  some  of  them  drawn 
by  six  or  eight  oxen,  and  with  every  company  went 
large  bands  of  live-stock.^    The  procession,  as  it  moved 

'^  For  thoue  assisted  by  the  emigration  fund  in  185.3  was  supplied  for  each 
wagon  1,000  lbs  of  flour,  50  lbs  eacli  of  sugar,  rice,  and  baoon,  30  of  beans,  'JO 
of  dried  ujiplcs  or  peaches,  25  of  salt,  5  of  tea,  a  gallon  of  vinegar,  and  10  bars 
of  soap.  Liv/orth's  Route  from  Liverpool,  19. 

^"Descriling  one  of  these  trains  which  he  encountered  in  the  valley  of  the 
Weber  on  Sept.  2,  1850,  Capt.  Stansbury  says:  'Ninety-firo  wagons  were  met 
to-day  containing  the  advance  of  the  Mormon  emigration  to  the  valley  of  the 
Salt  Lake.     Two  lai'ge  flocks  uf  sheep  were  driven  before  the  train;  and  geeso 


JOURNEY  ACROSS  THE  PLAINS. 


m 


slowly  along  with  its  endless  train  of  vehicles  and  its 
hundreds  of  cattle,  sheep,  horses,  and  mules,  formed  a 
picturesque  and  motley  spectaclo.  Among  the  mem- 
bers of  the  party  were  to  be  found  the  New  England 
man  with  his  stock  of  trading  goods,  the  southerner 
with  his  colored  attendant,  the  Englishman  with  his 
box  of  mechanic's  tools,  the  Dane,  the  Swiss,  and  the 
Scandinavian  with  their  implements  of  agriculture. 
There  were  few  trades  and  few  nationalities  not  repre- 
sented, and  few  professions  save  that  of  the  lawyer. 
Among  the  proselytes  were  university  graduates,  phy- 
sicians, ministers,  army  and  navy  officers,  school-mas- 
ters, merchants,  storekeepers,  and  even  pawnbrokers. 
Yet  amidst  all  this  heterogeneous  gathering,  through- 
out all  the  hardships  and  privations  of  the  march, 
there  was  little  strife  or  discord ;  and  never  did  it  hap- 
pen, as  was  often  the  case  with  parties  bound  for  the 
gold-fields,  that  a  Mormon  company  broke  up  into 
fragments  through  the  dissension  of  its  members.^'' 

Those  who  set  forth  early  in  the  season — not  later 
than  the  middle  of  June — seldom  met  with  any  seri- 
ous disaster;  and  it  was  recommended  that  none  should 
leave  Council  Bluffs  after  that  time  of  year,  on  ac- 
count of  the  severe  snow-storms  that  sometimes  pre- 
vailed in  the  mountains  during  autumn.  In  October 
1849,  for  instance,  while  crossing  Rocky  Ridge,  near 
the  summit  of  South  Pass,  a  party  in  charge  of 
George  A.  Smith,  the  prophet's  cousin,  encountered 
a  storm,  in  which  more  than  sixty  of  their  cattle  per- 
ished. Toward  night  on  the  2d  a  strong  wind  set  in 
from  the  north-east,  accompanied  with  driving  snow. 
The  company  encamped  on  a  branch  of  the  Sweet- 
ami  turkeys  had  been  conveyed  in  coOps  the  whole  distance  without  appar- 
ent damage. .  .The  appearance  of  this  train  was  good,  most  of  the  wagonbliav- 
iiig  from  three  to  five  yoke  of  cattle,  and  all  in  fine  condition.  The  wagons 
BWfirmud  with  women  and  children,  and  I  estimated  the  train  atone  tiiousund 
Iliad  of  cattle,  100  head  of  sheep,  and  500  human  souls.*  Exped.  to  O.  S.  Lake, 
2'2;i. 

"  For  letters  and  news  from  emigrants  on  their  way  across  the  plains  and 
in:ittcra  concerning  the  organization  of  emigrant  bands,  see  Frontier  Gtinrdian, 
Dec.  10,  1849,  June  12,  July  10,  24,  Sept.  4,  Oct.  2,  1850,  Jan.  22,  March  21, 
July  11,  Aug.  8,  1851. 


! 


4n  MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 

water,  driving  their  cattle  into  a  willow  copse  near 
by,  as  to  build  a  corral  was  impossible.  The  wind 
freshened  into  a  gale,  and  then  into  a  hurricane,  howl- 
ing incessantly  for  thirty-six  hours,  and  drifting  the 
snow  in  every  direction.  For  two  nights  women  and 
children  lay  under  their  frail  covering,  exposed  to 
the  blast,  with  no  food  but  a  morsel  of  bread  or  bis- 
cuit. Tents  and  wagon-tops  were  blown  away,  and 
the  wagons  buried  almost  to  the  tops  of  their  wheels 
in  the  snow-drifts.  No  fires  could  be  lighted;  little 
food  could  be  had;  no  aid  was  nigh;  and  now,  in  this 
wintry  solitude,  though  within  a  few  days'  march  of  the 
valley,  the  saints  expected  no  other  fate  than  to  leave 
their  bodies  a  prey  to  the  wolves  and  the  vultures. 

At  length  the  storm  abated,  and  making  their  way 
toward  the  willow  copse,  the  men  found  nearly  half 
their  cattle  lying  stiff  amid  the  snow-banks,  while 
others  died  from  the  effects  of  the  storm.  Not  a 
human  life  was  lost,  however,  though  in  this  neigh- 
borhood many  a  grave  was  passed,  some  of  friends 
near  and  dear,  some  of  gold-seekers,  whose  bodies 
had  been  disinterred  and  half  devoured  by  the  wolves, 
and  some  of  their  persecutors  in  Illinois  and  Missouri, 
whose  bones  lay  bleaching  in  the  sun,  a  head-board 
with  name,  age,  and  date  of  decease  being  all  that 
remained  to  mark  their  resting-place." 

Until  the  year  1856  the  poorer  classes  of  emigrants 
were  supplied  with  ox-teams  for  the  overland  portion 
of  the  trip,  the  total  cost  of  the  journey  from  Liverpool, 
including  provisions,  never  exceeding  sixty  dollars. 
There  were  thousands  of  converts  in  Europe,  however, 

"In  a  letter  dated  Muddy  Fork — 930  miles  from  Winter  Quarters— Oct. 
IS,  1849,  and  published  in  the  Frontier  Guardian,  Dec.  26th,  of  that  year, 
George  A.  Smith  writes:  'Among  others  we  noticed  at  the  South  Pass  of  tlie 
Rocky  Mountains  the  grave  of  one  E.  Dodd,  of  Gallatin,  Mo.,  died  on  the 
10th  of  July  last  of  typhus  fever.  The  wolves  had  completely  disinterred 
him.  The  clothes  in  which  he  had  been  buried  lay  strewed  around.  His 
under  jawbone  lay  in  the  grave,  with  the  teeth  complete,  the  only  remains 
diacemable  of  him.     It  is  l^lieved  he  was  the  same  Dodd  that  took  an  active 

Ext,  and  a  i>romioent  mobocrat,  in  the  murder  of  the  saints  at  Hauu's  ItiiUs, 
o.     If  so,  it  is  a  righteous  retribution.' 


HAND-CART  EMIGRATION. 


423 


who  were  anxious  to  be  gathered  unto  Zion,  but  could 
not  command  even  this  sum,  and  measures  were  now 
considered  whereby  the  expense  could  be  reduced. 
After  much  discussion,  it  was  decided  that  parties 
•should  cross  the  plains  with  hand-carts,  in  which  they 
were  to  carry  their  baggage,  wagons  being  provided 
only  for  tents,  extra  provisions,  and  those  who  were 
unable  to  walk.  Instructions  to  this  eflfect  were  issued 
froni  Brigbam  Young,  September  30,  1855,  and  in  a 
general  epistle  of  the  twelve,  dated  October  29th,  a 
circular  being  published  in  Liverpool  about  four 
months  later  by  the  presidency  of  the  British  Isles,  in 
which  the  rate  of  passage  was  fixed  at  £9  sterling  per 
capita.^'  "The  Lord,  through  his  prophet,  says  of  the 
poor,  'Let  them  come  on  foot,  with  hand-carts  or 
wheelbarrows;  let  them  gird  up  their  loins,  and  walk 
through,  and  nothing  shall  hinder  them.'" 

Iowa  City  was  selected  as  the  point  of  outfit,  and 
there  the  hand-carts  were  built.  They  were  of  some- 
what primitive  fashion,  the  shafts  being  about  five  feet 
long  and  of  hickory  or  oak,  with  cross-pieces,  one  of 
them  serving  for  handle,  forming  the  bed  of  the  cart, 
under  the  centre  of  which  was  a  wooden  axle-tree,  the 
w  heels  being  also  of  wood,  with  a  light  iron  band,  and 
the  entire  weight  of  the  vehicle  about  dixty  pounds.*" 
Better  carts  were  provided  in  subsequent  years. 
When  the  hand-cart  emigrants,  about  thirteen  hun- 
tlied  in  number,  set  forth  from  Liverpool,  they  were 
assured  that  everything  would  be  provided  for  them 
on  their  arrival  at  Iowa  City;  but  on  reaching  that 
point  many  of  them  were  delayed  for  weeks  until  the 
carts  were  built.  Three  companies  started  early  in 
the  season  and  made  the  journey  without  mishap."* 
The  next  company,  under  Captain  James  G.  Willie, 

^*Tlie  letter,  epistle,  and  circular  will  be  found  in  the  MUlenniai  Stat\ 
xvii.  812-15,  xviii.  49-55,  121-3. 

^  Ulenhouse'a  Rocky  Mouutnin  SairUa,  314.  The  construction  of  the  cart 
will  he  seen  in  a  cut  facing  this  iiage. 

"  The  first  arrived  Sept.  2Gth,  und  were  met  by  the  first  presidency  and  a 
largo  number  of  the  citizens,  with  au  escort  of  cavalry  and  the  bandu  of  the 
KauTOO  legion.  Deatret  JfewH,  Oct.  6,  1856. 


m 


494 


MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 


i\   '  .M 


was  not  in  motion  until  the  middle  of  July,  and  the 
last  that  season,  under  Captain  Edward  Martin,  not 
until  the  end  of  that  month.  They  were  divided,  us 
usual,  into  hundreds,  Willie's  company  being  somewhat 
below  that  number;  and  for  each  hundred  were  fur- 
nished twenty  hand-carts,  five  tents,  three  or  four 
UmIcIi  cows,  and  a  wagon  with  three  yoke  of  oxen  to 
(jonvey  the  provisions  and  tents,  the  quantity  of  cloth- 
ing and  bedding  being  limited  to  seventeen  pounds  ])ct 
capita,  and  the  freight  of  each  cart,  including  cooking 
utensils,  being  about  one  hundred  pounds. 
,  Willie's  company  reached  Winter  Quarters,  or  Flor- 
ence, as  it  was  now  termed,  near  the  middle  of  August, 
and  here  a  meeting  was  held  to  decide  whether  they 
fthould  continue  their  journey  or  encamp  for  the  win- 
ter. They  had  yet  more  than  a  thousand  miles  to 
travel,  and  with  their  utmost  effort  could  not  expect 
to  arrive  in  the  valley  until  late  in  November.  The 
matter  was  left  with  the  elders,  all  of  whom,  except 
one  named  Levi  Savage,  counselled  them  to  go  for- 
ward and  trust  in  the  Lord,  who  would  surely  protect 
his  people.  Savage  declared  that  they  should  trust 
also  to  such  common  sense  as  the  Lord  had  given 
them.  From  his  certain  knowledge,  the  company, 
containing  as  it  did  so  large  a  number  of  the  aged 
and  infirm,  of  women  and  children,  could  not  cross  the 
mountains  thus  late  in  the  season,  without  much  suf- 
fering, sickness,  and  death.  He  was  overruled  and 
rebuked  for  want  of  faith.  "Brethren  and  sisters," 
he  replied,  "what  I  have  said  I  know  to  be  true;  but 
seeing  you  are  to  go  forward,  I  will  go  with  you. 
May  God  in  his  mercy  preserve  us." 

The  company  set  forth  from  Florence  on  the  1 8th, 
and  on  each  hand-cart  was  now  placed  a  ninety-cight- 
pound  sack  of  flour,  as  the  wagons  could  not  carry  the 
entire  load.  At  first  they  travelled  about  fifteen  miles 
a  day,  although  delays  were  caused  by  the  breaking 
of  wheels  and  axles,  the  heat  and  aridity  of  the 
plains  and  mountain  country  speedily  making  many  of 
the  cart-wheels  rickety,  and  unable  to  suistain  their 


EMIGRANTS  IN  DISTRESS. 


425 


burdens  without  frequent  repairs.  Some  shod  the 
axles  of  their  carts  with  old  leather,  others  with  tin 
from  the  plates  and  kettles  of  their  mess  outfit;  and 
ft)!'  grease  they  used  their  allowance  of  bacon,  and  even 
their  soap,  of  which  they  had  but  little.  On  reaching 
Wood  River,  the  cattle  stampeded,"''  and  thirty  head 
were  lost,  the  remainder  being  only  sufficient  to  allow 
one  yoke  to  each  wagon.  The  beef  cattle,  milch  cows, 
ami  heifers  were  used  as  draught  animals,  but  were  of 
little  service,  and  it  was  found  necessary  to  place  an- 
other sack  of  flour  on  each  hand-cart.  The  issue  of 
beef  was  then  stopped,  the  cows  gave  no  milk,  and  the 
daily  ration  was  reduced  to  a  pound  of  flour,  with  a  little 
rice,  sugar,  cofi*ee,  and  bacon,  an  allowance  which  only 
furnished  breakfast  for  some  of  the  men,  who  fasted 
for  the  remainder  of  the  day. 

While  encamped  on  the  north  fork  of  the  Platte, 
tlio  emigrants  were  overtaken  by  F.  D.  Richards,  W. 
11.  Kimball,  G.  D.  Grant,  and  a  party  of  elders,  return- 
ing from  foreign  missions,  who  gave  them  what  en- 
couragement they  could.  "Though  it  might  storm 
oil  their  right  and  on  their  left,  the  Lord  would  keen 
open  their  way  before  them,  and  they  would  reacn 
Zion  in  safety."  After  camping  with  them  for  one 
iiiglit,  the  elders  went  on  their  way,  promising  to  leave 
provisions  for  them  at  Fort  Laramie  if  possible,  and 
to  send  aid  from  Salt  Lake  City.  On  reaching  Lara- 
mie no  provisions  were  found,  and  rations  were  again 
reduecd,  men  able  to  work  receiving  twelve  ounces  of 
flour  dail}"-,  women  and  old  men  nine  ounces,  and  chil- 
dren from  four  to  eisjht  ounces. 

As  the  emigrants  travelled  along  the  banks  of  the 
Sweetwater,  the  nights  became  severe,  and  their  bed- 
covering  was  now  insufficient.  Before  them  were  the 
mountains,  clad  almost  to  the  base  with  snow,  where 
aheady  the  storms  of  winter  were  gathering.  Grad- 
ually the  old  and  infirm  began  to  droop,  and  soon 
deaths  became  frequent,  the  companies  seldom  leaving 

''-'At  this  poiut  the  coiihtry  miis  alive  witli  buiTuloea. 


i|  t-*! 


V^lv 


m 


428 


MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 


V  ' 


their  camping-ground  without  burying  one  or  more  of 
the  party.  Then  able-bodied  men  began  to  sucoumb, 
a  few  of  them  continuing  to  pull  their  carts  until  the 
day  before  they  died,  and  one  or  two  even  on  the  day  of 
their  death.  On  the  morning  when  the  first  snow- 
storm occurred,  the  last  ration  of  flour  was  issued,  and 
a  march  of  sixteen  miles  was  before  them  to  the  near- 
est camping-ground  en  the  Sweetwater.  The  task 
seemed  hopeless;  but  at  noon  a  wagon  drove  up,  con- 
taining Joseph  A.  Young  and  Stephen  Taylor,  from 
Salt  Lake  City,  who  told  them  that  a  train  of  supplies 
was  on  the  way,  and  would  reach  them  in  a  day  or 
two.  Young  and  Taylor  immediately  went  on  to 
meet  Martin's  company,  which  it  was  feared  was  even 
in  worse  plight  than  that  of  Captain  Willie.  Thus 
encouraged,  the  emigrants  pushed  forward,  and  by 
doubling  their  teams,  while  the  strongest  of  the  jiarty 
helped  the  weak  to  drag  along  their  carts,  all  reached 
the  camping-ground,  though  some  of  the  cattle  per- 
ished, and  during  the  night  five  persons  died  of  cold 
and  exhaustion. 

In  the  morning  the  snow  was  a  foot  deep;  and  now 
there  remained  only  two  barrels  of  biscuit,  a  few  pounds 
of  sugar  and  dried  apples,  and  a  quarter  of  a  sack  of 
rice.  Two  of  the  disabled  cattle  were  killed,  their 
carcasses  issued  for  beef,  and  on  this  and  a  small  dole 
of  biscuit  the  emigrants  were  told  that  they  must 
subsist  until  supplies  reached  them,  the  small  remnant 
of  provisions  being  reserved  for  the  young  children 
and  Ihe  sick.  It  was  now  decided  to  remain  in  camp, 
while  Captain  Willie  with  one  of  the  elders  went  in 
search  of  the  supply  trains.  The  small  allowance  of 
beef  and  biscuit  was  consumed  the  first  day,  and  on 
the  second  day  more  cattle  were  killed  and  eaten 
without  biscuit.  On  the  next  day  there  was  nothing  to 
eat,  for  no  more  cattle  could  be  spared,  and  still  the  sup- 
plies came  not,  being  delayed  by  the  same  jt.oi  m  which 
the  emigrants  had  encountered.     During  these  three 


STAEVATION  AND  DEATH. 


437 


days  many  died  and  numbers  sickened,  some  expir- 
ino"  in  the  arms  of  those  who  were  themselves  almost 
at  the  point  of  death,  mothers  clasping  with  their 
dying  clutch  the  remnants  of  their  tattered  clothing 
around  the  wan  forms  of  their  perishing  infants,  and, 
most  pitiful  sight  of  all,  strong  men  begging  for  the 
morsel  of  food  that  had  been  set  apart  for  the  sick  and 
helpless. 

It  was  now  the  evening  of  the  third  day,  and  the 
sun  was  sinking  behind  the  snow-clad  ranges,  which 
could  be  traced  far  to  the  west  amid  the  clear,  frosty 
atmosphere  of  the  desert.  There  were  many  who, 
while  they  gazed  on  this  scene,  did  not  expect  to  see 
the  light  of  another  day,  and  there  were  many  who 
cared  no  longer  for  life,  having  lost  all  that  makes  life 
precious.  They  retired  to  their  tents,  and  commend- 
ing themselves  to  their  maker,  lay  down  to  rest, 
perchance  to  die.  But  presently  a  shout  of  joy  was 
raised,  as  from  an  eminence  near  the  western  portion 
of  the  camp  covered  wagons  were  seen  approaching, 
with  Willie  at  their  head.  In  charge  of  the  train 
were  Kimball  and  Grant,  who  distributed  to  the  com- 
panies about  half  of  their  provisions,  together  with  a 
quantity  of  warm  clothing,  blankets,  and  buffalo-robes, 
the  remainder  being  sent  forward  under  charge  of 
Grant  for  the  use  of  Martin's  company,  while  Kim- 
ball now  took  command  of  Willie's  detachment. 

But  the  troubles  of  the  hand-cart  emigrants  were 
not  yet  at  an  end.  Some  were  already  beyond  all 
human  aid;  some  had  lost  their  reason,  and  around 
others  the  blackness  of  despair  had  gathered,  all 
efforts  to  rouse  them  from  their  stupor  being  unavail- 
ing. Each  day  the  weather  grew  colder,  and  many 
were  frost-bitten,  losing  fingers,  toes,  or  ears,  one  sick 
man  who  held  on  to  the  wagon-bars,  to  avoid  jolting, 
having  all  his  fingers  frozen.  At  a  camping-ground 
on  Willow  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Sweetwater, 
fifteen  corpses  were  buried,  thirteen  of  them  being 


428 


MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 


frozen  to  death.  Near  South  Pass  another  company 
of  the  brethren  met  them,  with  suppHes  from  Suit 
Lake  City,  and  from  the  trees  near  their  camp  sevonil 
quarters  of  fat  beef  were  suspended — '*a  picture,"  say.s 
Cliislett,  who  had  charge  of  one  of  the  compaiuos, 
"that  far  surpassed  the  paintings  of  the  ancient  mas- 
ters." From  this  point  warmer  weather  previiilcd, 
and  fresh  teams  from  the  valley  constantly  met  them, 
distributing  provisions  sufficient  for  their  needs,  and 
then  travelling  eastward  to  meet  Martin's  company. 

On  reaching  Salt  Lake  City  on  the  9th  of  Novem- 
ber, it  was  found  that  sixty-seven  out  of  a  t'>tal  of  four 
hundred  and  twenty  had  died  on  the  journey.  Of 
the  six  hundred  emigrants  included  in  Martin's  de- 
tachment, which  arrived  three  weeks  later,  a  small  per- 
centage perished,  the  storm  which  overtook  Willie's 
party  on  the  Sweetwater  reaching  them  on  the  North 
Platte.  There  they  encamped,  and  waited  about  ten 
days  for  the  weather  to  moderate.  Their  rations  were 
reduced  to  four  ounces  of  flour  per  head  per  day,  for  a 
few  days,  until  relief  came.  On  arriving  at  Salt  Lake, 
the  survivors  were  received  with  the  utmost  kindness, 
arrangements  being  made  with  the  bishops  of  wards 
to  provide  for  those  who  had  no  relatives  in  the  terri- 
tory ;  and  throughout  the  settlements,  wherever  it  was 
known  that  a  family  had  crossed  the  plains  with  the 
hand-cart  companies,  that  alone  was  sufficient  to  insure 
for  them  substantial  aid  from  the  brethren."' 


^  My  account  of  the  hand-cart  emigration  is  taken  principally  from  Mr 
Chislett'a  narrative  in  Stenhouae'a  Rocky  Mountain  Saints,  3 12-33S.  The  story 
as  told  in  Stenhoitse's  Tell  It  All,  206-30,  thougli  it  claims  to  have  been  written 
by  one  of  the  women  of  the  party,  and  perhaps  was  so  written,  is  merely  an 
adaptation  of  the  above.  Another  version  will  be  found  in  Young'i  Wifo  Xo. 
19,  '206-21.  For  other  mention  of  the  hand-cart  emigration,  see  Sinkiyou  Co. 
Affairs,  MS.,  18;  Paddock's  La  Tour,  .345;  Deseret  Newt,  Nov.  12,  19,  :^0, 
1856;  S.  L.  Herald,  Jan.  4,  1879;  S.  F.  Atta,  Nov.  12,  13,  1856;  S.  f.  Bul- 
letin, Jan.  12,  1857.  In  hundreds  of  newspapers  and  magazines  appcnrcd 
grossly  exaggerated  descriptions  of  this  disaster,  of  which  the  foUowiiifr, 
taken  from  the  Or.  Statesman,  June  15,  1857,  may  serve  as  a  specimen:  '  Of 
the  2,500  persons  who  started  from  the  frontier,  only  about  200  frost-bitten, 
starving,  and  emaciated  beings  lived  to  tell  the  tale  of  their  sufferings.  The 
remaining  2,300  perished  on  the  way  of  hunger,  cold,  and  fatigue.'    The  eiiii- 


THE  PARTY  AT  DEVIL'S  GATE. 


429 


lompriny 
[)ni  Suit 
)  several 
re,"  says 
[11  panics, 
ent  mus- 
revailed, 
et  them, 
!eds,  and 
mpany. 
Novem- 
il  of  tour 
noy.     Of 
rtin's  ilo- 
uiall  per- 
:  Willie's 
lie  North 
ibout  tea 
ions  were 
day,  for  a 
alt  Lake, 
kindness, 
of  wards 
he  terri- 
er it  was 
kvith  the 
to  insure 


\]\y  from  Mr 
Tho  story 
een  writtcu 
lis  merely  an 
yg'sWIfo  No. 
iSifkiijou  Co. 
12,  19,  30, 
k;  S.  F.  Bid- 
lea  appeared 
foUowinp, 
Bcimen:  '  Of 
Ifrost-bittcn, 
Irings.     The 
The  end- 


Tliore  remains  yet  one  more  incident  in  the  story 
of  the  hand-cart  emigration.  On  arrival  at  Devil's 
Gate  on  the  Sweetwater,  twenty  men,  belonging  to 
Afa rtin's  company,  were  left  in  charge  of  stock, 
merchandise,  and  baggage,  with  orders  to  follow  in 
the  spring.  The  snow  fell  deep,  and  many  of  tho 
cattle  were  devoured  by  the  wolves,  while  others  per- 
ished from  cold.  The  rest  were  slaughtered,  and  on 
tlicir  frozen  carcasses  the  men  subsisted,  their  small 
stock  of  flour  and  salt  beinj;  now  exhausted.  Game 
was  scarce  in  the  neighborhood,  and  with  their  utmost 
care  the  supply  of  food  could  not  hold  out  until  spring. 
Two  of  the  men,  with  the  only  horses  that  remained, 
were  sent  to  Platte  Bridge  to  obtain  supplies;  but  the 
animals  were  lost,  and  they  returned  empty-handed. 
Presently  the  meat  was  all  consumed;  and  then  their 
only  resource  was  the  hides,  which  were  cut  into  small 
pieces  and  soaked  in  hot  water,  after  the  hair  had  been 
removed.  When  the  last  hides  had  been  eaten,  nothing 
remained  but  their  boot-tops  and  the  scraps  of  leather 
around  their  wagons,  even  the  neck-piece  of  a  buffalo 
skin  which  had  served  as  door-mat  being  used  for 
food.  Thus  they  kept  themselves  alive  until  spring, 
when  they  subsisted  on  thistle  roots  and  wild  garlic, 
until  at  length  relief  came  from  Salt  Lake  City. 

Even  the  worst  enemies  of  Brigham  Young  admit 
that  he  was  in  no  sense  to  blame  for  this  disaster,  and 
that  he  spared  no  effort  to  prevent  it.  When  tidings 
of  the  emigrants'  condition  arrived  in  Salt  Lake  City, 
he  at  once  suspended  all  other  business,**  and  declared 
that  nothing  more  should  be  done  until  every  avail- 
able team  was  sent  to  their  relief.     He  himself  set 

grants  were  happy  and  content,  until  winter  overtook  them  in  tho  mountaina, 
singing  as  they  journeyed,  one  of  their  songs  commencing: 

*  We're  going  to  Zion  with  onr  carts, 
And  the  spirit  of  God  within  our  hearts;' 

the  chorus  of  another,  sung  to  tho  tune  of  '  A  little  more  cider:' 
'  Ilnrrah  for  tho  camp  of  Israel  I 

Hurrah  fur  tho  liuixi-curt  schema  I 
Ilurriihl    Ilurrtilil 'lis liettcr  far 
Than  wugun  and  ox-tuum.' 

•*The  October  conference  was  then  in  session. 


430 


MISSIONS  AND  IMMIOR^VTION. 


'is 


the  example  by  sending  several  of  his  best  teams 
laden  with  provisions  and  clothing,  other  large  sup- 
plies being  forwarded  by  Heber  C.  Kimball  and  tho 
more  wealthy  of  the  elders.  Each  one  contributed 
according  to  his  means,  those  who  had  no  teams  fur- 
nishing apparel,  bedding,  and  food,  and  this  at  a  time 
when,  as  will  presently  appear,  tho  territory  was 
almost  in  a  state  of  famine,  on  account  of  a  second 
plague  of  grasshoppers. 

The  catastrophe  was  due  mainly  to  the  error  in 
starting  so  late  in  the  season  from  Iowa  City,  and 
to  the  fact  that  the  companies  did  not  contain  a 
sufficient  number  of  able-bodied  men  in  proportion 
to  the  infirm,  the  women,  and  children.**  Moreover, 
the  winter  was  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  severe 
that  has  ever  been  known  in  Utah.  The  hand-cart 
scheme  was  perfectly  feasible,  if  carried  out  under 
proper  management,  as  was  proved  by  the  success  of 
the  first  companies,  and,  in  the  spring  of  1857,  by  a 
party  of  seventy-four  missionaries,  who  accomplished 
the  trip  to  the  Missouri  in  forty-eight  days,  or  less 
than  half  the  time  needed  when  the  journey  was 
made  by  wagon.* 

After  the  hand-cart  disaster,  and  perhaps  partly  on 
account  of  the  reports  sent  home  by  the  survivors, 
there  was  a  g'  idual  diminution  in  the  rate  of  emigra- 
tion; though  with  many  fluctuations.  In  1876  only 
1,184  proselytes  were  despatched  from  Liverpool,  this 
being  one  of  the  smallest  movements  recorded.  In 
1877  the  number  increased  to  1,479,  and  in  1878  to 
1,864,  but  in  1879  fell  off  to  1,456,  about  55  per  cent 
of  the  emigrants  for  the  last  of  these  years  being  of 

*  It  was  from  Iowa  City  that  the  late  start  was  made.  Stenhouse  and 
others  delight  in  making  out  something  horrible  in  the  hand-cart  liusiness, 
and  the  leaders  no  better  than  the  vilest  criminals.  It  was  an  unfortunate 
affair,  in  which  the  leaders  suffered  with  the  rest,  but  nothing  further  than 
this  cau  be  justly  charged  to  any  one.  Rocty  Mountain  Saints,  341-2.  A  bio- 
graphical notice  of  Spencer  and  his  funeral  Bermou,  delivered  by  Brigham, 
will  be  found  in  S.  Lake  Tel,  Dec.  9,  10,  1868. 

**Sloan'ii  Utah  Gazetteer,  1884,  26.  In  the  Deseret  News,  Apr.  29,  1857,  it 
is  stated  that  they  hoped  to  make  the  trip  in  40  days. 


THE  SAINTS  MUST  GATHER  TO  ZION. 


m 


British  nationality,  and  35  per  cent  Swedish,  Nor- 
wegian, and  Danish.*^  In  the  church  records,  the 
totiil  emigration  from  foreign  countries,  between  1840 
and  1883,  is  stated  at  78,219  souls,  or  an  average 
of  nearly  2,000  a  year,  the  proselytes  taking  passage 
in  companies  of  from  12  to  800  in  243  different  ves- 
sels, all  of  which  reached  their  destination  in  safety.** 
Probably  the  main  cause  of  the  decrease  in  emigration 
during  later  years  was  the  advance  in  the  rate  of  fare, 
which  in  1878  was  fixed  at  i'14-14,  a  sum  for  which 
passage  could  be  secured  to  almost  any  portion  of  the 
world. 

Between  1850  and  1856  the  movcaent  appears  to 
have  reached  its  culmination,  proselytes  being  gathered 
by  the  thousand  to  the  promisee'  land,  and  th'^usands 
more  preparing  to  follow.  The  jidera  wf  ro  exhorted 
to  "thunder  the  word  of  the  almighty  to  the  saints 
10  arise  and  come  to  Zion."*  The  brethren  were 
commanded  to  shake  froii  their  feet  the  dust  of  Baby- 
lon and  hasten  to  the  holy  city.  "Every  saint  who 
does  not  come  home,"  says  the  sixth  general  epistle  of 
the  twelve,^**  "will  be  afflicted  by  the  devil."  "Every 
particle  of  our  means  that  we  use  in  Babylon,"  re- 
marks Elder  Erastus  Snow,^*  "is  a  loss  to  ourselves; 
and  it  is  so  much  means  expended  upon  Babylon  that 
shall  perish."  "O  ye  poor  and  oppressed  saints  1" 
writes  Elder  Samuel  Richards,  "and  ye  rich  ones  too, 
in  these  lands,  do  not  your  bosoms  burn  with  the  good 
spirit  of  God,  which  fills  his  saints  always  with  a  de- 
sire to  congregate  together,  and  become  a  holy  and 


\\u 


"  ifiOenniai  Star,  zli.  680;  Degeret  News,  Nov.  19, 1879.  There  were  aim 
00  Swiss,  34  Germans,  and  8  of  other  nationalities. 

^  Thoush  some  were  driven  back  to  port,  and  one  was  dinnuwted  on  the 
voyage  to  New  Orleans.  BicharcW  Emigr.  to  Utah,  MS.,  1. 

^Millennial  Star,  xiv.  201. 

"PublUhed  July  15,  1852,  in  Id.,  xiv.  20. 

"  At  a  special  council,  held  at  23  Ratcliffe  Terrace,  Islington,  London,  on 
the  6th,  7th,  8th,  and  0th  of  April.  An  account  of  the  proceedinga  will  be 
found  in  Id.,  xiv.  209-12,  225-8,  243-7.  At  the  close  of  the  conferenoee  a 
memorial  wan  presented  to  Franklin  '^.  Richards,  who  was  then  about  to  re- 
turn to  Salt  Lake  City. 


i 


I 


:-  ' 


^* 


I: 


432 


MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 


peculiar  people?  Do  you  not  long  to  gather  to  your 
bretiiien  and  sisters  in  the  heights  of  Zion,  where 
sinners  cannot  dwell?  Do  you  not  fondly  wish  to 
assemble  with  the  elders  of  Israel  in  the  sacred  resting- 
places  of  the  excellent  of  the  earth,  and  there  inherit 
the  earth  and  enjoy  the  bountiful  blessings  of  a  mu- 
nificent creator?" 

Such  sayings,  freely  circulated  among  the  toiling 
myriads  of  Europe,  where  for  twelve  and  fifteen  hours 
a  day  men  worked  for  a  wage  barely  sufficient  to  sup- 
ply their  needs,  w^ere  not  without  effect.  Under  such 
conditions,  a  new  religion,  which  promised  to  exchange 
the  penury  and  drudgery  of  its  converts  for  plenty  and 
moderate  labor,  could  not  fail  to  receive  a  hearing. 
Moreover,  the  story  of  the  prophet's  assassination  and 
of  the  expulsion  from  Illinois  was  yet  fresh  in  the  minds 
of  the  people.  The  saints  were  still  looked  upon  as  mar- 
tyrs, and  as  martyrs  who,  having  boldly  launched  forth 
into  an  untrodden  wilderness,  had  at  length  establislied 
for  themselves  an  abiding-place,  and  now  stretched 
forth  the  hand  of  christian  fellowship  to  the  weary 
and  heavy-laden  in  all  the  earth.  Never  since  the 
founding  of  the  sect  was  their  cause  held  in  more  es- 
teem ;  never  had  they  dwelt  together  in  more  perfect 
harmony,  less  disturbed  by  outside  influences,  or  less 
mindful  of  the  events  that  were  transpiring  in  the 
great  world  beyond.  The  years  that  had  elapsed 
since  their  departure  from  Nauvoo  had  witnessed  tlie 
rise  and  fall  of  an  empire,  the  crash  of  a  throne,  the 
great  revolutions  in  the  world  of  science  and  the  world 
of  commerce.  But,  except  so  far  as  they  seeniovl  to 
fulfil  the  predictions  of  their  seer,  all  these  matters 
concerned  them  less  than  did  the  building  of  a  saw- 
mill or  a  nail-factory  in  the  land  of  which  their 
prophet  had  foretold:  "And  they  who  are  in  the 
north  countries  shall  come  in  remembrance  before  tlie 
Lord,. .  .and  a  highway  shall  be  made  in  the  midst  of 
the  great  deep, . . .  and  in  the  barren  deserts  there  shall 


HI 


BIOGRAPHY  OF  JOHX  TAYLOR. 


433 


on  as  mar- 


come  forth  pools  of  living  water;  and  the  parched 
ground  shall  no  longer  be  a  thirst}'  laud.""^ 

^-  Hnvlafion  o/Josfph  Smith,  in  DofAne  and  Cortvant*,  3*27. 

Aiiumg  the  Mormon  works  largely  circulated  throughout  the  British  Islea 
aii'l  i;iiro)io  was  one  published  in  \ii5'2,  and  entitled  The  Govtrnmrnt  o/Gifl, 
by  ./■ilni  Toyhir,  one  of  the  Tift/ve  ApoMlcs  of  the  C'hurrh  of  Jf*ui  C'hrift  oj 
Lultfr-ih'ii  SaiiitK.  In  a  preface  hy  James  Linforth,  the  trnttr  states  that  it 
hail  I'ocn  the  author's  intention  to  superintend  the  pablicati<>n  of  this  work, 
ail  Svo  volume  of  118  pages,  in  person;  but  the  cares  pretazning  to  his  mis- 
pjonarv  labors  and  literary  work,  then  more  urgently  needed,  prevented  him. 
He  tlurefore,  on  his  departure  for  Salt  Lake  City  in  the  spring  of  1SJ2,  Kft 
with  Mr  Linforth  the  manuscript,  the  printing  of  which  wa-s  superintended 
by  liim.  As  a  dissertation  on  a  general  and  abstract  subject,  it  probably  lias 
not  its  equal  in  point  of  ability  within  the  whole  range  oi  Mormon  literature. 
Tlic  s'yle  is  lofty  iind  clear,  and  every  page  l^etokens  the  great  learning  of 
the  author.  As  a  student  of  ancient  and  modem  history,  theologian,  and 
moral  philosopher,  President  Taylor  is  justly  entitled  to  the  front  rank;  while 
his  i.iulioicncy  in  foreign  languages  and  his  knowledge  of  men  and  of  practical 
aHaii-s  rendered  his  services  no  less  important  as  manager  abroad  than  as  ex- 
ecutivu  olUccr  at  home. 

I  will  iicrc  begin  the  biographical  notices  of  the  leading  men  of  Utah,  and 
of  some  of  the  pioneers,  carrying  the  same  along  in  the  notes  to  the  end  of  the 
vulunio  as  I  have  done  in  other  cases  in  my  liistorical  works.  The  lives  of 
Rome  have  already  been  fully  given;  and  in  regard  to  some  of  the  others  who 
hiivc  nut  yet  finished  playing  their  part  in  the  history  of  the  country,  their  bio- 
giajihics  will  be  given  here  out  partially,  and  finished  as  the  work  proc«;<ls. 

First  after  Joseph  Smith  and  Brigham  Young  should  be  mcntionc<J  John 
Taylor,  third  president  of  the  entire  church.  A  native  of  Milnthorpc,  Kng- 
lauil,  where  ho  was  born  in  November  ISOS,  Taylor  emigrated  in  IbvJO  to  To- 
ronto, Canada,  to  which  city  his  father  had  removed  two  years  before.  Here, 
joiiiiiig  a  iiictho  list  society,  he  searched  the  scriptures  earnestly,  and  became 
coiiviiiccd  that  the  churches  had  fallen  from  grace  and  were  corrupt.  With 
prayer  and  fasting  lie  besought  the  Lonl  that  if  there  were  a  true  church  on 
earth  lie  would  send  a  messenger  to  him.  Shortly  afterward  he  was  visited 
hy  rarley  P.  Pratt,  to  \vhom  ho  gave  but  a  cool  reception,  as  many  evil  re- 
ports concerning  Mormonism  were  then  current.  But  after  close  scrutiny,  ho 
ami  several  of  his  friends  believed  and  were  baptized.  In  1S.'W  it  was  ordered 
hy  levrlation  that  he  should  bo  appointed  an  apostle,  and  after  the  schi'^ni  of 
tliat  year  he  filled  tho  vacancy  in  the  quorum  caused  by  the  apostasy  of  John 
Uuuiton.  In  1840  ho  arrived  in  England  as  a  missionary,  his  lalxrs  extend- 
ing to  Ireland  and  to  the  Islo  of  Man,  whore  he  was  the  first  to  preach  tho 
doctrines  of  Mormonism.  While  on  a  visit  to  Scotland,  he  crrectetl  tho 
proof  slieots  of  the  book  of  Mormon,  and  helped  to  prepiarc  a  hymn-book  for 
the  use  of  converts  in  tho  British  Islands.  He  also  wrote  sscvcral  pamphlets 
inniply  to  charges  against  tho  church.  Returning  to  Anuri'.a  in  1^41,  in 
c.jmiiany  with  Brigham  Young,  ho  proceeded  to  Nauvoo,  where  Le  was  «■- 
lecteil  one  of  a  committee  to  petition  congress  for  a  reilrcss  of  wrongs,  and 
prcsrntctl  tiic  petition.  Ho  also  purchased  and  took  charge  of  the  TimfKand 
S''i.<ijii!i.  at  the  request  of  tho  prophet,  the  last  three  volumes  Ix-ing  publishctl 
un.ler  his  direction,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  city  council,  a  regent  of 
the  uiiiveisity,  and  judge-advocate  of  the  Xauvoi  legion.  He  was  firmly  at- 
taclie.l  t>  tho  proplun,  and  at  Carthage  jail,  as  we  have  seen,  alm-^st  k-st  his 
lite  ill  attempting  to  save  him.  After  the  expulsion  he  went,  with  othirs  of 
the  twelve,  to  Winter  Quarters,  where  he  assistctl  in  organizing  the  Mormon 
liatfa'.ion.  At  this  juncture  ho  was  again  ordered  to  ringlaiid.  in  c<jniiKiny 
vith  I'arlcy  P.  Pratt  iind  Orson  Hyde,  and  returning  the  following  spring,  ac- 
eompaiiied  Pratt's  companies  to  Salt  Lake  City.  In  Octoljcr  184U  he  was  iwut 
u  u  missionary  to  France,  where  he  published  a  monthly  paper,  styled  L' 
Hut.  Utah.    2tt 


1         ! 


m. 


434 


MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 


:>  i 


i\0  ' 


Etoile  du  Deseret.  Before  leaving  Europe  he  translated  the  book  of  Mormon 
into  the  French  language,  and  preached  the  gospel  of  the  sarats  at  Hamburg, 
where  under  his  direction  the  same  work  was  translated  into  German,  and 
where  ho  also  published  a  monthly  paper  named  Ziotis  Pc.nier.  Returning  to 
Salt  Lake  City  in  1852,  he  was  elected,  two  years  afterward,  a  member  of  tlm 
legislature,  but  resigning  this  office,  went  as  a  missionary  to  New  York,  \rhere 
he  superintended  the  affairs  of  the  church  in  the  eastern  states,  and  cstablishcil 
a  journal,  the  first  number  of  which  appeared  Feb.  17,  1855,  under  the  title 
of  The  Mormon,  the  paper  being  discontinued  in  1857,  when  Taylor  was  re- 
''ailed  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Utah  war.  After  that  date,  his  labora  were 
mainly  confined  to  the  territory,  where  he  was  partly  engaged  in  literary  work 
for  the  church,  serving  also  for  a  brief  term  as  probate  judge  of  Utah  county, 
and  for  several  terms  as  a  member  of  the  Utah  legislature  and  speaker  of  the 
house.  In  Oct.  1880  he  was  appointed,  as  we  shsill  see  later,  president  of  the 
church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  latter-day  saints.  Further  details  as  to  his  early 
career  will  be  found  iu  Hist.  B.  Young,  MS. ;  Woodruff's  Journal,  MS. ;  liich- 
ards'  Narr.,  MS.,  and  many  other  manuscripts  and  books. 

George  Q.  Cannon,  a  native  of  Liverpool,  England,  was  trained  in  the  Mor- 
mon faith,  his  parents  having  been  converted  in  1839,  when  he  was  twelve  years 
of  age,  through  the  preaching  of  John  Taylor,  who  some  time  before  had  mar- 
ried his  father's  sister.     A  short  time  before  the  assassination  of  Joseph  Smith 
the  family  arrived  at  Nauvoo,  where  George  found  employment  as  a  printer 
in  the  office  of  the  Times  and  Seasons  and  Nauvoo  Neighbor.     In  1847  ho  set 
out  for  S.  L.  City  with  Parley  Pratt's  companies,  and  for  two  years  was  en- 
gaged in  farming,  house-building,  and  other  labor  incidental  to  new  settle- 
ments.    In  the  autumn  of  1849  he  went  to  California  in  company  with  Chas  C. 
Rich,  and  there  worked  in  the  gold  mines  until  the  summer  of  1850,  when  he 
was  sent  on  a  mission  to  the  Sandwich  Islands.     On  arriving  at  Honolulu  he 
began  to  study  the  Hawaiian  language,  which  he  mastered  in  six  weeks,  and 
then  travelled  and  preached  among  the  natives,  organizing  several  branchoa 
of  the  church.     In  1834  he  returned  to  Salt  Lake  Cit}',  and  the  following  year 
went  as  a  missionary  to  California,  where  he  established  and  edited  a  news- 
paper called  the  Western  Standaj-d,     When  news  arrived  of  the  Utah  war,  lie 
again  returned  to  the  valley,  and  during  the  exodus  of  1858  took  charge  of  the 
press  and  piinting  materials  of  the  Deseret  News,  which  were  conveyed  to  Fill- 
more City.     In  October  1859  he  was  chosen  an  apostle  to  fill  the  vacancy 
caused  by  the  death  of  Parley  Pratt,  and  was  afterward  appointed  presiilcnt 
of  the  European  mission.     In  1802  he  was  ordered  to  Washington  to  support 
the  claims  of  Utah  to  admission  as  a  state,  of  which  more  later.     After  the 
adjournment  of  congress  he  repaired  to  England,  where  he  labored  until 
August  18G4,  13,000  converts  being  forwarded  to  Zion  during  this  pcrioJ. 
Being  then  summoned  home,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  legislative  coun- 
cil, and  Tias  for  three  years  private  secretary  to  Brigham  Young.     In  IStiT  he 
became  editor  and  publisher  of  the  Deseret  News,  which  was  then  a  scmi- 
wcckly  paper,  and  started  the  Deseret  Evening  News,  which  was  issued  daily, 
his  connection  with  the  latter  continuing  until  the  autumn  of  1872,  when  he 
was  chosen  delegate  to  congress.     In  1880  Mr  Cannon  was  appointed  Ihit 
councillor  to  President  John  Taylor.     For  further  particulars,  see  authorities 
before  quoted;  also  Sala's  America  Revisited,  302;  Reno  Daily  Gazette,  Jan.  -4, 
1882. 

Joseph  F.,  the  son  of  Hyrum  Smith,  who  with  his  brother,  the  prophet, 
was  assassinated  at  Carthage  jail,  was  bom  at  Far  West,  Mo.,  in  1838.  After 
passing  his  early  youth  among  the  vicissitudes  attending  the  expulsion  from 
Nauvoo  and  the  colonization  of  Utah,  he  was  ordered,  when  16  years  of  age, 
to  proceed  as  a  missionary  to  the  Sandwich  Islands,  where  he  labored 
earnestly  and  with  marked  success.  'By  the  blessing  of  the  almighty,'  he 
writes,  *  I  acquired  the  language  of  the  islanders,  and  commenced  my  labors, 
preaching,  baptizing,  etc.,  among  the  natives,  in  one  hundred  days  after  my 
arrival  at  Honolulu.'  At  the  beginning  of  the  Utah  war  he  returned  to  S. 
L.  City  and  served  iu  the  militia  up  to  ue  time  when  Johnston's  army  entered 


WILFORD  WOODRUFF  AND  WILLARD  RICHARDS.        435 

the  valley.  In  18C0  he  was  sent  on  mission  work  to  England,  where  he  ro- 
iiiaiucd  till  1863,  being  again  ordered,  the  following  year,  to  the  Sandwich 
Islaiuls  in  company  with  A.  L.  Smith,  L.  Snow,  E.  T.  Benson,  and  W.  W. 
(  luir.  Returning  in  1865,  ho  was  soon  after  elected  an  apostle  and  a  mem- 
lor  of  the  legislature,  in  which  latter  capacity  he  served  until  1872.  In  1874 
and  1875  he  presided  over  the  British  mission,  and  in  1880  was  chosen  second 
councillor  to  President  Taylor.     For  additional  items,  see  above  authorities. 

\\'ilford,  tlie  third  son  of  Aphek  and  Beulah  Thompson  Woodruff,  waa 
horn  at  Farmington  (now  Avon),  Conn.,  in  March  1807,  his  ancestors  for  at 
least  three  generations  being  residents  of  that  neighborhood.  In  1832  he 
uas  converted  to  Mormonism,  together  with  his  brother  Azmon,  and  soon 
afterward  cast  in  his  lot  at  Kirtland,  where,  for  a  time,  he  was  the  guest  of 
Joseph  Smith.  Two  years  later  he  started  on  a  missionary  tour  in  company 
with  an  elder  named  Brown,  journeying  on  foot  through  southern  Missouri, 
iiortliern  Arkansas,  and  western  Tennessee.  In  1837  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  first  quorum  of  the  seventies,  and  in  April  of  this  year,  was 
married  to  Phnebe  W.  Carter  at  the  house  of  Joseph  Smith.  In  1839  he  was 
cliosen  an  apostle,  and  soon  afterward  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  England,  where, 
in  a  few  months,  he  and  his  fellow-missionaries  baptized  more  than  1,800 
proselytes,  their  success  being  so  remarkable  as  to  alarm  the  orthodox  clergy, 
who  brought  the  matter  before  the  notice  of  parliament.  In  1841  he  waa 
sliipwrecked  at  Lake  Michigan  while  on  his  way  to  Nauvoo,  but  escaped  with 
his  life  and  reached  that  city  in  October.  A  few  weeks  before  the  assassina- 
tion of  .Joseph  and  Hyrum  Smith,  he  was  again  ordered  to  England  as  a  mis- 
sionary, returning  in  1846,  when  he  crossed  the  plains  with  the  pioneer  band. 
In  1848  wo  find  him  once  more  a  missionary,  this  time  in  the  eastern  states, 
•whence  he  returned  to  Salt  Lake  City  in  1850,  being  elected  in  December  of 
that  year  a  senator  for  the  provisional  state  of  Deseret.  After  that  date  ho 
became  one  of  the  foremost  men  in  Utah,  the  church  annals  being  largely 
comjiilcd  from  his  records.  In  his  public  career  he  is  regarded  as  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  territory;  his  apostolic  labors  have  earned  for  him  among 
the  saints  the  title  of  *  Wilford  the  faithful.'  yVoodriiff'a  Leaves  from  Jour- 
nal, 1-06;  Millennial  Star,  xxvii.  passim;  Times  and  Stasoris,  v.  6U2;  Deseret 
News,  July  7,  14.  1858. 

Among  the  pioneers  was  Willard  Richards,  bom  at  Hopkinton,  Middlesex 
couuty,  M.1S8.,  on  the  24th  of  June,  1804.  Under  the  instruction  of  his 
parents,  Joseph  and  Rhoda  Richards,  he  applied  himself  during  his  youth  to 
the  study  of  theology,  but  could  not  discern  in  the  doctrines  of  anycf  the 
sects  around  him  the  fulness  of  truth.  In  1835  he  obtained  a  copy  of  the 
book  of  Mormon,  and  reading  it  through  twice  in  ten  days,  became  convinced 
of  its  divine  authenticity.  At  this  date  ho  was  practising  medicine  at  Bos- 
ton, but  at  once  resolved  to  remove  to  Kirtland,  where  a  year  later  he 
vas  baptized  and  ordained  an  elder  by  his  cousin,  Brigham  Young.  Froceed- 
ingon  a  mission  to  England,  he  labored  successfully,  and  in  April  1840  waa 
chosen  by  revelation  one  of  the  twelve.  Returning  to  America,  he  was  ap- 
pointed historian  and  general  recorder  to  the  church,  which  offices  he  held 
until  his  decease  in  March  1854.  He  was  an  intimate  friend  of  the  prophet's, 
and,  as  will  be  remembered,  was  present  at  his  assassination  in  Carthage  jail. 
In  1818,  after  the  return  of  the  pioneer  band,  ho  was  appointed  second  coun- 
cillor to  the  president.  Ho  was  also  editor  of  the  Deneret  News,  the  official 
organ  of  tiie  church,  and  wrote  most  of  the  general  epistles  of  the  twelve  to  the 
brethren  throughout  the  world.  After  the  organization  of  the  state  of  Deseret 
ho  was  made  secretary  of  state,  and  afterward  presided  over  the  council  of  tlie 
legislative  assembly.  The  last  occasion  on  which  he  left  his  house  was  for  the 
purpose  of  addressing  the  council  at  the  close  of  its  session.  'I  will  go  and 
perform  this  duty,'  he  said,  'if,  like  John  Quincy  Adams,  I  die  in  the  attempt; 
but  no  one  knows  the  aggravated  extent  of  my  bodily  malady.  Death  stares 
nie  in  the  face,  waiting  lor  his  prey.'  Further  particulars  will  be  found  in 
The  Millennial  Star,  xxvii.  118-20, 133-C,  150-2, 165-6;  LinfortlCs  RoiUe  from 


E!  1 3  •' 


436 


MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 


Liverpool,  75-6;  Deseret  News,  March  16,  1854,  June  23,  30,  1858,  Dec.  9 
1874;  Richards'  Narr.,  MS.,  107-8. 

Franklin  Dewey  Richards,  nephew  to  Willard,  was  bom  at  Richinond, 
Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  on  April  2,  1821.  After  receiving  a  common  SLhuul 
education,  he  was  employed  at  farm  labor,  or  at  his  father's  trade — that  of 
carpenter.  His  attention  was  first  called  to  Morniouism  during  a  visit  of 
Brigham  to  the  house  of  his  grandfather,  Joseph  Richards.  On  the  3d  of  J  une, 
18.38,  he  relates  that  after  being  baptized  and  anointed  with  oil,  he  Mas  curi<l, 
by  the  efficacy  of  prayer,  of  a  severe  sickness.  In  October  following,  he  set 
furth  for  Far  West,  but  finding  that  Gen.  Clark  had  issued  an  order  requiring  ull 
Mormons  to  leave  the  state,  he  went  to  St  Louis,  where  he  found  employun  at. 
In  the  spring  of  1840  ho  attended  a  conference  at  Nauvoo,  and  was  soon  aiter- 
ward  sent  as  a  missionary  to  Indiana,  where  he  establislied  a  chnreli.  ^Viior 
some  further  missionary  work  in  the  United  States,  he  repaired  to  Nauvoo 
r/hcre  he  married,  and  by  great  self-denial  obtained  the  means  of  buiklinL;  :>, 
briok  house  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  city.  This  he  sold  before  the  cxpul  i(jii 
for  two  yoke  of  oxen  and  an  old  wagon.  In  the  spring  of  1844  he  was  ordort  il 
with  several  others  to  proceed  on  a  mission  to  England,  but  after  reachiiig 
New  York  he  heard  of  the  assassination  of  the  prophet,  and  returned  to 
Nauvoo.  In  1845  he  assisted  at  the  completion  of  the  temple,  working  as  a 
carpenter  and  painter.  When  the  first  bands  of  the  saints  crossed  the  .Mis- 
sissippi in  Feb.  1856,  Mr  Richards  accompanied  them  as  far  as  their  canipin,'- 
ground  on  Sugar  Creek,  where  ho  bade  adieu  to  his  wife  and  family,  and  .sojn 
afterM'ard  sailed  for  Liverpool  in  company  with  Parley  P.  Pratt  and  otlicrs. 
Of  further  incidents  in  his  life,  I  shall  have  occasion  to  speak  elsewhere. 

Hebcr  Chase  Kimball  was  a  native  of  Sheldon,  Vt,  where  he  was  hotn  in 
1801.  When  ten  years  of  age  his  family  removed  to  West  Bloomfiell,  N.  V., 
in  which  town  he  afterward  worked  as  a  blacksmith  in  his  father's  shop.  In 
1820,  liis  father  having  lost  his  property,  he  was  compelled  to  seek  his  own 
livelihood,  and  after  suffering  much  hardship,  found  employment  with  his 
brother,  who  was  a  potter  by  trade,  and  removed  with  him  to  Mcndon.  lie  \\  :i3 
converted  to  Mormonism  by  the  preaching  of  Phineas  H.  Young,  and  in  1  vii 
was  baptized,  and  soon  afterward  ordained  an  elder.  In  Sept.  of  this  year  he 
went  to  Kirtland  with  Brigham  and  Joseph  Young,  and  there  met  the  pro]  liut. 
In  1S.'}5  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  first  quorum  of  the  twelve,  and  from 
tliat  date  until  the  expulsion  from  Nauvoo  his  time  was  mainly  spent  in  ii;U. 
sionary  labors  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  Eugland.  Returning  from  Salt 
Lake  City  to  Winter  Quarters  with  the  main  body  of  the  pioneers,  ho  uas 
appointed  first  councillor  to  the  president,  which  otiice  he  held  imtil  his  dcoea-o, 
in  June  ISCS.  On  the  organization  of  the  state  of  Deseret,  ho  was  cki;!.'! 
lieutenant-governor  and  chief  justice,  and  later  became  president  of  the  coi;ii- 
cil  of  the  legislative  assembly.  A  man  of  singular  generosity,  integrity,  and 
purity  of  heart,  there  are  few  whose  names  arc  held  in  more  esteem  among 
the  latter-day  saints  than  that  of  President  Kimball. 

In  March  1850  occurred  the  decease  of  Oliver  Cowdcry,  at  Richmond,  Kay 
CO.,  Mo.  His  connection  with  the  church  from  its  earliest  days, and  the  ]).(it 
which  he  took  in  the  translation  of  the  book  of  Mormon,  have  already  licin 
mentioned.  He  was  cut  off,  as  wc  have  seen,  in  1838,  but  in  1S4S  was  reliap- 
tizcd.  'His  relation  of  events,'  remarks  S.  W.  Richards,  'was  of  no  ordinary 
character,  maintaining  unequivocally  all  those  written  testimonies  he  had  un  ■ 
nished  to  the  church  in  earlier  days.  Moroni,  Peter,  James,  and  Johr.,  and 
other  heavenly  messengers  who  had  ministered  to  him  in  connection  with  the 
prophet,  Joseph  Smith,  were  familiarly  but  sacredly  spoken  of.'  After  his 
second  conversion  ho  devoted  the  brief  renminder  of  his  life  entirely  to  tlie 
cau.se  of  the  church,  declaring  his  willingness  to  go  forth  among  the  nations 
and  bear  testimony  of  that  which  had  been  revealed  to  him — a  testimony  wliiL-li 
none  but  he  could  bear.  Contrihutor,  1884,  p.  44(5. 

Ill  addition  to  the  authorities  already  quoted  on  the  subject  of  missions 
anil  immigration,  I  apjiend  the  following:  iMiUeiiuial  Sfnr,  i.  .302,  iv.  17-l'.'i 
33-U,  viii.  142,  ix.  244-5,  x.  and  xi.  passim,  xiv,  U18,  xxi.  038,  .xxii.  18.  xxiii. 


viU^ 


ADDITIONAL  AUTHORITIES. 


437 


KO-1,  xxiv.  510,  XXV.  640,  744,  760,  807,  xxix.  64,  xxxvi.  666,  xli.  545-680, 
passim;  Times  and  Season,  i.  passim,  ii.  273-7,  iii.  593-6,  G82-3,  89i>-C,  iv.  paa- 
8111  V.  550,  658-9;  S.  L.  Deseret  News,  1850,  Aug.  10,  Oct.  5,  Dec.  14;  1851, 
Mnr  '22,  -June  14,  Nov.  15,  29,  Dec.  13,  27, 1852,  jmssim;  1853,  Feb.  5,  19,  Mar. 
i'l  .May  14,  July  9,  Oct.  29,  Dec.  1,  8;  1854,  Jan.  5,  Mar.  2,  May  11,  June 
•>'  Aug.  10,  Sept.  2J,  Oct.  5;  1855,  Jan.  4,  Feb.  22,  Apr.  4,  May  9,  July  25, 
Oct.  17,  Dec.  19;  1856,  Feb.  27,  Apr.  10,  May  14,  June  4,  July  2,  Aug.  G,  Oct. 
«•  l^,>7,  Jan.  21,  Mar.  18,  Apr.  15,  May  13,  Aug.  26,  Dec.  9,  23;  1858,  May 
lit,  June  9,  July  7,  Oct.  27;  1859,  Mar.  30,  May  11,  June  29,  Aug.  3,  Sept.  21; 
lt,(iO,  May  30,  June  13,  July  4,  Aug.  15,  Oct.  24,  Nov.  21;  18G1,  Jan.  2,  Mar. 
(i  .Apr.  3,  May  15,  Sept.  11;  1862,  Feb.  26,  July  2,  Sept.  17;  18C3,  Mar.  18, 
May  0,  July  15,  Sept.  16;  1864,  Mar.  9,  June  1,  Aug.  17,  Oct.  19,  Nov.  30, 
l\c.  7;  1805,  Mar.  22,  June  7,  July  12,  Oct.  12;  1866,  Mar.  8,  Apr.  12,  May 
3  Aug.  30,  Oct.  3,  24;  1807,  Jan.  23,  Feb.  13,  May  8,  June  12,  Aug.  7,  Dec. 
23;  ItJGS,  Feb.  12,  July  1,  Aug.  19,  Dec.  23;  1869,  Feb.  10,  Apr.  28,  June  2, 
Sept.  29,  Oct.  13;  1870,  J.an.  26,  June  8,  Aug.  10;  1871,  Mar.  15,  June  14; 
1S72  Jan.  24,  Mar.  6,  June  12,  July  31;  1873,  Feb.  12,  Aug.  27,  Oct.  15,  Nov. 
1<):  1S74,  Feb.  4,  July  3,  15;  1875,  Feb.  3,  June  30,  July  21,  Oct.  20;  1876, 
F(  1).  2,  July  19,  Sept.  20,  Oct.  11,  Nov.  29;  1877,  Feb.  14,  Apr.  11,  July  4, 
An-'.  8.  Sept.  26;  1808,  Mar.  13,  Sept.  11,  Nov.  13;  1879,  Mar.  12,  Sept.  10, 
Nov.  1!);  Taylor's Remin.,  MS.,  18-19;  Woodruff's  Pion.  Incid.,  MS.,  1;  Utah 
r.arlij  Records,  MS.,  passim;  Richard's  Bibliog.  Utah,  MS.,  8-14;  Richards' 
liar.  Emig.  to  Utah,  MS.,  1-2;  Cooke's  Theatr.  and  Soc.  Aff.  in  Utah,  MS., 
10-11;  Hyde's  Autobiog.,  MS.,  2;  Never's  Nev.  Pion.,  MS.,  1-2;  Richards'  In- 
cifkhts  in  Utah  Hist.,  MS.,  82;  Kanesville  (Iowa)  Frontier  Quard'mn,  1849-51, 
l-assiin;  1852,  Jan.  9;  Livjbrth's  Route  from  Lirerpool,  1-22,  81-108,  117-20; 
Hall's  Mormonism,  E.tposedy  \Q^-5;  Smith's  Rise,  Progress,  and  Travels,  etc.,  31, 
,3.3-7;  Pratt  (0.),  in  Ut(th  Pioneers,  83d  Ann.,  27-8;  /(/.,  in  Millennial  Star,  x. 
214-5;  Id.,  Series  of  Pamphlets,  no.  7,  1-16;  Pratt's  (P.  P.)  AiUobiog.,  .348- 
62,  383,  398,  414-2G,  428-55,  458-65;  Utah  Pamphlets,  Religious,  no.  1,  9-14; 
riah,  Perpetual  Emigrating  Fund,  MS.,  passim;  Honolulu,  ( H.  I.)  Friend,  iv. 
13.3,  151;  Olshaiisen's  Mormoiien,  1G5-7,  192;  Busch's  Otsch.  Mormonen,  320- 
30;  Bert  rand's  Mem.  Mormonen,  73-4,  284-90;  Richards'  Narrative,  MS.,  30-8; 
Rhhards'  (Mrs)  Reminiscences,  MS.,  34-5;  Snow  (Lorenzo),  in  Millennial 
Star.  .\ii.  370-4;  Mactay's  The  Mormons,  116,  246-7,  260-75;  Smucker'a  Hist, 
of  Mormons,  302-3;  Stenhonse's  ( Mrs  T.  B.  H.)  Expos^  of  Poli/'iamy,  19-25, 
27-32;  M,  Tell  It  All,  91,  101-2, 105-G,  118-19,  171-96,  216-18;  Gunnison,  The 
Mormons,  64-7,  143-4;  Burton,  Citii  of  the  Saints,  5-7,  lGa-70,  275-9,  359-66; 
Beadle's  Life  in  Utah,  l.')9-G7,  233-70,  527-32;  Ferris'  Utah  and  the  Mormom, 
3S-!t,  1G3-4,  178.  318-22;  Waite  (Mrs  C.  V.),  The  Mormon  Prophet,  etc.,  144- 
hl;  Kidder's  Mormonum,  etc.,  200;  Smucktr's  Hist,  of  Mormons,  131,  297-302, 
4;:s-l»;  Tucker,  Mormonism,  168,  213-21,  277;  Utah  Scraps,  5,  13, 17;  Lyon's 
Harp  of  Zion,  17-19,  41-2,  64-6;  Snow  (Eliza),  Poems,  i.  219,  260-70;  Roe's 
W'eMwurdby  Rail,  118-43;  S.  L.  City  Contributor,  ii.  59-61, 147-8,  177.  iii.  128; 
Frris'  (Mrs  G.  B.)  The  Mormons  at  Home,  69-70.  1G3,  172-215;  Robinson's 
■'^inmrs  and  Saints,  1G7,  181,  196-205;  Hediock  (R.),  in  Millennial  Star,  v. 
l."4-.');  Utah  Pioneers,  33d  Ann.,  passim;  Juvenile  Inst.,  xiv.  143,  xv.  21-129, 
pissirn;  Young  ( Ann  Eliza),  Wife  No.  19,  IGG-SO;  Remy  and Brenrhley,  Journey 
toO.S.  L.  City,  ii.  194-226,314-15;  Sac,  Placer  Times,  Aug.  \,  1849;  Lee(Jno. 
D. ),  Morm.  Unveiled,  97-108;  Vctromile,  A  Tour,  etc.,  71-2;  Amer.  Almanac, 
1SJ7,  338;  1858,  338;  Mrrhire,  Three  Thousand  Miles,  etc.,  184-6;  U.  S.  Bur. 
■•I'.S'  ilis.,  no.  2,  179-80,  188;  Coyner's  Letters,  ii.  passim;  Todd's  Sunset  Land, 
2  4;  Spencer  (0.),  in  Taylor's  Govt  of  God,  passim;  Circular  from  the 
Tinlve.  etc.,  1,  3;  Young's  Jour,  of  Disc,  ii.  49-74;  A  String  of  Pearls,  paa.siin; 
.^/•eiieer's  Labors  in  the  Vineyard,  9-Gl ;  Kimball's  Gems  for  Young  Folks,  2G-9; 
r.  .S.  Comr  Ind.  Aff.  Rept,  185G,  229-30;  1871,  173,  188,  191-2;  Utah,  Jour. 
I'-jis.,  1854-5,  102-3;  Acts,  1855-0,  33-41;  1SG6,  111-12;  Marshall's  Through 
Amer.,  22.>-7;  Hist.  Mag.,  iii.  85;  Hyde's  Mormon.,  191-2;  Stat.  Rept  Slakes 
o/Zi'vi,  MS.,  passim;  Nor.  Amer.  Rev.,  xcv.  191-2;  Dall's  First  Holiday,  99- 
1U4;  Bowles'  Our  New  West,  211-12;  L\/e  among  the.  Momwns,  159-73;  Jon- 


48S 


MISSIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 


veaux,  L'Amerique,  242-3;  Carvalho's  Incid.  of  Travel,  144-5;  Huber'n  Hound 
the  World,  100-5;  CoTneltanl'n  Civ.  Inconnuen,  20-5;  JJonwick's  Morm.  awl  Sil- 
ver Alines,  106;  (JodmarCa  Round  Trip,  274;  Paddock's  Fate  of  Mme.  La  Tuur 
350-2;  Ward's  Husband  in  Ulalt,  36,  111-23,  278;  Corren.  Palestine  TouristA' 
passim;  S.  L.  Herald,  1877,  June  16;  1878,  Oct  31;  1879,  Mar.  22,  Apr.  j' 
Aug.  10,  Nov.  13;  1880,  Feb.  6,  June  17;  Telegragh,  1868,  Aug.  5, 17, 18,  Sept. 
15,  25;  Tribune,  1876,  Apr.  29;  1877,  June  2,  6,  Aug.  31,  Oct.  25,  Nov.  2;  S 
F.  Alia,  1854,  Mar.  10,  Apr.  27;  1856,  Nov.  17,  Dec.  9;  1857,  May  15,  June 
14,  Sept.  7,  Oct.  13;  1858,  Jan.  6,  21,  Apr.  13,  May  29,  June  13,  '27,  Aug.  a 
10;  1863,  July  6;  1867,  June  25;  1808,  Aug.  4;  1809,  May  14,  Nov.  6;  1S70, 
Oct.  9;  1873,  Sept.  21 ;  1878,  July  1 ;  Bulletin,  1856,  Julv  31 ;  1857,  May  15,  Oct. 
21;  1861,  Oct.  3;  1863,  June  29,  July  9,  11,  Aug.  6;  1864,  Aug.  22,  Nov.  11; 
1865,  July  29;  1866,  May  14;  1867,  Sept.  13;  1868,  May  25;  1870,  Aug.  ](]■ 

1872,  June  13,  Nov.  20;  1873,  Apr.  12;  1877,  June  15,  July  17;  1881,  May  4, 
July  8,  22,  Aug.  12,  Nov.  3;  1883,  June  11,  July  2,  Sept.  5.  Nov.  14,  24; 
Call,  1863,  Dec.  1;  1864,  July  8,  23;  1805,  Feb.  21,  June  21,  July  13;  1SG7, 
Feb.  15,  Mar.  31;  1868,  July  14,  Sept.  5;  1869,  Aug.  21;  1870,  Oct.  6;  1871, 
Oct.  6;  1872,  May  2;  1873,  July  14;  1875;  Chronicle,  1879,  Aug.  6,  20;  1S84, 
June  22;  Examiner,  1878,  July  22;  Gold.  Era,  1865,  June  18,  July  25;  Ilemld, 
1850,  Aug.  1;  1851,  July  25;  1852,  June  4;  1853,  Feb.  12;  1854,  June  20,  Aug. 
6;  1855,  Feb.  9,  Juno  4;  Pac.  Churchman,  1868,  Nov.  5;  1870,  Nov.  24;  Post, 
1876,  June  3;  Times,  1867,  July  16;  1868,  Aug.  6,  14,  Sept.  2;  1869,  Apr.  8, 
13,  July  3,  Sept.  17;  .Sac.  Union,  1855,  July  2,  Sept.  20;  1856,  May  17,  June 
24;  1857,  Juno  26,  July  1,  14,  15,  Aug.  1,  12,  Sept.  21,  Oct.  5,  Nov.  5;  183s, 
Mar.  15;  1859,  June  21,  Nov.  2;  1860,  Sept.  24,  Oct.  6;  1861,  Aug.  22,  May 
17;  1867,  Aug.  5;  S.  Jos4  Mercury,  Aug.  31,  1871;  PrescoU  (Ariz.)  Miner, 

1873,  Aug.  9;  1879,  Apr.  4;  Roseburg  (Or.)  Plaindealer,  Aug.  2,  1879;  Ai^toiia 
Aslorian,  Oct.  12,  1878;  Or.  City  Argus,  Sept.  1,  1855;  Salem  (Or.) Statesman, 
1854,  Sept.  26;  1850,  Dec.  2;  1857,  Sept.  15,  29,  Nov.  3;  1858,  Jan.  5;  JJdrna 
(Mont. )  Republican,  Sept.  6, 1866;  Olympia  (  Wash.)  Standard,  Oct.  25,  IstiJ; 
Gold  Hill  (Xev.)News,  1863,  Oct.  28;  1866,  Mar.  3;  1878,  Oct.  30;  1880,  June 
15;  1881,  July  14;  Aujitin  Reese  Riv.  Reveil.,  Sept.  8, 1867;  Carson  State  Reijis., 
1871,  Mar.  30;  1872,  June  26;  Eureka  SetUiiiel,  1878,  Jan.  13. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 

1849-1853. 

Need  of  Civii,  Goveenment — The  State  of  Deseket  Organized— Mr- 
MORiAU  FOR  Admission  into  the  Union — Proposed  Consolidation 
WITH  Caufornia — Administration  of  Justice — Proceedings  of  tuk 
Legislature — Babbit's  Reception  at  Washington — The  State  of 
Ceseret  before  Congress — Act  to  Establish  a  Territorial  Gov- 
eunment — Appointment  of  Officials — III  Feeling  between  Them 
AND  THE  Mormons— The  Officials  Depart  for  Washington — 
Measdues  of  the  Legislative  Assembly— Stansbury's  Survey — 
The  Gunnison  Massacre — Indian  Outbreaks — The  Walker  War 
—Mexican  Slave-traders. 

Until  the  year  1849  the  Mormons  were  entirely 
under  the  control  of  their  ecclesiastical  leaders,  regard- 
ing the  presidency  not  only  as  their  spiritual  head,  but 
as  the  source  of  law  in  temporal  matters.  Disputes 
were  settled  by  the  bishops,  or,  as  they  were  also 
termed,  magistrates  of  wards,  appointed  by  the  presi- 
dency. The  brotherhood  discountenanced  litigation, 
as  before  mentioned,  but  the  population  did  not  con- 
sist entirely  of  members  of  the  church.  There  was 
already  in  their  midst  a  small  percentage  of  gentile 
citizens,  gathered,  as  we  have  seen,  from  nearly  all 
the  civilized  nations  of  the  earth.  It  was  probable 
that,  as  the  resources  of  the  territory  were  devel- 
oped, this  number  would  increase  in  greater  ratio,  and 
it  was  not  to  be  expected  that  they  would  always  re- 
main content  without  some  form  of  civil  government. 
Not  infrequently  litigation  arose  among  the  gentiles, 
or  between  Mormon  and  gentile;  and  though  strict 
justice  may  have  been  done  by  the  bishops,  it  was 


410 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


difficult  for  the  latter  to  believe  that  such  was  the 
case.  When  the  loser  appealed  to  the  presidency/  thiir 
judgment  always  contirnied  the  decision  of  the  bishops, 
aiul  hence  was  further  ground  for  dissatisfaction.  The 
saints  regarded  their  courts  as  divinely  connnissioiiLi] 
and  inspired  tribunals;  but  not  so  the  gentiles,  Iiy 
whom  reports  were  freely  circulated  of  what  they 
termed  the  lawless  oppression  of  the  Mormons.  Thus 
it  became  advisable  to  establish  for  the  benefit  of  all 
some  judicial  authority  that  could  not  be  questioiud 
b}-^  any,  whether  members  of  the  church  or  not,  aiul 
this  authority  must  be  one  that,  being  recognized  hy 
the  government  of  the  United  States,  would  have  the 
support  of  its  laws  and  the  shield  of  its  protection. 
Further  than  this,  if  the  Mormons  neglected  to  es- 
tablish such  government,  the  incoming  gentiles  would 
do  so  erelong. 

Early  in  1849,  therefore,  a  convention  was  sum- 
moned of  *•  the  inhabitants  of  that  portion  of  Upj)er 
California  lying  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains," 
and  on  the  4th  of  March  assembled  at  Salt  Lake  City. 
A  committee*  was  appointed  to  draught  a  constitution, 
under  which  the  people  might  govern  themselves 
until  congress  should  otherwise  provide  by  law.  A 
few  days  later  the  constitution  was  adopted,  and  a 
provisional  government  organized,  under  the  name  of 
the  State  of  Deseret.'  An  immense  tract  of  country 
was  claimed,  extending  from  latitude  33°  to  the  border 
of  Oregon,  and  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  together  with  a  section  of  the  territory 
now  included  in  southern  California,  and  the  strip  of 


S'!:i- 


'  The  president  desired  no  litigation  among  his  people.  '  Most  of  tlieiii,' 
he  said,  '  iiave  learned  that  it  is  a  condescension  far  beneath  them,  and  tliat 
it  opens  a  wide  door,  when  indulged  in,  for  the  admission  of  every  unclean 
spirit.'  Hist.  B.  Young,  1852,  MS.,  15. 

"Albert  Carrington,  Joseph  L.  Hey  wood,  William  W.  Phelps,  David  Full- 
mer, John  S.  Fullmer,  Charles  C.  Rich,  John  Taylor,  Parley  P.  Pratt,  Joliti 
M.  Bernhisel,  and  Erastus  Snow.   Utah  Early  Records,  MS.,  51. 

'Tlie  word  'Deseret'is  taken  from  the  book  of  Mormon,  and  means  honey- 
bee. As  it  is  written  ia  the  book  of  Ether  of  the  i)eople  who  came  over  tlio 
great  water  from  tlie  old  world  to  the  new:  'And  tiiey  did  also  carry  with 
them  "deseret,"  which,  by  interpretation,  is  a  honey-bee.' 


'iy* 


THE  STATE  OF  DESERET. 


441 


coast  lying  between  Lower  California  and  118°  30'  of 
wi->t  longitude.*  Tlie  seat  of  government  was  to  be 
at  Siilt  Lake  City,  and  its  powers  were  to  be  divided,  as 
in  oilier  states,  into  tiiree  branches,  the  legislative,  ex- 
ecutive, and  judiciary.  The  legislative  authority  was 
to  be  vested  in  a  general  assembly,  consisting  of  a  sen- 
ate and  house  of  representatives,  both  to  be  elected 
by  the  ])eop!e.*  The  executive  power  was  placed  in 
the  hands  of  a  governor,  elected  as  elsewhere  for  four 
years;"  a  lieutenant-governor,  who  was  chosen  for  tho 

*  After  the  preamble,  in  which  it  is  stated  that  since  the  treaty  with  Mex- 
ico nil  civil  organization  originating  with  that  republic  was  abrogated,  and 
tliat  congress  had  failed  to  provide  for  the  civil  government  of  the  territory 
lyiuf,'  in  tlia  great  interior  busin  of  Upper  C'alifoniia,  or  any  portion  of  it,  tlio 
constitution  declares:  'We,  the  people,  grateful  to  the  supri'me  being  for  the 
blLssiii_i,'s  hitherto  enjoyed,  and  feeling  our  dependence  on  him  for  a  continu- 
ation ot  tiiosc  blessings,  do  ordain  and  establish  a  free  and  independent  gov- 
crnniint  by  the  name  of  the  State  of  Dcseret,  including  all  the  territory  of 
the  United  States  within  tho  following  boundaries,  to  wit:  coniinciieing  at 
the  Sod  degree  of  north  latitude,  where  it  crosses  the  108th  degree  of  longi- 
tude west  of  CJreenwich;  thence  running  south  and  west  to  tlie  northern 
boundary  of  Mexico;  thence  west  to  and  down  the  main  channel  of  the  Gila 
Iiiver,  on  the  northern  line  of  Mexico,  and  on  the  northern  boundary  of  Lower 
Californiii  to  tlio  Pacific  Ocean;  whence  along  the  coast  north-westerly  to  1  IS" 
.So'of  west  longitude;  thence  north  ta  where  the  said  lino  intersects  the  di- 
viding ridge  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountiiins;  thence  north  along  the  summit 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  to  the  dividing  range  of  niouutaius  that  isep- 
nrates  tho  waters  flowing  into  the  Columbia  Itiver  from  tho  waters  running 
into  tlu)  great  basin;  thence  easterly  along  tho  dividing  range  of  mountains 
tliat  separates  said  waters  flowing  into  tho  Columbia  River  on  tho  north  from 
tlic  waters  flowing  into  the  great  basin  on  the  south,  to  the  summit  of  the 
Wind  I!iver  chain  of  mountains;  thence  south-east  and  south  by  tho  dividing 
range  of  mountains  that  separates  tho  waters  flowing  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico 
from  the  waters  flowing  into  tho  gulf  of  California,  to  the  place  of  beginning, 
as  set  forth  in  a  map  drawn  by  Charles  I'reuss,  and  published  by  order  of  tho 
lenate  of  the  United  States  in  1S48.'  //.,  52-4;  JlUt.  B.  Yoiiiuj,  MS.,  passim; 
Bur/oii'-t  City  (/the  Saints,  350-1 ;  Muckay'a  The  Mormova,  258-1). 

^  Annual  sessions  of  the  general  assembly  were  to  be  held,  the  first  one  to 
convene  on  the  first  Monday  in  July  1849,  and  thereafter  on  the  first  Monday 
in  Dccomber,  imless  summoned  by  the  governor  of  the  state  during  the  inte- 
rim. Slembersof  the  house  of  representatives  were  elected  biennially.  They 
must  bo  at  least  twenty-five  years  of  age,  free  white  male  citizens  of  tlie 
United  States,  residents  of  the  state  for  one  year  preceding  their  election, 
and  of  the  district  or  county  30  days  preceding.  Senators  were  elected  for 
four  years,  must  be  at  least  30  j'ears  of  age,  and  possess,  as  to  residence  and 
citizenship,  the  same  qualifications  as  representatives.  The  number  of  sena- 
tors must  not  be  less  than  one  third,  nor  more  than  one  half  that  of  tho  rep- 
rcsriiiativcs.  Each  house  was  to  choose  its  own  officers,  and  a  majority  in 
each  house  was  to  constitute  a  quorum  for  tho  transaction  of  business.  Each 
nicnd)cr  of  the  assembly  must  take  an  oath  or  alfirmation  to  support  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States  and  of  the  state  of  Deseret,  the  oath  to  be  ad- 
niinistcred  by  tho  members  to  each  other.  To  the  governor  was  granted  the 
usual  power  of  veto.   Utdh  Enrly  Hcrordu,  MS.,  54-6. 

''i'lic  qualifications,  powers,  and  duties  of  the  governor  were  similar  to 
those  of  the  governors  of  other  states. 


"' 

n,. 

! 

f    ■ 

'  j 

1 

442 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


^  :  ii 


same  term,  and  became  ex  officio  president  of  the  son- 
ate;  a  secretary  of  state;  an  auditor;  and  a  treasuior.' 
Tiie  judiciary  was  to  consist  of  a  supreme  court,  and 
such  inferior  courts  as  the  general  assembly  iu\*r\\t 
establish.  A  chief  justice  and  two  associate  JucIljcs 
were  to  be  elected  by  a  joint  vote  of  the  senate  and 
house  of  representatives.** 

All  free  white  male  residents  of  the  state  over  the 
age  of  twenty-one  were  allowed  a  vote  at  the  tirst 
election,'  and  all  between  the  ages  of  eighteen  jind 
forty-five,  except  those  exempt  by  the  laws  of  the 
United  States  and  of  the  state  of  Deseret,  were  to  be 
armed,  equipped,  and  trained  as  a  state  militia,  em- 
bodied a  few  weeks  later  in  the  Nauvoo  legio  i,  wliieii 
was  nr  ,7  reorganized  and  divided  into  two  coliurts, 
each  cohort  containing  four  regiments,  each  regiment 
two  battalions,  and  each  battalion  five  companies, 
Daniel  H.  Wells  being  major-general,  and  Jedediuh 
M.  Grant  and  Horace  S.  Eldredge  brigadier-generals. 


10 


'  The  returns  of  each  election  for  executive  officials  were  to  be  sealed  up 
and  transmitted  to  the  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives,  wlio,  during 
the  first  week  of  the  session,  must  open  and  publish  them  in  the  pruscucc  of 
both  houses.  They  were  required  to  take  the  same  oath  or  affirmation  as  did 
the  members  of  the  assemljly.  /(/.,  GO. 

'The  judges  were  to  hold  office  for  four  years,  or  until  their  successors 
were  elected. 

•No  person  in  the  service  of  the  U.  S.  government  was  to  be  considered 
a  resident  on  account  of  his  being  stationed  within  the  territory,  uidcsa 
otherwise  provided  by  law.  Vote  was  of  course  by  ballot.  Utah,  Acta  Lejisl. 
(ed.  1S55),  53. 

'"  Military  districts  were  organized,  one  in  each  county.  At  the  first  there 
were  only  sufficient  men  in  each  district  for  a  company  or  battalion.  As  the 
number  increased,  a  brigade  was  formed,  with  a  brigadier-general  in  com- 
mand, and  afterward  a  division,  in  charge  of  a  major-general.  Each  district 
made  returns  direct  to  the  adjutant-genurara  office.  Wells'  Narr.,  MS.,  10. 
In  May,  Charles  C.  lUch  and  Daniel  H.  Wells  of  the  committee  on  mili- 
tary ailairs  re|>orted  that  they  had  organized  the  legion.  Grant  was  brig- 
adier-general of  the  first  cohort,  John  S.  Fullmer  being  colonel  of  the 
fii-st  regiment,  Willard  Snow  major  of  the  first  battalion,  and  George  D. 
Grant  captain  of  the  'ii-st  company,  first  battalion.  The  first  regiment  con- 
sisted entirely  of  cavalry,  and  the  first  company,  first  battalion — termed  life- 
guards— of  selected  men,  whose  duty  it  was  to  protect  Salt  Lake  City  and  its 
vicinity  from  Indian  depredations.  Eldredge  was  in  command  of  the  second 
cohort,  with  John  Scott  as  colonel  of  the  first  regiment,  Andrew  Little  major 
of  the  first  battalion,  and  Jesse  P.  Harmon  captain  of  the  first  company,  lii'st 
battalion,  called  the  silver  grays,  and  composed  of  men  over  50  years  of  age. 
Tlie  second  and  third  companies  of  this  battalion  were  artillery.  The  second 
company,  second  battalion,  of  tliis  regiment  was  termed  the  juvenile  rifle 
company,  and  consisted  of  youths  under  eighteen.  Uist.  B.  Young,  MS.,  7D; 


THE  FIRST  GENERAL  ELECTION. 


44S 


ieir  successors 


On  the  12th  of  March  a  general  election  was  held 
a(  the  bowery  in  Salt  Lake  City,  this  being  the  first 
occasion  on  which  the  saints  had  met  for  such  a  pur- 
j)iiso.  For  the  successful  ticket  624  votes  were  polled, 
lJriL,fham  Young  being  chosen  governor;  Willard  Rich- 
ards, secretary;  Horace  S.  Eldredge,  marshal;  Daniel 
11.  Wells,  attorney -general ;  Albert  Carrington,  asses- 
sor and  collector;  Newell  K.  Whitney,  treasurer;  and 
Joseph  L.  Heywood,  supervisor  of  roads.  As  no  ses- 
sion of  the  assembly  had  yet  been  held,  the  judiciary 
was  also  elected  by  the  people,  Heber  C.  Kimball 
Uiiig  chosen  chief  justice,  and  John  Taylor  and 
Xowcll  K.  Whitney  associate  judges." 

The  general  assembly  was  first  convened  on  the  2d 
of  July,  and  on  the  3d  Willard  Snow,  being  appointed 
s[)eaker  of  the  house  of  representatives,  administered 
tlie  oath  or  affirmation  to  the  executive  officials. 

Thus  did  the  brethren  establish,  in  the  valley  of 
the  Great  Salt  Lake,  the  state  of  Deseret.  It  was 
certainly  a  novel  and  somewhat  bold  experiment  on 
the  part  of  the  saints,  mustering  then  little  more  than 
one  sixth  of  the  number  required  for  admission  as  a 
state,  t'ms  to  constitute  themselves  a  sovereign  and 
iiulopendent  people,  with  a  vast  extent  of  territory,  and 
calmly  await  the  action  of  congress  in  the  matter.  It 
Avill  be  remembered  that  they  themselves  had  lent  their 
aid,  in  howsoever  slight  degree,  in  wresting  a  portion 
of  this  territory  from  Mexico,  and  they  did  not  claim 
more  than  they  believed  that  they  could  in  time  sub- 
duo  and  occupy.    Already  they  felt  assured  that  prose- 

<S.  L.  City  Contributor,  ii.  177.  In  the  Deseret  News  of  Oct.  19,  1850,  is  an 
account  of  a  three  days'  muster  of  tlie  legion.  In  Id.,  Sept.  14,  24,  1850, 
Fob.  '22,  1851,  July  30,  1853,  are  copies  of  general  orders  issued  to  the  legion 
dining  certain  Indian  troubles,  of  which  more  later.  Other  general  orilcrs 
will  ho  found  in  /</.,  Dec.  8,  1853,  Jan.  20,  1854,  Oct.  3,  1855,  July  11,  Sept. 
10,  1850,  Apr,  1,  15,  June  17,  1857.  For  additional  items  concerning  the 
lotion,  see  Id.,  Jan.  25,  March  21,  Apr.  4,  1855;  S.  F.  Herald,  Feb.  22,  1854; 
iS'(».  Doc,  32d  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  no.  33;  Fulu-r's  Am.  SUit.  Ann.,  1854,  120; 
Burton'H  City  of  the  Saints,  40S. 

'•  Utah  Early  h'ecords,  MS.,  60;  Harrison's  Crit.  Notes  on  Utah.,  MS.,  5-C; 
S.  L.  City  Contributor,  ii.  177;  Smith's  liise.  Progress,  and  T rax '.Is,  19.  At 
tlie  same  election  25  magistrates  or  bishops  of  wards  were  elected.  The  num- 
ber of  votes  polled  was  G74.  I  list.  Ii.  Yoiuiy,  MS.,  1849.  p.  38. 


444 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


r 


:/( 


u 


lytea  would  gather  by  myriads  under  the  banner  of  the 
prophet.  Nor  was  their  assurance  unfounded;  for, as 
wo  have  seen,  not  less  than  fifteen  thousand  arrived 
in  the  valley  before  the  close  of  1852,  and  were  ((mi- 
tent  to  remain  there,  believing  that  they  had  found 
better  prospects  than  were  to  bo  had  even  in  tlie  gold- 
fields  of  California,  which  lay  but  a  few  weeks' journey 
beyond. 

The  !Mormons  did  not,  however,  hope  to  remain  an 
independent  republic,  nor  did  they  probably  wish  to 
do  so.  Well  they  knew  that  the  tide  of  westward- 
bound  migration,  soon  to  be  increased  by  the  estab- 
lishing of  a  stage  line  and  possibly  by  the  buildinj^ 
of  a  railroad,  which,  as  we  shall  see  later,  was  already 
projected,  would  sorely  disturb  the  peace  of  their  moun- 
tain homo  unless  their  claims  were  recognized  by  the 
United  States.  On  the  30th  of  April  a  memorial  had 
already  been  signed  by  more  than  two  thousand  i)cr- 
sons,  asking  for  a  "territorial  government  of  the  most 
liboial  construction  authorized  by  our  excellent  Ind- 
eral constitution,  with  the  least  possible  delay.""  i)\i 
the  5  th  of  July  Aim  on  W.  Babbitt  was  elected  dele- 
gate to  congress  in  a  joint  session  of  the  senate  and 
representatives,  and  on  the  6th  a  memorial  was  adopted 
by  the  representatives,  in  which  the  senate  concurred 
three  days  later,  asking  for  admission  as  a  state. 

The  latter  memorial  is  a  somewhat  remarkable  docu- 
ment, and  serves  to  show  the  slight  esteem  in  which 
the  Mormons  held  the  legislature  of  the  U  nited  States, 
and  the  unbounded  confidence  which  they  placed  in 
themselves.     Congress  is  reminded  that  it  has  failed 


"  In  the  preamble  we  read:  'Whereas  we  are  so  far  removed  from  all  civ- 

%cd  society  and  organized  govemmcnt,  and  also  by  natural  barriers  of  tnick- 

'ss  deserts,  everlasting  monntaina  of  snow,  and  savages  more  bloody  than 

ther,  BO  that  we  can  never  be  unitod  with  any  other  portion  of  the  country, 

territorial  or  state  legislature,  with  adv.intage  to  ourselves  or  others; . .  .and 

^     ercas  we  have  done  more  by  our  arms  and  influence  than  any  other  equal 

I.    nber  of  citizens  to  obtain  and  secure  this  country  to  the  government  of  tho 

L    ited  States;. .  .and  whereas  a  large  portion  of  this  territory  has  recently 

b    n  ceded  to  the  United  States' — then  follows  the  body  of  tlie  petition, 

V.    ich  was  signed  by  Brigham  on  the  SOtb,  2,270  signatuiea  having  been  ap- 

{tended  at  that  date.  Utah  Early  Jkcordu,  MS.,  75-7. 


MEMORIAL  TO  CONGRESS. 


445 


to  ]irov*i(le  a  civil  government  for  any  portion  of  t!io 
trriitory  ceded  by  the  republic  of  Mexico;  that  th« 
rcvoKnr  and  bowie-knife  have  so  for  been  tlie  law  of 
the  liuid;  and  that,  since  the  gold  discovery,  many 
tliitiisands  have  emigrated  to  California,  all  well  sup- 
jtliiil  with  the  implements  and  munitions  of  war. 
Fear.s  are  expressed  that,  through  the  failure  to  pro- 
vide civil  jurisdiction,  political  aspirants  may  subject 
the  government  to  great  loss  of  blood  and  treasure 
in  I'xtonding  its  authority  over  this  portion  of  the 
national  domain.  The  memorial  declares  that,  for 
tiioir  own  security,  and  for  the  preservation  of  the 
rights  of  the  United  States,  the  people  of  the  state 
(if  J)eseret  have  organized  a  provisional  government, 
uiiflcr  which  the  civil  policy  of  the  nation  is  duly  main- 
tained;" also  that  there  is  now  a  sufficient  number  of 
iiulividuals  to  support  a  state  government,  and  that 
thcv  have  erected  at  their  own  expense  a  hall  of  legis- 
lature which  will  bear  comparison  with  those  in  the 
older  states.  "Your  memorialists  therefore  ask  your 
lioiiorablo  body  to  favorably  consider  their  interests; 
and  if  consistent  with  the  constitution  and  usages  of 
the  federal  government,  that  the  constitution  accom- 
panying this  memorial  be  ratified,  and  that  the  state 
of  IJeseret  be  admitted  into  the  Union  on  an  equal 
footing  with  other  states,  or  to  such  other  form  of 
civil  government  as  your  wisdom  and  magnanimity 
may  award  to  the  people  of  Deseret;  and  upon  the 
adoption  of  any  form  of  government  here,  that  their 
delegate  be  received,  and  their  interests  pro})erly  and 
faithfully  represented  in  the  congress  of  the  United 
States."" 


"  Tlicn  follow  two  clauses  in  the  preamble  in  which  arc  mentioned  the 
natural  liarriers  between  the  state  of  Deserct  and  Dther  portions  of  the  Union, 
aini  tho  importance  of  meting  out  the  boundaries  of  state  i  and  tenitories  in 
siiili  ii  manner  that  the  heads  of  departments  may  bo  able  to  comimuiieate 
with  all  parts  of  the  U.  S.  territcij  with  as  little  delay  as  possible.  Next 
comes  a  brief  homily  on  the  science  of  j{OVemment  and  its  application  to  the 
s-atc  ot  Deseret.     A  copy  of  the  memorial  will  be  found  in  /</.,  87-90. 

"The  assembly  at  S.  L.  City  resolved  that  2.000  copies  of  the  memorial, 
togL'ilicr  with  copies  of  the  cousittution,  and  an  abstract  of  all  records,  jour< 


446 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


|:  ■ 


The  remarks  made  in  this  memorial  on  the  danger 
of  falling  to  provide  a  civil  government,  at  a  time 
when  California  was  occupied  by  thousands  of  armed 
and  resolute  men,  seem  the  more  pertinent  when  it  is 
remembered  that,  between  1846  and  1849,  occurred 
the  great  struggle  in  congress  on  the  question  of 
slavery  or  no  slavery  in  the  ceded  territory.  When 
congress  adjourned  on  the  4th  of  March,  1849,  all 
that  had  been  done  toward  establishing  some  form  of 
government  for  the  immense  domain  acquired  by  the 
treaty  with  Mexico  was  to  extend  over  it  the  revenue 
laws,  and  to  make  San  Francisco  a  port  of  entry. 
Thus  'Upper  California,*  as  the  entire  region  was  still 
termed,  had  at  this  time  the  same  political  status  as 
was  held  by  Alaska  between  1867  and  1884,  at  which 
latter  date  the  national  legislature  placed  that  terri- 
tory within  pale  of  the  law. 

It  is  worthy  of  note,  also,  that,  in  September  1840, 
the  people  of  California,  incensed  by  the  dilatory  action 
of  congress,  followed  the  example  of  the  Mormons  by 
framing  a  constitution  of  their  own.  On  the  6th  of 
that  month,  by  order  of  President  Taylor,  General 
John  Wilson,  then  United  States  Indian  agent,  held 
a  consultation  with  Brigham  Young,  Heber  C.  Kim- 
ball, Willard  Richards,  and  others,  with  a  view  to  the 
temporary  amalgamation  of  the  states  of  California 
and  Deseret,  in  order  to  avoid  possible  diflSculties  on 
the  slavery  question.  It  was  agreed  that  a  memorial 
should  be  drawn  up,  asking  for  a  convention  of  all  the 
people  of  Upper  California,  both  east  and  west  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  for  the  purpose  of  consolidating  the 
two  states  in  one  that  should  include  all  the  territory 
acquired  from  Mexico.  At  the  beginning  of  1851  the 
union  was  to  be  dissolved,  each  state  retaining  its  own 
constitution,  and  the  people  being  allowed  to  deter- 
mine for  themselves  to  which  they  would  beloni^. 
John  Wilson  and  Amasa  Lyman  were  sent  as  dele 

nals,  and  other  docnmenta  pertaining  to  the  organization  of  the  state,  be 
printed  and  furnished  to  members  of  congress.  Id.,  UO-i. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  JTSTICE. 


447 


gates  to  California,  and  presented  the  memorial  to  the 
legislature;  but  the  governor  of  that  state,  reviewing 
the  proposals  in  his  message,  one  by  one,  condemned 
tlu'in  all.  "  The  two  communities  were  too  far  apart," 
ho  declared,  "  to  be  combined  even  temporarily,  and 
Texas  and  Maine  might  as  well  have  been  made  one 
state  as  Deseret  and  California."  Thereupon  the 
legislature  refused  to  entertain  the  memorial,  and 
nothing  was  accomplished." 

While  Babbitt  and  his  colleagues"  are  fulfilling 
their  mission  to  Washington,  let  us  inquire  how  justice 
is  administered  and  the  affairs  of  the  people  managed 
in  the  self-constituted  state  of  Deseret,  through  which 
lay  tlie  principal  routes  to  the  gold-fields  of  California. 
Some  of  the  emigrant  parties  arrived  at  Salt  Lake  City 
with  no  effects  save  their  jaded  cattle,  the'r  wag  3ns, 
and  a  scant  outfit,  while  others  brought  with  them  val- 
uable merchandise,  for  which  they  hoped  to  find  a  mar- 
ket in  the  mining  camps.  When  they  made  a  division 
of  their  property,  as  frequently  happened  on  arriving 
in  the  valley,  difficulties  arose  among  them,  and  the 
discontented  parties  applied  for  redress  to  the  courts 
of  Deseret.  In  these  instances  there  is  suflScient  evi- 
dence that  impartial  justice  was  rendered,*"  and  what- 
ever the  decision,  appeal  to  a  higher  court  was  useless, 
for  the  judgment  was  invariably  confirmed.  If  the 
losing  party  rebelled,  or  expressed  in  unseeml}'  lan- 
guage his  opinion  of  Mormon  justice,  he  was  severely 
fined,  or  sometimes  imprisoned  for  a  term  long  enough 
to  teach  iiim  respect  for  the  civil  law. 

Trespass  of  emigrants"  cattle  on  the  imperfectly 

"Co/.  Sen.  Jovr.  1850,  429-42,  1296;  Frontier  Guardian,  May  29,  1S50; 
Df^nt  News,  July  6,  1850;  Utah  Early  ReconU,  MS.,  94-o;  Uitt.  B.  Young, 
MS.,  1850-1, 

'"  K.  L.  Oampuell,  Oliver  O.  Workman,  and  Edg»r  Blodgett.  (jlah  Early 
Heeonh,  MS.,  03. 

"  Lieut  Gunnison  and  Capt.  Stansbnry,  who  may  be  coosidered  impartial 
obscn-ers,  both  state  that  this  was  the  case.  The  former  aays:  'There  wa* 
every  appearance  of  impartiality  and  strict  justice  done  to  all  parties.'  The 
Monnonn,  G5.  The  latter  remarks:  '  .Justice  was  equitably  adminicteredalik* 
to  uaiut  and  gentile.'  Expedition  to  Valley  of  O.  S.  Lake.  130. 


448 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORT. 


fenced  lands  of  the  Mormons  was  a  frequent  cause  of 
trouble  between  saint  and  gentile.  For  this  a  fine 
was  imposed,  and  the  injured  party  must  be  fully 
recompensed.  Protests  were  often  made  and  the  case 
taken  before  the  bishops,  but  the  only  result  was  that 
the  costs  were  added  to  the  original  demand.  From 
the  ruling  of  the  bishop,  who  acted  somewhat  in  the  ca- 
pacity of  county  court  judge,  an  appeal  was  sometimes 
made  to  the  bench  of  bishops;  but  seldom  to  any  pur- 
pose. A  final  appeal  could  be  made,  however,  to  Brig- 
ham,  who  administered  practical  justice  in  patriarchal 
fashion,  and  whose  opinion  of  the  bishops  was  the  re- 
verse of  flattering.  *'  They  are  not  fit  to  decide  a  case 
between  two  old  women,  let  alone  two  men,"  he  re- 
marked on  one  occasion,  while  at  the  same  time  he 
threatened  to  dismiss  the  entire  bench  if  they  did  not 
improve. 

The  organization  of  a  civil  government  was  intended 
mainly  for  the  better  control  of  the  gentiles,^^  since, 
to  its  own  members,  the  authority  of  the  church 
sufficed.  The  judicial  system  of  the  saints  was 
founded  on  the  doctrines  of  the  book  of  Mormon 
rather  than  on  common  law,  and  later,  as  we  shall 
see,  became  obnoxious  to  federal  judges  and  lawyers, 
none  of  whom  succeeded  in  making  much  impression 
on  the  pockets  of  the  community.  For  other  reasons 
the  Mormon  code  was  distasteful,  especially  so  far  as 
it  related  to  women.  To  marry  out  of  the  church 
was  an  offence.  Those  who  had  been  sealed  were 
advised  not  to  cast  in  their  lot  with  the  gentiles;" 
any  one  found  guilty  of  seducing  a  Mormon's  wife 
must  surely  be  pat  to  death."*^ 

"  Although  we  read  in  Dortriue  and  Covenants,  332,  '  We  believe  that  all 
governments  necessarily  req<iire  civil  officers  and  magistrates  to  enforce  the 
laws  of  tlie  same.' 

"Gunuison  relates  an  instance  where  an  emigrant,  on  his  way  to  Califor- 
nia, took  in  liis  train,  at  her  own  request,  a  woman  who  reiiresented  that  the 
person  to  wlioni  she  was  sealed  had  not  visited  or  provided  for  her  for  three 
years,  and  that  she  wish'-d  to  join  a  young  man  in  California  to  whom  she 
had  heen  betrothed.  When  aljout  100  miles  from  Salt  Lake  City  he  was 
overtjdvcn  by  a  party  of  Mormons  and  conipelleil  to  surrender  the  woman. 
Thr  Moiinong,  7-. 

*'  At  the  tiial  of  a  man  named  Egan  for  killing  ..he  seducer  of  a  Morraoa 


THE  MORMON  POLITY. 


449 


•  of  a  Morrooo 


As  with  the  judiciary  so  with  the  legislature.  The 
people  were  iustructed  by  their  spiritual  law-givers 
whom  to  elect  as  law-makers  in  matters  temporal, 
and  these  were  always  the  dignitaries  of  the  church. 
Vote  by  ballot  obtained,  indeed,  in  name,  but  there 
was  practically  no  freedom  of  election,  and  there  were 
seldom  even  opposing  candidates,  the  strife  between 
political  parties,  as  republican  and  democrat,  being 
something  unknown  among  them.  It  is  this  that  the 
pfeiitiles  find  fault  with ;  though  the  Mormons  boasted, 
they  say,  and  btill  boast  of  this  feature  in  their  polity, 
as  showing  the  harmony  which  prevails  in  their  midst, 
it  is  in  fact  tyranny,  and  tyranny  of  the  worst  kind — 
au  oligarchy  with  the  form  but  without  any  of  the  spirit 
of  republican  institutions.  Here  we  have  one  of  the 
worst  phases  of  Mormoaism.  It  must  be  remenj- 
bered,  however,  that  a  great  majority  of  the  Mormons 
were  foreigners  or  of  foreign  extraction,  most  of  them 
being  men  who  had  never  enjoyed  political  rights, 
and  therefore  did  not  miss  them  in  the  land  of  their 
adoption. 

In  the  proceedings  of  the  general  assembly  of  the 
state  of  Deseret  there  is  little  worthy  of  record,  and 
tluit  little  relates  mainly  to  municipal  affairs,  and  the 
establishment  of  courts  of  justice,  no  expense  being 
incurred  for  this  or  other  branches  of  government.''^ 
During  the  winter  of  1849-50  a  portion  of  the  terri- 
tory was  divided  into  counties,  which  were  named  Salt 
Luke,  Weber,  Utah,  San  Pete,  Tooele,  and  Juab.*-  To 
those  were  added,  in  1850,  Iron  county;  in  1851,  Mil- 
woman,  during  the  husband's  absence,  the  judge  declared:  'The  principle,  tlie 
utily  one  that  beats  and  throbs  through  tlie  heart  of  the  entire  inhabitants  of 
this  trrritory,  is  simply  this;  The  man  who  seduces  his  neighbor's  wife  must 
dif,  and  her  nearest  relative  must  kill  him.'  Id.,  72.  See  also  Utah  Early 
Rcmi^,  JIS.,  150-GO. 

"  Utah  Early  Record",  MS.,  117. 

'*  Third  General  Upislle  of  the  Twelve,  in  Frontier  Guardian,  June  12,  ISJO, 
where  the  two  last  are  spelled  Yoab  uud  Tuille.  In  Smitft's  /?i,,e,  Proijren<,  a  ad 
Travels.  20,  it  is  stated  that  Juab  county  was  not  organized  until  18.')2.  Tlie 
same  statement  is  made  in  Utah  Sketchen,  106.  Juab  is  a  Ute  word,  signify- 
uig  flat  or  level.  San  Pete,  sometimes  called  Sanpitch,  wna  the  name  of  aa 
Indian  chief.  Weber  is  named  after  an  explorer  along  the  river  of  that  name. 
Richards'  Utah  Mi<icdl.,  MS.,  1. 

Hdst.  XJTAB.     29 


4,j0 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


li^■n 


■f  ■ 


lard  and  Box  Elder  counties;  and  in  1852,  Washing- 
ton county.  The  limits  of  Davis  county  were  settled 
as  early  as  1848,  and  the  boundaries  of  several  other 
counties,  together  with  the  county  seats,  were  defined 
in  1850."  Acts  were  jDassed  whereby  it  was  ordered 
that  county  courts  should  be  established,  and  judges, 
clerks,  and  sheriffs  appointed  for  each,  together  with 
justices  and  constables  for  the  several  precincts.  At 
Salt  Lake  City,  the  supreme  court  was  to  hold  annual 
sessions,  and  a  system  of  jurisprudence  was  instituted, 
whereby  every  case,  whether  civil  or  criminal,  could 
receive  a  hearing  before  the  proper  oflScers,  and  be 
determined  without  delay,  according  to  law  and  equity. 
In  January  1851  Salt  Lake  City  was  incorporated^* 
by  charter  of  the  general  assembly,  powers  being 
granted  to  levy  and  collect  taxes;  to  establish  a  sys- 
tem of  common  schools;  to  provide  a  water  supply;  to 
open  streets,  light  them,  and  keep  them  in  repair; 
to  organize  a  police;  and  to  tax,  regulate,  restrain,  or 
suppress  gambling-houses,  houses  of  ill-fame,  and  the 
sale  of  spirituous  and  fermented  liquors.'"'  Acts  of 
incorporation  were  also  passed,  between  this  date  and 
1865,  for  Pay  son,  Tooele,  Palmyra,  Parowan,  Nephi, 
Springville,  Lehi,  Manti,  American  Fork,  Pleasant 
Grove,  Spanish  Fork,  Fillmore,  Cedar  City,  Ogden, 
and  Provo,^  the  privileges  granted  being  similar  to 
those  conferred  on  the  capital. 

^  Utah,  Comp>'ml.  Lawi,  113-18.  For  organization  of  Millard  co.,  see 
Utah,  Acts  f.fiiiifl.  (ed.  ISoo),  224.  It  was  called  after  Millard  Fillmore: 
Davis  CO,  after  Capt.  Dans  of  tlie  ilorrn.  battalion;  Iron  co.,  of  coui-se,  from 
the  deposits  of  iron  ore  found  thereabout;  and  Box  Elder  from  the  trees  ou 
Box  Elder  creek.  Rkhards'  Utah  MiscelL,  MS.,  7. 

"Jedediah  M.  Grant  was  appointed  mayor;  Nathaniel  H.  Felt,  Willuim 
Snow,  Jesso  P.  ITarnion.  and  Nathaniel  V.  Jones,  aldermen;  Vincent  Shirt 
leff,  Benjamin  L.  Clapp,  Zera  Pulsipher,  William  G.  Perkins,  Lewis  Robinson, 
Harrison  Burgess,  Jeter  Clinton,  John  L.  Dunyon,  and  Samuel  W.  Richards, 
councillore.  JM-^erct  Newf,  Jua.  11,  1S51.  See  also  TullUge'sHist.S.  L.  City. 
77,  where  the  name  of  Lewis  Robinson  does  not  appear  in  the  list  of  councillors. 

»  Utah,  Acts  Lojid.  (cd.  18J5),  04-72;  TuUidge's  Hist.  S.  L.  City,  72-1 
In  1860  this  charter  was  repealed,  and  a  new  act  of  incorporation  passed.  Ir. 
1864  'an  act  amending  the  charter  of  Great  Salt  Lake  City'  passed  the  legi^:- 
lative  assembly,  and  was  approved  by  the  governor.  Utah,  Acts  LegUL  (ed. 
1866),  113-20. 

**Id.  (ed.  1855),  74-102,  321-57;  (ed.  1866),  120-72;  Utah,  Comp.  Law^, 
770,  823-42;  Deseret  News,  Feb.  19,  1853. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSEMBLY. 


451 


Perhaps  the  most  remarkable  feature  in  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  assembly  is  the  liberality  with  which 
valuable  timber  and  pasture  lands  and  water  privi- 
leo-es  were  granted  to  favored  individuals.  By  act  of 
December  9,  1850,  the  control  of  City  Creek  and 
canon  was  granted  to  Brigham  Young,  who  was  re- 
quired to  pay  therefor  the  sum  of  five  hundred  dollars. 
A  month  later  the  right  to  the  timber  in  the  cafions 
of  the  mountain  range  that  lay  to  the  west  of  the 
Jordan  was  bestowed  on  George  A.  Smith.  To  Ezra 
T.  Benson  was  granted  the  control  of  the  timber  in 
the  canons  and  mountains  at  the  entrance  of  Tooele 
Valley,  of  the  canons  between  that  point  and  Salt 
Lake  Valley,  and  of  the  waters  of  Twin  and  Rock 
Springs  in  Tooele  Valley.  To  Heber  C.  Kimball 
were  given  the  waters  of  North  Mill  Creek  canon — all 
these  grants,  with  the  exception  of  the  first,  being 
made  without  consideration.'*'^ 


On  his  arrival  at  Washington,  Babbitt  met  with  a 
somewhat  cool  reception.  That  the  Mormons,  not 
deigning  to  pass  through  the  years  of  their  political 
minority,  should  now  ask  admission  as  a  state,  and 
meanwhile  constitute  themselves  a  free  and  independ- 
ent community,  an  imperium  in  imperio,  issuing  full- 
fledged,  as  did  Minerva  from  the  cranium  of  Jove, 
into  the  society  of  republics,  was  a  proceeding  that  of 
course  failed  to  meet  with  the  approval  of  congress. 
The  memorial,  accompanied  by  the  constitution  of  the 
state  of  Deseret,  was  presented  to  the  senate  on  the 
27th  of  December,  1849,  by  Stephen  A.  Douglas, 
who  moved  that  it  be  referred  to  the  committee  on 
territories,*^  and  about  one    month  later   it  was  so 

'■'  Utah,  Acta  Legist,  (ed.  1855),  63-4,  7-2-3. 

"On  Dec.  Slst,  Joseph  R.  Underwood  of  Kentucky  presented  a  memorial 
frwu  William  Smith  and  Isaac  Sheen — the  former  a  brother  of  the  prophet — 
representing  themselyes  to  be  the  legitimate  presidents  of  the  churcn  of  Jcftus 
Girist  of  latter-day  saints,  and  from  twelve  members  of  that  church.  It  is 
there  set  forth  that,  prior  to  the  migration  from  Nauvoo,  1,500  of  the  Mor- 
mons liad  taken  the  following  oath :  '  Yon  do  solemnly  swear,  in  the  presence  of 
almighty  God,  his  holy  angels,  and  these  witnesses,  that  you  will  avenge  the 
blood  of  Joseph  Smith  upon  this  nation,  and  so  teach  your  children;  and  that 


452 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


referred.*"  On  the  28th  of  January,  1850,  it  was 
ordered  by  the  house  of  representatives  that  a  me- 
morial presented  by  the  delegate  praying  to  be  admitted 
to  a  seat  in  that  body  be  referred  to  the  committee 
on  elections.  '  The  committee  unanimously  recom- 
mended the  adoption  of  the  following  resolution: 
"That  it  is  inexpedient  to  admit  Almon  W.  Babbitt, 
Esq.,  to  a  seat  in  this  body,  as  a  delegate  to  the 
alleged  state  of  Deseret."  In  a  committee  of  the 
whole  the  report  of  the  committee  on  elections  was 
read,  and  among  the  reasons  alleged  against  the  ad- 
mission of  Babbitt  the  following  is  most  cogent: 
"The  memorialist  comes  as  the  representative  of  a 
state;  but  of  a  state  not  in  the  Union,  and  therefore 
not  entitled  to  a  representation  here;  the  admission 
of  Mr  Babbitt  would  be  a  quasi  recognition  of  the 
legal  existence  of  the  state  of  Deseret;  and  no  act 
should  be  done  by  this  house  which,  even  by  implica- 
tion, may  give  force  and  vitality  to  a  political  organi- 
zation extra-constitutional  and  independent  of  the 
laws  of  the  United  States."  After  considerable  de- 
bate the  report  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  108  to  77, 
and  the  state  of  Deseret  thus  failed  to  receive  recog- 
nition from  congress.'^ 

you  will  from  this  day  henceforth  and  forever  begin  and  carry  out  hostility 
against  this  nation,  and  keep  the  san: '  a  profound  secret  now  and  ever.  So 
help  you  God.'  The  memorial  was  referred  to  the  committee  on  territories 
Cong.  Globe,  1849-50,  xxi.  92.  A  second  memorial  from  the  same  parties 
was  presented  to  Mr  Underwood  on  March  14,  1850,  preferring  grievous  com 
plaints  against  the  people  of  Deseret,  and  stating  that  the  Mormons  arounl 
Council  Bluffs  controlled  the  post-oflSce  in  that  district  and  obstructed  tin; 
free  circulation  of  newspapers.  It  was  referred  to  the  committee  on  post 
offices  and  post-roads.  Id.,  524. 

^  On  Jan.  22d.  On  the  same  date  a  bill  introduced  by  Henry  S.  Footc  of 
Mississippi  to  establish  suitable  territorial  governments  for  California,  Deseret, 
and  New  Mexico,  and  for  other  purposes,  was  referred  to  the  committee  on 
territories.  Id.,  212-13. 

*°  House  Jour.,  31st  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  414. 

^'  A  report  of  the  debates  in  the  senate  and  house  with  regard  to  the 
admission  of  Utah  as  a  state  or  territory  will  be  found  in  Cong,  Olooe,  1849-50, 
passim.  In  Id,,  xxi.  1221,  is  a  copy  of  a  memorial  drawn  up  by  JaunaJ. 
Strang,  George  J.  Adams,  and  William  Marks,  and  presented  to  the  senate.  Ic 
sets  forth  that  ten  thousand  men,  women,  and  children  were  illegally  expelled 
from  Missouri,  plundered  of  their  effects,  exiled  from  their  homes,  driven  iu 
destitution,  hunger,  and  want  in  midwinter  to  a  distant  land,  passing  iiiucli 
of  the  way  in  the  midst  of  foes  who  not  only  refused  them  shelter  and  foud 


ADMISSION  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


4S8 


350,  it  was 

that  a  nie- 

be  admitted 

committee 
isly  recom- 

resolutioii : 
i;V.  Babbitt, 
^ate  to  the 
ttee  of  the 
lectiors  was 
nst  the  acl- 
ost  cogent : 
itative  of  a 
id  therefore 
e  admission 
ition  of  the 

and  no  act 

by  implica- 
tical  organ  i- 
lent  of  the 
iderablc  de- 

108  to  77, 
leeive  recog- 


nry  out  hoatility 
aud  ever.    So 

[eo  on  territories. 

;ho  same  parties 
ig  grievous  cotn- 

^lormous  aroun'l 
obstructed  tlu^ 
litteo  on  post- 

lenry  S.  Footo  of 
lifomia,  Deserct, 
Le  committee  on 


regard  to  the 
,  Globe,  1849-50, 
lup  by  Jauii'sJ. 
>  the  senate.  It 
legally  expelle  J 
Dmes,  driven  iu 
\,  passing  iiuicli 
lelter  and  fouJ 


Some  action  must  bo  taken  in  the  matter,  however, 
for  while  yet  the  struggle  on  slavery  was  at  its  fierc- 
est, the  inhabitants  of  the  territory  ceded  by  Mexico 
had  formed  themselves  into  two  separate  states,  each 
with  its  own  constitution,  the  people  of  California 
having  declared  against  slavery,  and  the  people  of 
Deseret  having  taken  the  reins  into  their  own  hands. 
Finally,  on  the  7th  of  September,  1850,  on  which 
date  the  celebrated  compromise  measures  became  law 
and  were  supposed  to  have  settled  forever  the  slavery 
question,  a  bill  passed  the  senate  for  the  admission  of 
California  as  a  state,  without  slavery,  while  the  self- 
constituted  state  of  Deseret,  shorn  somewhat  of  its 
proportions,  was  reduced  to  the  condition  of  New 
Mexico,  under  the  name  of  the  Territory  of  Utah,  with 
a  proviso  that,  "when  admitted  as  a  state,  the  said 
territory,  or  any  portion  of  the  same,  shall  be  received 
into  the  Union,  with  or  without  slavery,  as  their  con- 
stitution may  prescribe  at  the  time  of  their  admission." 
Two  days  later,  both  bills  passed  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, and  afterward  received  the  president's  sig- 
nature. It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  the  final  discus- 
sion on  the  bill  for  the  admission  of  Utah  turned 
entirely  on  the  question  of  allowing  slavery  in  that 
territory,  for  throughout  the  magnificent  domain  ac- 
quired from  Mexico,  the  only  chance  now  remaining 
to  the  south  was  in  the  desert  portion  of  the  great 
basin,  which,  as  Senator  Seddon  of  Virginia  remarked, 
"had  been  abandoned  to  the  Mormons  for  its  worth- 
lessness." 

The  act  to  establish  a  territorial  government  for 

but  kept  them  in  continual  danger.  '  If  you  tell  us,  as  some  of  your  predeces- 
sors told  our  martyred  prophets  while  they  were  yet  alive,  that  you  have  no 
power  to  redress  our  wrongs,  then  there  is  presented  to  the  world  the  melan- 
choly spectacle  of  the  greatest  republic  on  earth,  a  christian  nation,  acknowl- 
tilging  itself  powerless  to  judge;  unable  to  protect  the  right;  a  nation  en 
vhose  righteousness  half  the  earth  rest  the  hopes  of  man,  confessing  that 
there  is  a  power  above  the  law.  *  The  memoralists  beg  that  congress  pass  a  law 
granting  the  saints  the  right  to  settle  on  and  forever  occupy  the  uninhabited 
lands  in  the  islands  of  Lake  Michigan.  Although  there  probably  were  no 
uiiuccupied  lands  in  these  islands  in  1850,  the  petition  was  referred  to  the 
committee  on  public  lands. 


iii  ' 


, 


i 


41 


454 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


Utah"  placed  the  southern  boundary  at  the  thirty- 
seventh  parallel,  the  section  between  that  limit  and 
the  thirty-third  parallel  being  included  in  the  territory 
of  New  Mexico,  with  the  exception  of  the  part  trans- 
ferred to  California,  by  which  state  Utah  was  to  be 
bounded  on  the  west.  On  the  north,  Oregon  was  to 
remain  as  the  boundary,  and  on  the  east  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  The  remaining  provisions  of  the  organic 
act  differ  but  little  from  those  framed  for  other  terri- 
tories, for  New  Mexico,  admitted  at  the  same  date 
as  was  Utah,  or  for  Nevada,  admitted  in  1861. 

Thus  the  Mormons  were  shut  in  between  the 
mountain  walls  of  the  great  basin,  the  strip  of  coast 
which  was  claimed  under  the  constitution  of  the  state 
of  Deseret,  and  would  have  included  the  port  of  San 
Diego,  being  denied  to  them.  It  is  probable  that,  if 
they  could  have  foreseen  all  the  results  of  the  war 
with  Mexico,  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  and 
the  gold  discovery,  which  now  threatened  to  place 
them  almost  in  the  centre  of  the  United  States,  and 
not,  as  they  had  intended,  in  a  remote  and  untravelled 
solitude,  they  would  have  selected  the  site  of  their 
new  Zion  elsewhere  than  in  the  valley  of  the  Great 
Salt  Lake. 

On  the  5th  of  April,  1851,  the  general  assembly  of 
the  state  of  Deseret  was  dissolved,''  though  it  was 

"  Copies  of  it  will  be  fonnd  in  U.  S.  Public  Laws,  31st  Cong.  1st  Sess. , 
453-8;  U.  8.  Charters  and  Const.,  ii.  1230-40;  U.  S.  Acts  arid  Res.,  31st  Coug. 
Ist  Sess.,  53-8;  Utah,  Acts  Legist,  (ed.  1866),  25-8;  (ed.  1855),  111-19;  DesfM 
News,  Dec.  30,  1830;  Frontier  Guardian,  Oct.  16,  1850. 

'^  Ten  days  before,  the  governor  had  formally  notified  the  assembly,  in  :i 
Bpecial  message,  of  the  passing  of  the  organic  act.  'Upon  the  dissolving  oi 
this  legislature,'  he  says,  'permit  me  to  add,  the  industry  and  unanimity  which 
have  ever  characterized  your  efforts,  and  contributed  so  much  to  the  pre-emi- 
nent success  of  tliis  government,  will,  in  all  future  time,  be  a  source  of  grati- 
fication to  all;  and  whatever  mny  bo  the  career  and  destiny  of  this  young  but 
growing  republic,  we  can  c^■er  carry  with  us  the  proud  satisfaction  of  haviii^' 
erected,  established,  and  maintained  a  peaceful,  quiet,  yet  energetic  govern- 
ment, imder  the  benign  auspices  of  which  unimralleled  prosperity  has  sbuw- 
ered  her  blessings  upon  every  interest.'  Lin/orth'a  Route  from  Liverpool, 
107-8;  Tidlidge's  Iliat.  S.  L.  City,  79.  On  March  28th  the  legislature,  in 
joint  session,  passed  resolutions  cordially  accepting  the  legislation  of  congress 
and  appropriating  the  union  square  for  the  public  buildings.  Id.,  80. 


STATE  AND  TERRITORIAL  GOVERNMENT. 


455 


not  until  one  year  later  that  the  state  was  officially 
merged  into  the  territory  of  Utah.  The  territorial 
form  of  government  was  accepted  only  as  a  temporary 
measure,  applications  being  made  to  congress  for  ad- 
mission as  a  state,  at  intervals,  as  we  shall  see  later, 
until  1882.  Meanwhile,  for  many  years,  the  shadow 
of  a  state  government  was  preserved,  the  members  of 
the  ideal  state  assembly,  after  each  session,  reenact- 
ing  and  sanctioning  by  vote  and  in  due  form  the  laws 
which  they  had  previously  passed  as  a  territorial 
legislature. 

On  the  1st  of  July  a  proclamation  was  issued  by  the 
governor,  ordering  that  an  election  for  members  of 
the  assembly  and  for  a  delegate  to  congress  be  hold 
throughout  the  territory  on  the  first  Monday  in  Au- 
gust. On  July  21st  three  Indian  agencies  were  estab- 
lished,^* an  agent  and  two  sub-agents,  of  whom  the  lat- 
ter had  already  arrived,  and  were  now  assigned  to  their 
districts,  having  been  appointed  by  the  government. 
On  the  8th  of  August  three  judicial  districts  were 
defined.  Judges  were  assigned  to  each,  and  the  times 
and  places  appointed  for  holding  courts  in  the  several 
counties  appointed,^"  these  powers  being  temporarily 
conferred  on  the  governor  by  the  organic  act. 

The  appointment  of  governor  and  superintendent  of 


"  The  first  or  Parvan  agency  included  all  that  lay  within  the  limits  of  the 
territory  north  of  the  Parvan  Valley  and  west  of  the  Shoshones.  The  second, 
or  Uintah  agency,  included  the  Shoshones,  Ewintcs  or  Uintahs,  Yampas,  'and 
all  other  tribes  south  within  said  territory,  and  east  of  the  eastern  run  of  the 
great  basin.'  The  third  or  Parowan  agency  included  'all  the  country  lying 
west  of  the  eastern  rim  of  the  great  basin,  and  south  of  the  south  line  of  the 
Parvan  Valley,  to  the  western  bounds  of  the  territory.'  Governor  Yoximfs 
Proclamation,  in  Utah,  Jour.  Legist.,  1851-2,  160.  • 

"The  first  judicial  district  included  the  city  and  county  of  G.  S.  Lake, 
Tooele  county,  and  the  region  east  and  west  to  the  limits  of  the  territory. 
Two  terms  were  to  be  held  each  year  at  S.  L.  City,  commencing  on  the  second 
Tuesday  of  April  and  October.  The  second  district  included  Davis  and  Weber 
counties,  and  the  region  east,  west,  and  north.  Semiannual  terms  were  to  be 
held  at  Ogden,  commencing  on  the  second  Tuesday  in  May  and  December. 
Utah,  San  Pete,  and  Iron  counties,  with  the  country  cast,  west,  and  south, 
formed  the  third  district,  and  sessions  were  to  be  held  twice  a  year  at  Provo, 
beginning  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  August  and  February.  Each  term  in 
the  several  districts  was  to  continue  one  week,  if  necessary,  after  which  the 
coiu-t  might  adjourn  to  any  other  county  if  business  should  require  it.  Id., 
160-1. 


456 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


Indian  affairs  was  given  to  Brigham,"*  and  it  is  prob- 
able  that  no  better  selection  could  have  been  made. 
It  is  at  least  certain  that  if  any  other  had  been  made, 
the  rupture  which  occurred  a  few  years  later  betwoen 
the  Mormons  and  the  United  States  government 
would  have  been  hastened.  B.  D.  Harris  of  Vermont 
was  chosen  secretary ;  Joseph  Buffington  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, chief  justice;  Perry  E.  Broccnus  of  Alabama 
and  Zerubbabel  Snow  of  Ohio,  associate  judges ;  Seth 
M.  Blair  of  Deseret,  United  States  attorney;  and 
Joseph  L.  Heywood  of  Deseret,  United  States  mar- 
shal. As  Buffington  declined  to  serve,  Lemuel  H. 
Brandebury  was  selected  to  fill  his  place.*^  Snow, 
Heywood,  and  Blair  being  Mormons,  the  government 
patronage  was  thus  fairly  distributed  between  saints 
and  gentiles,  Vlthough  these  appointments  were 
made  on  the  20th  of  September,  1850,  none  of  the  gen- 
tile officials  arrived  in  Salt  Lake  City  until  the  fol- 
lowing summer,  and  all  were  not  assembled  until  the 
first  week  in  August.  With  them  came  Aim  on  W, 
Babbitt,  who  was  intrusted  with  the  sum  of  $20,000 
appropriated  by  congress  toward  the  building  of  a 
state-house.  Harris  also  brought  with  him  $24,000 
for  the  expenses  of  the  legislature. 

The  authorities  were  kindly  received  by  the  saints; 
and  had  they  been  men  of  ability  and  discretion,  con- 
tent to  discharge  their  duty  without  interfering  with 
the  social  and  religious  peculiarities  of  the  people,  all 
would  have  been  well ;  but  such  was  not  their  charac- 
ter or  policy.  Judge  Brocchus  especially  was  a  vain 
and  ambitious  man,  full  of  self-importance,  fond  of  in- 
trigue, corrupt,    revengeful,    hypocritical.      Between 


^  Stenhouse,  Rocky  Mountain  Snints,  275,  says  that  Brigham  owed  hia  ap- 
pointment to  the  recommendation  of  Kane.  He  took  the  oath  of  office  Jan. 
3, 1851.  On  tlie  same  day  a  special  session  of  the  county  court  was  held,  and 
a  grand  jury  impanelled  for  the  first  time.  The  prisoners,  who  were  emi- 
grants en  route  for  California,  were  convicted  of  stealing,  and  sentenced  to 
hard  labor,  but  were  afterward  pardoned  by  the  executive,  and  sent  out  of  the 
country.   Hist.  B.  Young,  MS.,  1851,  28. 

"  Brandebury  was  assigned  to  the  first  district,  Snow  to  the  second,  and 
Brocchus  to  the  third.  Utafi,  Jour.  Legid.,  1851-2,  161. 


JUDGE  BROCCIIUS. 


457 


the  7tli  and  10th  of  September,  a  general  conference 
(if  the  church  was  held,  at  which  the  judge  obtained 
|u  iniission  to  address  the  assembly.  During  his  re- 
nin rks  he  drifted  into  the  subject  of  polygamy,  direct- 
ing this  part  of  his  discourse  to  the  women,  whom  he 
exhorted  to  a  life  of  virtue.*^  He  also  took  to  task 
some  of  the  Mormon  leaders,  who  on  a  previous  occa- 
sion had  spoken  disrespectfully  of  the  government, 
one  of  them  having  gone  so  far  as  to  consign  the  late 
President  Zachary  Taylor  to  the  nether  regions. 

Tlie  Mormons  were  sorely  exasperated,  and  but 
that  they  were  held  in  restraint  by  Brigham,  would 
have  done  violence  to  the  judge.  "If,"  said  the  for- 
mer, "  I  had  but  crooked  my  little  finger,  he  would 
have  been  used  up;  but  I  did  not  bend  it.  If  I  had, 
the  sisters  alone  felt  indignant  enough  to  have  chopped 
him  in  pieces."'^  The  governor  contented  himself 
with  rebuking  the  judge,  who,  he  declared,  must  be 
either  profoundly  ignorant  or  perversely  wicked.  It 
had  become  a  matter  of  history  throughout  the  en- 
Hghtened  world,  he  declared,  that  the  government  of 
the  United  States  regarded  the  persecution  of  the 
saints  with  indifference,  and  by  their  silence  gave 
sanction  to  such  proceedings.  Hundreds  of  women 
and  children  had  in  consequence  gone  to  their  graves 
prematurely,  and  their  blood  cried  to  heaven  against 
those  who  had  caused  or  consented  to  their  death. 
Nevertheless,  he  loved  the  government  and  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States;  but  he  did  not  love 
corrupt  ministers  of  the  government.  He  was  indig- 
nant that  such  men  as  Brocchus  should  come  there  to 
lecture  the  people  on  morality  and  virtue,  and  should 
make  such  insinuations  as  he  had  done ;  and  he  repeated 
the  statement  that  Zachary  Taylor  was  then  in  to- 
phet.  At  this  last  remark,  Brocchus  jumped  to  his 
feet  and  protested  angrily,  whereupon  Heber  C.  Kim- 

*^Utxih  Early  Beeorda,  MS. ,  134-6;  Stenhouae'a  Rocky  Mountain  Saints,  276. 

^* Journal  qfDiscouraea,  ii.  186-7.  After  this  occorrence,  Brigham  frequently 
warned  the  troublesome  of  the  danger  they  incurred  should  be  but  crook  his 
finger.  Stenhouae'a  Rocky  Mountain  Sainta,  277. 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


r?r 


ball  touched  him  lightly  on  thofihoulder,  and  told  him 
that  he  need  have  no  doubt  of  it,  for  he  would  see  him 
when  he  went  there. 

A  few  days  later  Brigham  invited  the  judge  to  at- 
tend a  meeting,  to  be  held  on  the  19th,  and  explain 
or  apologize  for  his  conduct.  The  latter  declared  that 
he  had  neither  apology  nor  explanation  to  make;  that 
he  did  not  intend  any  insult,  especially  to  the  women, 
but  that  his  remarks  were  deliberate  and  premeditated, 
and  that  his  purpose  was  to  vindicate  the  government. 
Then  followed  a  lengthy  reply  from  the  governor,  in 
whicn  Brocchus  was  severely  handled,  the  judge  and 
his  colleagues  being  thereafter  condemned  to  social 
ostracism. 

Soon  afterward  it  was  reported  to  Brigham  that 
the  secretary,  together  with  Brocchus  and  the  chief 
justice,  intended  to  return  to  Washington,  whereupon 
the  governor  called  on  them  to  ascertain  if  this  was 
so.  He  was  assured  that  such  was  their  purpose,  and 
that  the  secretary  would  also  take  with  him  the  funds 
placed  in  his  hands,  and  the  seal,  records,  and  docu- 
ments pertaining  to  his  office.  The  governor  consid- 
ered this  course  illegal,  and  immediately  issued  a 
proclamation  declaring  the  result  of  the  election,^* 
and  ordering  the  assembly  to  convene  on  the  2  2d  of 
September,  only  four   days  later."     On  the   24th  a 

*'  The  members  of  the  council  were  Heber  C.  Kimball,  Willard  Richaiils, 
Dan.  H.  Wells,  Jodcdiah  M.  (jrant,  Ezra  T.  Benson,  and  Orson  Spencer  for 
Salt  Lake  co. ;  John  S.  Fullmer  for  Davia  co. ;  Loren  Farr  and  Cliaa  R.  Dana 
for  \V'eber  co. ;  Alex.  Williams  and  Aaron  Johnson  for  Utah  co. ;  Isaac  Mor- 
ley  for  Sun  Pete  co. ;  and  Geo.  A.  Smith  for  Iron  co.  Representatives:  Wil- 
ford  Woodruff,  David  Fullmer,  Dan.  Spencer,  Willard  Snow,  W.  W.  Plielps, 
Albert  P.  Eockwood,  Xathaniel  II.  Felt,  Eilwin  D.  Woolley,  Phinchaj  Rich- 
ards, Jos.  Ya-i.w:-,  Henry  G.  Sherwood,  Ben.  F.  Johnson,  and  Ho.sca  Stout 
for  Salt  Lu!<i'  co  ;  Andrew  L.  Lamoreaux,  John  Stoker,  and  Wm  Kay  for 
Davis  CO.;  J.-w  Ijrown,  David  B.  Dille,  and  Jas  G.  Browning  for  Wehur  co.; 
John  Ro'.v'>'.  •  y  for  Tooele  co.;  David  Evans,  Wm  Miller,  and  Levi  AV.  Ilau- 
cock  for  l.'t.ui  CO.;  Chas  Shumway  for  San  Pete  co.;  and  Elisha  H.  Groves 
for  Iron  co.  Utah,  Jour.  Len'i-.l.,  1 80 1-2, 162.  Thus  it  will  bo  seen  there  were 
13  members  of  the  council  and  25  i-epresentatives.  In  the  organic  act  it  was 
provided  that  there  should  be  2G  representatives,  the  number  of  members  for 
either  house  being  based  on  the  census  of  ISoO.  George  Brimhall,  theremaiu- 
ing  member  for  Iron  co.,  was  elected  Xov.  15,  1851. 

*'  This  proceeding  did  not  conflict  with  the  organic  act,  wln'ch  provides 
— section  i  v.  — that  the  first  election  shall  be  held  and  the  members  elected  shall 


DISPUTES  WITH  THE  FEDERAL  OFFICIALS. 


400 


resolution  was  passed,  enjoining  the  United  States 
marshal  to  take  into  his  custody  all  the  government 
funds  and  other  public  property  in  possession  of  the 
secretary.*'  This  resolution  was  presented  to  Harris, 
together  with  an  order  for  $500  to  defray  the  inciden- 
tal expenses  of  the  assembly.  The  secretary  ignored 
the  resolution  and  refused  to  pay  the  order,  under 
the  plea  that  the  members  were  not  legally  elected. 
Among  the  grounds  on  which  the  secretary  declared 
the  election  illegal  was,  that  before  the  votes  were 
oast  the  governor  had  failed  to  take  a  census  of  the 
territory,  as  provided  in  the  organic  act;  this  the  lat- 
ter attributed  to  the  miscarriage  of  instructions  and 
blanks,  which  had  not  even  yet  arrived."  On  the 
other  hand,  it  was  clearly  the  duty  of  the  secretary,  as 
stated  in  that  act,  to  remain  in  the  territory  during  his 
tenure  of  office.  Moreover,  the  judges  organized  and 
held  a  session  of  the  supreme  court  before  any  time  or 
place  was  appointed  for  such  session  by  the  executive 
or  legislative  authorities,  and  apparently  for  the  pur- 
pose of  shielding  the  secretary.  On  the  26th  Brigham 
addressed  a  letter  to  the  court,  asking  their  opinion 
as  to  his  duty  with  reference  to  the  organic  act,  which 
required  that  the  governor  should  take  care  that  the 
laws  were  faithfully  executed,  and  that  the  secretary 
should  reside  within  the  territory.  No  answer  was 
returned;  and  after  the  district  attorney  had    been 

iiRct  at  such  places  and  on  such  day  as  tho  governor  shall  appoint,  but  that 
thercafttr  tho  time,  place,  and  manner  of  conducting  elections,  and  the  day  for 
the  opouing  of  tho  regular  sessions,  shall  bo  prescribed  by  law. 

'V/»s«.  n.  Yomifj,  MS.,  ISol,  p.  99. 

*'  In  a  letter  to  Willard  Richards,  president  of  the  council,  and  VV.  W. 
Phelps,  speaker  of  the  representatives,  dated  Sept.  '2d,  1851,  Harris  declares 
tho  election  illegal  on  tho  grounds — 1st.  That  no  census  had  been  taken;  2d. 
That  the  governor's  proclamation  was  faulty  in  form  and  substance;  3d. 
That  'aliens  voted  indiscriminately  with  American  citizens,  and  those  recog- 
nized as  such  by  tho  treaty  with  Mexico:'  4tb.  Tliat  'aliens  acted  as  officcn 
at  the  polls,  and  were  elected  to  oflicc; '  ijth.  Tliat '  officers  not  authorized  to 
be  chosen  were  voted  for  and  elected,'  Cth.  That  legal,  and  timely  notice  of 
the  election  was  not  given;  7th.  That  tho  time  and  place  for  the  first  meet- 
iug  were  not  duly  appointed.  House  Ex.  Doc,  32d  Cong.   Ist  Sess.,  no.  2.'3, 

Sp.  2o-6.     Albert  Carriiigton  was  chosen  clerk  of  the  representatives,  and 
amcs  Cragun  sergeant-at-arms;  Howard  Coray  secretary  of  the  council,  and 
Wm  U.  Kimball  sergeaat-at-arms.   Utah,  Jour.  Legisl.,  1851-2,  pp.  5,  40. 


460 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


ordered  to  file  a  petition,  in  which  the  request  was 
couched  in  legal  form  and  phrase,  no  further  action 
Mas  taken.  Finally,  on  the  28th  of  September,  the 
secretary,  and  judges  Brandebury  and  Brocchus,  set 
forth  for  Washington,  taking  with  them  the  territorial 
seal,  the  records,  documents,  and  funds,  which  were 
returned  to  the  proi^er  authorities.**     On  the  follow- 


Territorial  Seal. 


**  Young's  Despaich  to  Fillmore,  in  House  Ex.  Doe.,  32d  Cong,  lat  Seas., 
V.  no.  25,  pp.  2S-32.  See  also  Utah  Eirly  Records,  MS.,  249-51.  Stenhouse 
says  that  on  their  return  Harris  and  his  colleagues  puhlished  an  account  of 
tho  matter,  remarking '  that  polygamy  monopolized  all  the  wompn,  which  made 
it  very  inconvenient  for  the  federal  officeii  to  reside  theri.'  This  rcni;.ik  ";.- 
pusted  the  authorities,  and  tho  officials  met  with  a  cool  ruception  at  Washing- 
ton. Rocky  Mountain  Saints,  277-8.  Their  oflBcial  report  will  be  found  ni 
House  Ex.  Doc,  3Jd  Coug.  Ist  Sess.,  v.  no.  '2o,  pp.  S-'J2.  The  piiiiriic.; 
charge  alleged  against  the  5lormons  was  that  a  citizen  of  Utica,  X.  Y.,  naiiivii 
.lames  Muuroe,  while  on  his  way  to  S.  L.  Cily,  was  nnirdered  by  one  of  ine 
saints,  that  his  remains  were  brought  into  the  city  and  buried  without  an  i:i 
([uest,  and  that  the  murderer  was  not  arrested.  There  is  no  proof  of  thi- 
statement.  In  the  UttUi  Early  Records,  MS.,  lGl-3,  we  have  a  synopsis  if 
thcii'  report,  which  was  afterward  circulated  among  tho  people.  They  allf^icd 
that  they  had  been  compelled  to  withdraw  in  consequence  of  the  lawless  acts 
and  seditious  tendencies  of  Drigham  Young  and  the  majority  of  the  residents, 
tliat  tlie  Mormon  church  overshadowed  and  coiih-olled  the  opinions,  acti  >ii«, 
property,  and  lives  of  its  members — disposing  of  the  public  lands  on  its  o"n 
terms,  coining  and  issuing  money  at  will,  openly  sanctioning  polygamy,  ex 
acting  tithes  from  members  and  onerous  taxes  from  non-members,  penetrating 
and  supervising  social  and  business  circles,  and  requiring  implicit  obedience 
to  the  council  of  the  church  as  a  duty  paramount  to  all  the  obligations  of  mor- 
ality, society,  allegiance,  and  law.  On  the  other  side,  we  have  in  Id.,  14S- 
1,")8,  a  copy  of  the  letter  atldressed  by  Biigham  to  the  president.  After  re 
viewing  his  proceedings  and  policy  since  taking  the  oath  of  office,  the  governor 
says:  '  Mr  Harris  informed  me,  in  a  conversation  which  I  had  with  him,  that 
he  had  private  instructions  designed  for  no  eye  but  his  own,  to  watch  every 
movement,  and  not  pay  out  any  funds  unless  the  same  should  be  strictly  IcLraf, 
according  to  his  own  judgment. '    ile  states  tliat  there  are  none  more  friendly 


A  NEW  BATCH  OF  OFFICIALS. 


461 


ing  day  the  legislative  assembly  signed  a  memorial 
praying  that  the  vacancies  be  filled  as  soon  as  possible 
from  residents  of  the  territory."  Meanwhile,  to  pre- 
vent further  derangement,  and  for  the  safe-keeping  of 
the  territorial  records,  Willard  Richards  was  tempo- 
rarily appointed  secretary. 

The  successors  to  the  runaway  officials  were  Laza- 
rus H.  Raid  of  New  York,  who  was  appointed  chief 
justice;  Leonidas  Shaver,  who  succeeded  Brocchus; 
and  as  secretary,  Benjamin  G.  Ferris.  The  new 
officials  enjoyed  but  a  brief  tenure  of  office.  After 
remaining  in  Utah  for  about  a  year,  Reid  returned 
to  New  York,  where  he  died  in  1855.**  Shaver  re- 
tiring to  rest  one  night,  soon  after  his  arrival,  was 
found  dead  in  his  room  next  morning,  thereby  giving 
rise  to  an  unfounded  rumor  that  he  had  been  poisoned 
on  account  of  a  supposed  difficulty  with  the  governor.*' 
Secretary  Ferris,  after  a  six  months'  residence,  pm- 

toward  the  government  than  the  people  of  Utah,  that  they  revere  the  consti- 
tution, seek  to  honor  thu  laws,  and  complain  only  of  their  non-^xeciition,  and 
the  abuse  of  power  at  the  handa  of  those  intrusted  with  them.  Uc  states 
tiiat  Urocclias  had  never  even  been  in  his  district,  and  that,  s-j  far  as  the  pub- 
lic interests  were  concerned,  it  would  have  been  quite  as  well  if  neither  the 
judges  uor  the  secretary  had  troubled  themselves  to  croeH  the  plains.  '  What 
g.ioii  and  substantial  reason  can  be  given  that  the  jjet^ple  of  this  tcnitoiy 
should  be  deprived,  for  prot)ably  near  a  year  to  come,  of  a  i>nprenie  court,  of 
till!  olficial  seal  of  a  secretary  of  state,  of  the  oi£cial  pablication  of  tuo  laws, 
anl  other  matters  pertaining  to  the  oflice  of  secretary  ?  Is  ii  \  -ae  that  oiiicers 
coming  here  by  virtue  of  any  appointment  by  the  president  have  private  in- 
btructious  that  so  far  control  their  actions  as  to  induce  the  belief  that  their 
main  object  is  not  tho  strict  and  legal  performance  of  their  respective  duties, 
but  lather  to  watch  for  iniquity,  to  catch  at  shadow*,  and  make  a  man  "an 
offender  for  a  word,"  to  spy  out  our  liberties,  and  by  manifold  misrepresenta- 
tions sock  to  prcjadice  the  minds  of  the  people  agauut  us  *  If  Fuch  is  the 
case,  l)etter,  far  better,  would  it  be  for  n.'»  to  live  under  the  organuation  <>f 
our  provisional  government,  and  entirely  depending  npcRi  oar  own  resources, 
as  wc  have  hitherto  doTn  ,  imtil  such  time  as  we  can  be  admitted  as  a  state.' 
A  copy  of  the  report  will  be  found  »n  IIoh.^«  Ex.  Dor..  ?2d  Cong.  1st  8e8s.,  v. 
no.  •J.'),  pp.  2S-32.  It  ic  iilso  mcntioue*!  in  Ui«t.  B.  Youny,  M-S.,  ISol,  p.  13fi. 
*"  Utah,  Jour,  i  "yw/..  1851-2,  p.  53;  Hitt.  B.  T  uitf,  MS.,  1851,  p.  109 
"At  his  homn  in  Bath,  Steuben  co.,  Waite'*  Tfw  Jlorm.  Prophet,  2."»;  in 
his  40th  year.  likhards'  Inridtnt^  in  Utah  Hitt.,  MS.,  5. 

*^ Slfiihouse'f  Rocky  iloumain  Saintn,  279.  Brigfaam  said  of  bim:  'One 
of  our  judges,  Judge  Shaver,  has  been  here  daring  tLc  winter,  and,  aa 
far  as  he  is  known,  no  is  a  straightforward,  judicious,  npright  man.'  The 
heatls  of  tho  church  took  great  pains  to  investigate  the  ma:-er,  and  came  to 
the  conclusion  that  'he  had  died  of  some  disease  of  the  hea<l.'  .Sec  Hi'hnr<l»' 
InrhlenU  iu  Utah  Hist.,  MS.,  78.  Beadle,  L>/<?  in  Utih,  170,  says  that  the 
M'lrmons  believed  him  to  be  an  opium-eater,  and  that  be  died  from  being 
•uddculy  deprived  of  that  drug. 


462 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


i.tt 


ceeded  to  California.  The  next  batch  of  officials 
were,  as  chief  justice,  John  F.  Kinney;  associate 
judges,  George  P.  Stiles  and  W.  W.  Drummond ;  and 
secretary,  Almon  W.  Babbitt,  who  were  appointed 
in  1854-5.  Of  the^o,  Stiles  and  Babbitt  were  Mor- 
mons, though  the  former  was  not  in  harmony  with 
the  priesthood,  and,  as  we  shall  see,  Kinney  and 
Drummond  play  a  prominent  part  in  the  history  of 
the  saints. 

Although  there  were  no  funds  wherewith  to  pay 
the  members,  the  sessions  of  the  legislature  were  con- 
tinued, with  occasional  adjournments,  until  February 
1852,  when  a  special  session  was  ordered  by  the  gov- 
ernor,*^ and  lasted  until  the  6th  of  March.  The  laws 
enacted  by  the  assembly  of  the  state  of  Deseret  were 
declared  to  be  in  force,  so  far  as  they  did  no^  cc  nfii  t 
with  the  organic  act.*"  Other  laws  were  pass.  <J  i,. 
ing  to  the  punishment  of  crime,  the  organ^ta;  ion  cf 
courts,  the  administration  of  estates,  the  training  of  tbe 
militia,  the  incorporation  of  cities,  the  distribution  of 
lands,  the  construction  of  roads,  bridges,  and  canfls, 
and  such  matters  as  lay  within  the  range  of  terri- 
torial legislation.*'  It  was  determined  to  remove  the 
site  of  the  capital  from  Salt  Lake  City*^  to  some 
point  in  the  Pahvan  Valley,  and  a  committee  appointed 
for  that  purpose  selected  the  town  of  Fillmore. 

Memorials  to  congress  were  also  adopted,  one  of 
which  asked  that  provision  be  made  for  the  construc- 
tion of  "a  national  central  railroad  from  some  eligible 
point  on  the  Mississippi  or  Missouri  River  to  San 
I)iego,  San  Francisco,  Sacramento,  Astoria,  or  such 


*•  As  the  40  days  allowed  by  the  organic  act  were  about  to  expire,  ami 
further  time  was  required  for  the  completion  of  the  necessary  business  of  tlio 
session.     For  copy  of  proclamation,  see  Utah,  Jour.  Legid,,  1851-2,  160. 

**By  joint  resolution,  approvi^  Oct.  4, 1851.  Utah,  Acta  Legist,  (ed.  1866), 
108. 

M  They  will  be  found  in  Utah,  Acts  Legisl.  (ed.  1855),  120-232.  '  It  is  ques- 
tionable,' says  Richards  in  his  JJist.  Incidents  of  Utah,  MS.,  8,  '  whether  any 
of  the  sister  territories  had  a  code  of  laws  framed  by  its  own  legislature  tliat 
would  compare  favorably  with  those  enacted  during  this  session.' 

*'The  foundation  for  a  etate-hoose  wm  laid  in  S.  L.  City  Sept  1,  1651. 
Utah  Early  Records,  MS.,  133. 


MEMORIAL  FOR  AN  OVERLAND  RAILROAD. 


463 


other  point  on  or  near  the  Pacific  coast  as  the  wisdom 
of  your  honorable  body  may  dictate."  The  memorial- 
ists stated  that  for  want  of  proper  means  of  transport 
about  five  thousand  persons  had  perished  on  the  dif- 
ferent routes  within  the  three  preceding  years;  that 
there  was  no  great  obstacle  to  the  construction  of  a 
road  between  Salt  Lake  City  and  San  Diego;  that 
at  various  points  on  the  route  iron,  coal,  and  timber 
were  abundant;  that  on  the  completion  of  the  line 
the  entire  trade  of  China  and  the  East  Indies  would 
]\ass  through  the  United  States;  and  that  the  road 
would  consolidate  the  relations  of  the  country  with 
foreign  powers  in  times  of  peace,  and  furnish  means 
cif  defence  in  times  of  war."  In  1854  a  second  memo- 
rial was  presented,  stating  the  opinion  of  the  Mor- 
mons as  to  the  best  route  for  an  overland  railroad, 
and  a  demonstration  was  held  in  favor  of  the  project, 
the  inhabitai-ts,  male  and  female,  attending  en  masse. 
In  the  preceding  year  congress  had  also  \teen  peti- 
tioned to  provide  for  the  construction  of  a  telegraph 
line  from  some  convenient  point  on  the  Mississippi  or 
Missouri  to  a  suitable  port  on  the  Pacific. 

As  early  as  April  1849  Captain  Howard  Stansbury, 
of  the  topographical  engineers,  had  been  ordered  to 
Fort  Leavenworth,  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  sur- 
vey of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  and  an  exploration  of  its 
valley,  with  a  view  to  the  construction  of  a  transcon- 
inental  railroad.  Among  his  party  was  Lieutenant 
J.  W.  Gunnison,  who  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
;;.stronomical  department.  Before  reaching  Salt  Lake 
C  ity  the  captain  was  informed  that  no  survey  would 
'  permitted,  and  it  was  even  hinted  that  his  life 
would  be  in  danger  should  he  attempt  it.  Giving  no 
heed  to  these  warnings,  he  at  once  called  on  Brigham, 
aware  that  if  the  good-will  of  the  governor  were  not 

"  A  copy  of  the  memorial  will  b«  fonnd  in  TuUidge's  Life  of  Young,  213- 
14;  Smith's  Rise,  ProgreM,  and  Travels,  22,  For  other  memorials  paved  dur- 
ing the  sewions  of  1851-2,  see  Utah,  Acts  Legist,  (ed.  1855),  401-6. 


m 


484 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


I  r-m- 


obtained  every  obstacle,  short  of  open  resistance,  would 
be  thrown  in  his  way,  that  neither  provisions  nor  labor 
would  be  furnished,  a-M  that  no  information  would  he 
afforded.  At  first  Brighaui  demurred.  He  was  sur- 
prised, he  said,  that  the  valley  should  be  thus  invaded 
so  soon  after  the  Mormons  had  established  their  set- 
tlements; he  had  heard  of  the  expedition  since  its 
departure  from  Fort  Leavenworth,  and  the  entire  com- 
munity was  anxious  to  know  what  was  the  purpose  of 
the  governTiient.  Moreover,  an  attache  of  General 
Wilson,  the  newly  appointed  Indian  agent  for  Cali- 
fornia, whose  train  had  passed  through  the  city  a  few- 
days  before,  had  boasted  that  the  general  was  author- 
ized to  expel  the  Mormons  from  the  territory.  They 
«"''»^T)osed,  therefore,  that  the  arrival  of  the  t^3  parties 

*  a  concerted  movement,  and.  that  Stansbury  was 
sc  .  for  the  purpose  of  dividing  the  land  into  town- 
ships and  sections,  and  of  establishing  thereto  the 
claims  of  government.  Upon  all  these  subjects  Brig- 
ham  was  undeceived,  and,  the  true  object  of  the  expe- 
dition being  explained,  he  laid  the  matter  before  the 
council.  Stansbury  was  then  informed  that  the  au- 
thorities were  well  pleased  with  the  proposed  explora- 
tion, that  they  had  themselves  contemplated  such  a 
measure,  but  could  not  yet  afford  the  expense,  and 
that  they  would  cheerfully  render  all  the  assistant  e 
in  their  power.'*' 

After  exploring  a  route  to  Fort  Hall,  and  making 
a  reconnoissance  of  Cache  Valley  and  the  western  shoie 
of  the  lake,  Stansbury  and  his  men  returned  to  Salt 
Lake  City,  and  there  passed  the  winter  of  1849-50. 
During  this  winter  Lieutenant  Gunnison  gathered 
most  of  the  material  for  his  well-known  book  on  the 
Mormons,  one  of  the  most  valuable  and  impartial 
works  yet  published  by  a  gentile  writer." 

**  Stansbui-y's  Exped.  to  Valley  ofO.  S.  Lake,  81-6. 

^TAe  M or  mom  or  Latter-day  Saints  in  the  Valley  of  the  Or  eat  Salt  Lair 
A  History  of  their  Rise  and  Proifress,  Peculiar  Doctrines,  Present  Condition, 
and  Prospects,  Derived  from  Personal  Observation  during  a  Residence  among 
Them.   By  Lieut  J.  W.  Gwmiaon  of  the  Topogrt  phical  Engineer i.  Philadelphia, 


STANSBURY'S  SURVEY. 


465 


Early  in  the  spring  the  captain  and  his  staff  again 
tool;  the  field,  and  on  the  16th  of  April  were  engaged 
ill  .surveying  both  sides  of  Bear  liiver  Bay,  Gunni- 
son with  several  of  the  men  being  out  in  a  storm  all 

1S.',7.  Tlie  first  six  chapters  of  this  work  are  mainly  devoted  to  a  description 
of  the  valley  of  G.  8.  Luke,  the  civil  and  theocratic  system  of  the  Mormons, 
and  the  tenets  of  the  Mormon  church.  In  chapter  vi.-vii.,  which  complete 
tliu  lirst  part,  we  have  an  interesting  description  of  the  social  condition  of  the 
settlers,  aiul  of  the  influence  of  the  priesthood.  The  second  part  contains  a 
sketch  of  tiie  rise  and  early  progress  of  Mormouism.  Unlike  mostwriteis  on 
this  topic,  Mr  Gunnison  appears  to  liave  given  the  subject  some  thought. 
'This  treatise  on  the  faith  and  condition  of  the  Mormons,' he  says,  'results 
from  a  careful  observation  of  that  strange  and  interesting  people  during  more 
than  a  year's  residence  among  them  in  an  official  cajmcity.  The  writer  ha* 
iiiiJertakcn  neither  the  task  of  criticism  nor  controversy.  His  aim  is  not  "to 
sluiot  fully  as  it  Hies,"  but  to  let  folly  tire  on  its  own  pinions,  and  reason  re- 
gain its  sway  over  erratic  feeling,  when  the  mists  of  prejudice  on  one  side 
and  cf  fanaticism  on  the  other  are  dispelled  by  the  light  of  knowledge.  For 
tliose  who  lesirc  facts  in  the  history  of  humanity  on  which  to  indulge  in  re- 
flection, is  t:   s  oflered.'    The  book  is  dedicated  to  Captain  Stansbury. 

An  Expi  li~i  ■>■  to  the  Valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  of  Utah,  including  a 
Vt'inplioii  o/its  Geography,  Naiural  History,  and  Minerals, and  an  Analysis 
c/iV.<  Watcrif;  wUhan  Authentic  Accountof  the  MorinonSetllcment.  Illustrated 
h'l  m  ;«6TOMs'  beautiful  piites  from  draiviugs  taken  on  the  spot.  Also  a  liccon- 
ttoisMUKi?  of  a  A'ciw  Route  through  the  Rocky  Mountains,  ahd  two  large  and  nccu- 
T'ttf  ma}i.^  of  that  region.  By  Howard  Stansbury,  Captain  Corps  Topographical 
Emjhii'irs.  II.  S.  Army.  Philadelphia,  1S65.  The  first  six  chapters  of  this 
work  contain  an  account  of  the  captain's  journey  to  the  valley  of  G.  S.  Lake, 
and  lit  the  explorations  mentionecl  above.  Travelling,  as  he  did,  during  the 
early  dcys  of  the  gold-fever,  his  narrative  is  full  of  interest.  Leaving  the 
valley  nf  Warm  Spring  Branch  near  Fort  Laramie  on  July  19,  1849,  ho  writes: 
'  We  passed  to-day  the  nearly  consumed  fragments  of  about  a  dozen  wagons 
that  iiad  been  broken  up  and  burned  by  their  owners;  and  near  them  was 
piled  np  in  one  heap  from  six  to  eight  hundred  weight  of  bacon,  thrown  away 
for  want  of  means  to  transport  it  farther.  Boxes,  bonnets,  trunks,  wagon- 
whecla,  whole  wagon-bodies,  cooking  utensils,  and  in  fact  ahnost  every  ar- 
tielu  of  household  furniture,  were  found  from  place  to  place  along  the  prairie, 
abandoned  for  tlie  same  reason. '  Two  days  later  he  found  the  road  strewn 
\\\i\\  immense  quantities  of  white  beans,  which  seemed  to  have  been  thrown 
out  of  the  wagons  by  the  sackful,  their  owners  being  tired  of  carrying  them 
fartiicr,  or  afraid  to  eat  thorn  from  danger  of  cholera.  Crossing  a  spur  of  the 
Tied  Ijuttcs  on  the  27th,  he  says:  'To-day  we  find  additional  and  nielan- 
cluily  cTiJcnce  of  the  diiiiculties  encountered  by  those  who  are  ahead  of  us. 
...l>tir  iron  and  steel,  large  blacksmith's  anvils  and  bellows,  crowbars, 
(hills,  augers,  gold- washers,  chisels,  axes,  lead,  trunks,  spades,  ploughs,  large 
grindstones,  baking-ovens,  cooking-stoves  without  number,  kegs,  barrels, 
harness,  clothing,  bacon,  and  beans  were  found  along  the  road  in  pretty  much 
tliu  order  in  which  they  have  been  here  enumerated.  In  the  seventh  chapter 
is  a  description  of  the  settlements  and  industrial  condition  of  the  Mormons 
ill  the  winter  of  1849-50,  togetiier  with  some  excellent  remarks  on  the  polity 
of  th«  state  of  Deseret.  In  the  remainder  of  the  volume  we  have  an  account 
of  various  explorations  and  adventures  in  the  valley  and  on  the  return  jour- 
ney. In  the  appendices  are  tables  of  distances,  papers  on  zoology,  botany, 
geology,  and  paleontology,  meteorological  observations,  and  chemical  analyses 
of  mineral  waters.  Tho  work  is  well  written,  sketchy  and  entertaining  in 
style,  and  impartial  in  its  comments  on  tho  Mormons.  A  German  edition  of 
it  on  a  smaller  scale  was  published  at  Stuttgart  in  18J4,  entitled  Die  Mor- 
But.  Uiab.    30 


466 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


night  in  the  mud-flats  on  the  eastern  shore.  On  tbe 
12th  of  August  Stansbury  had  completed  his  survey, 
which  included  Great  Salt  Lake  with  its  islands,  Lake 
Utah,  the  Jordan,  and  several  of  its  tributaries,  his 
observations  extending  over  an  area  of  more  than  five 


*,' 


monen — Aniiedlungen,  die  Felafngebirge  und  der  groBse  Salzsee,  nebst  einer 
Beachreibung  der  Auxioanderer — Stratze  und  der  interessanter  Abentetier  der 
Auswanderungen  nach  jcnen  Oegenden  Geachildert  auf  einer  Untersuchungs 
Expedition. 

Among  other  works  covering  about  the  same  period  as  Lieut  Gunnison's 
book,  may  be  mentioned  the  following:  The  Mormons,  or  Latter-day  Sa'nitu; 
with  memoirs  of  the  Life  and  Death  of  Joseph  Smith,  the  American  Mahonwt. 
Edited  by  Charles  Mackaij.  Fourth  tdition,  London,  1856.  The  first  edition 
of  this  work  was  published  in  1851.  It  claims  to  have  been,  as  indeed  it  was, 
the  first  work  upon  the  subject  which  could  justly  be  entitled  a  histori- 
cal statement  of  the  case.  It  is  a  work  full  of  valuable  information,  much 
of  it  of  an  original  character  and  nowhere  else  existing.  It  is  written  with 
marked  abUity,  and  in  a  spirit  of  exceeding  fairness,  though  taking  decidedly 
an  anti-Mormon  view.  Yet  the  author  says:  '  It  presents  the  history  of  Joseph 
Smith,  a  great  impostor  or  a  great  visionary,  perhaps  both,  but  in  cither  case 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  persons  who  has  appeared  on  the  stage  of  th. 
world  in  modem  times.'  In  tlie  fourth  edition,  'the  whole  of  tlie  doctrinal 
chapter,  which  formed  the  conclusion  of  the  work  in  the  previous  editions, 
has  been  excluded  in  the  present  instance  to  make  room  for  matter  of  a  more 
historical  character.  Polygamy,  whicli  the  Mormons  attempted  to  deny,  or 
explain  by  the  euphemism  of  the  spiritual-wife  doctrine,  has  now  been  un- 
blushingly  avowed;  and  this  practice,  which  has  Ijecome  the  most  distinctive, 
as  it  is  the  most  odious,  characteristic  of  tlie  sect,  has  received  more  notice  in 
this  edition  than  was  bestowed  upon  it  in  tlie  original  publication.' 

The  Religious,  Social,  and  Political  History  of  the  Mormons,  or  Latttr-day 
Saints,  from  their  Origin  to  the  Present  Time;  containing  full  statements  of  their 
Doctrines,  Government,  and  Condition,  and  memoirs  of  their  founder,  Jo.vph 
Smith;  edited  with  important  additions,  by  Samwl  M.  Smucker.  New  York, 
1S60.  What  it  is  that  Mr  Smucker  edits,  and  to  what  he  makes  additions,  iloea 
not  appear,  but  the  student  with  this  book  and  that  of  Mackay's  before  iiim 
roon  discovers  that  the  former  is  taken  almost  verbatim  from  the  latter,  nnJ 
without  a  word  of  credit.  Smucker  evidently  worked  at  so  much  a  day  for 
the  publishers,  who  desired  sometliing  by  that  name  to  sell.  Considering'  tlie 
circumstances,  the  work  is  fairly  done;  the  saints  are  abused  with  moderation 
and  decorum,  and  the  publishers  probably  made  money  out  of  it. 

Origin,  Rise,  and  Progress  of  Mormonism.  Biography  of  its  Foundrr-<  <ind 
History  of  its  Church.  Persomd  Remembrances  and  historical  collections  /nth'  rto 
unwritten.  By  Pomeroy  Tucker.  Palmyra,  N.  Y.,1SG7.  This  author  cliiiiiis 
a  personal  acquaintance  with  Joseph  Smith  and  the  Smith  family  since  their 
arrival  at  Palmyra,  the  birthplace  of  the  writer,  in  181G.  He  also  knew  Mai  - 
tin  Harris,  Oliver  Cowdery,  and  others  of  the  first  converts.  He  was  editori- 
ally connected  with  the  Wayne  Sentinel  when  the  book  of  Mormon  was  priiitcd 
in  the  office  of  that  journal.  His  I)ook  is  published  for  the  purpose  of  pro\  ing 
Joseph  Smith  an  impostor  and  the  book  of  Mormon  a  fraud.  The  autlior  has 
ability,  and  is  accustomed  to  writing;  he  has  done  his  work  well.  Ho  mi- 
ploys  with  no  small  skill  and  success  that  most  powerful  of  weapons  in  tlio 
hand  of  a  ready  writer — sarcasm.  Much  space  is  devoted  to  sustaining  the 
Spaulding  theory.  Historically,  the  book  is  of  little  value  after  the  departure 
or  the  Mormons  from  the  vicinity  of  the  writer's  home;  but  up  to  that  pcniit, 
and  not  forgetting  that  it  is  the  plea  of  an  advocate  rather  than  the  dcuisiou 
of  a  judge,  it  may  be  called  a  first-class  authority. 


ROUTE  RECOMMENDEI>  BY  STANSBURY. 


407 


B.  On  the 
his  survey, 
lands,  Lake 
►utaries,  his 
re  than  five 

Izsee,  nebat  einer 
r  Abenteuer  der 
r  UtUersuchungg 

iieut  Gunnison's 
atter-day  Sahitu; 
erican  Mahonwt. 
The  first  edition 
13  indeed  it  was, 
titled  a  histori- 
rormation,  inucii 
;  is  written  with 
taking  decidedly 
liistory  of  Joseph 
lilt  in  either  case 
the  stage  of  th. 
of  tlio  doctrinal 
•evioua  editions, 
natter  of  a  more 
pted  to  deny,  or 
,s  no\7  been  un- 
moat  distinctive, 

e,  more  notice  iu 
tion.' 

or  Lattf-r-ilay 

itementu  of  (heir 

founder,  Jaxfph 

New  York, 

additions,  liocs 

f'a  before  iiim 

le  latter,  and 

much  a  day  for 

Conaiderini;  the 

ith  modeialion 

it. 

Founders  nwl 

lections  hi/h  rlo 

author  chiiins 

ily  since  tlnir 

Iso  knew  Mai- 

.c  waa  cditori- 

on  was  printed 

)08eof  pro\  ins; 

he  author  has 

ell.     He  cm- 

eapona  in  the 

sustaining  the 

the  departure 

to  that  point, 

the  decision 


thousand  square  miles.*'  He  then  resolved  to  search 
out  on  his  return  journey  some  practicable  route  to 
the  southward  of  South  Pass,  though  a  part  of  it 
lay  through  the  territory  where  Sioux,  Blackfoot, 
Snake,  and  Utah  were  used  to  meet  in  conflict.  Dis- 
posing of  his  wagons  and  spare  ins'truments  to  the 
Mormons,  by  whom  he  was  furnished  with  a  sufficient 
escort,  he  bade  them  a  kindly  farewell,  and  returned 
by  way  of  Bridger's  and  Cheyenne  passes  to  Fort 
Leavenworth. 

The  route  recommended  by  Stansbury  for  the  portion 
of  a  transcontinental  railroad  between  the  Missouri, 
near  Independence,  and  Salt  Lake  City  was  by  way 
of  the  Republican  fork  and  the  south  fork  of  the 
Platte;  thence  by  way  of  Lodge  Pole  Creek,  and 
skirting  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Black  Hills  to 
tlic  Laramie  Plains;  thence  crossing  the  north  fork  of 
the  Platte  to  South  Pass;  thence  by  way  of  Bear 
River  Valley  to  Fort  Bridger;  from  that  point  by 
way  of  Black  Fork  and  turning  the  Uintah  Range 
to  the  Kamas  prairie,  whence  the  route  to  the  capital 
la}'^  through  the  valley  of  the  Timpanogos." 

In  1853  Gunnison,  who  had  now  been  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  captain,  was  ordered  to  survey  a  route 
farther  to  the  south,  by  way  of  the  Huerfano  River 
and  the  pass  of  Coochetopa;  thence  through  the  val- 
leys of  the  Grand  and  Green  rivers;  thence  to  the 
vegas  de  Santa  Clara  and  the  Nicollet  River;  thence 
northward  on  a  return  route  to  Lake  Utah,  from 
which  point  he  was   to  explore  the   most  available 

"Stansbury's  field-work  ia  thus  summarized:  1.  The  selection  and  meas- 
urement of  a  base-line  6  miles  in  length;  2.  The  erection  of  24  principal 
triangulation  stations;  3.  The  survey  of  (}.  S.  I«ikc,  the  shore-line  of  which 
is  stated  at  291  miles;  4.  The  survey  of  the  islands,  90  miles;  5.  The  sur- 
vey of  Lake  Utah,  76  miles;  C.  The  survey  of  the  Jordan  and  some  of  its 
tributaries,  50  miles,  making  in  all  513  miles;  7.  The  observations  from  dif- 
ferent triangular  stations  extending  from  the  northern  extremity  of  G.  S.  Lake 
to  the  southern  boundary  of  the  valley  of  l^ake  Utah,  Exped  to  Valley  of  G. 
S.  Lake,  216. 

"'Id.,  227,  261-3;  Gunnison's  The  Mormons,  152.  There  is  little  differ- 
ence  iu  the  line  of  route  laid  down  by  either.  Stansbury  suggests  that  from 
Katnaa  prairie  the  road  might  fork,  one  branch  descending  the  Wasatch 
liange  by  the  Grolden  Pass,  and  the  other  following  the  Timpanogos  Valley. 


M 


4C8 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


w 


I  .i 


passes  and  cafions  of  the  Wasatch  Range  and  South 
Pass.  The  party  included  Lieutenant  E.  G.  Beck- 
with,  R.  H.  Kern  as  topographer  and  artist,  Sheppuid 
Homans  astronomer,  Dr  James  Schiel  surgeon  and 
geologist,  F.  Creutzfeldt  botanist,  J.  A.  Snyder  as- 
sistant topographer,  a  number  of  employes,  and  an 
escort  of  mounted  riflemen  in  charge  of  Captain  R. 
M.  Morris.  On  the  24th  of  October  the  party  was 
encamped  on  the  Sevier  River,  fifteen  or  eighteen 
miles  from  the  point  where  it  discharges  into  the  lake 
of  that  name,  and  on  the  following  day  Gunnison 
started  out  to  explore  the  lake,  accompanied  by  Kei  n, 
Creutzfeldt,  the  guide,  and  a  corporal  with  six  men  of 
the  escort,  the  remainder  of  the  party,  under  Captain 
Morris,  proceeding  up  the  river  in  a  north-easterly 
direction.  The  following  day  several  men  of  Morris' 
detachment  were  sent  to  ascertain  whether  a  route 
were  practicable  northward  from  that  point  to  Great 
Salt  Lake.  While  the  men  were  yet  within  a  hundred 
yards  of  camp,  the  corporal  came  running  toward  them, 
breathless  and  exhausted,  and  sinking  to  the  ground, 
gasped  out  a  few  broken  sentences,  the  purport  of 
which  was  that  Gunnison  and  his  party  had  been  mas- 
sacred by  Indians,  and  that,  as  far  as  he  knew,  he  was 
the  only  survivor.  Morris  at  once  ordered  his  nun 
to  arm  and  mount,  and  within  half  an  hour  was  on  his 
way  to  the  scene  of  the  disaster;  meanwhile  a  second 
member  of  Gunnison's  escort  reached  camp  on  horse- 
back, and  two  other  survivors  came  in  later. 

Gunnison  had  encamped,  with  no  thought  of  dan- 
ger, in  a  sheltered  nook  under  the  river  bank,  where 
wood  and  pasture  were  abundant.  He  was  aware  that 
a  large  band  of  Pah  Utes  was  in  the  neighborhooil, 
and  their  camp-fires  had  been  seen  daily  since  enter- 
ing the  valley  of  the  Sevier.  A  recent  quarrel  with 
an  emigrant  band  had  resulted  in  the  killing  of  one  of 
the  natives  and  the  wounding  of  two  others,  but  tluy 
had  made  no  raids  on  the  Mormon  settlements,  and 
peace  had  recently  been  confirmed  at  a  parley  held 


THE  GUNNISON  MASSACRE. 


409 


with  some  of  them  by  an  agent  of  Brigham.  At 
(lav break  all  arose  and  prepared  for  their  day's  work, 
but  while  seated  quietly  at  breakfast  the  men  were 
startled  by  a  volley  of  rifles,  a  flight  of  arrows,  and 
tlio  yells  of  a  band  of  Pah  Utes,  who  had  crept,  under 
cover  of  the  bushes,  to  within  twenty-five  yards  of 
the  spot.  The  surprise  was  complete.  In  vain  Gun- 
nison, running  forth  from  his  tent,  called  out  to  them 
that  he  was  their  friend.  He  fell,  pierced  by  fifteen 
arrows,  and  of  the  rest  only  four  escaped,  after  being 
pursued  for  several  hours  by  the  Indians.*' 


S  Art.  /v«6o 


Cap4.0iinniio% 

Xilhdhf 
Jndiant  ^ 


SiTK  OF  THE  Gunnison  Massacrb. 

When  Captain  Morris  reached  the  scene  of  the 
massacre  no  bodies  were  found.  There  was  hope, 
therefore,  that  others  were  still  alive,  and  a  signal-tire 
was  lighted  to  assure  them  of  safety ;  but  all  the  night 
long  no  response  was  heard,  nor  any  sound  save  the 
howlinij:  of  wolves.  Still  the  men  remained  at  their 
post,  though  not  more  in  number  than  the  party  that 
had  been  massacred.  At  daylight  the  corpses  were 
discovered,  and  though  none  were  scalped,  they  were 
mutilated  with  all  the  atrocity  common  to  the  most 
savage  tribes.  Some  of  then.i,  among  whom  was  that 
of  Captain  Gunnison,  had  their  arms  hacked  off  at  the 

"  One  of  the  survivors  was  thrown  from  his  horse  into  a  bush,  where  he 
lay  for  several  hours,  tlie  Indians  passing  him  on  every  side.  Beckwith,  in 
lieiil.  Explor.  and  Surveys,  IL  74. 


8  IB 


■;;l 


470 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


M 


l.:.|' 


m: 


elbow,  their  entrails  cut  open  and  torn  by  wolves,  and 
were  in  such  condition  that  they  were  buried  wliere 
they  lay.  It  is  related  that  Gunnison's  heart  was  cut 
out  while  he  was  yet  alive,  and  that  it  was  so  full  of 
blood  that  it  bounded  on  the  ground. 

By  many  the  Gunnison  massacre  has  been  and  is 
still  ascribed  to  the  agency  of  the  Mormons;  and  it 
has  even  been  asserted  that  Mormons,  disguised  as 
Indians,  were  among  those  who  committed  the  docd. 
Here  we  have  a  fair  specimen  of  the  hundreds  of  defam- 
atory stories  which  have  been  told  about  the  Mormons 
from  the  beginning.  In  this  instance  not  only  is  there 
no  valid  proof  against  them,  but  there  aro  many  cir- 
cumstances pointing  in  the  opposite  direction,'*  one 
of  them  being  that  among  the  slain  was  a  Mormon 
guide.  The  Gunnison  massacre  was  brought  on  by 
gentiles;  it  was  the  direct  result  of  the  killing  of  the 
Pah  Ute  by  California  emigrants.  As  no  compensa- 
tion had  been  made  to  his  tribe,  they  avenged  them- 
selves, as  was  their  custom,  on  the  first  Americans— 
for  thus  they  termed  all  white  men,  other  than  Mor- 
mons— whom  they  found  in  their  territory.^     The 

**  A  full  account  of  Gunnison's  survey,  prepared  mainly  by  himself,  ami  uf 
the  massacre  will  bo  founil  in  BeckwitKa  Reports,  in  /(/.,  ii.  Lieut  Bockwitli 
writes:  'The  statement  whicli  has  from  time  to  time  appeared  or  been  copied 
in  Yarious  newspapers  of  the  country,  since  the  occurrence  of  tlieao  sad  events, 
charging  the  Mormons  or  Mormon  authorities  with  instigating  the  Indiaiiii  to, 
if  not  actually  aiding  them  in,  the  murder  of  Captain  Gunnison  and  his  asso- 
ciates is,  I  l)elieve,  not  only  entirely  false,  but  there  is  no  accidental  ciroiiiu- 
stance  connected  with  it  afibrding  the  sliglitest  foundation  for  such  a  cliai^re.' 
Captain  Morris,  in  his  oliicial  report  to  the  adjutant-general,  says  uothiiii^ 
about  the  Mormons  being  implicated  in  the  matter.  See  House  Ex,  Doc,  ',\'i\ 
Cong.  1st  Sess.,  no.  18,  pp.  5-Q.  The  names  of  those  who  were  killed,  besiiloa 
Captain  Gunnison,  were  II.  H.  Kern,  F.  Cieutzfeldt,  William  Potter,  a  Mor- 
mon guide,  privates  Caul  eld,  Liptoote,  and  Mehrteens,  mounted  riflemen,  und 
an  employ^  named  John  Bellows.  House  Ex.  Doc.,  33d  Cong.  1st.  Sess.,  no. 
18,  pp.  6.  For  other  accounts  and  comments  on  the  Gunnison  massacre,  sto 
Atoll/iauHen,  Tagelbuch,  429-30;  Canxilho'H  IiicidentH  of  Travel,  196-1);  S.  F. 
Alta,  June  25,  1854,  Nov.  11,  1857;  S.  F.  Herald,  May  7,  1855. 

'*  On  hearing  of  the  massacre,  Brigham  took  measures  for  the  recovery  of 
the  property  and  the  disposal  of  the  bodies.  Gunnison  was  somevhat  of  i\ 
favorite  among  the  Mormons.  In  the  Deseret  Newn  of  Nov.  12,  1853,  wlicro 
is  a  copy  of  Beckwith's  report  of  the  massacre,  is  the  following:  'We  feel  to 
commiserate  deeply  with  the  friends  of  those  who  have  been  so  suddenly  iiiiil 
imexpectcdly  cut  off,  but  more  especially  with  the  wife  and  children  of  C'aj)- 
tain  Gunnison,  wlio  was  endeared  to  us  by  a  former  and  fondly  cherislu'd 
ac(|uaintanceship  in  1849-50,  while  ho  was  engaged  with  Captain  Howard 
Stunsbury  in  tiie  survey  of  the  Great  Salt  und  Utah  lakes.'    The  foUowiug  is 


MORMON  POUCY  TOWARD  INDIANS. 


471 


survey  of  which  Gunnison  was  placed  in  charge  was 
ooinplctod  by  Beckwith  and  the  other  survivors  of  the 
jiiirly,  who  reached  Salt  Lake  City  by  way  of  Nephi, 
Tayson,  and  Provo. 

Tlie  Mormon  maxim  with  regard  to  the  Indiana 
was  that  it  was  cheaper  to  feed  than  to  fight  them, 
llenee  their  intercourse  with  the  Utes  and  Sho- 
sluMios  **  was  generally  peaceable.*^    They  taught  them 

a  sworn  statement  from  the  private  journal  of  Anson  Call,  a  Mormon  residing 
in  Fillmore  City  in  1853,  and  in  188.')  one  of  the  most  prominent  citizens  of 
East  Uuuntiful,  Davis  co.:  '  From  Fillmore  to  the  site  of  the  Ciunnison  mas- 
!-iii're  is  about  'Ao  miles.  The  settlements  M'ero  in  a  state  of  alarm  ou  account 
(if  tliu  "Wulkcr  war,"  and  just  before  the  massacre  u  party  of  emigrants  from 
^iis8ouri,  on  tiicir  way  to  California,  came  to  Fillmore.  During  their  stay 
tiioy  niailo  many  threats  concerning  the  Indians,  and  declared  repeatedly  that 
tli<  y  would  kill  the  first  one  who  came  into  their  camp.  I  remoustrutcd  with 
tliini  and  cautioned  them.  After  this  party  had  left,  I  learned  that  some  Ind- 
ians around  had  gone  into  their  camp,  and  thut  they  had  killed  two  of  them 
and  ^^'ounded  three  others.  This  so  enraged  the  Indians  tliat  nothing  short  of 
bUiotl  would  appease  their  wrath.  At  this  time  Capt.  Uunnisou  and  his  ex- 
ploring party  came  along.  I  told  him  what  had  liappuned,  and  Bi>oke  of  the 
exasperation  of  the  Indians.  He  expressed  deep  regret,  and  remarked:  "The 
Indians  ure  sure  to  take  their  revenge. " '  Then  follows  an  accountof  the  mas- 
sacre, and  of  the  burial  of  the  dead.  Call  states  that  Captain  Gunnison's  re- 
mains were  interred  at  Fillmore.  At  Lieut  lJeckwit.'''8  request  he  furnished 
men  for  un  express  to  Brigham  with  news  of  the  massacre.  Utah  Co.  Sketches, 
MS.,  l(i.'l-8.  Call's  statement  is contirnied  by  Wells  inliia  A'arr.,  MS.,  lo-lU. 
Wells  states  that  Capt.  Gunnison's  brother  at  first  believed  the  report  that 
tlio  Mormons  were  implicated,  and  met  Call  by  appointment  at  S.  L.  City. 
The  latter  produced  his  diary,  from  w  hich  he  read  extracts,  and  after  a  full 
investigation,  declared  himself  satisfied  that  the  Mormons  had  nothing  to  do 
vitli  the  massacre.  F.  D.  Richards  says  that  he  and  Erustus  Snow  rescued 
fonr  of  the  survivors  near  Cedar  Springs.  Jiixt.  Incidi'iits  of  Utah,  MS.,  42-3. 

""Although  the  Indian  tribes  of  Utah  were  at  this  period  very  numer- 
OHs,  the  word  'Utahs'  was  commonly  applied  to  those  south  of  G.  S.  Lake, 
and  'Slioshoues'  or  'Snakes'  to  those  north  and  west  of  the  lake,  especially  in 
the  \  alley  of  the  Humboldt  River.  The  Snakes  and  Utahs  were  uoth  Sho- 
shone tribes.     See  my  Native  Races,  i.  passim. 

«'  Jiichimls'  Narr.,  MS.,  47;  Wells'  iXarr.,  MS.,  13;  Younifs  Early  Expe- 
riciice-1,  MS.,  5-0.  In  the  latter  M.S.  it  is  related  that  when  the  pioneers  en- 
tered the  valley  Indians  were  very  numerous,  but  that  the  only  trouble  which 
occurred  in  early  times  was  with  a  lame  and  vicious  savage  whom  the  Mor- 
mons named  'the  old  cripple.'  One  day  this  man  entered  Mrs  Young's  cabin 
during  her  husband's  absence,  and  asked  for  some  bi8"<iits.  She  gave  him  all 
that  she  couM  spare,  and  when  he  demanded  more  .  ci^li  d  that  she  had  none. 
The  Indian  then  strung  hia  bow  and  threatened  tw  !,i^"ther.  '  Wait  a  mo- 
ment,'said  Mrs  Young,  'and  I  will  bring  more  biscuits.'  Stepping  into  an 
adjoining  shed,  she  let  loose  at  him  a  huge  mastiH',  which  seized  him  by  tha 
leg,  causing  him  to  howl  with  pain.  The  savage  now  gave  up  iiis  arrows, 
whereupon  his  wound  was  dressed  and  he  was  sent  about  his  business.  He 
was  never  seen  again  in  tliat  neighborhood.  This  incident  is  p\so  related  in 
Tullklije's  Womi'n  o/Momi.,  442. 

Lorenzo  Dow  Young,  brother  to  Brigham,  by  whom  this  MS.  was  pre- 
sented to  me,  arrived  in  the  valley  on  the  24th  of  July,  1S47,  with  the  pioneer 


# 


f 


472 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


IS ." 


how  to  till  their  lands;  they  assu  '  thorn  that  tluy 
would  suffer  no  wronj;;  but  thev  i  told  them  that  if 
they  inflicted  wrong,  punishment  would  follow.  Nevii  - 
tholoss,  when  the  tide  of  gentile  emigration  set  in  I'ur 
California,  outbreaks  among  the  Indians  were  of  lic- 
(|uei,t  occurrence.  The  troubles  caused  to  the  oaily 
settlers  in  the  Utah  Valley  in  1849-50  have  already 
been  mentioned.  In  the  autumn  of  the  latter  ytai-, 
a  disturbance  occurred  in  the  northern  part  of  the  ter- 
ritory, caused  by  a  party  of  emigrants,  who,  while  en- 
camped on  the  Malade  Kiver,  shot  two  Shoshone 
women  as  they  were  crossing  the  stream  on  horsebai  k, 
stole  their  horses,  and  then  set  forth  on  their  journey. 
Thereupon  the  warriors  of  the  tribe  began  to  connnit 
depredations  on  the  northern  settlements,  slayin*,'  a 
Mormon  named  Campbell,  who  was  engaged  in  build- 
ing a  saw-mill,  near  C)gden,  and  threatening  to  massa- 
cre the  inhabitants  of  that  village.  General  Eldrodtjo 
of  the  Nauvoo  legion,  being  sent  with  a  detachment 
to  the  scene  of  action,  found  that  the  Shoshones  had 
moved  northward,  carrying  off       number  of  hor.sos 

Iwnd,  antl  encamped  near  the  present  site  of  treet,  S.  L.  City.     lUir- 

iug  my  visit  tu  Utah,  in  August  1884,  lie  dcscriL^>.a  to  mo  tho  cabin  that  lie 
built  soon  after  his  arrival  near  tho  spoi,  where  the  'Ikehivo'  later  sIimmI. 
Its  roof  was  of  dirt,  and  its  flooring  of  planks,  uiwn  by  his  own  hands.  Tliis 
was  the  tirst  house  built  in  tiie  cify,  and  as  it  had  gloss  for  windows,  w.ui 
long  considered  one  of  the  most  ci >mfortiible.  Around  this  residenco  locu>t 
trees  were  planted,  but  only  those  were  saved  which  were  covered  wiili 
buckets.  At  the  time  of  my  visit  I  found  Mr  Young  living  at  Lia  counu  y 
home,  within  two  or  three  miles  of  tho  capital,  in  company  with  the  elili"<t 
of  his  three  wives,  Ilairiet  Pago  \Vh.;eler  Young,  a  native  of  Hill8l)oroii;,'ii, 
N.  H.,  who  was  baptized  into  the  faith  in  Feb.  183G,  and  was  married  to  Lo- 
renzo at  Nauvoo  in  1844,  a  few  weeks  before  tho  assussuiatiou  of  Joseph  Smi!.h. 
The  house  was  long  and  narrov.',  plainly  built  and  furnished,  indicating  no  tiur- 
plus  of  this  world's  goods.  Mrs  Harriet  Young  is  tho  heroine  of  the  story  ic- 
fated  above.  In  a  double  brick  house  near  by  lived  the  other  wives  of  Mr 
Young.  They  were  honest,  good-natured,  credulous  people,  and  were  t\nn- 
oughly  contented  with  their  lot.  Their  simple  needs  were  all  supplied;  tin  ir 
barn  was  idled  with  hay,  and  the  yard  well  stocked  with  poultry.  Ail  tliu 
wives  addressed  Lorenzo  as  'father,'  and  the  entire  party  seemed  to  form  ciie 
patriarchal  family,  living  quietly,  happily,  and  in  accordance  with  their  fait  li. 
At  this  date  Mr  Young  was  77  years  of  age;  ho  was  a  man  of  medium  hci^'ht, 
ruddy,  and  cheerful  of  countenance,  with  kindly  blue  eyes,  thin,  wiiitc,  curly 
locks,  and  except  for  a  sligiit  deafness,  showed  little  trace  of  age.  Ho  said  tlmt 
on  his  7oth  birthday  he  counted  122  living  descendants,  but  had  since  Io>t 
track  of  the  number  of  his  grandchildren.  He  expressed  a  wish  that  the  duj- 
truie  of  polygamy  should  l)c  studied  in  tiie  light  of  the  old  testament,  and  the 
facts  laid  bare  by  sonic  honest  and  impartial  inquirer. 


THE  CHIEF  WALKER. 


478 


and  cattle.  A  number  of  Utaha  were  on  the  j^round, 
ami  a  j)ortion  of  them  were  made  prisoners  and  retained 
as  liostajjfes,  the  tribe  being  advised  to  move  south 
to  their  usual  place  of  abode  and  avoid  all  further  in- 
tcivourse  with  the  Shoshones.  Thus  the  matter  was 
settled  without  further  blt)odshed.*'* 

Xo  serious  outbreaks  occurred  among  the  Indian 
tribes  during  1851-2,  though  emigrant  parties,  both 
Mormon  and  gentile,  were  sometimes  molested,''^  and 
ill  October  of  the  former  year,  the  mail  for  California 
was  (•a[)ture(l  within  a  few  days  after  leaving  Salt  I-ako 
City.« 

J)uring  1853  and  a  portion  of  the  following  year 
occurred  what  was  known  as  the  Walker  war,  in 
whith  the  Mormons  suttered  serious  loss  of  life  and 
inopcrty  throughout  their  territory.  Walker,  a  fa- 
vorite chief  of  the  Utahs,  was  at  this  time  a  man  in 
the  prime  of  life,  one  versed  in  all  manly  exercises,  an 
exeellent  shot,  and  a  (;i[iital  judge  of  horse-ilesh.  In 
.'uhhtion  to  several  of  the  native  dialects,  he  could  con- 
verse tluently  in  Spanish,  and  make  himself  understood 
in  !"]nglish.  Long  before  the  advent  of  the  Mormons 
he  made  frequent  raids  into  the  Mexican  states,  where 
lie  laid  the  people  under  contribution,  and  took  ca|)- 
tive  persons  of  rank  and  condition  whom  he  held  to 
ransom.  When  setting  forth  on  one  of  these  forays 
he  was  attired  in  a  suit  of  the  finest  broadcloth,  cut 

^^Dexeret  Neivn,  Sept.  21,  1850;  Smith')i  Rise,  Progress  and  Travi-ln,  23, 
Sinitli  stiites  that  on  arriving  at  tlio  spot,  tho  detachment  aacertiiiueil  tlio 
ciiiso  (if  tlic  outbreak  from  some  friendly  Indians,  and  restored  peace  by  re- 
iiuhuising  the  Shosliones. 

"  Wiun  near  a  branch  of  tlie  Loupe  fork  of  the  Platte,  Orson  Hyde  and 
his  ]i;ii-ty  were  robbed  by  a  band  of  .'JOO  Pawnees,  the  i)lunder  aniouiitiiig  to 
.ilnrnt  i?i  ,000.  Frontier  Giiardinn,  Aug.  22,  18.")1.  In  I8;)2  there  was  also  sonio 
trouble  in  Tooele  co.  between  the  settlers  and  tho  Indians,  .ind  a  company  of 
tlic  legion  >v.as  sent  there,  but  tho  Indians  got  the  best  of  it,  carrying  away 
the  Munnons'  cattle.    IVMh'  Narr.,  MS.,  1,1. 

"'Tiu!  party  with  the  mail  left  S.  L.  City  on  Oct.  Ist,  and  reached  Gooso 
Creek  on  tiie  Gth.  Here  they  encamped  and  lighted  a  fire  for  the  first  time,  la 
tlif  morning,  when  ready  to  start,  200  or  300  Indians  made  their  appeaj-.uicc, 
and  pressed  .so  closely  on  tho  mail-wagon  that  the  men  were  forced  to  abandon 
it  and  retreat,  some  on  mules  and  some  on  foot,  keeping  up  a  fight  with  the 
liiiliiinH  for  several  miles.  At  least  five  of  the  assailants  were  killed.  S.  F. 
Alia,  Nov.  2,  1851.  In  M.,  June  2,  5,  1852,  are  reports  of  murders  commit- 
ted by  Indians. 


jIlM 


"  W 
,1! 


a 


474 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


in  the  latest  fashion,  and  donned  a  cambric  shirt  jind 
a  beaver  hat.  Over  this  costume  he  wore  his  gaudy 
Indian  trappings,  and  as  he  rode  at  the  head  of  his 
braves,  with  their  gayly  accoutred  steeds  and  em- 
broidered saddles  glittering  with  metal  ornaments,  he 
might  have  been  taken  for  a  Soldau  among  the  dusky 
Fainims  of  the  west.** 

At  first  Walker  received  the  exiled  saints  with 
open  arms,  gave  them  information  as  to  the  nature 
of  the  country,  advised  them  where  to  establish  set- 
tlements, and  guarded  them  from  depredation.  But 
when  he  saw  that  they  had  occupied  his  choicest  lauds; 
when  game  disappeared  from  the  canons  and  uioun 
tain  sides;  and  when  his  people  were  shot  down  with- 
out provocation,  and  their  cattle  stolen  by  bands  of 
emigrants,  his  friendship  turned  to  hate,  and  he  longed 
to  rid  himself  of  the  white  man.  On  the  17th  of 
July,  1853,  hostilities  broke  out,  and  continued  with 
little  interruption  until  winter.  During  this  year 
twelve  Moniiops  were  killed  and  a  number  wounded; 
about  four  hundred  euiilt;  and  horses  were  stolen, 
and  the  expense  incurred  in  building  forts  and  reni(»v- 
ing  settlements  amounted  to  §200,000.^  That  the 
loss  was  not  still  greater  was  duo  to  the  vigilance  of 

•^  Itieliarils  and  others  state  that  even  after  the  gold  discovery  Walkfr 
made  niids  into  California,  and  that  on  one  occasion,  about  the  year  I84'J,  tlie 
people  turned  out  eu  masse  to  capture  him  ami  his  band  in  their  luikiiig 
place  aii-.onii  the  mountains.  The  chief  quietly  secured  their  horses  :wnl 
trappings  at  <iea<l  of  ni;;ht  and  returned  with  them  to  Utah.  L'tiih  Xoi'  <, 
MS.,  8.  Wells,  Xarr.,  iJS.,  17,  says  that  Walker  did  not  inherit  the  rlii>'f- 
tainship,  but  obtained  it  through  the  success  of  his  raids  into  Californiu. 
Wlien  an  Indian  possessed  cattle  and  horses  enou>;h  to  mount  and  feed  otliri-s, 
he  was  at  once  regarded  as  a  big  man  among  the  Utalis,  and  thus  Walki-r 
obt'iinetl  his  prestige.  Ora,  now  dead,  w.tf>  the  head  chief  of  the  Ute  nation, 
and  Uintah  was  a  great  chief  among  the  Utahs. 

*"<iovcnior  s  message,  in  Utah,  Jour.  Lt<ji»l.,  l.S.j.1-4,  121-2,  On  July  ITtii 
the  Utuhs  made  a  raidi  on  Springville,  but,  the  inhabitants  being  forewuni<  'I, 
no  damage  was  done.  On  ihe  18th  Ak  xandcr  Keele,  who  Wiis  on  sentry  m  ar 
I'uyson,  was  shot  dead  by  Arap^n,  Walker's  brother.  The  Indians  tlion 
moved  up  I'eteetneet  Canon,  tiring  on  the  settlers  as  they  passed.  On  tliu 
l!)th  Col  Conover  started  from  Pruvo  «>ith  150  men  to  assist  the  smaller  srt- 
tienients.  On  the  s.imo  day  the  savages  attempted  to  surprise  the  settlcnaiit 
at  riensant  Creek,  and  stole  horses  and  cattle  at  Manti  aiid  Nephi.  On  the 
2Uth  tlie  ^"jard  at  Nephi  was  tired  upon.  On  the  24th  Clark  Roberts  uml 
John  llcrry  were  wounded  at  I'lcasant  ("reek,  while  on  their  way  to  l'ro\.>, 
in  charge  uf  an  express.     Ou  the  23d  Conover  sent  forth  a  scouting  i>arty 


SLAVE  TRADERS. 


475 


shirt  and 
lis  guuJy 
:a(l  of  Ills 
and  cm- 
ruents,  he 
-he  dusky 

ints  with 
le  nature 
Wish  .SL't- 
on.  But 
est  lands; 
id  uioun- 
\vn  with- 
bands  of 
le  longed 
!  17th  of 
ued  with 
:his  year 
vounded; 
e  stolen, 
i  reniov- 
rhat  the 
ilanee  of 

ery  Walkfr 
ar  IS4!».  the 
icir  luikiii)' 

horses  ;iiui 
Utah  Nut'^, 
t  the  ( hi"'f- 

California, 
feeil  otiirrs, 
hiis  Walker 
Ute  uutiori, 

n  July  ITtli 
"ore\vani«il, 
sentry  mar 
idiaos  tlicii 
On  tlio 
iniallcr  s>  t 

SCttlcIIRIlt 

li.     On  the 

oberts  ami 

to  l'ru\  ., 

itiug  party 


tlio  governor,  for  in  the  spring  an  emeute  had  already 
hecHi  threatened,  and  was  only  prevented  by  the 
prompt  measures  of  Brighani,  who  visited  the  Indian 
camps  in  person,  and  for  a  time  averted  the  outbreak. 
Anionjr  the  causes  that  led  to  di>turbance  with  the 
U talis  was  the  presence  of  trading  parties  from  New 
Mexico,  who  supplied  the  Indians  with  horses,  firo- 
ai  lus,  and  ammunition, often  taking  in  exchange  Indian 
woinen  and  children,  who  were  afterward  sold  into 
slavery.*^  To  remedy  this  evil,  an  a  "t  was  pa.ssed  by 
the  Utah  legislature  in  1852,  legalizing  the  enforced 
apjjienticeship  of  Indian  children,  but  only  for  the 
purpose  of  inducing  the  brethren  to  purchase  those 
who  would  otherwise  have  been  .sold  to  the  Mexicans 
or  abandoned  by  their  parents.*     So  frequent  were 

wliii-h  encountered  a  band  of  20  or  30  Indians  near  Ple?«uit  Creek,  and  killed 
six  of  them.  On  the  night  of  August  KXb  a  I<«>rty  uiidcr  Lieut  Burns,  en- 
caiii|ii'(I  on  Clover  Creek,  was  attacked,  aud  ooe  of  them  wounded,  several 
aiiiiuald  lM<ing  lost.  On  tlie  17th  four  men.  who  were  hauling  lumber  near 
I'ailiy  I'ark,  were  firca  on  and  two  of  them  killed.  iM.'terfi  Sticg,  ,\\x\y 'M, 
.•\r. .'.'•_','),  1853;  Wells'  Narr.,  M.S.,  .16.  .Sept.  Sutli,  four  men  on  their  way 
to  Maiiti  with  ox  teams  loaded  with  wheat  were  killed  and  mutilated  ut 
I'iutali  Springs.  Oct.  2d,  eight  Indiana  were  killed  and  others  cajttured  in  a 
i<!.iriiii:jh  at  JVephi.  Oct.  4tb,  two  Mormoa^  named  John  E.  \Vanier  and 
W'iliiaiu  Mills  werr,  kille«l  nt  the  giut-niill  near  Manti.  />/.,  Oct.  15,  1853. 
Oct.  .'Ust,  news  of  the  Gunnison  massacre  was  received  r.t  Salt  Lake  City  by 
litt(r  from  Capt.  Morris.  Id.,  \ov.  12,  |!4.»3.  For  other  accounts  of  Indian 
(listiuliauces,  see  5.  /'.  Jlfrald,  Sept.  »).  Dec  24,  1*53;  S.  F.  AUa,  Aug.  27, 
St'iit.  30,  1853;  Olnhausen's  Mormontn,  i86-7. 

'''  In  the  Desfret  Xetc*  of  Nov.  13,  1^51 ,  it  is  stated  that  a  copy  of  a  liccnsa 
granted  to  one  Pedro  Leon,  dated  Santa  Fe,  Aug.  14,  ls51,  and  fcigncd  by 
Janu's  S.  Calhoou,  suiierintendent  of  In<lian  ajSairSv  was  shown  to  VVillurd 
llit'liards,  who  ttatcs  that  on  the  ^id  ot  tlut  month  Leon,  with  20  Mexicans, 
\\M  at  Manti,  for  the  purjHise  of  trading  hurse*  for  Indian  chibln-n,  and 
that  two  other  compnnit^s  were  about  to  follow.  Wtlls,  Xarr..  M.S.,  2.'{,  and 
Kicliards,  /Jigt.  Incidents  of  Utah,  M.S.,  25-<i,  state  that  the  Utahs  were  in 
tlie  liabit  of  stealing  children  from  the  Fiuttrs  and  sciling  them  to  Mexican 
traders.  The  latter  relates  that  Arafiec'C  lia<l  a  stolen  child  who  was  taken 
xi'  k,  and  as  the  savage  eouhl  not  sell  it,  he  took  it  by  the  beds,  bwuug  it 
round  his  head,  and  dashed  out  its  brains.  The  act  was  witnessed  by  .several 
Mormons,  who  were  only  prevented  fr>>iQ  sliootini;  him  on  the  si>ot  tlirongii 
fi  ar  of  provoking  a  general  uprising.  By  virtue  of  his  authority  as  govenmr 
mill  superintendent  of  Indian  atiairs.  I^gtiam  Voung  forbade  all  trading  of 
tins  nature,  and  told  the  Mexicans  tha:  tiieir  license  was  not  valid.  Hint.  li. 
ywitiii,  MS.,  1851,  ll'\ 

'^In  tho  preamble  it  is  Htated  that  the  fiorciiascof  I:.-diar  women  an<l  cliil- 
dren  by  Mexican  traders  h  is  liecu  carried  >ju  fr>>m  time  iminemuriul ;  tliat  it 
is  a  common  practice  with  .\ndians  to  gan;bl«away  their  women  aud  childn  ii; 
tliat  tlic  captives  thus  obtaii.<Hl,  or  obtaine-I  by  war  or  theft,  were  often  car- 
lie'd  from  place  to  pliice,  nackcti  on  horses  or  mules.  Lariated  out  to  subsist  on 
gratis  or  roots,  bound  with  thongs  of  riwhide,  until  their  fe«taud  bauds  wero 


5  m 
m 


If 


if      I 

fir   I 


i 


478 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


the  visits  of  the  slave-traders,  that  in  April  185'1  a 
proclamation  was  issued  by  the  governor,  orderitiuf  tli.> 
arrest  uf  all  strolling  parties  of  Mexicans,  and  forbid- 
ding any  Mexican  to  leave  the  territory  until  further 
advised.^ 

Between  1854  and  1856  troubles  with  the  Indians 
were  less  frequent,""  and  tfiese  were  mainly  with  tho 

awollcn;  and  when  they  fell  sick,  were  frequently  slain  by  their  masters.  It 
was  therefore  enacteil  that  whenever  any  white  person  within  tlie  tcnitory 
Bhoiild  have  in  his  possession  an  Indian  prisoner,  whether  by  purcliasci  or 
otherwise,  he  sliould  inunediately  take  liis  eaptive  before  the  probate  jiul.;e  ur 
one  of  tlie  selectiiion,  and  if  in  their  opinion  the  applicant  was  a  lit  person  to 
retain  and  educate  him,  ho  was  to  be  l)oui)d  Ly  indenture  for  a  term  not  ex- 
ceeding -0  years,  during  which  he  must  ho  decently  clad  at  the  owner's  ix- 
pense,  and  attend  school  for  three  months  in  each  year.  Selectmen  wcio 
authorized  to  obtain  sucli  prisoners  and  have  them  trained  to  useful  vocations. 
A  cojjy  of  the  act  will  bo  found  in  Utah,  Acta  Lcijisl.  (ed.  18(i(!),  87-8,  and  l!nr- 
ton's  fit;/  of  the  SaintH,  297-9,  note.  In  a  message  to  the  legislature,  dated 
Jan.  6,  ISo'i,  Drigham,  reviewing  at  length  tho  internal  policy  of  tlie  ti  ni- 
tory,  said  that  the  system  of  slavery  was  obnoxious  to  humanity,  but  that  tho 
negro  should  .serve  tlie  seed  of  Abraham,  and  not  be  a  ruler  nor  vote  for  nun 
to  rule  over  him.  'My  own  feelings  are,  that  no  property  can  or  should  lie 
recognized  as  existing  in  slaves,  either  Indian  or  African. '  (Jlah,  Jour.  Li'ji4. , 
185 1-2,  pp.  108-10.  Nevertheless,  a  few  years  later,  there  were  slaves  in 
Utah.  Horace  (ireeley,  during  an  interview  with  Brigham,  it  1S.">9,  aslitd 
him,  '  VViiat  is  the  position  of  your  church  in  regard  to  slavery?'  '  We  I'on- 
sider  it,'  he  answered,  'of  divine  institution.'  'Are  any  slaves  now  laid  in 
this  territory?'  'There  are.'  'Do  your  territorial  laws  uphold  slavcivV 
'  TJieso  laws  are  printed — you  can  read  for  yourself.  If  slaves  are  broii^'iit 
here  by  those  who  owned  them  in  the  states,  we  do  not  favor  their  esiiipu 
from  t!io  service  of  tho.so  owners. '  (Jreflei/'H  OrerlamtJounu'if,  211-12.  '  'liiu 
constitution  of  Deseret  is  silent  upon  this;  we  mean  it  should  he.  The  seed 
of  Caiuuin  cannot  hold  any  oHice,  civil  or  ecclesiastical.  They  have  not  \»  is- 
dom  to  act  like  white  men. .  .The  day  will  come  when  tho  seed  of  Canaan 
will  be  redeemed.'  Illst.  li.  Youmj,  MS.,  1852,  p.  '2. 

**A  copy  of  the  proclamation  will  be  found  in  the  Deseret  Newa  of  April 
30,  185:1. 

'"On  Jan.  1,  1854,  a  wagon-train  on  its  way  from  S.  L.  City  to  California 
for  sn])plies  was  attacked  by  Indians,  and  three  Mormons  were  woundiil. 
Wlien  the  party  arrived  at  San  IJernardino  they  had  only  .10  out  of  iirai  ly 
100  head  of  stock  remaining.  .S'.  /'.  Alia,  Feb.  22,  bS.H.  In  Sept.  certain  Itii- 
ians  were  arrested  for  killing  two  Vwys,  named  William  and  Warren  Wn  k.s. 
On  Sept.  4th  Ilrigliam  returned  from  an  otUcial  visit  to  the  Shoshones.  'I'iic 
Indians  declared  that  tliey  desired  peace,  and  had  always  done  so,  cxitjit 
when  maltreated  by  passing  emigrants,  hesrrct  Aews,  in  /</.,  Oct.  19,  IN.VI. 
l^urinp  this  trip  Brigham  nn-t  tiie  chief  Walker  at  Chicken  Creek,  niadi'  a 
truce  with  hiin,  and  gave  him  presents.  Walker  afterward  Iwcaine  vciy 
friendly  to  tho  Slornions.  During  the  negotiations  Walker  said,  throu-'li  an 
interpreter,  that  Brigham  was  a  great  chief,  and  that  he  was  himself  as  ^i  i-at 
— holding  up  both  thumbs  to  indicate  that  both  were  equally  great.  V>y  Ok: 
terms  of  the  truce  W^alker  agreed  to  give  up  ail  the  stolen  horses,  or  all  tiiat 
couM  be  found.  Welln'  Narr.,  MS.,  21.  On  tho  17th  of  August,  wiiile  a  train 
of  Mornwn  emigrants  was  passing  a  Sioux  cn<,ampment  near  Fort  Laraiiuo, 
one  of  their  cattle  strayed  into  the  Indian  camp  and  was  killed.  The  Mm 
luona  cuuipluiued  to  the  conuiiaudaut,  who  ordered  Lieut  J.  L.  Uruttau  to 


TREATY  WITH  THE  SHOSHONES. 


477 


Utahs.  On  the  7th  of  August,  1855.,  a  treaty  waa 
iK'ootiated  by  the  Indian  agent  with  the  Shoshones, 
wlicrcby,  for  a  consideration  of  $3,000,  peace  and 
iViiiidship  were  to  be  confirmed  witli  tlie  United 
States,  and  the  passage  of  United  States  citizens 
through  their  territory  without  molestation  was  to 
be  jj^uaranteed.'^  In  January  of  this  year  the  chief 
Walker  died,''  at  peace,  as  it  seems,  with  the  Mor- 

procicd  to  the  camp  with  two  howitzers  and  29  men  of  the  sixth  infantry, 
and  aiic'st  tho  offender,  if  it  could  be  done  without  unnecessary  risk.  Tliis 
at  the  instiincu  of  a  Sioux  chief  named  Tho  Brar,  who  stilted  that  the  culprit 
would  doubtless  bo  surrendered.  Arriving  at  the  outskirts  of  the  cam]), 
(inituiu  sent  for  Tho  Bear,  who  said  that  his  people  had  dettrniincd  not  to 
deliver  up  tho  accused;  whereupon  the  lieutenant  resolved  to  enter  the  Ciinip 
and  nrrciit  him  at  all  hazards.  Thus  far  the  statements  of  witnesses  aL;ree, 
l)Ut  tiiiiii  this  point  there  is  a  conflict  of  testimony.  It  can  only  Ik3  statcil 
\viih  ciitainty  that  a  tight  ensued,  in  which  the  heutonant  and  Itis  entire 
coniiiiund  were  killed.  Tho  whole  matter  wears  the  ap])earancc  of  a  well- 
]ilaiin(.'d  attempt  on  tho  part  of  the  Indians  to  gain  possession  of  Fort  Larnmie, 
and  (if  the  warehouses  of  a  trading;  comiKiuy  near  by,  where  the  Sioux  were 
awiiitiu!^  tho  arrival  of  the  Indian  agent  to  distribute  their  annuity  goods. 
In  till'  latter  attempt  they  were  successful.  Various  reports  of  the  mass;icrc 
will  Ik;  found  in  Iloiise  Ex.  Doc,  33d  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  viii.  no.  CJ.  See  also 
/I'l///  (;/■  Sec.  of  Inter.,  in  Id.,  i.  pt  i.  224-5.  Toward  tho  end  of  the  year  a 
piiiy  of  Crows  captured  the  mail  from  S.  L.  City,  destroyed  the  mail-liags, 
and  si'iurcd  plunder  to  the  amount  of  $12,000.  S.  F.  Alta,  Jan.  1,  ISo.'i.  In 
iSe]it.  three  Mormons  were  murdered  near  the  Elk  Mountains.  For  jKirticu- 
lais,  see  J)e.'<eret  Kews,  Oct.  10,  17,  18.">5;  S.  F.  Alta,  Nov.  8,  18.">;  S.  /•'.  liul- 
itiii,  Xov.  1),  1855.  In  Feb.  185(i  there  was  some  trouble  with  Indians  in  the 
Utuli  and  Cedar  valleys,  during  which  a  Mormon  na'ned  (Jeorge  Cai-son  was 
iiiurtally  wounded,  and  two  herdsmen  killed.  Detif  Xeir.i,  Feb.  27,  March 
S,  is.'iti.  In  May  of  this  year  Carlos  Murray  anl  his  family  were  massacred 
in  Thousand  Spring  Valley.  Jiid.  Aff.  li<'l'ti  18.")(),  227-30.  It  is  probable 
that  this  massacre  was  caused  bythemisconduotof  ( 'aliforuia-boundcniigi-ants. 
In  House  Ex.  Doc,  34th  Cong.  Ist  Scss.,  i  pt  i.  51!),  tiarland  Hurt,  then 
Indian  ai;cnt,  in  his  report  to  Brigham  daftd  Sept.  ;{0,  lS5."i,  s:iys:  'Oa  our 
rrturii  trip  we  were  exceedingly  anxious  to  meet  with  soin<'  Indians  whom  wo 
liad  reason  to  believe  were  haunting  tho  road  betwei.-n  tiie  Humlnddt  and 
IVar  liivcr.  In  Thousand  Spring  Valley  we  saw  but  kwv,  and  had  to  chaso 
liini  I'll  horselmck  before  we  came  up  with  him.  I  asked  him  why  heand  iii4 
pciiplu  wore  so  wild  when  I  came  so  far  just  to  see  them  and  givo  tliem  pre». 
lilts.     Ho  said  they  were  afrai<l  we  were  Californians  and  would  kill  them.' 

"/i/.,  2(i7.  The  treaty  was  not  ratiiied,  and  ouly  a  copy  of  it  was  received 
..t  Washington. 

".Vt  Meadow  Creek,  near  Fillmore.  In  a  letter  to  Brigham,  dated  Fill- 
more City,  Jan.  29th,  David  Lewis  says  that  on  tho  previous  day  he  nut 
Walker,  who  was  so  feeble  that  he  had  to  be  supported  on  his  imrse.  He 
allied  whether  Brigham  'talked  good.'  Lewis  replied  that  ho  talked  viry 
gi'od,  and  gave  him  a  letter  and  a  number  of  presents  from  the  governor.  Tlie 
tliitfiaiii  then  went  his  way,  asking  Lewis  to  visit  him  at  Meadow  Creik  tlie 
next  iiiondng.  Before  daybreak  a  nund)er  of  Indians  came  running  into  the 
flit  lat  Fillmore)  with  news  of  Walker's  death.  Walker,  in  his  last  words, 
n^ki-d  his  people  not  to  kill  tlie  cattle  of  tho  Mormons  or  steal  fmiii  tiiein. 
Jh^'t-rt  .VcirK,  Feb.  8,  1855.  For  biograpliy  and  portrait  of  Walker,  wo  Li't- 
f'vrtii'n  lioute  from  Liverpool,  104-5;  for  uicntiou  of  his  death,  InciUfiU  »« 


n 


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L 

l-f'S'l 

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478 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


mons,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  brother  Arapcon.''' 
Thus  the  leading  spirit  of  the  Utahs  was  taken  from 
their  midst,  and  starved  though  the  Indians  were,"* 
they  ceased  for  a  time  from  open  hostility,  content in^r 
themselves  with  occasional  raids  on  the  Mormons' 
cattle  and  horses,  and  accepting  with  thankfulness 
such  small  presents  as  the  Indian  agents  were  pleasud 
to  give  them.'' 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  the  United  States 
should  have  deemed  Utah  fit  to  be  organized  as  a 
territory,  and  should  yet  have  considered  the  sum  of 
§3,000  a  fair  compensation  to  the  Indian  tribes  for 
its  occupation.  Though  no  territory  was  of  course 
acquired  by  the  informal  treaty  with  the  Shoshones, 
Utah  was  then  the  abode  of  more  than  forty  thousand 

llfah  Hint.,  MS.,  63;  Millennial  Star,  269-70;  S.  F.  Alta,  Apr.  6,  1855;  Sac. 
Union,  Apr.  9,  1855. 

"Walker  had  three  brothers,  named  Arapeen,  Sanpitch,  and  Tabby. 
Sanpitcli  succeeded  Arapeen,  and  Tabby  was  afterward  chief  of  the  Utahs. 
WvlW  Narr.,  MS.,  22.  In  hia  summary  of  the  Walker  war,  Richards  nun- 
tions  a  brother  named  Amnion.  Incidents  in  IJint.  Utah,  MS.,  30. 

■•In  his  report  to  Urigham  Young,  in  Ilotige  Ex.  Doc.,  i.  34th  Con:. 
1st  Sess.,  pt  i.  518,  Garland  Hurt  states  that  while  in  the  Humboldt  Valley 
4iX)  Indians  came  to  his  camp  within  three  days,  and  that  many  bad  tra\  i-Uo.l 
100  miles  without  food.  Again,  p.  520,  he  mentions  that  a  party  of  Utahs 
M'crc  put  to  work  on  a  farm  at  Ncphi,  but  they  had  nothing  to  cat,  and  most 
of  them  were  compelled  to  betake  themselves  to  the  mountains  and  streams, 
where  there  were  fish  and  game. 

'*In  1849  John  Wilson  was  appointed  Indian  agent  at  Salt  Lake.  In 
Ifome  Ex..  DoCn  17,  31st  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  pp.  182-4,  is  a  copy  of  iiis  in- 
structions. The  total  sum  allowed  him  for  presents  to  Indians,  rent,  fiul, 
stationery,  forage,  the  purchase  of  two  horses,  travelling  and  incidcntjil  tx- 
penses,  was  $1,500.  What  portion  of  this  amount  the  Indians  were  likuly  to 
receive  in  the  way  of  presents  the  reader  will  judge  for  himself.  In  Id.,  no. 
17,  pp.  104-111, 181  a  copy  of  the  Bf;ent's  report,  which  contains  much  that 
was  already  known  about  the  geography  of  the  country,  b  jt  very  little  ahuiit 
the  Indian  tribes.  Wilson  states  tliat  to  gain  anything  like  a  personal  know  1- 
edge  of  the  actual  situation  of  these  tribes  would  require  five  years'  trav^  I. 
One  would  think  that  he  might  at  least  have  learned  something  from  the 
Mormons.  In  1851  Jacob  H.  Holman  was  appointed  Indian  agent,  nn>l 
Henry  R.  Day  and  Stephen  B.  Rose  sub-agents.  Amer.  Almanac,  1852.  Day 
was  removed  in  18.'>2.  In  1854  Garland  Hurt  succeeded  Holman,  an«l  Edwarl 
A.  Bedell  was  also  appointed  agent.  In  1855-G  the  agents  were  (ilarland  Hint 
and  G.  W.  Armstrong,  Brigham  being  still  superintendent  of  Indian  aflati.s. 
Id.,  1854-7.  The  reports  of  the  various  agents  and  of  the  superintomknt 
will  be  found  in  Ind.  Aff.  Rept^,  passim.  In  his  report  to  the  secretary  of  tho 
interior,  dated  Nov.  22,  1850,  (Joo.  W.  Manynenny,  commissioner  of  Imliaii 
affairs,  says:  'The  Indians  in  the  territory  of  Utali  have,  with  but  few  excep- 
tions, continuetl  quiet  and  peaceable.'  Nevertheless,  in  Feb.  of  this  yar 
there  were  a  few  war  marties  in  the  field,  ooc  Brigham  Young's  procUmia- 
tion,  in  Dtatrtt  Xewt.  Feb.  27,  1800. 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


479 


citizens,  and  on  the  highway  of  travel  between  the 
verges  of  the  continent.  Between  July  1853  and 
August  1856  more  than  $11,000,000  were  expended 
for  the  occupation  or  acquisition  of  Indian  territory.'* 
Of  this  total  less  than  the  ihrce-hundredth  part  of 
ouG  per  cent  was  paid  to  the  Shoshones,  and  to  the 
Utahs  nothing.  For  the  five  years  ending  the  30th 
of  June,  1855,  the  sum  paid  to  the  Mormons  for  losses 
incurred  through  Indian  depredations,  for  the  expense 
of  suppressing  Indian  outbreaks,  and  of  negotiating 
treaties,  amounting  probably  to  not  less  than  §300,- 
000  was  $95,940.65;  and,  small  as  it  was,  when  drafts 
were  presented  at  the  treasury,  excuses  were  found  for 
not  paying  them." 

The  occupation  of  territory  under  such  conditions 
was  of  course  resented  by  the  original  owners  of  the 
soil,  and  it  is  no  matter  for  surprise  that  the  small 
detachments  of  United  States  troops  lost  more  in 
ninnber  between  the  years  1853  and  1856  than  did 
the  Mormons.'^     The  saints  seldom  used  their  rifles 


m 


'«/;!(/.  Aff.  Rfpts,  1836,  264-7. 

"  JAnfortK's  Route  from  Liverpool,  108.  Gen.  Wells  states  that  the  cost  of 
the  Walker  war,  apart  from  losses  incurred,  was  $70,000;  that  this  was  cut 
down  to  $40,000,  after  special  agents  had  been  sent  to  investigate,  and  w.as 
not  paid  until  ten  years  afterward.  Sarr.,  MS.,  25.  On  Jan.  5,  IH.VS,  the 
committee  on  territories  transferred  to  tlie  committee  on  military  utrisirs  a 
moniorial  of  the  Utah  legislature  for  an  appropriation  for  tlio  expeiisc  of 
Indian  expeditions.  U.  S.  /louse  Jour.,  .3'2d  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  104.  On  Jan. 
29,  IS.M,  tlie  committee  on  military  affairs  reported  tiiat  it  liad  not  suihcicnt 
data  to  advise  on  refunding  to  Utah  her  expenses  in  suppressing  Indian  out- 
l-rcaks.  U.  S.  l/ouxe  Com.  Rcpla,  3.1d  Cong.  2d  Scss.,  .SO.  On  March  2,  iHol, 
the  U.  S.  senate  voted  against  a  motion  autliori/ing  the  secretary  (jf  war  to 
settle  the  accounts  of  Utah  territory  for  moneys  advanced  in  suppressing 
Indian  hostilities  in  18.')3.  U.  S.  Sfn.  Jour.,  ,34th  Cong.  ."M  .Sess.,  2'J8.  Tor 
('0]iic3  of  memorials,  of  which  two  were  forwarded  to  congress,  see  Ctah, 
AcU  Le,jid.  (ed.  1855),  409-10,  41G-17. 

"Garland  Hurt,  under  date  (J.  S.  L.  City,  May  2,  18').'),  in  Iwl.  Aff.  Rrptu, 
H.")7,  .30.5,  says  he  has  become  satisfied  that  tlic  saints  have  accidentally  or 
purpcisoly  created  a  distinction  in  the  minds  of  the  Indian  tribes  of  this  tcrri 
tory  i)ctween  the  Mormons  ami  the  penple  of  the  U.  S.  that  cannot  act  other- 
«ise  than  prejudicially  to  the  latter.  He  reconimomls  that  the  I.?th  ami  14th 
eections  of  the  'act  to  regulate  trade  and  intercourse  with  the  Indian  tiihes, 
and  to  preserve  peace  on  tlio  frontier,'  be  rigidly  enforced.  It  is  true  that  th« 
Indians  made  a  distinction  l)etween  Alormons  and  gentiles,  for  the  former  fed 
and  clothed  them,  wiiilo  the  latter  shot  them  down,  liiciiards,  AVtrr.,  M.S., 
47,  says  that  when  the  saints  first  arrived  in  the  valley,  liriglmm  assurid  the 
Indians  that  tiiey  wouhl  Imj  well  treated,  and  told  them  that  they  must  not 
behave  toward  hia  people  as  they  did  towaid  the  Americaus.     In  Indian  Aff. 


^4;! 


48Q 


UTAH  AS  A  TERRITORY. 


except  in  case  of  need,  and  treated  their  Indian  nei;;li- 
bors  as  human  beings.  The  emigrants  had  no  «iuh 
scruples. 

Hfpts,  18.17,  311,  the  governor  remarks  that  more  liberal  appropriations  slimiM 
lio  iiiaile,  and  that  the  troops  must  bo  kept  away,  'for  it  is  a  provalont  tact 
that  w  hcrever  there  are  the  most  of  these,  we  may  expect  to  find  the  grcitcst 
amount  of  liostile  Imlians,  and  the  least  security  to  persons  and  proiKity.' 
Most  of  Brigham's  reports  bear  the  impress  of  common  sense,  but  lie  luul  liut 
in  his  hands  tiie  appropriation  of  government  funds  or  the  appoiutniciii  of 
Indian  a>;ents.  For  further  mention  of  matters  relating  to  Indian  atlaii'!:,  six- 
y/otwe  ICx.  Doc,  i.  S'-M  Conu.  '2d  Sess.,  pt.  i.,  •-»9<J-;{IH).  487-4 J;  /(/.,  i.  :VM 
Cong.  1st  Sess.,  pt  i.  441-7;  Utah,  Jour.  Lri/iM.,  Joint  Sess.,  18,")4-ri,  pp.  !it- 
7.  lU'J;  Di-scretA'cwM,  May  1,  \So'2,  Apr. '_',  18;"):),  May  11,  June  '22,  Sept.  7, » •■  i. 
Ij,  '2G,  Nov.  10.  18.')4,  Oct.  15,  18r>«;  7Vo«/.  Guardkin,  Oct  :<,  184!);  TnllUii.-g 
(^hiart.  M(uj.,  July  1884,  2;jo-4l:  Machn/'H  The  Mormon.^,  'SXl,  '2:\S  W; 
Olsliausen'ii  tlpxrh.  de  Morm.,  184-7;  Carralho's  IiirUleiifn  of  Trairl,  l^s  ;t4; 
Ward'A  llmbiiml  in  Utah,  .SO-OO,  04-7;  Marshairit  Throwjh  Aiifr.,  I'.iJ; 
IlunVn  Mcrrhaiitu'  Maq.,  xxx.  O.'W;  I'uchir  I{.  J{.  llept,  ii.  '20-7;  Sue.  Uiii.,ii, 
June  10,  1855;  S.  /'.  hulletin,  l>cc.  II,  1855;  S.  F.  Alta,  July  4,  18.')4,  J>,c, 
9,  1850;  San  Jose  Tinus,  Nov.  '23,  187U;  «S.  /'.  JJerald,  June  '25,  1854. 


l',ii 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 


THE  (GOVERNMENT  IN  ARM& 

18:»3-ls57. 

Bbiobau  as  Dictator — Utah  Skeks  Admission  as  a  State — DisaATnwAO* 

TION  AMONO  TUE  SaISTS— CONFUCTI.NO  JUDICIAUIES — THE  NeW  FeD- 
EHAL   OfFICIAIS — PlsPlTKS  WITH  .TriKJE  DrUUMOND — CoLONEL  StKPTOK 

—An  Expedition  Ordkredto  Ut  mi  -Official  Blunders — The  Troops 

ASSEMBLK    AT   FoRT    LeAVE>:WORTH— HoCKADAY   AND    MaORAW's    MaIL 

Contract — The  Brioham  Yocno  Express — Celebration  of  the  Pio- 
neer Anniversary— News  of  tub  Cominu  Invasion — Its  EIffeotom 
the  Mormons— Arrr'al  of  Major  Van  Vuet— The  Nactoo  Lkoiom 
—Mormon  Tactics. 

"  I  AM  and  will  be  governor,  and  no  power  can  Hin- 
di )•  it,"  declared  Brigham  in  a  sabbath  discourse  at 
t!io  tabernacle  in  Junc^  1853;  "until,"  ho  added  with 
cliaracteristic  shrewdness,  "the  Lord  almighty  says, 
'Brigham,  you  need  not  be  governor  any  longer.'"* 
After  the  departure  of  the  runaway  officials  in  Sej)- 
t(  iiiber  1851,  there  were  mme  to  dispute  the  authority 
of  the  governor,  and  for  several  years  his  will  was 
l;i\v.  At  the  opening  of  the  joint  sessions  of  the  as- 
sembly, a  committee  was  appointed  to  escort  liini  to 
the  hall  of  the  representatives,  where  he  took  his  seat 
in  fiont  of  the  speaker's  chair,  the  mcnnbei's  and  spec- 
tators rising  in  a  bodv  as  In-  ciitt  red.  The  messaijo 
was  tlien  read  l>y  his  private  secretary;  it  was  ordered 
that  a  thousami  copies  of  it  bo  piinted  for  the  use  of 
both  houses,  and  that  it  be  published  in  the  Dcscrcf 
Xcws  for  the  benefit  (^f  the  pe«>])le.  The  assembly 
then  adjourned,  and  at  the  meetings  which  followed 


'  Journal  of  Di.<coHii*€8,  i.  135. 
Hist.  Utah.    ;n 


(481) 


482 


THE  GOVERNMENT  IN  ARMS. 


adopted  only  sucli  ineasuros  as  wore  suggested  in  the 
message,  or  as  they  knew  would  find  favor  with  the 
governor.''  "  Laws  should  be  simple  and  plain,"  re- 
marked Brighani,  in  his  message  of  December  1853, 
"eas}'  to  be  comprehended  by  the  most  unlearned, 
void  of  ambiguity,  and  few  in  number."'  Most  sensi- 
ble advice. 

During  the  years  1852-3  little  of  importance  oc- 
curred in  the  political  history  of  Utah.  By  act  ap- 
})roved  January  3,  1853,  it  was  ordered  that  general 
elections  should  be  hold  annually  in  each  precinct  on 
the  first  Monday  in  August,*  and  in  section  five  of 
this  act  each  elector  was  required  to  provide  himself 
with  a  vote  containing  the  names  of  the  persons  he 
wished  to  be  elected,  and  the  offices  he  would  have 
them  fill,  and  present  it  folded  to  the  judge  of  the 
election,  wlio  must  number  and  deposit  it  in  the  ballot- 
box  ;  the  clerk  then  wrote  the  name  of  the  elector,  and 
opposite  to  it  the  number  of  the  vote.     This  measure, 


!      f- 


'Ofljcials  nuininatcd  by  the  governor  were  also  elected  by  the  assembly, 
by  a  unanimous  vote.  At  a  joint  session  held  Jan.  17,  1854,  Councillor  Tay 
lor  prescutcd  a  list  uf  uoinluations,  Lncludiug  an  auditor,  treasurer,  tenitu- 
rial  commissioner,  surveyor-general,  librarian,  member  of  the  code  commission, 
a  district  attorney,  a  ])robate  judge,  and  several  notaries  public.  A  vote  was 
taken  on  cacii  nouiinatiuii,  and  all  were  carried  unanimously.  Utah,  Juu  . 
Le:iisl.,  U4. 

*  Copies  of  the  message  will  bo  found  in  Jd.,  18o3-4,  111-23;  Deseret  Nfirs, 
Dec.  I.">,  1S.">3.  It  contains  a  statement  of  the  revenue  and  expenses  uf  the 
territory  for  tlic  then  current  year.  The  iisse8.smcnt  for  18.").3  was  nt  tlio  rate 
of  one  per  cent,  and  should  have  yielded,  including  the  deiiucpieucies  in  the 
previiiiLs  year'.s  collection.s,  S'J4,1"J1  .(••).  Tiie  expenses  were  only  §14,lSl,'j:>. 
of  whieii  8 1 "2,. '501. .ST  was  for  public  improvements;  but  during  the  year  w.ir- 
rants  had  been  issneil  on  the  treasury  amounting  to  614,834.92,  and  tiii  lo 
were  previous  wanant-'^,  not  yet  redeemed,  amounting  to  $2,80*5. ()'>,  to^'t'tliir 
witli  outstanding  debts  estimated  at  §0,000,  making  in  all  $23,7:13.58.  Of 
this  sum  ^lU,00."{.ti(J  had  been  redeemed,  and  there  was  a  balance  in  the  tii us- 
urer's hands  of  81.2')S.41,  leaving  a  debt  of  812,431. .^7,  for  which  there  wi  n- 
no  available  funds.  The  dolinquencies  still  remaining  for  18.")2,  when  tlir 
assessment  was  two  per  cent.  Mere  §(i,4()3,  and  for  1853,  §10,523.  If  tin  s': 
Were  collected,  there  would  be  a  balance  of  §4,.V)4.49  in  the  treasury.  Tli*" 
saints  are  exhorted  to  pay  their  assessments  more  promptly,  and  the  oliiccr^ 
to  bo  more  energetic  in  their  collection.  Copies  of  the  governor's  messa^i  ■■ 
for  lS51-2will  bo  found  in  Utah,. lour.  Lr;isl.,  1851-2,  100-13;  Deseret.  X<'v  ■ . 
Jan.  10,  I8.">2. 

^Copies  of  the  Jict  are  in  Utah,  Actx  LajU.  (ed.  1855),  2.32-4;  Utah  Pamj>h- 
lets,  Polit.,  xiv.  G-7.  The  result  of  the  election  for  1S53  is  given  in  au  cxtni 
of  the  Deserri  Xewn,  Aug.  25,  1853,  and  will  be  found  in  the  same  paper  for 
each  succeeding  year. 


SEEKIXr;  ADMIS.^IOX  AS  A  STATE. 


4S3 


wliii'h  virtually  abolished  vote  by  ballot,  gave  much 
(Ti'dund  of  complaint  to  the  anti-Mormons.  "  In  a 
territory  so  governed,"  writes  Benjamin  G.  Ferris, 
\d\o  superseded  Willard  Richards  as  secretary  in  the 
winter  of  1852-3,  "it  will  not  excite  surprise  that 
cases  of  extortion,  robbery,  murder,  and  other  crimes 
should  occur  and  defy  all  legal  redress,  or  that  the 
lau  should  be  made  the  instrument  of  crime."  The 
remark  is  unjust.  If  crime  was  not  punished,  it  was 
fVdin  no  fault  of  the  legislature,  but,  as  we  shall  see 
later,  from  want  of  harmony  between  the  federal  and 
territorial  judiciaries. 

In  January  1854"  Utah  again  sought  admission  as 
ii  >tate,  a  memorial  to  congress  being  adopted  by  the 
1(  L;islativo  assembly  praying  that  the  inhabitants  be 
audiorized   to  call  a  convention  for  the  purpose  of 

'J'lic  reniaiiiiiig  acts  of  the  legislature  for  1852-3  will  be  foimil  in  Utah, 
Ar'.-  Lefjisl.  (ed.  IS.m),  'J.'U-nS,  (e.l.  ISGfi),  C4-6.  On  March  3,  18r)2,  an  act 
was  approved  wliereby  it  was  niado  unlawful  '  to  use  with  disrespect  the 
iiani''  of  the  deity,'  or  to  '  become  publicly  intoxicated  so  as  to  endanger  the 
ptnic  and  {juict  of  the  comuninity.'  For  the  former  oflTencc  the  penalty  wna 
u  line  of  Si2  to  $10,  or  one  to  live  days'  labor  on  the  public  highway,  at  the 
i'i--i'rotion  of  the  court;  for  tlic  latter,  a  line  of  $1  to  §10.  On  Jan.  17,  ISoo, 
fin  act  was  approve*!  incorporating  the  Dcseret  Iron  ('o.,  Erastus  Snow, 
Fiaiikliu  1).  li.ichards,  uud  (ieo.  A.  Smith  being  among  the  members  of  the 
l)(p.ly  corporate.  Acts  weio  also  passed  incorporating  the  Provo  Canal  and 
Irripation  Co.,  of  which  Orson  Hyde,  Geo.  A.  Smith,  and  Geo.  W.  Armstrong 
Were  tljo  promoters,  power  being  granted  to  divert  a  poi'tion  of  the  waters  of 
Provo  River.  Another  act  bearing  this  date  gives  to  Dan.  H.  Wells  the 
ripht  to  erect  and  control  ferries  on  Green  River,  the  rates  of  toll  being  $3 
1'  r  uiuh  vehicle  not  over  2,000  lbs  weight,  §4  for  any  vehicle  between  2,000 
and  rt.OOO,  $5  for  those  between  .1,000  and  4,000,  and  §0  for  those  over  4,000 
lbs  for  each  liorse,  mule,  ox,  or  cow  ftO  cents,  i.nd  for  each  sheep,  goat,  or 
3\v  iue  -o  cents.  Wells  was  required  to  pay  ten  per  cent  of  the  proceeds  to 
till'  emigration  fund.  On  .Jan.  21,  lS.").'i,  an  act  'vas  ';<usscd  incorporating  the 
I'rovo  Manufacturing  Co.,  of  which  Orson  Hyde,  'ico.  A.  Smith,  aud  others 
were  members.  By  other  acts  of  tlii.s  dace  tl. :  Great  S.  L.  City  Water 
Works  Association  was  incorporated,  I'.righam  Young,  ITcber  C  Kimlwll, 
Kzra  T.  Benson,  Jedediaii  M.  Grant,  Jcssu  ('.  Little,  aud  I'hineas  W.  Cook 
I'ciii^'  the  body  corporate;  to  Chaa  Hopkins  aud  others  was  granted  the  right 
to  build  a  toll-bridge  across  the  Jordan,  to  Jos.  Busby  the  privilege  of  estab- 
lit^hing  femes  on  Ham  Fork  of  the  Green  River,  and  to  Jos.  Young,  David 
Fullmer,  and  two  others  that  of  establish ing  ferries  at  Bear  River  and  build- 
iiit:  a  toll-bridge  across  the  Malad.  On  the  same  date  an  act  was  passed  reg- 
■.ii.iting  the  mode  of  procedure  in  criminal  cases.  By  act  of  June  4,  lSo'6, 
.M'iah  Wardsworth  and  two  others  were  granted  the  right  to  erect  a  toll- 
hii(l;;i;  across  the  Weber.  The  acts,  resolutions,  aud  memorials  of  the  legis- 
kturc  were  published  in  the  JJiserel  Xnvx.  lu  the  issues  of  June  18,  iSoS, 
nml  .fan.  11,  185.5,  is  a  description  of  festivities  held  by  the  members,  to 
which  the  federal  officials  were  invited.  They  were  afterward  held  once  or 
twi.M?  each  year. 


ill 


\ll 


Hil 


il  1 


HI 


!  i 


in  1^ 


484 


THE  GOVEIINMENT  IN  ARMS. 


framing  a  coiistitutiou  and  state  government."  A.«} 
no  notice  was  taken  of  this  request,  the  convention 
met  in  March  1856,  and  the  people  again  adopted  ;i 
constitution  of  their  own,  under  tlio  style  of  the 
state  of  Deseret,  resembling,  though  with  some  addi- 
tions, the  one  framed  in  1849."  It  was  signed  by 
every  member  of  the  convention,  and  together  wltli 
a  second  memorial,  was  presented  by  John  ]M.  Bein- 
hisel,  who  between  1851  and  1859  filled  the  positiun 
of  territorial  dele<>ate.  Both  were  again  i^jnorcd,^ 
probably  on  the  score  of  polygamy,  for  otherwise 
there  were  many  arijuments  in  favor  of  the  Mormons, 
If  their  population  was  not  yet  large  enough  to  en- 
title them  to  admission,  it  was  larger  than  that  n\ 
several  of  the  younger  states  when  first  admitted/' 
They  were  a  prosperous  and  fairly  intelligent  com- 
munity; their  wars  with  the  Indian  tribes  had  been 
conducted  successfully,  and  at  their  own  expense;  at 
their  own  expense  also  they  had  constructed  publir 
buildings,  roads,  and  bridges;  they  had  conquered  the 
desert,  and  amid  its  wastes  had  founded  cities;  thni 
could  be  no  doubt  of  their  ability  to  maintain  a  state 
government;  and  thus  far,  at  least,  there  was  no  valid 
reason  to  question  their  loyalty.  That  under  these 
circumstances  their  memorial  should  be  treated  with 
contempt  gave  sore  oflfence  to  the  saints.^" 

*  A  copy  of  it  nicay  be  found  in  Utah,  AcU  Legist,  (od.  1855),  414-15. 

'The  full  text  is  given  in  .Ven.  Misc.  Doc.,  35th  Cong.  Ist  Sess.,  iii.  n  i. 
S40;  Utah  Arts,  1855-45;  Dexeret  Nnvs,  Apr.  2,  1856. 

•They  were  tabled  in  the  senate  on  the  20th  of  April,  1858. 

•In  1854  W.  Richards  estimated  the  population  of  Utah  at  40,0(M)  t  ■ 
60,000.  In  Feb.  1856  Leonard  W.  Hardy,  census  agent,  gave  76,33.">  as 
the  number,  of  whom  37,277  were  males  and  39,058  females.  The  p(  nn! 
commissioners  sent  tn  the  territory  in  1858,  after  the  Utah  war,  repfirtnl 
its  population  at  the  ligurcs  given  by  Richards.  The  census  of  lH(>()v.r< 
taken  umler  some  disadvantages.  Gen.  Burr  was  appointed  to  that  duty  Iv 
Marsiial  Dotson,  a  strong  aiiti-Monnon,  bat  as  the  saints  murmured  at  th  s 
selection,  a  clerk  in  his  store  was  chosen  in  his  stead.  The  returns  ,L'i\e 
40,295  souls,  including  29  apprentices,  or  so-called  slaves,  and  are  prolmiily 
much  within  the  actual  tigures.  At  this  date  the  Mormons  claimed  a  jiopi- 
lation  of  90,000  to  lOd.OOO,  which  ia  doubtless  an  exaggeration.  In  onlii  ti 
show  the  number  that  would  entitle  them  to  admission  as  a  state,  they  v  rro 
accused  of  counting  cattle  and  unborn  children  as  souls.  Burton's  City  of  ''c 
Saints.  .S56-8.  It  is  probable  tliat  the  actual  population  in  1860  was  al'iit 
ai,000. 

'"For  comments  on  the  admission  of  Utah  as  a  state  at  this  period,  >'0 


3;    . 
si;.  «| 

W,    4. 


LAND  TITLED  AXD  XATTOXAT-  AID. 


Another  cause  of  complaint  with  the  Mormons  was 
the  impossibility  of  acquiring  a  secure  title  to  land. 
Ill  December  1853  the  president  of  the  United  States 
had  recommended  in  his  messa^je  that  the  land  system 
]>.■  extended  over  Utah,"  with  snoh  modifications  as  the 
peculiarities  of  that  territory  might  require.  About 
a  year  later,  an  act  was  passed  authoiizing  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  surveyor-general  for  Utah,''^  and  soon 
al'rerward  large  tracts  were  surveyed.  But  the  In- 
dian title  had  not  yet  been  extinguished;  the  sections 
were  not  open  to  preemption,  and  the  saints  therefore 
found  themselves  merely  in  the  condition  ol'  squatters 
ill  their  land  of  Zion.  They  were  ready  to  purchase, 
but  the  organic  act  forbade  the  primary  disposal  of 
tin  soil,  and,  as  it  seems,  the  govi'rnmcnt,  knowing 
their  ability  and  their  eagerness  to  purchase,  still  hes- 
itated to  make  them  its  permanent  owners.  Never- 
tluless,  a  few  years  before,  this  portion  of  the  public 
domain  had  virtually  been  ceded  to  them  as  worth- 

IrsS. 

Still  another  reason  for  dissatisfaction  was  the  fail- 
ure of  congress  to  make  such  appropriations  as  were 
giaiited  for  other  territories.  With  the  exception  of 
about  $96,000  granted,  it  will  be  remembered,  as  part 
coiiipensation  for  an  expense  of  $300,000  in  quelling 
I  iidian  outbreaks,  $20,000  for  a  state-house,  and  §5,000 
I'nr  a  library,  no  money  was  voted  specially  for  the 
benefit  of  Utah  between  1850  and  1857;  for  the  sums 
expended  on  the  survey  and  construction  of  roads 
(oiiiiecting  that  territory  with  other  parts  of  the 
I^iion  cannot,  of  course,  be  so  regarded.     In  1855  the 

b:<i!rn  Xew8,  Apr.  2,  May  21,  18oC;  Putnam's  Ma/.,  v.  22.V.36;  ."?.  F.  Bulle- 
ti  .  Aug.  23,  185G. 

"  And  also  over  New  Mexico.  House  Ex.  Doc,  3.3d  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  i.  pt 
1.  1..  12. 

'T.  .S*.  Public  Laws,  3.3d  Cong.  2a  Seas.,  Gil;  //oiwe  Ex.  Doc.,  40tli  Cong. 
31  Sess.,  xxvi.  p.  971.  The  appointmcnv.  was  given  to  David  IT.  Burr,  \\  ho, 
according  to  a  writer  in  the  Internal.  /?<"•.,  Feb.  1882,  p.  192,  met  with  such 
o;  position  that  ho  was  compelled  to  flue  for  his  life.  I  find  no  contirmation 
of  this  statement,  nor  does  3lr  Burr  mention  any  disagreement  with  the  Mor- 
mon autlioritiea  in  bis  report,  in  I/oice  Ex.  Doc,  34th  Cong.  3d  Sess.,  i.  pt  L 
pp.  o42-9. 


'  ') 


% 


'i)i  is- 


t;'f 


4M 


Tin:  <;OVERXMENT  IN  ARMS. 


it 


i 


d 


seat  of  the  legislative  assembly  and  of  the  supreme 
court  was  reiuovetl  to  Fillmore,  and  in  185G  ago  in 
transferred  to  Salt  Lake  City."  In  the  latter  yoai 
a  further  appropriation  was  asked  for  the  completiun 
of  the  state-house,  but  the  request  was  refused,  and 
even  the  expenses  of  the  assembly  and  other  neces- 
sary items  were  not  promptly  paid.'* 

Meanwhile  most  of  the  gentile  officials  appointed  l)y 
the  authorities  were,  according  to  Mormon  accounts, 
pitlitical  adventurers  of  the  lowest  grade — men  win*, 
being  glad  to  accept  the  crumbs  of  government  patron- 
age, were  sent  to  this  the  cesspool  of  the  Unitnl 
States.  The  officials,  of  course,  answered  with  count,  i- 
charges,  among  them  that  the  Mormons  combined  to 
obstruct  the  administration  of  justi^o.  To  atteinjit 
to  carry  out  the  laws  was,  they  declared,  a  hopeless 
task,  in  a  community  controlled  by  an  ecclesiastical 
star-chamber,  working  out  in  darkness  a  sectarian 
law,  and  with  a  grand  lama  presiding  over  their  suf- 
frages. Complications  hence  arise,  and  the  contli<t 
known  as  the  Mormon  war. 

Among  the  principal  oausosof  the  rupture  were  the 
frequent  disputes  between  the  confliciln  j  judiciaries. 
By  act  of  1852  it  had  been  orderea  1'Im.u  the  distri(  t 
courts  should  exercise  original  jurisdiction,  both  in 
civil  and  criminal  cases,  when  not  otherwise  provide! 
for  by  law,  and  should  have  a  general  supervision 
over  all  inferior  courts,  to  prevent  and  correct  abuses 
where  no  other  remedy  existed.     By  consent  of  com  t, 

^*T'iylor»Sarr.,  MS.;  Welh'  Narr.,  MS.;  HiH.  li.  Young,  MS.;  V'lh 
Not>x,  M.S.;  OU:„iiigen,  Mornwni-n,  103;  Utah,  Actx  LeijU.  (ci\.  1806),  HHj. 
In  Richunli'  Xarr.,  MS.,  OD,  it  is  stated  that  the  extra  expense  caused  to 
fnoat  of  the  menilK-rs  was  the  cause  of  the  second  removal.  Fillmore  is  alxjnt 
lOo  miles  south  of  .S.  L.  City.  In  tlic  Desent  2rrwK  of  Jan.  11,  ISi)."),  is  a  i!'  ■ 
Bcription  fif  the  state-liouse  at  Filliiiorc,  bo  far  as  it  was  then  completed. 

"  Demands  were  madi.-  on  congress  for  the  expenses  of  the  assembly  iu 
ISiiC,  and  for  making  a  survey  of  tlic  boundaries  of  Oregon  in  the  same  yen-. 
Clah  Ad",  18"M-ii,  p.  JT;  l,S.'.S-9,  p.  .18.  Neither  was  granted.  In  1S.VJ  a 
bill  passeil  the  house  of  r<:'presentatives  in  congress,  giving  to  the  legislatini-a 
of  territories  the  control  of  apjiropriutions  for  their  expenses.  To  this  w  h 
added  an  auteudment  'that  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  not  apply  to  Utah. ' 
U.  S.  House  Jour.,  32d  Ck)ng.  Ist  Sesa.,  7S0.  The  bill  was  thrown  out  by  the 
senate. 


ill^vil 


COIRT  CONFLICTS. 


487 


aiiv  person  could  he  selectcfl  to  act  as  judge  for  the 
trial  of  a  particular  cause  or  question,  and  while  in 
this  capacity  possessed  all  the  powers  of  a  district 
judge.  The  district  court  judges  were,  of  course, 
federal  magistrates.  By  the  same  act  it  was  provided 
that  there  should  be  judges  of  probate  for  each  county 
within  the  territory;  that  they  should  be  elected  for 
n  term  of  four  years  by  joint  vote  of  the  legislative 
{issembly;  should  hold  four  regular  sessions  each  year; 
arifl  that  their  courts  should  be  considered  in  law  as 
always  open.  Besides  the  powers  pertaining  to  such 
courts,  they  had  the  administration  of  estates,  the 
guardianship  of  minors,  idiots,  and  insane  persons,  and 
"|)owerto  exercise  original  jurisdiction,  both  civil  and 
criminal,  and  as  well  in  chancery  as  at  common  law, 
wlien  not  prohibited  by  legislative  enactment.""  The 
probate  court  judges  were,  of  course,  Mormons;  but 
appeal  lay  from  their  decisions  to  the  district  courts. 
Subject  to  the  revision  of  the  probate  courts  were  the 
municipal  courts,  the  justices  of  the  peace,  and  the 
three  'selectmen'  appointed  for  each  county,  whoso 
(kities  were  to  oversee  and  provide  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  the  poor,  to  take  charge  of  the  [>ersons  and 
estates  of  the  insane,  and  to  bind  apprentice,  orphan, 
anil  vagrant  children.'" 

Thus  the  probate  courts,  whose  proper  jurisdiction 
concerned  only  the  estates  of  the  dead,  were  made 
judges  of  the  living,  with  powers  almost  equal  to 
those  of  the  supreme  and  district  courts.  These 
powers  were  conferred  on  them,  as  the  gentiles  alleged, 
in  order  to  nullify,  so  far  as  possible,  the  authority  wf 


'*  Utah,  Acts  U;ii4.  (ud.  KS.m),  I'JO-I,  r2;;-4.  Section  S  of  this  act,  relat- 
ing to  pleadings,  is  worthy  of  note,  as  it  siiows  tlio  tendency  of  tiic  Mormons 
to  simplify  tliuir  systuin  of  lei'al  pi'oeediire.  "Any  pleading  which  po-iscs.si-a 
tiie  fcillowiug  re(|uisites  shall  no  deemed  sutlicient:  First,  when  to  the  enm- 
niun  \niderstanding  it  conveys  a  rcasonaMe  certainty  of  meaning.  Secoiul, 
wlan  hy  a  fair  and  natural  construction  it  sliows  a  stitistantial  cansc  of  action 
w  defence.  If  defective  in  the  former,  tlie  court  siiall  direct  a  more  specific 
statement.  If  in  tlio  latter,  it  i.s  gnuuid  for  demurrer;  demurnrs  for  formal 
tlefects  are  abolished.' 

"'■  An  act  creating  the  ollice  of  selectmen,  and  defining  tiieir  duties,  approved 
1  eh.  .".,  1852,  will  be  fouud  in  Utn/i,  Arts  LnjH.  (c«l.  ISr>5),  13G-7. 


i\\ 


488 


THE  GOVERNMENT  IN  ARMS. 


ISi! 


Wi 


the  higher  courts;  and  as  the  Mormons  alleged,  he- 
cause  justice  could  not  he  had  at  the  hands  of  the 
federal  officials,  who  were  little  with  them  and  at  such 
uncertain  times  that,  save  for  the  probate  courts, 
they  would  have  been  practically  without  civil  an<l 
criminal  jurisdiction.  To  the  malevolent  representa- 
tions of  the  latter  the  saints  mainly  ascribed  the  Mor- 
mon war,  and,  as  will  presently  appear,  the  violation 
of  some  of  their  most  cherished  rights  and  privileges. 

After  Secretary  Harris  and  judges  Brocchus  and 
Branclebury  had  set  out  for  Washington,  taking  with 
them  the  territorial  seal  and  the  territorial  funds,  Ze- 
rubbabel  Snow  held  court,*'  with  little  heed  to  gentil.' 
law,  until  succeeded  in  1854  by  George  P.  Stiles,  W. 
W.  Drummond  being  appointed  associate  judge,  as 
will  be  lemcmbered,  and  John  F.  Kinney  chief  justice, 
about  the  same  time. 

Stiles,  a  renegade  Mormon,  who  had  been  counsel 
for  Joseph  Smith  and  the  municipality  of  Nauvoo  at 
the  time  when  the  Nauv<io  Expositor  was  order*  ■»  I  t'> 
be  suppressed  as  a  nuisance,  was  assigned  to  the  Cur 
son  district,  but  soon  afterward  returned  to  Salt  T^akr 
City,  where  he  held  several  .sessions  of  the  court. 
And  now  trouble  eonnnenced.  The  lejiislaturo  hail 
appointed  a  territorial  marshal,  who  was  to  take  the 
place  of  the  Unitcci  States  marshal,  impanel  jurors, 
and  enforce  writs  wheji  the  courts  were  sitting  as 
territorial  courts;  wliile  the  United  States  marslwil 
claimed  the  right  to  officiate  in  all  the  Unite*!  States 
courts,  whether  they  were  siloing  as  territorial  or  fed- 
eral courts.  To  the  latter,  the  jud^e  is.sued  certain 
writs,  which  it  was  found  impossible  to  serve,  and 
when  the  question  of  jurisdiction  was  brought  he- 
fore  the  court,  several  Mormon  lawyers  entered  and 


"  According  to  tbo  provisioiiti  of  *an  itct  concorning  the  judiciary  and  fc^r 

udieial  nuqiosea.'  approved  Oct.  4,  1831,     A  copy  of  it  will  be  found  in  T"' 

iiliff^A  ifist.  S.  L.  C'ifi/,  !>.^l-4.     Ainonj?  other  prococdinga,  Snow  tried  and  con 

victetl  several  Mexicans  for  buying  Indiai>  'iavos.     The  slaves  were  forfeited 

and    .elivorcd  into  the  keeping  of  the  Mormons.  iVaitei'  Mormon  Prophet,  'i'< 


I, 


CHIEF  JUanCB  STILKS. 


480 


insulted  the  iadge,  threatening  him  with  violence  un- 
less he  decided  in  their  fitvor."  Stiles  appealed  to 
the  governor,  but  was  toM  that  if  he  could  not  sus- 
tain and  enforce  the  laws,  the  sooner  he  adjourned  his 
cnwrt  the  better.  A  short  time  afterward  the  records 
( .r  the  United  States  district  courts  were  taken  from 
iIk'  judge's  office  during  his  absence,  and  a  few  uio- 
iiHiits  before  his  return  a  bonfire  was  made  of  the 
huuks  and  papers  in  his  office.  He,  of  course,  sup- 
jM.>e(l  that  the  records  were  also  eonsume<l,  and  so 
niadt'  affidavit  on  his  return  to  Washington  in  the 
s|  .1  i  ng"  of  1 857.  Meanwhile  the  business  of  the  courts 
suspended.  The  records  had,  in  fact,  been  re- 
ived, and  were  in  safe-reeping;  but  this  silly  freak 


\va> 


Ill'O 


uus  noi;3ed  abroad  throu;>Iiout  the  land  with  many 
exaggerations,  and  excitf  d  much  adverse  comment. 

The  chief  justice  wa .  a  more  popular  magistrate 
than  either  of  his  co  leagues.  In  Iowa,  where  he 
iv^ided  before  receiv  'ug  his  appointment,  he  was  bet- 
u  1-  known  as  a  tradesman  th^ji  as  a  jurist,  and  on 
amount  of  his  traffic  with  the  saint'i  at  Kanesville 
was  called  a  jack  Mormon.  On  his  arrival  at  Salt 
liaU<'  City  he  added  to  his  judicial  functions  the  occu- 
pations of  .store-keeper  and  l>oarding-house  proprietor. 
lf<  never  lost  the  good-will  of  his  patrons,  and  never 
n  f'lis*  (1  to  <hink  with  them.  Rotund,  of  vinous 
asjii'ct,  and  of  medium  height,  dull-witted,  brusque  in 
iiianiter,  and  pompous  in  mien,  he  was  a  man  whom 
lirigham  knew  well  how  to  use;  Ixrfore  taking  leave 
ol"  the  Mormons  he  became  an  i>pen  apologist  for 
[jolygamy.     He  remained  in  the  territory  until  )  856, 


'"The  UMnes  uf  the  lawycra  were  .l^niex  Ferguauo,  Ilcsca  Stout,  and  J.  C. 
Littlo.  /(/.,  .37.  In  Vtcv.  1H.*>Sa  MomHm  gnn't  jurj-  foan<l  that  '.Tanica  Fer- 
guMon  of  Salt  Lako  City  tli'l  uu-  Un^.'uijje  !u><l  threats  <'al'"ulate<l  to  intimidate 
•lii'lj,'o  <}eoij;e  l'.  .St'leu.'  S.  K.  >iucl-iir,  who  Mion-vdcol  ^tik*  after  the  arri- 
viil  of  thn  troops  i!n<1tT  .l..linf"»im.  <'i<\  hi*  n».nrt»»  t"  'Tin;;  Ut  j'luticv  those  who 
liuil  intimidated  his  t)re<lrtvsiM>r.  ^VmAom  »'<  Hc^ty  M'lmnUtim  Saints,  *iS3,  note. 
IV'iiille  Ktotfsthnt  Tlii.mu- William-.  »!<->»  Mnnni<i:  !iny.T.  pr'>te*tfd  again-it 
thu  insnlt  oIFoitiI  to  tlio  jii'lj>\  titat  (.i.«  life  wa*  thrratrtM-l  in  o'liiseqnfnoe, 
nnd  that  ho  was  murdered  while  attetiiptti^;  to  ev.ape  to  rialift.nua .  f/'ft  in 
^^f/^  17.-.. 


490 


THFi  GOVERNMENT  IN  ARMS. 


- 


I   i 


I 


and  four  years  afterward  was  reappointed.     We  shall 
hear  of  him  later. 

The  official  who  did  more  than  any  other,  and  per- 
haps more  than  all  others,  to  bring  about  the  Mornioa 
war  was  Associate  Judge  W.  W.  Drummond.  Leav- 
ing his  wife  and  family  in  Illinois  without  the  means 
of  support,  he  brought  with  him  a  harlot  whom  he 
had  picked  up  in  the  streets  of  Washington,  and 
introducing  her  as  Mrs  Drummond,  seated  her  by  liis 
side  on  the  judicial  bench.  Gambler  and  bully,  lip 
openly  avowed  that  he  had  come  to  Utali  to  raak^ 
money,  and  in  the  presence  of  the  chief  justice  (U- 
clared :  "  Money  is  my  God "  "  When  first  he  appearci I 
in  court  he  insulted  the  community  by  mockmg  at 
their  laws  and  institutions,  and  especially  at  the  in- 
stitution of  polygamy.  He  also  declared  that  he 
would  set  aside  the  finding  of  the  probate  courts  in 
all  cases  other  than  those  which  lay  strictly  witliin 


issue, 


and 


on<' 

of 


n 


their  jurisdiction.     Here  was  a  direct 
that  was  immediately  taken  up,  for  as  yet  none 
the  federal  judges  had  declared  the  powers  granti 
to  these  courts  by  the  act  of  1852  to  be  of  no  effect. 
Nor  had  any  such  view  of  the  matter  been  exprossttl 
by  the  authorities  at  Washington. 

When  asking  fur  admission  as  a  state  or  territory, 
the  Mornmns  did  not  suppose  that  the  majesty  of  the 


"Adding,  'And  yuu  luay  put  tLu  down  in  your  journal  if  you  lik' 
Remy'fi  Jonritfy  to  <!,  S.  L.  City,  i.  469.     Remy  atatca  that  he  was  prosoiit 
when  the  remark  wuh  uiiido. 

"'Judge  Shaver  tari:!^' aiimiiti'd  the  jurisdiction  of  tlio  probate  couiis, 
but  Chief  .Jiiatiee  Kinney  wan  the  first  to  render  decisions  from  the  bemh 
confirming  Uieir  jiirisdiftiou.     Mis  interpretation  of  the  orf^nuic  act  is  nuti'- 
worthy.  'The  eourt  hi'lds  that  by  virtue  of  tliat  el.iiiso  of  tlio  organic  at 
wliich  provide*  that   "the  juri.sdiotion  of  tlie  several  courts  provided  for, 
ineludini;  tlie  nrolute  courts,  "shall  l>o  as  limited  l>y  law,"  that  the  IcgiHl.i 
ture  had  the  rijilit  to  provide  by  law  for  the  exercise  by  tin?  prolxife  eoiirt 
of  jiirisdietion  in  civil  and  criminal  oases.'  Ititrfoii'.t  I'i/i/  <>/  thf  Sniiii<,'Xl\y 
The  ela;iNi!  in  section  i)  of  this  act  to  whieli  Kii.nev  refern  provides  tha' 
'the  jiiiindiction  of  the  si'venvl  courts  herein   provided  for,  both  appoli:!' 
aud  origiual,  o>icl  that  of  the  probate  courts),  and  of  justices  of  the  pe:i<'>'. 
shall  be  a»  limiU'd  by  law.'    If  tho  phnise  '  limited  by  law  '  be  so  intcrpn  •  i 
%<?  to  extend  the  righi  of  proving  wills  to  jurisdiction  in  all  other  muttei 
one  faiM  to  t-vc  the  ni  ed  of  federal  judges.     As  well  indict  a  man  for  murd< 
before  a  justice  of  the  peace. 


JUDGE  DRUMMOND'S  REPORT. 


491 


law  would  be  represented  by  a  gamester"  with  a 
strumpet  by  his  side.  Drummond  soon  became  even 
more  unpopular  than  had  been  Judge  Brocchus,  and 
after  administering  justice  for  a  brief  term  at  Fillmore 
ami  Carson,  went  home  by  way  of  California.  On 
handing  in  his  resir  <  t,  tion,  he  addressed  a  letter  to  the 
attorney-general,  in  which  are  many  soundless  accu- 
sations and  some  truths.  He  complains  "that  the 
federal  officers  are  daily  compelled  to  hear  the  form 
of  the  American  government  traduced,  the  chief  ex- 
ecutives of  the  nation,  both  living  and  dead,  slandered 
and  abused  from  the  masses,  as  well  as  from  the  lead- 
ing members  of  the  church,  in  the  most  vulgar,  loath- 
some, and  wicked  manner  that  the  evil  passions  of 
iiioa  can  possibly  conceive."  He  is  pained  to  sav  that 
he  has  accomplished  little  good  while  there,  and  that 
the  judiciary  is  only  a  puppet.  He  states  that  the 
records  and  papers  of  the  supreme  court  had  been 
destroyed  by  <>rd' r  of  the  church,  that  Brighani  had 
[larJoned  Mormon  criminals,  and  imprisoned  at  will 
iiiiiocent  men  who  were  not  Mormons.**  He  attrib- 
utes to  the  saints  the  Gunnison  massacre,  the  death 
of.Tuclge  Shaver  and  of  Secretary  Almon  W.  Babbitt,^ 
who  was  in  fact  murdcrotl  by  Indians  during  the  year 
185G,  and  says  that  officials  are  "  insulted,  harassed, 
ami  inurdered  for  doing  their  duty,  and  not  rccogniz- 

"  Ktiiny  8tuto8  that  after  a  giimblin^  ciuarrel  Drummond  ordcnMl  his  uegro 
C;it(i  to  U8suultuu>l  ill  uau  a  Jew  immol  Levi  Abrahams,  who  lia<l  turued  Mur- 
iiioh.  Jititriif!/  ^)  ('.  S.  L.  (^ili/,  i.  40(V-T<1.  Mrs  Waitc's  version  of  the  matter 
i>,  lliut  when  tho  court  waa  a'lwnt  to  1h3  o|H'ne(l  ut  Fillmore,  a  Ji-w  wa«  hin>d 
t"  ■luaricl  with  the  juilgn  iiiul  Nlrikf  liim.  Instead  of  Mti'tkin)^  him,  tho  Jew 
««'iit  an  insulting;  nu'ssiiKi'  l>y  a  ncirro  lioloni^ing  to  Drummond.  For  answer, 
till'  judge  order*  d  tlio  negro  to  take  a  rawliidcand  lay  it  on  lustily  to  the  back 
if  llio  Jew.  Thti  negro  and  judge  wore  iiirested.  Tfif  Monnmi  I'rofth*!,  y^. 
S«o  also  l/irkmnii'i*  /ffMrni/iiKi  Amjel,  111  -l'2. 

*■-'  He  mentions  thu  aiscH  ot  Moroni  (Jrcen,  convicted  l^'foro  Judge  Kiuuey 
( f  .liisaiilt  with  irtent  to  murder,  ami  of  a  man  named  IJaker,  who  murdered 
ailuinli  hoy.  11*  til  were  sentenced  to  the  jienitentiary,  but  jvirdoucd  on  nr- 
iiviiig  there.  Dnnnniond  states  that  ou  the  sablNitli  after  his  (lurdou  Brig- 
'  iiiii  a>'comi>anied  one  of  them  to  chiin-h.  IToxne  Kx.  Tiof.,  .Vitli  <'ong.  1st 
J^'  N». ,  X.  no.  71,  p.  -I'i.  III!  aUo  alleges  that  tivc  or  six  men  from  Missouri 
.>nd  Iowa,  wliu  hod  not  violatod  any  criminal  law  in  AmerioA,  were  in  tlin 
I"  iiitcntiary. 

'^  NVho,  ho  M,\'*,  (voa  nmrder^d  by  Mormons  by  onlor  of  lirighom  Vonng, 
ilcliei  C.  Kimball,  and  J.  M.  Grant.  /./..  \>.  IVi. 


THE  GOVERNMENT  IN  ARMS. 


ing  Brigham  Young  as  the  only  law-giver  and  law- 
maker on  earth." 

These  allegations  were  denied  by  the  Mormon 
authorities  in  an  official  letter  from  the  deputy  clerk 
of  the  supreme  court  of  Utah  to  the  attomey-giner- 
al,"^  except  those  relating  to  the  treatment  of  the  fed- 
eral officials,  the  Gunnison  massacre,  the  death  ot 
Shaver,  and  the  murder  of  Babbitt,  which  needed  no 
denial.  If  it  was  true  that  the  magistrates  £*ppointed 
by  the  United  States  were  held  in  contempt,  there  was 
sufficient  provocation.  Two  of  them,  as  we  have  seen, 
deserted  their  ])ost,  a  third  was  probably  an  opium- 
eater,  a  fourth  a  drunkard,  a  fifth  a  gambler  and  a 
lecher. 

After  the  departure  of  Drummond,  the  only  gentile 
official  remaining  in  the  territory  was  Garland  Hurt, 
the  Indian  agent,  and  none  were  found  willing  to  ac- 
cept office  in  a  territory  where  it  was  believed  they 
rould  only  perform  their  duty  at  peril  of  their  lives. 
The  saints  had  now  few  apologists  at  Washington. 
Even  Senator  Douglas,  who  in  former  years  was  their 
stoutest  champion,  had  deserted  them,  and  in  a  speech 
delivered  at  SpringHeld,  Illinois,  early  in  1856,  had 
denounced  Mormonismas  "the  loathsome  ulcer  of  the 
body  politic."  At  least  two  years  before  this  date  it 
was  apparent  that  matters  in  Utah  were  tending  to- 
ward a  crisis,  thongli  n«>  measures  had  yet  beer  taken 
except  a  feeble  eftbrt  to  supersede  Brigham  as  govern(»r 
of  the  territory.  On  the  Slst  of  August,  1854,  Lien- 
tenant-colonel  E.  .1.  Steptoe  arrived  in  Salt  Lake  City, 
en  route  for  California  with  a  body  of  troops.  As 
Hrigham's  term  of  office  was  now  about  to  expire,  the 


governorship  of  V 
President  Pierce. 


tah  was  tendered  to  the  colonel  l>v 
Knowing,  however,  that  the  ^or- 

•'/i/.,  214-l.'>.  Curtis  E.  Ik^lton,  iloputy  clerk  (in  the  ubsonco of  thucliitf 
I'lcrk),  solemnly  ileclaroa  that  tho  records,  papers,  etu.,  an  in  safc-kucpin^'. 
Ho  states  tlmt  On>en,  a  1r«1  18  y.ars  of  age,  drew  a  pistol  in  si.'lf-defence,  but 
did  not  pciu';  it,  und  was  imrdonud  at  the  petition  of  the  U.  S.  officials  ^ml 
iiidueutul  citizens  of  S.  ]j.  City,  and  tlint  th<!  statement  as  to  the  incarccra 
lion  of  five  or  six  men  from  Mi.saoiiri  iind  Towa  without  due  cause  ia  utterly 
false. 


STEPTOE'S  IXVESTIGATIOXS. 


493 


incr  was  the  people's  choice,  he  refused  to  accept  the 
position,  and  a  memorial  signed  by  himself,  by  the 
jl'doral  officials,  the  army  officers,  and  all  the  promi- 
nent citizens,  was  addressed  to  the  president,  askin*^ 
for  the  reappointment  of  Brigham  as  governor  and 
siiiicrintendent  of  Indian  affairs.^"  The  request  was 
granted,  and  the  colonel  and  hi>s  command  remained 
in  the  valley  until  the  following  spring,  being  on  good 
t(  rms  with  the  Mormons,  except  for  a  fracas  that  oc- 
curred between  the  soldiers  and  the  saints  on  new- 
year's  day.** 

Orders  had  been  given  to  Colonel  Steptoe  to  arrest 
and  bring  to  trial  the  perpetrators  of  the  Crunnison 
massacre,  and  after  much  expense  and  the  exercise  of 
great  tact  and  judgment,  most  of  them  were  secured 
and  indicted  for  nmrder.  Eight  of  the  oflfenders,  in- 
finding  a  chief  named  Kanosh,  were  put  on  trial  at 
>[ephi  City;  and  though  the  judge  distinctly  charged 
the  jury  that  they  must  find  the  prisoners  guilty  or 
not  guilty  of  murder,  a  verdict  of  manslaughter  was 
ivturned  against  three  of  the  accused,  the  rest  being 
acquitted.  The  sentence  was  three  years  imprison- 
ment in  the  Utah  penitentiary,  this  being  the  severest 

'">  On  Jan.  4, 1855,  BerntuBel  wroto  from  Washingtou  tu  F.  L>.  Richards:  '  I 
r(gret  to  inform  you  that  Pregt  Pierce  finally  declined  to  reapiioiut  (Jov. 
Young.  Lieut-col  Steptoe  is  the  appointee.  Itirhards'  Incidents  in  Utah 
lli>t. ,  MS.  The  memorial  states  that  lliigham  \  oung  pussosses  the  confidence 
of  the  people  of  the  territory  without  distinction  of  party  or  sect,  that  he  is  a 
tinii  supporter  of  the  constitution  of  thu  U.  R..  ana  that  his  rcappouitmeut 
would  servo  the  interests  of  the  territory  better  than  that  of  any  ether  man, 
« liilo  his  removal  would  cause  the  deepest  feeling  of  regret.  A  copy  of  it 
will  l>e  found  in  TuUidge'n  Life  of  Young,  239-4(),  and  in  Skelton  ami  Afeik'n 
Ihfriice  of  Mormonism,  22.  lieadlc  states  that  Col  Steptoe  was  entrapped  by 
twit  of  IMgham'a  'decoy  women,'  and  to  avoid  expoeuro  resigned  his  com- 
mission as  governor.  Life  in  Utn/i,  171;  see  also  Woite^t  The  ^forTn<>n  Prophet, 
~1S.  There  are  no  gounds  for  such  a  statement.  Hy  Orson  Hyde,  in  l>>'»errt 
X'WH,  March  21,  15M,  and  by  others  of  the  Mormons,  the  colonel  is  spoken 
<if  in  the  highest  terms.  Memorials  for  Brigham's  reappointment  wore  also 
jiilopted  by  the  legislature,  for  which  see  Utah,  Adit  Leijid.  (ed.  1855),  419-21. 
A  quarrel  broke  out  between  the  troops  and  the  Nlonuons  in  some  of  the 
i'iilo(jiis;  fire-arms  were  used,  and  several  men  Mounded,  two  of  the  soldiers 
»<'vcrely.  The  entire  legion  turned  out  and  tlireatcued  to  amiihilate  Steptoe  s 
iMinpanies,  compelling  them  to  intrench  and  remain  under  aims  for  three 
ilays.  The  matter  was  settled  by  mediation.  OUhauten'n  Mormonen,\%9.  See 
ilso  .S'.  F.  Herald,  March  14,  18.")5,  ami  llirkm<niH  Deatroying  Angel,  107, 
«  hero  it  is  stated  tliat  the  brawl  occurred  on  ehristmas  day.  No  mention 
of  this  matter  is  made  in  the  ofiicial  reports  of  thu  oiBcera. 


THE  GOVERNMENT  IN  ARMS. 


punishnieuL  prescribed  by  statute;  but  after  a  brief 
imprisonment,  the  culprits  made  their  escape,  or,  as 
some  declare,  were  allowed  to  escape."^ 

On  the  sabbath  after  the  colonel  s  departure,  Brig- 
ham  repeated  in  the  tabernacle  the  remark  which  he 
had  made  two  years  before,  commencing,  "I  am  and 
will  be  governor;"  adding  on  this  occasion:  "I  do  not 
know  what  I  shall  say  next  winter  if  such  men  uuike 
their  appearance  here  as  some  last  winter.  I  know 
what  I  think  I  shall  say :  if  they  play  the  same  gaiue 
again,  so  help  me  God,  we  will  slay  them."" 

Such  phrase,  deliberately  uttered  at  the  place  and 
on  the  day  of  public  worship,  at  a  time  when  Utah 
sought  admission  as  a  state,  was  certainly,  from  an 
outside  standpoint,  injudicious,  and  boded  ill  for  tlii- 
saints.  At  this  period  the  slavery  question  was  the 
all-absorbing  topic  throughout  the  country.  The  se- 
dition in  Utah,  grave  though  it  was,  passed  for  a  time 
almost  unheeded,  except  by  a  section  of  the  republican 
party,  which,  while  criticising  the  theories  of  Senator 
Douglas,  added  to  the  venom  of  its  sting  by  coupling 
slavery  and  polygamy  as  the  twin  relics  of  barbarism. 
After  the  presidential  election  of  1856,  however,  mat- 
ters assumed  a  different  phase.  There  was  now  a 
temporary  lull  in  the  storm  which  a  few  years  later 
swept  with  all  the  fury  of  a  tornado  over  the  fairest 
portions  of  tiio  Union,  and  the  nation  had  leisure  to 
turn  its  attention  to  the  Mormon  question."" 

''  Judge  Druiniuon  J,  in  bia  letter  to  Mrs  Gunniaon,  in  Ounnu<m'$  The  Mor- 
mons, ix.-x.,  says  that  those  who  were  convicted  wore  old,  crippled,  and  p  ir 
tially  blind,  while  the  ablo-lxxlied  warriors  were  acquitted,  and  that  Jmlvie 
Kinney,  before  whom  the  trial  took  place,  was  no  much  niortilied  at  the  Imd- 
iug  of  the  jury  that  he  at  once  adjourned  the  court.     Ho  also  states  that  (  ol 


Steptoe,  Gen.  llolman,  the  govemment  attorney.  Garland  Hurt,  Indian  agiMit, 

if  others  were  of  opii  ' 
ted  by  order  of  the  cliurch.     The  statement  as  to  the  escape  of  the  three  who 


an(f  others  were  of  opinii>u  that  those  who  were  found  not  guilty  were  a^.-quit- 


were  convicted  rests  mainly  on  the  authority  of  Capt.  Kufus  Ingalls,  tliequar- 
termaster  of  Col  Steptoe 's  regiment.  In  his  report  to  the  quartcrma^ter-gcu- 
eral,  in  Howe  Ex.  Doc,  34th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  i.  pt  ii.  p.  1U7,  ho  says  that 
they  were  at  large  whuu  lie  loft  the  vuUey. 

*"  Again,  in  a  discourse  delivered  at  tlio  talMsrnacle  June  17,  18R5,  he  savi: 
'Thongli  I  may  not  be  governor,  hero  my  power  will  not  ba  dimiuisheil.  No 
man  they  cim  send  here  will  have  much  influence  with  this  ooumuuity.' 
Journal  of  Dtscourw,  ii.  322. 

"In  Doctrine  and  CoveiiaitU  (ed.  1870),  278-9,  is  given  a  remarkable  revcla- 


A  CONFLICT  IMPEXDINO. 


AX, 


It  was  now  established,  as  was  supposed,  on  sufli- 
ciont  evidence,  that  the  Mormons  refused  obedience 
to  gentile  law,  that  federal  officials  had  been  virtually 
(hivon  from  Utah,  that  one,  at  least,  of  the  federal 
judges  had  been  threatened  with  violence  while  his 
(^oiirt  was  in  session,  and  that  the  records  of  the  court 
Imd  been  destroyed  or  concealed.  With  the  advice  of 
Ills  cabinet,  therefore,  and  yielding  perhaps  not  unwill- 
ingly to  the  outcry  of  the  republican  party,  President 
Buchanan  determmed  that  Brigham  should  be  super- 
seded as  governor,  and  that  a  force  should  be  sent  to 
tlic  territory,  ostensibly  as  a  posse  comitatus,  to  sustain 
the  authority  of  his  successor."" 

tiuii  to  Joseph  iSmitb,  Dec.  2.'>,  1M32,  and  first  published  by  F.  D.  Kiohorda  in 
tilt  Ptarl  oj  Great  Price  at  Liverpool  in  1851.  'Verily,  thus  soith  the  Lord 
(iiiiccminc  the  warawliicli  will  shortly  come  toimss,  bcginDini;at  the  rebellion 
«t  fiouth  Carolina,  which  will  eventunliy  termioate  in  the  death  and  misery  of 
Miuiiy  souls.  The  days  will  come  that  war  will  be  poured  out  ui>on  all  nations, 
lo.u'inninK  at  that  place;  for  behold!  the  southern  states  shall  lie  divided  against 
the  iiurthern  states,  and  the  southern  Htates  will  call  on  other  nations,  even  on 
ti:(  nation  uf  Great  Britain,  as  it  u  callcil,  uml  they  hIiuU  al.tu  call  upon  other 
nations,  in  order  to  defend  thentselves  against  other  nations;  iin<l  thus  war 
sliall  be  poured  out  upon  all  nations.  And  it  shall  come  to  pass  after  many 
ila\s  >lavos  shall  rise  up  against  their  niastors,  who  3hall  lie  marshalled  and 
disciplined  for  war.'    It  is  somewhat  suspicious  that  this  revelation  should 


uppuir  iu  the  edition  of  1870,  but  not  in  the  one  of  1845,  or  in  any  other  edi- 
tion niiUished  before  the  war,  so  far  as  I  am  aware.  A  copy  of  it  will  be 
foiina  in  Stfn house's  Rocky  Mountain  Saint*,  420-1.     According  to  Ili»t.  Ji. 


Viiung,  MS.;  €arrinijlon''ii  Hem.,  MS.,  Joseph  Smith  early  iu  his  caieer 
wariii  il  the  saints  that 'some  day  they  Wduld  sec  the  United  States  come 
ajj.'iinst  tlieni  in  war,  and  that  the  Lorcl  should  deliver  them.' 

'"'Tlie  uLmjvc  appear  to  bo  the  ntain  reasons  that  led  to  what  was  termed 
tho  Utah  war.  Among  the  best  statements  iis  to  its  causes,  apart  from  the 
olhiial  docuiuents  already  tiuntud,  are  those  oontainctl  iu  liemy'n  Journey  to 
(•'.  ■<.  L.  City,  i.  408-7.3,  and  'J'nllidjr'x  Ilht.  S.  L.  City,  114  et  seq.,  though 
t!i"  latter  is  somewhat  far-fetched  and  lays  too  much  stress  on  the  port  tlut 
Kiviiiont  bore  in  tho  matter.  'In  the  framing  of  its  first  platform,'  ho  savs 
;i.t  republican  party  raised  her  (Utah)  to  ii  kindred  association  with  the 
Miiith;  and  in  every  campaign  where  John  C.  Friimont  was  the  standard- 
licaicr  of  tho  jmrty,  there  cuuld  he  rend;  "The  abolishment  of  slavery  and 
I^'Iyi/aniy,  the  twm  relics  of  barbarism.'  Mr  Ttillidj,'i!  burrows  somewhat 
iloscly  from  Stenhousc,  who,  in  his  liorky  Monulain  Snintn,  307-S,  makes  tho 
■•ume  remark.  The  causes  of  the  war  have,  of  course,  been  touched  upon  by 
must  writers  on  Utah,  those  in  favor  of  the  .saints  claiming  that  there  was  no 
just  reason  for  it,  and  others  bringing  numberless  charges  against  them.  Dur- 
ing tlie  years  1855-7  newsiMipers  and  periodicals  throughout  the  U.  S.  were 
terming  with  articles  and  p.ara;;raphs  on  the  Mormon  question,  most  of  them 
Ixiiig  more  or  less  acrid  and  unjust  in  their  comments.  A  writer  in  the 
Ailnntic  Monthly,  March  1859,  p.  304,  states  that  Buchanan's  idea  in  order 
iiig  the  Utah  expedition  was  '  to  gag  tho  north,  and  induce  her  to  forget  that 
die  had  lieen  robbed  of  her  birthright,  by  foreuig  on  tho  attention  of  the 
einintry  other  questions  of  absorbing  interest.'    For  views  and  statements  of 


!   i 


406 


THE  GOVERNMENT  IN  ARMS. 


If 

3 


f 


u 


In  a  report  of  the  secretary  of  war,  dated  Decoiii- 
ber  5,  1857,  it  is  stated  that  Utah  was  inhabited  ex- 
clusively by  Mormons;  that  the  people  implicitly 
obeyed  their  prophet,  from  whose  decrees  there  was 
no  appeal;  that  from  the  day  when  they  had  settled 
in  the  territory  their  aim  had  been  to  secede  from 
the  Union;  that  for  years  they  had  not  preserved  evt'u 
the  semblance  of  obedience  to  authority,  unless  by 
doing  so  they  could  benefit  themselves;  that  they  on- 
courao^ed  and  perhaps  excited  nomad  bands  of  sava^^ns 
to  pillage  and  massacre  emigrants;  and  that  tluy 
stood  as  a  lion  in  the  path  of  the  gentile  communi- 
ties established  on  the  Pacific  seaboard.  Except  that 
the  internal  government  of  the  saints  was  nominally 
theocratic  and  practically  autocratic,  these  statements 
are  grossly  unjust,  but  not  more  so  than  might  Ito 
expected  from  a  biased  and  ill-informed  official,  who 
was  not  even  aware  that  the  population  of  Utah  con- 
tained a  considerable  percentage  of  gentiles.  When 
first  the  Mormons  peopled  their  desert  land  they  had 
raised  with  due  respect  the  Union  flog,  and  as  citizens 
of  the  nation  had,  in  the  name  of  the  iiatiou,  claimed 
the  territory  as  the  nation's  right;  but  now,  on  the 
24th  of  July,  1857,  while  celebrating  the  tenth  anni- 
versary of  the  arrival  of  the  pioneers,  they  were  to 
hear  for  the  first  time  of  the  approach  of  a  Unitt'd 
States  army,  and,  as  they  supposed,  were  to  be  driven 
out  of  their  homes  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet. 

It  has  not  been  alleged,  however,  except  by  M(ji- 
mons,  that  in  ordering  the  Utah  expedition  the  pres- 
ident had  any  desire  to  limit  the  freedom  of  tin; 
saints  in  its  broadest  constitutional  sense.  However 
baneful  to  gentile  eyes  their  rights  appeared,  how- 
ever profane  their  dogmas,  however  bigoted  their 
rulers,  it  was  not  proposed  to  interfere  with  them 
until  it  was  made  to  appear  by  the  reports  of  Druni- 


the  preaa  on  the  Pacific  slope,  ate,  among  others,  8.  F.  Alto,  Apr.  24,  May  -1, 
July  15,  Not.  13,  10,  1857;  .S'.  F.  BulUttn,  Apr.  15,  1807;  Sac  DaUy  Union, 
Oct.  27,  1857;  >?.  L.  C.  Contributor,  iii.-iv.  passim. 


AN  ARMY  EN  ROUTE. 


497 


mond  and  others  that  they  came  in  conflict  with  the 
secular  authorities,  and  even  then  every  precaution 
was  taken  to  avoid,  if  possible,  the  shedding  of  blood. 
"The  instructions  of  the  commanding  officer,"  writes 
the  secretary  of  war,  "were  deliberately  conaitlored 
and  carefully  drawn,  and  he  was  charged  not  to  allow 
any  conflict  to  take  place  between  the  troops  and  the 
jH'ople  of  the  territory,  except  only  he  should  be  called 
upoti  by  the  governor  for  soldiers  to  act  as  a  posse 
coniitatus  in  enforcing  obedience  to  the  laws." 

Before  the  departure  of  the  troops  an  opinion  was 
rc(|uested  of  General  Winfield  Scott  as  to  the  pros- 
jR'cts  of  an  expedition  during  the  year  1857.  The 
Lfciieral's  decision  was  strongly  against  the  despatch 
of  an  army  until  the  following  season,  on  account  of 
the  distance  and  the  time  required  for  the  concentra- 
tion of  regiments.  It  would  have  been  well  if  bis  ad- 
vice had  been  taken,  but  other  counsels  prevailed,  and 
about  the  end  of  May  orders  were  given  that  a  force, 
consisting  of  the  5th  and  10th  infantry,  the  2d  dra- 
goons, and  a  battery  of  the  4th  artillery,  should  assem- 
hlo  as  soon  as  possible  at  Fort  Leavenworth.""  Sev- 
eral reenforcements  were  sent  forward  during  the  year, 
and  in  June  1858  there  were  more  than  six  thousand 
troops  in  Utah,  or  en  route  for  that  territory.**  The 
coinniand  was  given  to  Brigadier-general  Harney,  a 
man  of  much  rude  force  of  character,  ambitious,  and 
a  capable  officer,  but  otherwise  ill  fitted  for  the  conduct 
of  an  expedition  that  needed  the  qualities  of  a  diplo- 
matist more  than  those  of  a  soldier. 

It  is  probable  that  no  expedition  was  ever  despatched 
i)y  the  United  States  better  equipped  and  provisioned 
than  was  the  army  of  Utah,^  of  which  the  portion 

"  Circular  letter  of  Winfield  Scott,  aiUIresrad  to  the  adiutant-gcnoral  ami 
otiii-r  oiliccra,  on  the  28th  of  May,  1857.  A  copy  of  it  will  bo  found  in  'J'til- 
li'hy.t  nut.  S.  L.  City,  121-2. 

^'  A  Btutcment  of  the  dispoaition  of  the  troops  and  the  reenforcements  en 
route  ut  tliis  date  will  be  found  in  the  report  of  the  secretary  of  war,  in  lloiim 
Kr.  Doc,  2.  .^Jth  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  pp.  31-2. 

' '  For  estiniutes  uf  supplies  and  subsistence,  see  IIouh  Ex.  Doe, ,  SSth  Cong. 
lat.Sc!iH.,  ix.  no.  M.l,  xii.  no.  99. 
U»T.  Utah,    us 


406 


THE  GOVERNMENT  IN  ARMS. 


III''  m 


now  under  orders  mustered  about  twenty-five  hundred 
men,  Two  thousand  head  of  beef  cattle,  togetlur 
witl.  a  huge  and  unwieldy  convoy,  were  sent  in  ad- 
vance, the  trains  being  larger  than  in  ordinary  war- 
fare would  have  been  required  for  a  force  of  t(  ii 
thousand  troops.  The  price  to  be  paid  for  the  traiis- 
pcirt  of  stores,  provisions,  and  munitions  of  war  was  at 
the  rate  of  twenty-two  cents  a  pound;  and  thus  it  will 
be  seen  that  if  the  Utah  war  served  no  other  purpose, 
it  made  the  fortunes  of  those  who  secured  the  govern- 
ment contracts.  Through  a  little  dexterous  manipu- 
lation at  Washington,  permission  was  given  to  tlio 
man  who  secured  the  flour  contract  to  furnish  Utah 
flour,  and  this  he  did  at  a  cost  of  seven  cents  per 

f)ound,  receiving,  of  course,  meanwhile,  the  money  al- 
owed  for  freight,  and  netting  in  a  single  year  the  sum 
of  $170,000.**  The  troops  remained  in  the  territory 
for  about  four  years,  and  no  wonder  that  they  often 
asked  one  of  another,  "Why  were  we  sent  here? 
Why  are  we  kept  here?  What  good  can  we  do  by 
remaining  here?"  No  wonder  also  that  the  people 
asked,  "Were  they  retained  in  Utah  in  order  to  till 
the  purses  of  the  contractors?"*' 

Fortunately  for  the  welfare  of  the  expedition,  it 
happened  that  the  harvest  of  1857  was  a  plentiful  one, 
and  though  the  crop  of  1856  had  been  a  partial  fail- 
ure, and  that  of  1855  almost  a  total  failure,^  there 

*'  Oreeley's  Overland  Journey,  253.  Greeley  M3ra  that  this  instance  liad 
become  quite  notorious  at  Washington. 

'^  Stcnhouse  relates  that  the  mun  who  obtained  the  flour  contract  received 
an  order  for  his  money  ]AyabloatCamp  Floyd,  but  had  the  choice  of  receiving 
in  lien  army  mules  at  a  certain  valuation.  He  chose  the  latter,  and  sciuliiig 
thcni  to  California  realized  a  proflt  of  nearly  600  per  cent  on  his  money. 
Xocki/  Mountain  S(nnti<,  410.  For  further  specimens  of  sharp  practice,  sec  S. 
F.  Bulletin,  June  »,  Aug.  20,  22.  30,  lSo9. 

**i'ta}iNctf»,  MS.;  Jli»t.  B.  Yoiniif,  MS,;  Richardt'Jnculenttin  Utah  lli^t., 
MS.,  70-80,  Slenhouuf'ti  Bocky  Mountain  Saint*,  201.  The  failure  was  caiiscil 
by  crickets.  In  a  letter  to  his  son  in  England,  Heber  writes  from  8.  L.  City 
Feb.  29,  ISS6:  'I  have  Itecn  under  the  necessity  of  rationing  my  family  :i'id 
also  yours  to  two  thirds  of  a  pound  of  breadstuff  per  day  each;  as  the  last 
wtek  id  up  to-day,  we  shall  commence  on  half  a  pound  each.  This  I  am  uixlcr 
the  necessity  of  doing.  Brother  Brigham  told  me  to-day  that  he  ha<l  put  liis 
family  on  half  a  pound  each,  for  there  is  scarcely  any  gmin  in  the  country, 
and  there  are  thousands  that  have  none  at  all,  scarcely.'    This  second  faniiue 


ARMY  SUPPUES. 


499 


hundred 
together 
[)t  in  H(l- 
ary  war- 
3  of  ten 
he  tniiis- 
ar  was  at 
us  it  will 
purpose, 
Q  govorn- 
i  uiaiiipu- 
n   to  tlio 
ish  Utah 
cents  i)cr 
nonev  al- 
r  the  sum 
territory 
hey  often 
)nt   here? 
KG  do  hy 
le  people 
ler  to  till 

idition,  it 
itiful  one, 
Ttial  fail- 

tluTC 


8« 


linstance  had 

Iract  received 

I  of  receiving 

[and  Bciuliiig 

his  moiuy. 

ctice,  see  .S. 

I  was  causcil 
8.  L.  City 
family  a -id 

[-,  as  the  I(i8t 
Is  I  am  uiulor 

I  had  put  Ilia 

tho  couiiti  y, 
and  famiue 


was  now  an  abundant  supply  of  grain.  Neither  the 
famine  nor  the  bountiful  harvest  which  followed  ap- 
pear, however,  to  have  been  known  to  the  authorities 
at  Washington.  The  winter  of  1856-7  had  been  un- 
usually severe.  For  six  months  the  territory  had 
been  shut  out  from  the  remainder  of  the  world,  no 
mails  having  reached  the  eastern  states.  To  add  to 
their  distress,  the  Mormons  were  compelled  to  feed 
larj^e  multitudes  of  emigrants,  who  arrived  at  this  pe- 
riod in  a  starving  condition  in  the  hand-cart  com- 
panies. At  the  time  when  the  expedition  was  ordered, 
there  were  thousands  in  the  territory  who,  for  more 
than  a  year,  had  not  had  a  full  meal;  there  were  thou- 
sands of  children  who  had  endured  the  gnawings  of 
hunger  until  hunger  had  become  to  them  a  second  na- 
ture. Yet  in  the  orders  to  Harney,  issued  while  yet 
the  famine  was  at  its  sorest,  we  read:  "It  is  not 
(louhted  that  a  surplus  of  provisions  and  forage,  be- 
yond the  wants  of  the  resident  population,  will  be 
found  in  the  valley  of  Utah,  and  that  the  inhabitants, 
if  assured  by  energy  and  justice,  will  be  ready  to  sell 
them  to  the  troops.  Hence,  no  instructions  are  given 
you  for  the  extreme  event  of  the  troops  being  in  ab- 
solute need  of  such  supplies,  and  their  Ining  withheld 
l»y  the  inhabitants.  The  necessities  of  such  an  occa- 
sion would  furnish  a  law  for  your  guidance."'^ 

But  the  sequel  will  show  that  instead  of  the  troops 
living  on  the  Mormons,  the  Mormons  lived  on  the 
troops,  stampeding  their  cattle,  plundering  or  destroy- 
ing their  provision  trains,  and  only  after  all  fear  of 
active  hostilities  had  been  removed,  selling  them  sur- 
plus grain  at  exorbitant  rates. 

was  compared  to  the  famine  of  Egypt  For  months  some  families  knew  not 
tliu  taste  of  bread,  and  settlements  in  which  good  crops  had  been  gathered  in 
former  years  were  compelled  to  send  their  teams  several  hundred  niilcn  for 
bran  and  shorts.  After  18.55  the  Mormons  stored  their  surplus  wheat  at  each 
harvest,  until  the  completion  of  the  orerland  railroad  removed  all  fear  of 
funiinc. 

"  Letter  of  Aide-de-camp  Oeorge  W.  Lay  to  Harney,  dated  from  tho  head- 
((uartcrs  of  the  army.  New  York,  June  29,  1857.  A  copy  of  it  will  be  found 
in  TuUidge'a  IJut.  S.  L.  CUy,  122^. 


MO 


THE  GOVERNMENT  IN  ARMS. 


1,  '  ' J  " 


Before  the  end  of  June  1857  the  first  division  of 
tlie  army  of  Utah  was  assembled  at  Fort  Leaviu- 
worth,  and  before  the  end  of  July  was  on  its  nianli 
to  Salt  Lake  City,  Harney  remaining  nieanwhilo  with 
some  8({uadron8  of  the  second  dragoons  in  Kansas, 
where  trouble  was  anticipated  at  the  forthconiin;,' 
elections  in  October.  In  the  instructions  issued  to 
the  general,  it  was  staced  that  though  the  lateness  uf 
the  season  and  th(!  smallness  of  the  force  present  til 
difiiicultii's,  if  not  danger,  it  was  believe<l  that  tiuso 
obstacles  might  be  overcome  by  care  in  its  outfit  and 
prudence  in  its  conduct.  No  expense  was  to  be  spand 
that  would  insure  the  efficiency,  health,  and  comlurt 
of  the  troops;  a  large  discretion  was  allowed  in  tin; 
purcha.se  of  supplies,  and  no  reasonable  limit  was  plact  I 
as  to  the  number  of  gui<les,  interpreters,  spies,  and 
laborers  to  be  employed.  The  men  were  to  be  so  com- 
pletely equipped  as  to  act,  for  a  time,  as  a  self-sustiiiii- 
ing  machine,  and  to  be  kept  well  massed  and  in  hand. 
J3etachments  were  not  to  be  lightly  hazarded,  but  a 
small,  though  sufficient,  force  was  to  move  s'^paratdy 
in  charge  of  the  more  cumbersome  part  of  the  convoy, 
and  in  advance  of  the  rest,  until  overtaken  by  the  main 
body,  when  it  was  to  form  the  rear-guard.  Thus  ii) 
precautions  were  omitted  that  might  serve  to  insuit; 
the  success  of  the  expedition,  and  it  was  hoped  tliat 
its  purpose  might  be  attained  without  the  loss  of  a 
single  life. 

^leanwhile,  events  of  some  importance  had  tran- 
spired at  Wa.shington.  The  governorship  of  Utah, 
after  being  refused  by  several  persons,  was  accef)tcd 
in  July  !»y  Alfred  Gumming,  who  had  recently  be<'n 
superfntendent  of  Indian  affixirs  on  the  upper  ^lis- 
souri,,  in  which  capacity  he  had  displayed  tact  and  ex- 
ecutive ability.  About  the  same  time  D.  R.  Eckit  s 
was  appouited  chief  justice,  and  John  Cradlebaugh 
and  Chailes  E.  Sinclair,  associate  judges. 

During  the  month  of  June,  also,  a  contract  granted 
to  Hiram  Kimball,  for  the  carriage  of  the  United 


MAIL  SERVICE. 


Ml 


States  mails  between  Salt  Lake  City  and  Indcpcn- 
donoo,  Missouri,  was  annulled,  ostensibly  on  account 
of  llieir  non-arrival  within  the  stipulated  time.**  lie- 
t  u  ion  1851  and  1 85G  the  service  had  been  rejj  ularly  per- 
i'linned,  the  contract  being  held  in  the  autumn  of  1856 
hy  the  gentile  lirni  of  Hockaday  &  Magraw,*  the  liit- 

>'  In  a  distorted  sketch  of  the  Utah  expedition,  in  the  Atlantic  Mouthhj, 
Miircli  IH,'i!),  p.  'Ml,  tiict  writer  t;ives,  as  thu  uvtuul  ruason,  that  tliu  iHtstiiinMlur 
bclii'Vi'd  the  innila  to  liavo  liccii  tampered  with,  liy  order  of  lirigliani  Younu, 
at  S.  L.  City  or  vn  route.  It  is  iniproliahlo  tljat  Brighant  woulil  take  huvIi 
ribK^,  f»r,  as  wu  shall  sue,  ho  now  proposed  tooatablish  on  oxpross  coni^utny  in 
cdiiiu'ction  with  the  mails. 

"*  Uuriug  the  winter  of  l8oO-7  no  regular  mail  service  was  performed,  on 
aiMiiiiitoftlic  severity  of  the  season.  TlieiHtstmustorat.S.  L.  City  contracted, 
lidWi'ViT,  witii  Mcxsrs  Little  and  Hanks  to  carry  a  mail  to  IndeiHsndeni'c  for 
IL-'itM).  They  made  the  trip  in  7H  days,  liavini;  buU'ered  severely  from  uoM 
iiikI  hiiu^cr.  lAltlc^ii  Miul Service,  M.S.,  3.>-8.  Mr  Little  hnd  liccn  for  BcvcrnI 
yo'ii'.s  counected  with  the  mail  service.  In  IHoU  8:ini.  U.  WtxMlson  of  Inde- 
|.i'n>l(iue.  Mo.,  made  a  contract  witli  the  U.  S.  i*.  ().  dci>artinent  to  curry  a 
iiK  iitlily  mail  for  four  years  between  that  jKiint  »ind  S.  L.  (.'ity.  This  \vn»  llie 
iirstf^DVurnmentmail  service  {lerfonued  between  .S.  L.  City  ami  any  iKiint  east  of 
till-  Uucky  Mouutjiins.  Mr  Little  afterwardcontructed  with  \Voo<iiion  tocarry 
tliciiiiiil  between  H.  L.  City  and  Fort  Luruniio,  where  the  mniU  exehunucd, 
(oiiiiiieiicing  the  service  Aug.  1,  I80I,  and  associating  with  himself  Kphraini 
Iv.  Hanks  and  CliurlcH  V.  Decker.  At  tluit  time  there  was  no  Hittlenu  nt  liu- 
twiin  S,  L.  City  and  Fort  Laramie,  except  the  tnuling  post  at  Fort  Hrid^'iT. 
On  llicir  lirst  trip  Little  and  liunks  met  Secretary  lluniii  and  judges  lirocchus 
and  i Ira ndcbury  between  Crcen  Kiveruud  >Soutli  i'a.ss.  They  reached  Laramie 
ill  n'ue  days,  without  clian^^ing  their  aniuialx,  and  there  procured  live  unbriik<'n 
Mcxicim  mules,  with  which  they  completed  their  journey,  in  Kept.  18.'*1 
('.  Y.  Decker  and  Alfred  Iliggius  set  out  in  charge  of  a  mail,  Delegate  liern- 
lii.scl  being  a  passenger.  At  Itox  Klder  Creek  their  ]-arty  was  stop{K'd  by  'Hi 
liiilian:),  who  plundered  the  wa(|on.  On  Oct.  1,  lt)3l,  Mr  Little  Htarted  on  u 
eoinud  trip  eastward,  among  his  passengers  being  Judge  lirandebury,  and 
uiiioug  his  fellow-travellers  Judge  lirocchus.  Mr  Little's  third  trip  was  made 
in  Xuv.  and  Dec.  18o2,  Howard  Livingstone,  of  the  iirm  of  LivingHtone  &  Kin- 
ki'ad.b'.'iugoncof hisposscngera.  lul'cb.  180'iandMay  185:iMrDeckcrcarn(;d 
tlic  iiiuils  to  1  Jiramie,  having  a  narrow  escape  from  death  at  the  hands  of  lios- 
tilc  Indiana  on  his  second  trip,  on  which  occasion  he  met  with  Kit  Carson,  to 
v'liose  interccHHion  he  ascribes  his  deliverance.  Another  trip  was  made  by 
^Ir  Little  in  April  1853.  Id.,  1-34;  Utah  L'arlif  Uecords,  MS.,  passim.  For 
further  particulars  on  mail  routes  and  services  up  to  1800,  sec  L .  S.  Actt  uiul 
J!'<ol.,  3 1  St  Cong.  Ist  Sesa.,  Ill;  J/.  L'l:  Doc,  1,  pt  3,  ;{3d  Cong.  I  at 
^I'ss.,  pt  iii.  p.  8*21;  UurlotCit  C'ilif  of  the  Saints,  5;  Fronlirr  Uuurdinii,  March 
7.  l!>4!),  Apr.  17,  18.">0;  JJeseret  'Scia,  Apr.  8,  i8.)l,  Dec.  23,  Ki.V.>,  May  14, 
I8.j;i;  J-lsher't  Amrr.  Slat.  Annual,  18.")4,  pp.  127-8;  Sac.  Uiiiou.  Apr.  18, 
J8."i."»,  In  the  Mail  Strvice  acronn  the  Plaiim,  hy  F.  Little,  MS.  (S.  L.  City, 
1\S4|,  are  many  incidents  of  travel  during  the  years  of  which  his  manuscript 
tn  ats.  Tlie  service  was  performed  under  great  dilhculties,  the  autlior  suircr- 
iii,^'  many  hardships  and  having  several  narrow  escapes  I'rom  Indi.-ms.  Fcrez- 
inorr  Little,  a  native  of  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y.,  came  to  S.  L.  City  in  18.'>0,  and 
juincd  the  Mormon  church  in  iStV).  In  18o4-.'i  he  superintended  the  con- 
stnictiou  of  the  Big  Cottonwood  canon  w.igon  road  and  the  building  of  tlie 

iiciiitintiary.     In  1808-0   he  was  engaged  in  railroad  work  on   the  I'nion 
'acilic,  and  afterward  became  interested,  an  we  shall  see  later,  in  the  Utah 
Central  and  Utah  Southern  railroads. 


802 


THE  GOVERNMENT  IN  ARMSL 


w. 


ter  of  whom,  when  it  was  awarded  to  a  Monnon,  ad- 
dressed a  lualiguaiit epistle  tcthc  president.  "I  have 
no  doubt,"  he  declares,  "that  the  tiuie  is  near  at  hand 
and  the  elements  rapidly  combining  to  bring  alnna  a 
istate  of  affairs  which  will  result  in  indiscriminate  blood- 
shed, robbery,  and  rapine,  and  which,  in  a  brief  space 
of  time,  will  reduce  that  country  to  the  condition  of  a 
howling  wilderness."  The  remainder  of  Magraw's 
communication,^  though  containing  no  specific  charges, 
is  in  a  similar  vein. 

This  despatch  was  probably  the  actual  reason  that 
led  to  the  withdrawal  of  the  mail  contract,  and  (•«  r- 
tainly  among  the  reasons  that  lc<l  to  the  Utah  war; 
for  in  answer  to  a  resolution  askinsT  for  details  as  to 
the  cause  of  the  expedition,  the  secretary  of  sUt*.^  i  •'- 

I)ortod  tliat  the  only  document  on  record  or  on  flit-  in 
lis  department  was  the  letter  of  Mr  Magraw  to  the 
president." 

The  annual  payment  on  account  of  Hiram  Kiuil Kill's 
contract  amounted  only  to  $23,G00  a  year,  a  sum 
barely  sufficient  to  defray  ex[»enses;  but  such  a  favor, 
Kmall  as  it  was,  had  never  before  been  eo.iferred  on  a 
^foriuon  citizen.  Brigham  resolved,  theretore,  that  :jI1 
diligence  should  be  used  in  keeping  faith  with  the  u'<>v- 
eriiiitcnt,  and  for  his  own  benefit  established  in  con- 
iioction  with  the  mail  service  the  B.  Y.  Exjtrrsa 
Currying  Company.  In  tlic  early  spring  of  1857  tlio 
siu  w  was  slilf  deep  on  plain  and  moimtuin,  and  to 
build  stations  and  provide  draught  animals,  and  iora^^o 
f«)r  t!ie  entire  distance  of  more  than  twelve  hundred 
miles  was  no  easy  task.  But  Brigham  had  at  his  call 
the  entire  community.  Summoning  the  more  enter 
prising  of  the  brethren,  ho  laid  before  them  hi.>  |tl;ui, 
convinced  them  that  the  B.  Y.  Express  would  devi " 


(•!> 


'iiii 


mp 


««ac«  ChJ.  XoUa,  MS.;  Jlitt.  J.  Young,  MS.;  jrouM  Ex.  Doc,  3.'»thi  n^'. 
Itt  Scss.,  X.  no.  'It  PP-  --^• 

''  /</.,  pp.  I-'J.  Ill  d<K'.  sio.  71  are  tlio  reports  of  the  nctrctary  of  at  .»•,  .1 
«'nr,  and  of  tlio  interior,  ami  qIho  that  of  tlio  uttorm-y -general,  rcl.'.tin;;  ■>  t'  - 
expedition.  Bcferencu  in  frv<|ucntly  iiiatlo  to  tlicin  in  tlit4  iui>l  tliv  (ul  >m>'  i 
cliuplcr. 


THE  R  T.  EXPRE^i. 


into  a  good  money-making  enterprise,  and  would  place 
I'tah  in  frequent  intercourse  with  the  world  long  be- 
foru  an  overland  railroad  could  be  completed.  More- 
over, it  was  proposed  that  Mormon  settlements  should 
l>c  formed  along  the  line  of  route,  and  parties  were  at 
once  organized  and  equipped  for  this  purpose/' 

On  the  2d  of  June,  1 857,  Abraham  O.  Smoot,  then 
inayor  of  Salt  Lake  City,*"  set  out  in  charge  of  the 
lastwara-bound  mail  and  of  the  B.  Y.  Express.  Be- 
twoen  Fort  Laramie  and  F<irt  Kearny  he  encoun- 
ttivd  the  advanced  guard  of  the  army  of  Utah,  and, 
iis  lio  relates,  was  infori,  ci'  by  the  commanding  officer 
that  the  troops  "  were  reconnoitring  the  country  in 
St  arch  of  hostile  Indians."  When  about  a  hundred 
iiiilos  west  of  Independence  freight  teams  were  met, 
(Itjstinod,  as  the  driv«?n4  said,  fur  some  western  post, 
'out  for  what  particular  post  they  did  not  know.  On 
leaching  Kansas  City,  Sraoot  repaired  with  one  Nich- 
olas Groesl)eck,  who  took  charge  of  the  mails  at  tliat 
])(>ii)t,  to  the  office  of  William  H.  Russell,  and  there 


"  Slrn/umsfU  Roek^Mommtmm  SmimU,  34^-4;  Hitt.  B.  Tommg,  MS. ;  LHhJ^'m 
Mm/  Srrviiv,  MS. 

"As  siicecxsor  to  Onot,  who  died  Dec  I,  IMfi.  SmutMU  Rin^,  Prcjr^M, 
anil  Traiein,  '2';  Drurrfl  Xenrt,  I>ec.  3.  Inuft.  Jedeatialt  Morran  Grant  u'u«a 
native  of  WiailM>r,  Uroome  co.,  N.  Y.,  hu  fwrmta.  JoAbuaaoi!  Athaliaijraiil, 
iii'i-  ll'iwuitl,  rcinoviu^  to  \»ples.  Ontario  cu..  in  ISIT,  aixiut  a  year  after  Iim 
liirtli.  licru  tho  la<l  rcimioeil  nntil  b«  w»m  14  ytmr*  of  «g«,  luid  rt'cvi\  iii){  lit- 
tit!  t'liucutioii,  WOH  trainctl  to  his  fatli«r'«  calling.  tti«t  of  a  fanner.  Tho  fuhiily 
tilt'))  roinoved  to  Krie  co.,  Penu.,  and  two  y«ani  Ut<t'  Jc-doili&h  li«Mrd  for  the 
lii'it  tiiiiu  the  doctrines  of  Mormooitfu.  ltetQ«(  oat  jsc«<i  of  th<-ir  truth,  h« 
wan  l)uptiz«'il  ill  \S3'2,  by  Elder  John  F.  B''>in^'to«i.  wL'»*ften»aril  ln'o.inif  an 
<i|M)  itlc,  on  '  when  IS  years  of  age,  aceci«apaoi«>l  ZMm'a  caRip  in  its  migration 
to  .Missouri.  Ill  tho  winter  of  l»35  b«  «a*  '•riauHd.  at  Kirtlaiid,  a  iiirinUir 
of  tho  hni'i  quorum  of  teventy,  &a<l  the  foIV/«  lug  »jmtig  ■tirti- 1  forth  mt  hi« 
f-»t  luiMion,  Ilia  labors  aa  a  miMiooary  «steiHJiog  ot  <rr  cl«%'cii  ycani,  priiiot- 
pu  ly  ill  llio  aoutherii  and  midiiU-  »tAt<«.  Ai  thv  rxpplsioa  fn.i  i  Nauvou,  ho 
wuH  was  ono  of  thoM!  who  cmM«d  the  Mt»i.tt»ip|4  in  Feb.  I.^'C,  aii<l  though 
not  a.  pioneer,  woanaiong  thv  earlie*t  Mttlercin  the  lalky  of  '^^eit  Nult  Lkku, 
b'iii^  lino  of  tho  captains  of  huuilr«'*I*ap{ointe  1  darin^;  the  luij^ntioii  of  isH. 
After  iiohlinji ('IFice  under  the  pruvntoatl  govfrnr ^tiut  of  the  statoof  iicucrot, 
lie  \,a»  cle<-ted  sneaker  of  the  hoiu^  of  rt-prc^tentJititcii;  he  wasaU  >npiHiiiit4Ml 
bri^'udiurgoncral  and  afterward  ttakftrrgtui-nl  in  the  Naiivoo  lc;L'ioii,  nnd  in 
April  I8.'>i,  after  tho  dcc«<aac  of  WilUnJ  Kik'hardt,  was  made  Keiond  council 
lur  to  Ikiglinm.  In  the  funetal  scnBoaof  tlaa  nacii  mtetniol  ci(i/un,  deliv 
cM'il  at  tho  tabeniat  lo  Iksc.  4,  iSjO,  Brigitaan  nrmarliMJ:  '  ilu  lia«  iM'eii  in  the 
churt'liiipu'ui'ds  of  twrnty-fonr  >«»r«,  and  wata  uuin  tiiat  would  live,  c  in- 
purativcly  ii{H>akin,'.  n  hundrcil  year*  hn  tiiat  tin»r. '  /7. ,  l>e<-.  1(1,  iVrfi;  l.in- 
furllit  UouU J'roin  LivtryoiA,  llu-16:  S.  L  CifyCt^mlrAMUtr,  iv.  -.Ul-.'i,  '.'11-3. 


'M 


SM 


THE  GOVERNMENT  IN  ARMS. 


nHo«!rtained  that  the  freight  trains  were  intended  Hir 
Salt  Lake  City,  tiiat  Cummin^^  had  been  appoinlrd 
governor,  and  that  orderu  had  been  given  that  no  inoni 
nmils  Hhould  for  the  present  be  dehvernd  to  tl»c  Mor- 
uionH.  IlarneHsing  hin  ileetest  aninialH  to  a  li;r|it 
Mpriii^  wagon,  Snioot  immediately  started  honuiwuid, 
and  making  the  distanec  from  Fort  Laramie  in  ahout 
five  days,  found  the  brethren  eelebrating  their  pioneor 
anniversary  at  Little  Cottonwood  Caiion." 

Thus,  in  part  through  the  stubbornness  of  the  Mor- 
mons, but  in  part  also  through  the  maliee  of  a  disHohitc 
and  ini([uitous  judge,  the  spite  of  a  disajtpointod  mail 
eontraetor,  the  wire-pulling  of  birds  of  pruy  at  WhnIi- 
ingt<»n,  and  possibly  in  accordance  with  the  policy  nf 
the  president,  who,  until  the  confederate  ilng  had  Ixtii 
unfurled  at  Foit  Sumter,  retained  in  the  valley  cif 
(ireat  Salt  Lake  nearly  all  the  available  forces  in  llie 
Union  army  and  a  store  of  nmnitions  of  war  suftirient 
to  furnish  an  arsenal,  was  brought  about  the  Utali 
war. 

"(Jive  us  ten  years  of  peace,  and  we  will  ask  n  'Us 
of  the  United  States,"  declared  Ihigham  when  the 
pioneers  first  entered  the  valley.  And  now  the  tn 
y(^ars  had  passed,  and  on  the  margin  of  a  mountain 
lake,  seven  thousand  feet  above  sea-level,  under  bowei  s 
of  fragrant  pine  and  fir,  twenty-five  hundred  of  tin 
saints  were  assembled  on  the  24th  of  July,  18r>7.  It 
was  a  day  of  feasting  and  recreation.  Hand  in  ham  I 
with  little  children,  who  had  seen  nothing  of  the  gnat 
world  b(!yond  their  native  valley,  walked  Kilver-haind 
(tiders  and  apostles,  who  had  jmssed  through  all  the 
tribulations  of  Kirtland  and  Nauvoo.  Of  the  rest, 
sonu!  were  strolling  among  the  trees,  some  were  fish 
ing  in  the  lake,  some  were  dancing,  some  bnsie<l  with 
games.  Laughter  and  the  noise  of  merry-makiii;^' 
mingled  with  the  songs  of  Zion.  It  was  now  near 
even-fall,  ami  the  western  sun  had  already  crimsoiu  d 
the    frosted    peaks,  whcu  two   dust-stained   me.'^sen- 

**  LvtUr  ul  A.  U.  Siiigut. 


PREPARATIONS  FOR  DEFENCE. 


fiOS 


gors  rode  in  hot  Imsto  up  tho  cafion,  and  announced 
to  tho  Ijrcthren  tho  approach  of  tho  army  of  Utah. 

All  eyes  turned  at  once  to  Brigham.  It  was  at 
times  like  tho  present,  when  the  hearts  of  tho  others 
s,iiik  within  them,  that  his  genius  rose  superior  to  all 
nlistuclcs,  proving  him  tho  born  leader  that  all  ac- 
KiK  wlodged  him  to  be.  Gathering  the  peoplearound 
liiiii,  he  njpeated  the  words  uttered  ten  years  before, 
|ini|)li«'sying  even  now  that  at  no  distant  day  he  would 
liiiiisclt'  become  president  of  tho  United  States,  or 
(lirtiite  who  should  be  president.  Then  festivities 
were  renewed,  and  when  the  day  was  far  8i)ent  tho 
|it  <i|)It!  returned  to  their  homes  with  trust  in  lirigham 
aixi  the  God  of  Joseph. 

'riit'ii  war  became  the  universal  theme.  Fire-arms 
\vt  re  manufactured  or  /I'paired;  H(rytheH  were  lunud 
into  bayonets;  loiig-unuseil  sabres  were  biirnislu-d  and 
>liiirpciiod,  and  from  all  parts  of  the  earth  the  sjiirits 
urn.'  summoned  to  the  defence  of  Zion.  ApostK-s 
Lyman  and  Rich,  who  were  in  charge  of  the  saints  at 
S;m  Ui'rnardiiio,  and  Orson  Hyde,  who,  as  we  hhall 
,M »',  hiul  founded  a  thriving  col(»ny  in  Carscm  Vali«y, 
wt  11!  ordered  to  break  up  tlieirsettlentents  and  gather 
In  the  defence  of  Zion.  Messengers  were  sent  to  the 
Atlantic  states  and  to  Kurope  to  summon  home  the 
I  lilci's  and  apostles,'^  and,  had  it  been  possible,  thou- 
s.iimIs  <»f  ct»n verts  from  all  parts  of  the  world  would 
li.ivr  rallied  this  year  round  the  standard  of  the 
pi'itphL't. 

On  tho  8th  of  September  Captain  Van  Vliet  ar- 
rived in  Salt  Lake  City, "with  <»rdtrs  to  purchase 
Iniage  and  lumber,  and  to  assure  the  Mormons  tlunt 

''Hh'  iIi1it«  returning  from  Kurii|M'  lun<l<(l  am  noomtly  nn  |KtMil»lf  in  New 
^''>|■k,  ftaiiii.(  that  tln'y  woiilil  In-  ni'ilc  tnl  liy  tin-  uiitliiii  itii-t,  iiinl  iiii>-<t  of 
tlii'iii  JDiii'iicyril  til  I'tali  iiViMlitliil  liy  MiiiniiM  khiIcn.  '1  Iui  n|i<iiitIfH  ■TiMuu'd 
till'  Ailaiilii!  iiirii^iiitii,  mill  ii'iiiaiiiiiii^  tlirri<  in  iIin^muho  until  llic  iiti'uiiicr 
K.iili'i|  liir  ratiiiiiiik,  tiavi'lli'il  liy  wayuf  Nan  I'iuik  iHruatnl  iM>iitli<'rii  ('aLfniiiiu, 
ii<  <  ciiii|iaiiU'il  liy  a  Miiail  biMly-^uurd  of  cIiIuih.  Sttuhoiue'n  limLy  AJuiiiiluin 

.siii(i/<,  ,'i.ii-r». 

*•  AiiiinlinK  to  niM'riul  iiiNtriii'tionn,  ilatoil  Hriiiy  liraili|n»rtrrH,  Kurt  I.i'«*r. 
riiwcirtii,  July  '.'S,  |.S.'i7.  Sni  N'iiii  \'llit'^  ii'|.t  t'  tlio  ai  tiii^  aiui^laiit  lulj.. 
t^iiiciul  uiiiiy  ut°  Ululi,  iu  JI.  /.'.i'.  y>i>i .,  :t.illi  Cuug.  l«t  Soaa.,  ii.  pt  'J,  |>.  'ii. 


808 


THE  GOVERNMENT  IN  ARMS. 


tho  troops  would  not  molest  or  interfere  with  them. 
Tliough  informed  by  parties  whom  he  met  en  route 
that  lie  would  not  be  allowed  to  enter  the  territory, 
or  would  uo  so  at  the  risk  of  his  life,  the  captain  met 
with  a  cordial  reception.  Brigham,  Wells,  Bernliisol, 
and  other  leading  citizens  called  at  his  quarters  on  tlie 
evening  of  his  arrival,  and  a  formal  interview  was  ap- 
pointed for  the  following  day*' at  the  social  hall,  wlun 
Van  Vliet  was  introduced  to  a  large  number  of  prom- 
inent Mormons,  presented  to  Brigham  an  official  letter 
from  Harney,  and  declared  the  purpose  of  his  mission. 
The  governor  and  the  captain  then  retired  with  a  tlw 
others  to  a  private  office,  where  a  conversation  took 
pluoe,  from  which  I  give  a  few  extracts  that  may  be  of 
interest  to  the  reader. 

"  VVo  do  not  want  to  fight  the  United  States,"  re- 
marked Brigham,  "but  if  they  drive  us  to  it,  we  shall 
do  the  best  we  can;  and  I  will  tell  you,  as  the  Lord 
lives,  we  shall  come  off  conquerore.  The  Unit  id 
States  are  sending  their  armies  hero  to  simply  hold 
us  until  a  mob  can  come  and  butcher  us,  as  has  been 
done  before.  We  are  the  supporters  of  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States,  and  we  love  that  constitu- 
tion and  respect  the  laws  of  the  United  States;  l»nt 
it  is  by  the  corrupt  administration  of  those  laws  tliat 
we  are  made  to  suffer.  Most  of  the  government  of- 
ficers who  have  been  sent  here  have  taken  no  interest 
in  us,  but  on  the  contrary,  have  tried  many  times  to 
destroy  us." 

"This  is  the  case  with  most  men  sent  to  the  terri- 
tories," Van  Vliet  replied.  "They  receive  their  ofKces 
a.s  a  political  reward,  or  as  a  stepping-stone  totheseii- 
atorsliip;  but  they  have  no  interest  in  common  with 
the  people.  The  greatest  hold  that  the  government 
now  has  upon  you  is  in  the  accusation  that  you  have 
burned  the  United  States  ret;ords." 

"  lu  iiii  Life  of  Uriijhum  Young,  2(i'J,  TuUidgo  givei  Aiiir.  12th,  ajid  in  lis 
//w^  Salt  half  City,  101,  Sept.  I'-'tli,  as  tho  «luto  of  Van  Miet'i«  fiint  fon  .ul 
intcrvii'W  with  llri^hain.  I'ho  currcct  Uutu  i»  Sept.  Uih.  Svu  Utttitt  A'<i<«i 
Si-pt.  m,  l(io7t  whoru  in  a  dcauriptiuu  uf  tlio  uuptaiu'H  visit. 


BRIQHAM  AND  VAN  VLIET. 


•or 


"I  deny  that  any  books  of  the  United  States  have 
been  burned,"  said  Brigham.  "  I  have  broken  no  law ; 
and  under  the  present  state  of  affairs,  I  will  not  suffer 
myself  to  be  taken  by  any  United  States  officer  to  be 
killed  as  they  killed  Joseph  Smith." 

"I  do  not  think  it  is  the  intention  of  the  govern- 
ment to  arrest  you,"  said  Van  Vliet,  "  but  to  install  a 
new  governor  in  the  territory." 

"  1  believe  you  tell  the  truth,"  returned  Brigham, 
"  that  you  believe  this — but  you  do  not  know  their 
intentions  as  well  at;  I  do.  If  thoy  dare  to  force  the 
issui;,  I  shall  not  hold  the  Indians  by  the  wrist  any 
lunger  for  white  men  to  shoot  at  them;  they  shall  go 
aliiad  and  do  as  they  please.  If  the  issue  comes,  you 
may  tell  the  government  to  stop  all  emigration  across 
the  continent,  for  the  Indians  will  kill  all  who  attempt 
it.  And  if  an  arnjy  succeeds  in  penetrating  this  val- 
ley, tell  the  government  to  see  that  it  has  forage  and 
provisions  in  store,  for  they  will  find  here  only  a 
(;liarrod  and  barren  waste.  We  have  plenty  here  of 
what  you  want,  but  we  will  sell  you  nothing.  Further 
tlian  this,  vour  army  shall  not  enter  this  valluy."** 

In  vain  Van  Vliet  remonstrated,  stating  that  though 
the  mountain  passes  might  be  defended  against  the 
sinall  army  then  approaching  Utah,  a  force  wouhl 
snrely  be  sei»t,  during  the  following  year,  that  would 
overcome  all  opposition.  To  this  warning,  several 
times  repeated,  but  one  answer  wjis  returned:  "Wo 
are  aware  that  such  will  be  the  case;  but  when  these 
tio()ps  arrive  they  will  find  Utah  a  desert;  every  house 
will  be  burned  to  the  ground,  every  tree  cut  down, 
and  every  field  laid  waste.  Wo  have  three  years'  jiro- 
vi.sions  on  hand,  which  we  will  cache,  and  then  take 

**  \\'.}0<lniff*»  Journal,  MS.,  <n  whirh  wrro  ori^inntly  notoil  th«  wonU 
■I><)kcn  a  few  hnura  aftt^r  the  interview  took  pliicc.  Tlicrc  is  litllo  <l(iul>t  that, 
B'l  far  iiH  I  Imvo  <|Uoti!(l  thttin,  tlipy  art>  Bii)-«taiitiii]ly  true,  lu  liii  i'<'|>iii't,  iit 
kiipi.v,  Van  Vliot  mi} •  tlittt  at  tliisnnil  otliir  interviews  lltigliam  (U'cUrctl  timt 
'  tliu  MnnnoMH  linil  \n'vn  iM-rscciitoti,  nitinliTcil,  and  rnlrlMiil  in  Mishouii  un<l 
Illiiiiii.x,  ImiIIi  l)y  tlic  ni<>l>  nnil  Ntatc  niitlioritieit,  niitl  that  now  the  t'.  S.  wer« 
iilxiiit  til  piirsiui  tho  mun<!  cnnrsc;  an>l  thac,  thiTrforc,  lio  ami  tii«  ih-ojiIo  of 
I'tah  liuii  Uettinniued  to  rcniat  kU  persecution  at  tito  comnieuocmout. ' 


>,| 


m 


006 


THE  GOVERNMENT  IN  ARMS. 


Ill 

Ml 


li-J^K 


to  tho  mountains  and  bid  defiance  to  oil  the  powers 
of  tlic  governraent." 

During  the  cuntain's  visit,  Brigham,  with  tho  apos- 
tles, General  Wells  of  the  Nouvoo  legion,  and  others, 
asked  him  to  walk  through  their  grounds,  and  intio- 
ducing  him  to  some  of  the  Mormon  women,  showed 
him  tiie  garden-spots  which  their  hands  had  fashioned 
out  of  tho  wilderness.  "  What,  madam,"  he  exelainicd 
to  one  of  the  sisters,  "would  you  consent  to  see  this 
beautiful  home  in  ashes  and  this  fruitful  orchard  de- 
stroyed ?"  "  I  would  not  only  consent  to  it,"  was  the 
answer,  "  but  I  would  set  fire  to  my  home  with  my 
own  hands,  and  cut  down  every  tree,  and  root  up 
every  plant."  On  the  following  sabbath  the  captain 
attended  divine  service  at  tho  tabernacle,  when  .John 
Taylor,  after  referring  in  his  discourse  to  the  approach 
of  the  troops,  and  repeating  that  they  should  not  hcs 
allowed  to  enter  the  territory,  desired  all  who  would 
apply  tho  torch  to  their  dwellings,  cut  down  tluir 
trees,  and  lay  waste  their  farms  to  raise  their  hands. 
Every  hand  was  raised  in  a  congregation  numbeiiiij,' 
more  than  four  thousand.  "  When  the  time  comes  to 
burn  and  lay  waste  our  improvements,"  said  Brigham 
in  a  sermon  delivered  on  the  same  day,  "  if  any  muii 
undertakes  to  shield  his  he  will  be  treated  as  a  traitor. 
. .  .Now  tho  faint-hearted  can  go  in  peace;  but  should 
that  time  come,  they  must  not  interfere.  Before  1 
will  u«rain  suffer,  as  T  have  in  times  gone  by,  tiuK 
shall  not  oni-  building,  nor  one  foot  of  luml>er,  nor  a 
fence,  nor  a  tree,  nor  a  jKirticlo  of  grass  or  hay,  th.it 
will  burn,  be  loft  in  rt'uch  of  our  enemies.  I  am 
sworn,  if  driven  to  extreuiity,  to  utterly  lay  waste 
this  laud  in  tiio  name  of  Israel's  God.  and  our  enemies 
shall  find  it  as  barren  as  when  we  eamo  here." 

Captain  Van  Vliet  was  astounded.  ]Io  had  ex« 
ported  to  find  a  sethtioui-  and  priest-ridden  conunu- 
nity,  mouth-vaJiant  and  tew  in  number,  whom  tlui 
invre  approaeli  of  the  tro('[)s  would  tamo  into  siili- 
missiou.     He  i^Mind  instea^i  this  handful  of  enthusi- 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATION. 


0Ot 


nsts,  rising  against  tlio  mi^ht  of  a  great  nation.  Ho 
(Icrlured,  08  the  Mormons  relate,  that  if  the  United 
Stiiti!8  made  war  on  them,  ho  would  withdraw  from 
tilt'  army.  Quitting  Salt  Lake  City  a  few  days  aftor- 
Wiird,  ho  arrived  at  Washington  in  November,  and 
«l(livored  his  report  to  the  secretary  of  war.*" 

( )n  the  day  after  the  captain's  departure,  l^righam 
issii('<l  a  proclamation  declaring  martial  law  in  ITtah, 
forhidding  all  armed  forces  to  enter  the  territory 
iiiidcr  any  pretence  whatever,  and  ordering  the  Mor- 
mon militia  to  be  in  readiness  to  march  at  a  moment's 
iidlico/'^  It  is  probable  that  the  Nauvoo  h^gion, 
wliicli  now  included  the  entire  militia  force  of  the  ter- 
ritory, mustered  at  this  date  from  four  to  five  th(»u- 
miiwl  men.**  Though  imperfectly  armed  and  equipped, 
and  of  course  no  match  for  regular  troops,  they  wrro 
not  to  be  held  in  contempt.  In  July  1857  the  legi«in 
liad  been  reorganized,  tlio  two  cohorts,  now  ternHul 
divisions,  having  each  a  nominal  strength  of  two  thou- 
sand. The  divisi<ms  eimsistod  of  two  brigades,  the 
Itri^ades  of  two  regiments,  the  regiments  of  live  hat- 
talions,  each  of  a  hundred  men,'^''  the  battalion  being 
di\  idi'd  intt)  companies  of  Hfty,  and  the  <!ompanieH  into 
(jatoons  of  ten.  Kach  jtlatoon  was  in  charge  of  a 
itutcnant,  whose  duty  it  was  cari'fully  to  inspe<'t  the 

"A  iiipy  of  it  mill  Ih)  fouml  in  Kome  AV.  Doc,  ."Wth  f'<iM(,'.  ImISi-hh.,  ii. 
pt 'J,  |i|>.  "J  1-7.  3?  S.  It  conUtina  no  spccilio  ntatoincnU  not  ulrcuily  iiimle, 
('M-<-|it  that  HriglmnrH  only  ohjcution  to  tho  tt'oopHontc-riuK  Ctitli  wax  tliut  iii 
iliiin;;  Hii  iliiiy  woiilil  opoh  'ho  iltMir  fur  tlioralililiinf  tliu  ui-Htcrn  Inintirr,  wliji-h, 
At  ill  fnrnior  <layH,  wouiU  |H'iitc'i'iiti!  nml  nnimy  the  miintH.  <'oj)it'a  of  the  cor- 
ii'»|Hiii(|rii(:u  between  \  m\  Vliitnml  ISri^liuiii  iia  to  tiiu  imrchtuio  of  toritge  und 
IuimIm'i-  for  amiy  hho  will  bo  fniiiul  in  lit.,  .'t.i  7. 

'"For  I'opieR  of  tho  prtH^lainution,  (lutnl  Sept.  \7t,  IS.*iI,  ami  {■otiinmnta 
tlicrfiih,  HOC  /(/.,  32-3;  SlnihouvH  liocky  Mnuninin  Suinln,  XtU  U;  //f/.  H. 
Yuiu'i,  MS.;  tyaitr'n  ITkf  Mormon  I'rofihrl.  A'.\~^>;  Ti(vkrr'ri  Mornu>iti!iiii,'S.i'2  7; 
.V  F  Alfi.  Nov.  '2\  :M,  lfC»7;  S.  A'.  ILrail,  Nov.  iV..  I8.".7j  .SV.  U,ulii  l/,„.>:i, 
Nin.  'i.">,  is.",7. 

''  III  II  report  of  tho  »ci:irtary  of  war,  in  Srn.  Dor.,  33«1  ("^fiiii.'.  'Jil  S«w., 
vi  A).  Il.'t,  the  stntn^tli  uf  tho  I'tAh  uiilitiu  in  I8.~i4  i4  k*^'<'»  i^^  I.TIl  infantry 
mil  l,(M^  cavalry,  or  a  total  of  '2,74S  men.  In  this  i<  turn  it  h  hiittnl  that 
''I  V  li.'l  no  orilnunoo  except  on«  howitzer,  lUi-i  no  onltinncoMlnrcK;  but,  nx  wo 
I  u  •  x.'fii,  nonio  of  ti  ir  forts  werr  niounteil  with  eiuinon.  Itri^huni,  in  lii* 
'  iif  l>ii!.  II,  '  04,  in  Clak.  Jour.  IjfiiUI.,  1H."i4  ."i,  nnli'ipaicH  a  I'on- 
I"  i<'  iricreuso  in  the  now  enriMnienta.      In  the  urriiott  Aiyiimf  Fob.  l\ 

1Ni>.  flie  Mormon  foreo  arc  eHtinintt'<l  at  .'i.tMNi. 

'    I  lie  <-ri(jii<lo«  ouutaiued  l,(XH>  unl  tlie  i'i-ijiinent«  TtOO  men. 


m 


610 


THE  GOVERNMENT  IN  ARMS. 


anus,  ammunition,  and  accoutrements.  Those  who 
failuci  to  provide  their  equipments  were  fined,  and 
tliose  who  disposed  of  them  were  tried  by  court-mar- 
tiul  und  doubly  fined.  Penalties  were  also  imposed 
for  non-attendance  at  muster  and  drill.'  The  cavalry 
arm  was  for  a  time  abolished'^  as  unsuited  to  moun- 
tain warfare,  and  a  corps  of  topographical  engineers 
organized,  together  with  an  ordnance  corps. 

All  able-bodied  males  in  the  territory,  except  those 
exempt  by  law,  were  liable,  as  we  have  seen,  to  mili- 
tary service,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  Mormons 
c(»uld  put  in  the  field  not  less  than  seven  thousand 
raw  troops,  half  disciplined,  indeed,  but  inured  to  hard- 
ship, and  most  of  them  excellent  marksmen.  If  Brig- 
ham  had  now  carried  out  his  threat  of  letting  loose 
tho  Indian  tribes  of  Utah,  the  United  States  forces 
would  have  been  hopelessly  outnumbered.  Arms  and 
ammunition  were  supplied  in  part  from  San  Bernar- 
dino," though  no  considerable  reinforcements  from 
southern  California  arrived  until  after  the  crisis  was 
over,  and  those  from  Carson  Valley  did  not  exceed 
one  Imndred  men  capable  of  bearing  arms." 

It  was  not,  of  course,  the  intention  of  the  saints  to 
encounter  tho  army  of  Utah  in  the  open  field,  or  even 
behind  breastworks,  if  it  could  bo  avoided.     In  order 


**  UUih,  Aett  LegU.  (ed.  1866),  190-3,  where  ia  a  copy  of  an  act,  appruvcd 
Jan.  15, 1857.  for  the  organization  of  the  militia,  and  of  tne  reoulations  ailoptml 
■ii  uionthn  later.  The  regulations  were  firat  publiahed  in  the  DtMiet  A f >('<, 
Apr.  Ist  of  this  year.  PraTious  acta  relating  to  the  militia,  approved  in  IS'i'i, 
will  Im  found  in  Utah,  Artn  Lfoinl.  (ed.  185.5).  207-22, 231-2.  Daniel  H.  W<  111 
remained  lieut«nautgcneral,  James  Ferguson  was  adjutant-general,  and  A.  I', 
Rockwood  comniJMary-gcnoral.  The  names  of  other  officers  will  bo  fouml  in 
/(/.  (cd.  18(i0),  103;  Uitrrft  AVv«.  Apr.  20, 1857.  All  the  officers  were  clcdcd 
except  those  in  tho  engineers' and  onlnance  corps.  Further  items  conccniini; 
tho  legion  will  be  found  in  Id.,  July  6,  1859;  8.  F.  Alto,  Aug.  11,  1857;  <>r. 
Stntfnnan,  Oct  20,  1857. 

**  By  general  order  issued  at  the  headqnarten  of  the  legion.  A  copy  of  it 
will  Ins  found  in  the  Dttent  Newt,  July  1,  1857. 

**In  HiifffB'  Serapit,  San  Jiemardiito,  i.  5S,  we  read:  'Arms  and  ammiini- 
tion  continue  to  be  forwarded  from  San  Bernardino.  The  hut  mail  riiUr 
took  alona— in  Nov.  1857—500  raTolvers,  which  paused  through  tliis  city.' 

**  With  the  exception  of  a  few  persr  js,  the  I'araon  MormonA  started  for  H. 
L  City  Kept.  20,  1857.  and  arrived  Nov.  2d.  Thev  mustered  about  4.'>0  \m'T- 
sons,  several  being  from  Or.  and  Cu!.,  hod  with  them  123  wasons,  and  «'t:re 
in  charge  of  Cheater  Loreland.  Ecurlif  Hitt.  Canon  Vailey,  MS.,  S. 


MORMON  TACTICS. 


511 


to  explain  their  tactics,  I  cannot  do  better  than  quote 
a  tew  lines  from  a  despatch  addressed  soon  afterward 
l»y  the  lieutenant-general  of  the  Nauvoo  legion  to 
Major  Joseph  Taylor,  and  signed,  "your  brother  in 
Clirist,  Daniel  H.  Wells."  "On  ascertaining  the  io- 
cality  or  route  of  the  troops,  proceed  at  once  to  annoy 
tliem  in  every  possible  way.  Use  every  exertion  to 
stampede  their  animals  and  set  fire  to  their  trains. 
]>urn  the  whole  country  before  them  and  on  their 
Hanks.  Keep  them  from  sleeping,  by  night  surprises; 
l)lockade  the  road  by  felling  trees  or  destroying  the 
river  fords  where  you  can.  Watch  for  opportunities 
to  set  fire  to  the  grass  on  their  windward,  so  as,  if 
possible,  to  envelop  their  trains.  Leave  no  grass  be- 
fore them  that  can  be  burned.  Keep  your  men  con- 
cealed as  much  as  possible,  and  guard  against  sur- 
prise."'' 

*'  A  oop/  of  the  letter  is  given  in  TuUidge't  Hit.  Salt  Lake  City,  172.  The 
major  was  captured,  and  tho  letter  delivered  to  Auiatant  Adjuant-general 
I'ortcr  when  10  miles  from  Fort  Bridger.  In  a  poatacript  the  major  is  ordered 
to  'titke  no  life.'  In  Lie's  Mormonum  Unvaiiea,  18-10,  is  a  copy  of  a  circular 
li'ttt.-r,  date<l  S.  L.  City,  Sept.  14,  1857,  and  signed  by  Brigham  Young  and 
])aiiicl  H.  Wells,  in  which  a  similar  plan  of  operations  is  marked  out.  'But 
RAVu  life  always,'  is  tho  iujunotioii,  'when  it  is  possible;  we  do  not  wish  to 
tiled  a  drop  of  blood  if  it  con  be  avoided.' 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


)  X' 


if'' 


.1  ,-* 


THK  UTAH  WAR. 

1857-1858. 

OPKNivn  or  thrCampaion— BrBNiNo  or  SrppLT  Traiwh — Stkatkoio  Motb- 
MKNT  or  Colonel  Alkxanu£k— IIih  Kktrkat — Ahrival  or  Aliikkt 

SlUNKY  JOIINHTON— TlIK   MaHC'II   TO    KoRT   UKIIHIKR— WlXTEIl  AT  (.'wil' 
St'OTT— MiSHION  OK  CoLONKL  KaNK  — (i«>VBRNOR  CirMMINO  AT  SaLT  I.AKK, 

City — Paiiimin  Pkoclaimrh — This  Pkaie  Commihsionkrh— Tiik  Aumy 
or  Utah  Aiivan«!kji  om  Zion— Tiik  City  Dkskrtkd— Tiik  Moi(Mr)NM  Kk- 

TPRN  TO  TIIEIK  lloMIW— TiIK  TiMMiPS  CaNToNKD  AT  CaMP   Fl.OVIt— Ciin- 
DCCT  or  tiik  8oLl>IKItY   AND  CaMP   FoLLOWBltD — JUbUlM  SlNULAIKANU 

Cradlebauuii— Tiik  lUroiuiATioN  in  Utau. 

"  I  AM  ordered  there, and  I  will  winter  in  the  valUy 
or  in  hell,"  exclaimed  General  Harney,  who  iiad  now 
joined  the  expedition,  wlien  Van  Vliet  on  his  way  tn 
Washington  reported  to  him  the  condition  of  aflairs 
amon<r  the  Mormons.  With  such  pros[)ectH  hclon; 
them,  it  was  probably  fortunate  for  the  army  of  L'tah 
that  the  command  (.'hanged  hands  early  in  tlu>  cam 
paign,  the  general's  services  being  again  recjulrcd  in 
Ka:i.;as,  Colonel  Albert  Sidney  Johnston,  then  at  Fort 
Leavenworth,  being  appointed  his  successor,  and  Colo- 
nel Aloxander,  the  senior  officer,  meanwhile  assum- 
ing connnand. 

Aliout  the  middle  of  August,  Colonel  Robert  Rur- 
ton  with  seventy  men  from  the  first  regiment  of  tliu 
Nauvoo  legion,  afterward  joined  by  a  company  from 
Provo,  had  already  been  sent  eastward  as  a  corps  of 
observation,  with  instructions  to  follow  the  main  ci»'i 
grant  trail,  protect  incoming  Mormon  trains,  asc.  r 
tain   the    itumbor,  equipments,  and  materiel   of  tli> 

I  Mi  ) 


THE  TROOPS  APPROACH. 


Sit 


I'liited  States  troops,  ami  roport  to  headquartors.  On 
till'  22«l  of  Soptenibor  tlio  colonel,  accouip.inied  by 
tliit'o  others,  the  remainder  of  liin  command  beinj?  or- 
(Idcd  to  return  nlowly  toward  Salt  Lake  City,  Helect- 
iii.,'^  on  their  way  the  bent  points  for  a  defensive  cani- 
jciii^'M,  encountered  the  vanguard  of  the  army  of  Utah, 
III  the  vicinity  of  Devil's  Gate,  thence  accompanied 
tli«  III  to  Camp  Winfield,  on  Ham  Fork,  and  afterwanl 
proceeded  to  Fort  Briiljjer. 


<  A  I  T  L  A  K I 


Tub  Utam  CAurAioN. 

A  few  days  later  General  "Wells,  in  command  of 
1,250  men,  supplied  with  thirty  days*  rations,  es- 
tablished his  headquarters  at  Echo  Carton,  a  defile 
some  twenty-five  mdes  in  length,  and  whoso  walls  are 
ill  places  almost  within  pistol-shot  of  each  other. 
Through  this  cafion,  the  Mormons  supposed,  lay 
tlu!  path  of  the  invading  army,  the  only  means  of 
avoiding  the  gorge  being  by  a  circuitous  route  north- 
ward to  Soda  Springs,  and  thence  by  way  of  Bear 
Itivor  Valley,  or  the  Wind  Hiver  Mountains.  On 
tlic  western  side  of  the  cafton  dams  and  ditches  were 
constructed,  by  means  of  which  the  road  could  be  sub- 
merged to  a  depth  of  several  feet;  at  the  eastern  side 


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514 


THE  UTAH  WAR. 


^ 


, 


-i- 


stone  heaps  were  collected  and  bowlders  loosened  from 
the  overhanging  rocks,  so  that  a  slight  leverage  would 
hurl  them  on  the  passing  troops,  and  parapets  were 
built  as  a  protection  for  sharp-shooters.^  Leaving 
his  men  in  charge  of  staff-officers,^  the  general  set 
forth  with  a  small  escort  for  Fort  Bridger,  where 
he  was  informed  by  Burton  as  to  the  movements 
and  strength  of  the  invading  force  and  the  lo- 
cation of  its  supply  trains.  It  had  been  ascertained 
that  the  army  had  pressed  forward  on  Fort  Winfield 
to  protect  the  trains,  which  had  been  left  insufficiently 
guarded,  and  it  was  now  feared  that  the  men  would 
be  ordered  to  pack  a  few  days'  provisions  in  their 
knapsacks  and  make  a  forced  march  on  Salt  Lake 
City. 

At  this  juncture  a  letter  from  General  Wells  was 
delivered  to  Colonel  Alexander,  together  with  copies 
of  the  organic  act,  the  laws  of  Utah,  the  proclamation 
forbidding  the  entrance  of  armed  forces  into  the  terri- 
tory, and  a  despatch  from  Brigham.  The  last  was  a 
remarkable  document,  and  must  have  been  somevvliat 
of  a  surprise  to  the  colonel,  who  had  proved  himself 
one  of  the  most  gallant  soldiers  of  the  Mexican  war. 
He  was  informed  that  Brigham  Young  was  still  gov- 
ernor of  Utah,  and  that  he  had  disregarded  his  prohi- 
bition. He  was  ordered  to  witl  '  v'  by  the  same 
route  that  he  had  entered.  Sh(  he  desire,  how- 
ever, to  remain  until  spring  in  the  neighborhood  of 
his  present  encampment,  he  must  surrender  his  arms 
and  ammunition  to  the  Mormon  quartermaster-gen- 
eral, in  which  case  he  would  be  supplied  with  provi- 
sions, and  would  not  be  molested.''  The  colonel  re- 
plied in  brief  and  business-like  phrase.  He  addressed 
Brigham  Young  as  governor;  stated  that  he  would 

*Por  cut  of  Echo  Cation,  see  Ifayden'a  The  Great  West,  .313;  StenhoHsr'.f 
Rocky  Mountain  Saintu,  363.  The  remains  of  the  breastworks  and  dtuiis  were 
to  be  seen  ten  years  later.  Kirchoff,  Jieisebitder,  i.  107-8. 

•Colonels  N.  V.  Jones  and  J.  D,  T.  McAllister. 

•  For  copies  of  both  letters,  see  Secretary  qf  War's  Rept  House  Ex.  Doc, 
35th  Cong.  I  St  Sess.,  ii.  pt  2,  pp.  31-3. 


< 


LOT  SMITH'S  OPERATIONS. 


m 


mae  Ex.  Doc, 


submit  his  letter  to  the  commanding  officer  imme- 
diately on  his  arrival;  that  meanwhile  the  troops  were 
there  by  order  of  the  president,  and  that  their  future 
movements  and  operations  would  depend  on  orders  is- 
sued by  competent  military  authority. 

On  receiving  the  answer  of  Colonel  Alexander, 
Wells  determined  to  open  the  campaign,  a  plan  of 
which  had  been  before  arranged  at  Salt  Lake  City. 
Inviting  to  dinner  Major  Lot  Smith,  who  had  con- 
voyed the  despatches  to  and  from  the  enemy's  camp, 
lie  asked  him  whether  he  could  take  some  forty  men, 
the  only  available  force  then  at  the  Mormon  camp  at 
Cache  Cave,  where  Wells  was  now  encamped,  and, 
passing  in  rear  of  the  foe,  turn  back  or  burn  the  sup- 
j)ly  trains  still  on  the  road.  "  I  think  I  can,"  replied 
Lot  Smith;  and  the  next  evening  he  started  out. 
Wells  then  addressed  to  Major  Joseph  Taylor  the 
letter  of  instructions  already  quoted. 

Riding  all  night  at  the  head  of  his  detachment. 
Smith  came  in  sight  of  a  westward-bound  govern- 
ment train  on  the  morning  of  October  3d,  and  ordered 
the  drivers  to  go  back.  This  they  did,  but  turned 
roimd  when  out  of  sight.  During  the  day  a  party  of 
troops  passed  them,  and  relieving  the  wagons  of  tlieir 
IVoight,  left  them  standing.  Smith  then  started  for 
8andy  Fork,  sending  a  few  of  his  men  under  Captain 
Haight  in  another  direction.  Soon  he  observed  a 
cloud  of  dust  in  the  direction  of  the  old  Mormon  trail, 
and  was  informed  by  his  scouts  that  a  train  of  twenty- 
six  wagons  was  approaching.  Halting  and  feeding 
his  men,  he  approached  them  at  dusk,  while  encamped 
at  a  spot  known  as  Simpson's  Hollow,  on  Green  River, 
and  there  lay  in  ambush  for  several  hours.  Mean- 
while he  ascertained,  as  he  relates,  that  there  were 
two  trains,  each  of  twenty-six  wagons — there  being, 
in  fact,  three,  with  seventy-five  wagons  in  all.* 

*Rept  of  Commisimry  Clarke.,  in  Hovm  Ex.  Doc,  .35th  Cong.  Ist  Sess.,  x. 
no.  71,  p.  03.  Col.  Alexander,  however,  in  his  official  report  to  the  adjutant- 
general,  dated  Camp  Winfield,  Oct.  9,  1857,  says  that  only  two  trains  were 
destroyed  on  Green  lliver,  but  that  one  was  burned  on  the  Big  Sa»dy,  together 


516 


THE  UTAH  WAR. 


I 


It  was  now  near  midnight;  but  a  few  of  the  wagcn- 
ers  were  still  gathered  round  the  camp-fires,  sonic  of 
them  drinking  and  some  smoking,  when  armed  and 
mounted  men,  as  it  seemed  in  endless  procession, 
noiselessly  emerged  from  the  darkness,  their  leader 
quietly  asking  for  '  the  captain.'  Most  of  the  team- 
sters were  asleep,  their  weapons  fastened  to  the  awn- 
ings of  the  wagons,  and  resistance  was  almost  lioj)el(ss. 
The  captain  of  the  wagoners,  Dawson  by  namc,ste])p((l 
forward,  surrendered  his  charge,  and  bade  his  men 
stack  their  arms  and  group  themselves  on  a  spot 
pointed  out  by  Smith,  who  dealt  with  the  other  trains 
in  like  manner.  Then,  lighting  two  torches,  the  major 
handed  one  of  them  to  a  gentile  in  his  party,  dubhed 
Big  James,  remarking  that  it  was  proper  for  the  gen- 
tiles to  spoil  the  gentiles.  Riding  from  wagon  to 
wagon  they  set  fire  to  the  covers,  which  caught  ra|>i(lly 
in  the  crisp  air  of  this  October  night.  "  By  Saint 
Patrick,  ain't  it  beautiful  1"  exclaimed  Big  James;  "I 
never  saw  anything  go  better  in  my  life."  Daw.son 
meanwhile  was  sent  to  the  rear  of  the  trains  to  take 
out  provisions  for  his  captors.  When  all  the  wagons 
were  ftiirly  in  a  blaze,  the  Mormons  rode  away,  tcllin<^ 
their  panic-stricken  captives  that  they  would  return 
as  soon  as  they  had  delivered  the  spoils  to  their  com- 
rades near  by,  and  instantly  shoot  any  one  who  should 
attempt  to  extinguish  the  flames.* 

with  a  few  wagons  l)elonging  to  the  sutler  of  the  tenth  infantry,  a  few  miles 
behind  tho  latter.  Probably  the  colonel  was  for  the  moment  misinformed  ii.s  to 
the  train  abandoned  on  tho  morning  of  tho  4th.  The  destruction  of  the  sutlci's 
wagons  was  pcrliaps  wrougiit  liy  llaight's  party,  as  Smith  states  that  tlicy 
were  sent  after  tho  convoy  of  tho  tentli  infantry.  Otherwise  I  find  no  evi- 
dence that  this  was  tho  case. 

*Lot  Smith's  narrative,  in  Tiitlidrie'a  If  int.  S.  L.  City,  173-5,  when  stripped 
of  tho  braggadocio  common  to  tho  saints  militant — and  thus  I  have  given  it- 
appears  to  bo  tiio  best  detailed  account  of  tliis  incident.  The  portions  of  it 
wliich  conflict  with  tiie  testimony  of  United  States  oflicials  I  have  omitted. 
For  instance,  Smitli  siiys:  '  His  [Dawson's]  orders  to  tho  train  men  wcrcfiuiii 
tho  commander  at  Camp  Winfield,  and  were  to  tlio  cfFoct  that  tho  Morniinij 
wcro  iu  tho  field,  and  that  tliey  must  not  go  to  sleep,  but  keep  guard  on  tlieir 
trains,  and  that  four  companies  of  cavalry  and  two  pieces  of  artillery  wnnll 
come  over  in  tho  morning  to  escort  them  into  camp.^  Tho  truth  appears  to 
be,  that  Col  Alexander  knew  nothing  .'ibout  tho  projected  raid.  In  his  rcpoit, 
ut  supra,  ho  mentions  that  Van  Vlict  had  assured  him  no  armed  resistaiico 
would  be  ulFered  if  he  did  not  proceed  farther  than  Fort  Jkidger  and  Fuit 


DISASTERS  OP  U.  S.  ARMY. 


617 


The  army  of  Utah  was  now  in  evil  case.  Harney 
lifid  accepted  the  command  reluctantly,  and  returned 
to  Kansas  as  soon  as  possible.  Alexander  was  un- 
fitted for  it,  and  Johnston  had  not  yet  arrived.  Win- 
t(  r  was  at  hand ;  forage  was  almost  exhausted ;  pro- 
visions  would  fail  within  a  few  months;  and  if  the 
t  loops  could  not  move  into  quarters  within  fourteen 
(lays,  there  would  be  no  animals  left  alive  to  convey 
their  supplies.  The  pitiful  strait  that  had  now  over- 
taken them  is  explained  in  a  letter  addressed  by  Colo- 
nel Alexander,  four  days  after  the  Green  River  catas- 
trophe,  to  the  officers  in  command  of  forces  en  route 
for  Utah.  "No  information  of  the  position  or  inten- 
tions of  the  commanding  officer  has  reached  me,"  he 
writes,  "and  I  am  in  utter  ignorance  of  the  objects 
of  the  government  in  sending  troops  here,  or  the 
instructions  given  for  their  conduct  after  reaching 
licro.  I  have  had  to  decide  upon  the  following  points : 
First,  the  necessity  of  a  speedy  move  to  winter  quar- 
ters; second,  the  selection  of  a  point  for  wintering; 
third,  the  best  method  of  conducting  the  troops  and 
supplies  to  the  point  selected."  A  council  of  war  was 
lield,  and  the  point  selected  was  Fort  Hall,  on  Beaver 
Head  Mountain,  140  miles  from  Fort  Bridger.  So 
little  did  the  colonel  know  even  about  the  disposition 
of  the  command,  that,  at  the  time  and  place  when  he 
expected  to  be  joined  by  Colonel  Smith,  in  charge 
of  supply  trains,  this  officer  was  still  at  South  Pass, 
with  an  escort  of  two  hundred  men. 

On  the  11th  of  October  the  troops  commenced 
their  march.  Snow  was  falling  heavily,  and  for  sev- 
eral days  they  were  compelled  to  cut  a  path  for  their 

Supply,  and  that  100  wagons  had  been  paikcd  for  three  weeks  on  Ham  Fork 
V  ithoiit  being  molested.  On  the  other  hand,  he  states  in  the  same  report  that 
Col  Waite  of  the  fifth  infantry,  though  not  anticipating  any  trouble,  was 
pi  rparing  to  send  a  detachment  to  the  trains  when  ho  heard  of  their  destruc- 
tion. For  other  accounts  and  comments  on  the  disaster  on  Green  River,  see 
Jlirhnan'n  Destroying  Amjel,  117-21;  Beadle's  Life  in  Utah,  JS9;  Burton's 
Clly  of  the  Saints,  208-9;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Dec.  11,  1857;  S.  F.  Alta,  Dec.  17, 
.SO,  18,J7;  Sac.  Union,  Dec.  11,  1857.  The  list  of  stores  destroyed  is  given 
ill  Commissary  Clarke'a  Jleport,  in  H.  Ex,  Doc,,  35th  Cong.  iBt  Seas.,  no. 
71,  p.  63. 


i:  i  I 


■i: 


018 


THE  UTAH  WAR. 


;ii::: 


^^mm 


wagons  through  the  dense  brush,  their  trains  bein<» 
still  of  such  unwieldy  length  that  the  vanguard  had 
reached  its  camping-ground  at  nightfall  before  the 
rear-guard  had  moved  from  its  camp  of  the  preceding 
day.  Meanwhile  bands  of  Mormons,  under  their 
nimble  and  ubiquitous  leaders,  hung  on  their  Hanks, 
just  out  of  rific-shot,  harassing  them  at  every  step, 
700  oxen  being  captured  and  driven  to  Salt  Lake 
City  on  the  13th.  There  was  as  yet  no  cavalry  in 
the  force.  A  few  infantry  companies  were  mounted 
on  mules  and  sent  in  pursuit  of  the  guerrillas,  but  the 
saints  merely  laughed  at  them,  terming  them  jackass 
cavalry.  The  grass  had  been  burned  along  the  lino 
of  route,  and  the  draught-animals  were  so  weak  that 
they  could  travel  but  three  miles  a  day.  When  tlio 
point  was  reached  where  Smith's  detachment  was 
expected  to  join  the  army,  the  commander,  tlisap- 
pointed  and  sore  perplexed,  called  a  second  council, 
at  which  many  of  the  officers  were  in  favor  of  cutting 
their  way  through  the  canons  at  all  hazard. 

At  this  juncture  a  despatch  was  received  from 
Johnston,  who  was  now  at  South  Pass,  ordering 
the  troops  to  proceed  to  Fontenelle  Creek,  when; 
pasture  was  abundant;  and  a  few  days  later  a  second 
despatch  directed  them  to  march  to  a  point  three 
miles  below  the  junction  of  Ham  and  Black  forks, 
the  colonel  stating  that  he  would  join  them  at  tlu; 
latter  point.  On  the  3d  of  Novembwr  they  reached 
the  point  of  rendezvous,  where  Johnston  arrived 
the  following  day,  with  a  rei3nforcement  of  cavalry 
and  the  supply  trains  in  charge  of  Smith.^ 

Albert  Sidney  Johnston  was  a  favorite  officer,  and 
had  already  given  earnest  of  the  qualities  that  he  dis- 
played a  few  years  later  in  the  campaigns  of  the  civil 
war.  The  morale  of  the  army  was  at  once  restored, 
and  at  the  touch  of  this  great  general  each  man  pnt 
forth  his  utmost  energy.     But  their   troubles  were 

•.Johnston's  despatch,  in  If  owe  Ex.  Doc.,  .Ijtli  Cong.  Ist  Scss.,  no.  71| 
pp.  00-0;  tHenhttuae  a  liocky  MoiuUain  Haiult,  300. 


MARCH  TO  FORT  BRIDGEE. 


510 


not  yet  ended.  The  exi>edition  was  now  ordered  to 
I'ort  Bridgcr,  and  at  every  step  difficulties  increased. 
There  were  only  thirty-five  miles  to  be  traversed,  but, 
(  x('cj)t  on  the  margin  of  a  tew  slender  streams,  the 
country  through  which  lay  their  route  was  the  barest 
(if  desert  land.  There  was  no  shelter  from  the  chill 
hliists  of  this  mountain  solitude,  where,  even  in  No- 
vember, the  thermometer  sometimes  sank  to  IG"  be- 
low zero.  There  was  no  fuel  but  the  wild  saire  and 
willow;  there  was  little  pasture  for  the  half-frozen 
ciitllo. 

The  njarch  commenced  on  the  Gth  of  November, 
iuul  on  the  previous  night  500  of  the  strongest  oxen 
Iiiul  been  stolen  by  the  Mormons.  The  trains  ex- 
1  ended  over  six  miles,  and  all  day  long  snow  and  sleet 
Icll  on  the  retreating  column.  Some  of  the  men  were 
irost-bitten,  and  the  exhausted  animals  were  goaded 
])y  their  drivers  until  many  I'ell  dead  in  their  traces. 
At  sunset  the  troops  encamped  wherever  they  could 
iind  a  particle  of  shelter,  some  under  bluffs,  and  sonui 
ill  the  willow  copses.  At  daybreak  the  camp  was 
surrounded  with  the  carcasses  of  frozen  cattle,  of  which 
s(!veral  hundreds  had  perished  during  the  night.  Still, 
as  tlie  trains  arrived  from  the  rear,  each  one  halted 
for  a  day  or  more,  giving  time  for  the  cattle  to  rest 
juid  graze  on  such  scant  herbage  as  they  could  find, 
'fo  press  forward  more  rapidly  was  impossible,  for  it 
would  have  cost  the  lives  of  most  of  the  dmuglit-ani- 
nials;  to  find  shelter  was  equally  impossible,  for  theri; 
was  none.  There  was  no  alternative  but  to  proceed 
slowly  and  persistently,  saving  as  many  as  |)ossible  of 
the  horses,  nmles,  and  ox(;n.  Fifteen  days  were  re- 
(juired  for  this  difHcult  operation.^  Meanwhile  Colo- 
nel St  George  Cooke,  who  arrived  on  the  19th  by  way 
of  Fort  Laramie,  at  the  head  of  [jOO  dragoons,  had 
fared  no  better  than  the  main  body,  having  lost  nearly 
half  of  his  cattle.** 

'  Kept  of  ( !ol  .!<  ihiiston,  tlatctl  Camp  Scott,  Nov.  30, 1  8j7,  iu  Ifome  Ex.  Doc. , 
."J.'jtli  (^Diig.  IstScHH.,  X.  110.  71,  i>.  77. 

"lOid.  Oil  tho  utli  tlid  uoiiiiimml  puasud  Devil's  Gutc,  and  on  tho  following 


620 


THE  UTAH  WAB. 


A  length  the  army  of  Utah  arrived  at  Fort  Bridjjfor 
— to  find  that  the  buildings  in  and  around  it,  togothir 
with  those  at  Fort  Supply,  twelve  miles  distant,  had 
been  burned  to  the  ground  by  Mormons,  and  the  grain 
or  other  provisions  removed  or  destroyed.  All  that 
remained  were  two  enclosures  surrounded  by  walls  o{ 
cobblestone  cemented  with  mortar,  the  larger  one 
being  a  hundred  feet  square.  This  was  appropriated 
for  the  storage  of  supplies,  while  on  the  smaller  one 
lunettes  were  built  and  mounted  with  cannon.  A 
sufficient  garrison  was  stationed  at  this  point;  the 
cattle  were  sent  for  the  winter  to  Henry  Fork,  in 
charge  of  Colonel  Cooke  and  six  companies  of  the 
second  dragoons,  and  about  the  end  of  November, 
the  remainder  of  the  troops  went  into  winter  quar- 
ters on  Black  Fork  of  the  Green  River,  two  or  three 
miles  beyond  Fort  Bridger,  and  a  hundred  and  fifteen 
from  Salt  Lake  City.  The  site,  to  which  was  given 
the  name  of  Camp  Scott,   was  sheltered  by  blulfs, 

flaj',  wliilc  crossing  what  he  terms  a  four-milo  hill,  Colonel  Cooke  writes: 
'Tlio  north  wind  and  drifting  snow  became  severe;  the  air  seemed  turned  to 
frozen  fog;  nothing  could  be  seen;  we  were  struggling  in  n  freezing  cloud. 
Tlio  lofty  v.-all  at  Three  Crossings  was  a  happy  relief;  but  the  guide,  who  had 
lately  passed  there,  was  relentless  in  pronouncing  that  there  was  no  grass . . . 
As  ho  promised  grass  and  other  shelter  two  miles  farther,  wo  marched  on, 
crossing  twico  more  the  rocky  stream,  half  choked  with  snow  and  ice;  finally 
he  led  lis  behind  a  great  granite  rock,  but  all  too  small  for  the  promised  sliel- 
ter.  Only  a  part  of  the  regiment  could  huddle  there  in  the  deep  snow;  whilst 
the  long  night  through  the  storm  continued,  and  in  fearful  eddies  from  above, 
before,  l)ch  in  d,  drove  the  falling  and  drifting  snow.'  Meanwhile  the  animals 
v.'cre  driven  once  more  across  tlio  stream  to  the  l)ase  of  a  granite  ridge  wliicli 
faced  the  storm,  but  where  there  was  grass.  They  refused  to  eat,  the  iimlea 
huddling  together  and  moaning  piteously,  while  some  of  the  horses  broku 
away  from  the  guard  and  went  back  to  the  ford.  The  next  day  better  camp- 
ing-ground was  reached  ton  miles  farther  on.  On  the  morning  of  the  8tli, 
Iho  thermometer  marked  44°  below  freezing-point;  but  in  this  weather  and 
through  deep  snow  the  men  made  cigliteen  miles,  and  the  following  day  nine- 
teen miles,  to  the  next  camping-grounds  on  Bitter  Creek,  and  in  the  valley  of 
the  Sweetwater.  On  the  lOch  matters  were  still  worse.  Herders  left  to  bring 
up  the  rear  with  the  stray  mules  could  not  force  them  from  the  valley,  and 
there  three  fourthn  of  them  were  left  to  perish.  Nine  horses  were  also  alan- 
doned.  At  night  the  thermometer  marked  '25°  below  zero;  nearly  all  the 
tent-pins  were  broken,  and  nearly  forty  soldiers  and  teamsters  were  on  the 
sick-list,  most  of  tlicin  being  f -ost-bitten.  'The  earth,' writes  the  colonel, 
'  has  a  no  more  lifeless,  treeless,  grasslcss  desert;  it  contains  scarcely  a  woll 
to  glut  itself  on  the  hundreds  of  dead  and  frozen  animals  which  for  thirty 
miles  nearly  block  the  roail.'  Hcpt  in  /d.,  pp.  90-0.  See  also  Jlodenbouyh'i 
From  Everylade  to  Caiion  w'.lh  the  Second  Drugooits,  214-18. 


AT  CAMP  SCOTT. 


621 


«r  cainp- 
tho  8th, 
thcr  and 
iay  nine- 
iillcy  i)f 
to  brill  I,' 
ley,  anil 
soaliiin- 
all  th.^ 

on  tlu! 
colonel, 
y  a  woli 

thirty 


risin2f  abruptly  at  a  few  hundred  yards  distance  from 
the  bed  ot  the  stream.  Near  by  were  clumps  of 
(•(;tton-wood  which  the  Mormons  had  attempted  to 
bum;  but  the  wood  being  green  and  damp,  the  tire 
li;i(l  merely  scorched  the  bark.  Tents  of  a  new 
piittorn"  were  furnished  to  the  men,  the  poles,  to 
A\ hi ch  was  attached  a  strong  hoop,  being  supporteil 
by  iron  tripods.  From  the  hoops  the  canvas  de- 
pended in  the  shape  of  a  cone,  somewhat  in  the 
iiisliion  of  an  Indian  wigwam.  Even  when  the  tents 
wore  closed  fires  could  be  lighted  without  discomfort 
hi'iieath  the  tripods,  a  draught  being  created  by  the 
opening  at  the  top.  The  civil  officials,  who  arrived 
al)out  this  time,  dwelt  apart  in  structures  resembling 
the  Alaskan  barabara — holes  dug  in  the  ground  over 
which  were  built  huts  of  mud-plastered  logs.  To 
this  part  of  the  encampment  was  given,  in  honor  of 
the  chief  justice,  the  name  of  Eckelsville. 

Though  most  of  the  beef  cattle  had  been  carried 
ofi'  l)y  Mormons  or  Indians,  a  sufficient  number  of 
drauLjht-animals  remained  to  furnish  meat  for  seven 
months  during  six  days  in  the  week,  while  of  bacon 
there  was  enough  for  one  day  in  the  week,  and  by 
reducing  the  rations  of  flour,  coffee,  and  other  arti- 
cles, they  might  also  be  made  to  last  until  the  1st  of 
June.'"  Parties  were  at  once  sent  to  New  Mexico 
and  Oregon"  to  procure  cattle  and  remounts  for  the 
cavalry.  Meantime  shambles  were  built,  to  which 
Jiho  starved  animals  at  Fort  Henry  were  driven,  and 
butchered  as  soon  as  they  had  gathered  a  little  flesh, 
tlieir  meat  being  jerked  and  stored  for  future  use. 

In  loading  the  wagons  at  Fort  Leavenworth  the 
quartermaster  had  packed  into  each  train  such  goods 
as  were  at  hand,  taking  no  trouble  to  procuie  for  them 

•The  Sibley  pattern.  Aide-de-camp  Lay's  dcsputch  to  General  Harney, 
in  Ilept,  ut  supra,  8. 

'"Capt.  li.  F.  Clarke,  in  Id.,  p.  105,  gives  a  statement  of  the  supplies 
stored  at  Fort  Bridger,  Nov.  28,  1857.  There  were  150  aays'  rations  ot  Hour 
for  '2,400  men,  144  of  tea  or  coft'eo,  217  of  sugar,  222  of  beans,  rice,  or  desio- 
catcd  vo^ctablos,  28  of  bacon  or  ham,  137  of  vinegar,  and  83  of  molasses. 

"  The  first  under  Captain  Marcy. 


I:! 


022 


THE  UTAH  WAR. 


\-i    ! 


Irf- 


their  duo  proportion  of  other  stores.  The  tniins 
destroyed  at  Simpson  Hollow,  for  instance,  were 
laden  entirely  with  provisions,  while  three  others 
that  followed  contained  the  tents  and  all  the  cloth- 
ing. Fortunately  the  latter  did  not  fall  into  ilio 
hands  of  the  Mormons,  though  when  unpacked  it  was 
found  that  they  contained  more  of  utterly  useless 
supplies  than  of  what  was  really  needed.  For  an 
army  of  about  2,400  men,  wintering  in  a  region 
7,000  feet  above  the  sea-level,  where  at  night  the 
thermometer  always  sinks  below  zero,  there  had  boon 
provided  3,150  bedsacks — articles  well  suited  for  a 
pleasure  camp  in  summer — and  only  723  blank('ts; 
there  were  more  than  1,500  pairs  of  epaulets  and 
metallic  scales,  but  only  938  coats  and  G7G  great-coats; 
there  were  307  cap  covers,  and  only  190  caps;  there 
wore  1,190  military  stocks;  but  though  some  of  tlio 
men  were  already  barefooted,  and  others  had  no  cov- 
ering for  their  feet  except  moccasins,  there  were  only 
823  pairs  of  boots  and  GOO  pairs  of  stockings.'''  One 
of  the  wagons  had  been  freighted  entirely  with  camp 
kettles,  but  brine  could  not  bo  had,  for  at  this  tinio 
there  was  not  a  pound  of  salt  in  the  entire  camp,  a 
supply  proffered  as  a  gift  from  Brigham,  whom  John- 
ston now  termed  the  great  Mormon  rebel,  being  re- 
jected with  contempt." 

Thus  did  the  army  of  Utah  pass  the  winter  of 
1857-8,  amid  privations  no  less  severe  than  those  en- 
dured at  Valley  Forge  eighty-one  years  before;  but 
this  army  was  composed  of  seasoned  veterans,  under 
able  leadership,  and  the  men  were  confident  and  even 


^^AKsiittaiit  Quartermaster  Dickerson's  Rrpt,  dated  Camp  Scott,  Nov.  29, 
1857,  in  Id.,  pp.  lOG-7,  wliere  will  be  found  a  list  of  all  the  clothuig  on  hainl 
at  that  date. 

"*  A  copy  of  Brigham 's  letter,  dated  S.  L.  City,  Nov.  26,  1857,  stating  tliiit 
he  has  forwarded  a  load  of  about  SOO  lbs,  to  which  Col  Johustou  is  wclcoiin! 
as  a  gift,  but  for  which  payment  will  be  accepted  if  preferred,  will  be  founl 
in  /(/.,  pp.  110-11.  Tullidge  says  that  the  salt  was  secretly  brought  into 
camp,  but  that  the  commander  would  not  eat  of  it,  and  that  the  otuccry'  nicss 
was  soon  afterward  supplied  by  ludious  at  the  rate  of  $5  per  lb.  Hist.  S.  L.  Cilij, 
190. 


fe'  *^'' 


HOLIDAY  FKSTIVITIES. 


S23 


cheerful.  The  festivities  of  christmas  and  new  year 
were  celebrated  with  soug  and  dance  and  martial  niu- 
sic,  in  pavilions  for  which  the  timber  had  been  hauletl 
by  hand  through  miles  of  snow.  Over  each  one  waved 
the  regimental  colors,  and  over  that  of  the  fifth  in- 
iaiitry  fluttered  the  remnants  of  the  Hag  that  had  been 
torn  to  shreds  at  Molino  del  Key,  and  borne  in  tri- 
umph up  the  slopes  of  Chapultepec. 

^leanwhile  the  Mormon  militia  had  returned  to 
the  valley,  as  soon  as  the  snow  had  closed  up  the 
mountain  canons.  The  saints  of  course  regarded  vne 
(hsasters  of  the  federal  army  as  a  righteous  judgment 
(if  |)rovidence  on  a  nation  tl»at  took  arms  against 
Zioii,  and  welcomed  their  returning  warriors  with 
j)iL'ans  of  triumph,"  stigmatizing  the  foe  in  sorry  and 
insulting  do<»gerel.'*  At  the  tabernacle  elders  waxeil 
hold,  and  all  their  remonstrances  and  overtures  of 
peace  being  now  rejected,^"  they  openly  avowed,  some- 
times in  braggart  phrase,  their  contempt  for  the  United 

"In  a  song  of  M'olcomo  composed  by  W.  G.  Mills,  aud  published  iu  the 
Dturet  News,  Jau.  \'A,  1858,  arc  the  fulluwiiig  lines: 

Strong  in  tlie  |H)Wvr  of  Urigliaui's  (juil. 

Your  niunu  'a  u  terror  to  our  foes; 
Yo  wrru  II  burrier  etmnK  unit  brouci 

As  uur  Uigli  uiounluinij  cruwnod  withsnowi. 

Sing  I  follow-goldicrs  in  our  cause, 

For  liod  will  hIiuw  hit)  mighty  hand: 
Zion  ftliull  triuni|ili,  itnd  lior  lit  wo 

Tho  staudurd  l>o  ti>  uvuiy  luud. 

'^In  /(/.,  Jan.  27,  ISoS,  is  a  soug  composed  by  Matthow  Eowaii  of  South 

Cuttoun-ood,  couuucuciug: 

Who  in  all  Pesorct  's  iifrai^ 
Of  Undo  fjiiin,  nod  a'  thiitV 

A  Icngtliy,  and  if  possililo  mon-  silly,  efl'usion  appears  in  LI.,  Feb.  17,  1858. 
Stonliouse  relates  tliat  after  partaking  of  tho  sacrament  at  tlio  tabernacle 
tliu  saints  concluded  divine  service  witli  a  chorus  sung  to  tho  tune  of  'Du  dali 
day,'  aud  conuncnciug: 

Old  S<im  lm.s  sent,  I  nndurstand, 

Du  dali, 
A  Missouri  ass  to  rnlo  our  laud, 
l)u  dull,  du  dali  day. 

Rorhj  Mountain  Saints,  .S72.  I  find  no  mention  of  sucb  a  song  in  tho  files  of 
the  J)eiieiet  Nrtrs.  In  the  issue  of  Oct.  '21,  IS.xS,  is  an  adapted  translation  of 
tiie  Marseillaise,  also  rendered  liy  W.  (i.  Mills,  M'ho  afterwaril  apostati/cil. 
"^  For  copies  of  furtln.'r  corresix>ndcnoe  between  lirighani  and  Col  Alexan- 
der, sec  Tullultjr^H  Hist.  S.  L.  CItii,  170-S4;  for  letter  addressed  by  John  Tay- 
lor to  Capt  Marcy.  Id.,  1S4-9.  They  are  also  given  with  some  additions  iu 
the  De^eret  AVa-s,  Jan.  13, 18o8,  aud  iu  lloune  Lx.  Doc,  3oth  Coug.  Ist  Sesa., 
X.  no.  71,  p.  48  et  seq. 


624 


THE  UTAH  WAR. 


States  government  and  its  army,"  and  declared  that 
Israel  should  now  be  free. 


%S^ 


Meanwhile  Governor  Gumming  declared  the  Mor- 
mons in  a  state  of  rebellion,  warned  them  that  proceed- 
ings would  be  instituted  against  the  ringleaders  by 
Judge  Eckels,  and  bade  the  militia  disband;  but 
throughout  the  United  States  and  throughout  Europe 
the  question  was  asked,  this  winter,  "What  has  becoine 
of  the  army  of  Utah?"  The  expedition  became  known 
as  Buchanan's  blunder,  and  there  were  many  who  be- 
lieved that  a  harsher  phrase  would  have  been  more 
appropriate. 

In  February  1858  a  messenger  from  Washington 
arrived  at  Salt  Lake  City  by  way  of  Los  Angeles," 
and  introducing  himself  under  the  name  of  Doctor 
Osborne,  asked  for  an  interview  with  Brigham  Young. 
He  was  pale  and  travel-worn,  but  his  request  was 
immediately  granted,  for  he  was  indeed  a  welcome 
visitor.  It  was  Colonel  Thomas  L.  Kane.  The 
council  was  summoned,  and  as  the  elders  recog- 
nized their  old  friend  of  the  days  of  Nauvoo,  every 
eye  was  fixed  on  him,  for  it  was  hoped  that  his 
mission  would  put  a  new  aspect  on  affairs.  "Gov- 
ernor Young,  and  gentlemen,'  he  said,  "I  come  as  an 
ambassador  from  the  chief  executive  of  our  nation, 
and  am  prepared  and  duly  authorized  to  lay  before 
you  most  fully  and  definitel"  the  feelings  and  views  of 
the  citizens  of  our  common  .ountry,  and  of  the  exec- 
utive, towards  you,  relative  to  the  present  position  of 
the  territory,  and  relative  to  the  army  of  the  United 
States  now  upon  your  borders. 

"After  giving  you  the  most  satisfactory  evidence 

''  In  a  sermon  deliyered  at  the  tabornacle  Dec.  13, 1857,  Lorenzo  D.  Toung 
remarked:  '  If  our  enemies — I  do  not  mean  those  few  out  yonder:  a  swarm  of 
long-billed  mosquitoes  could  eat  them  up  at  a  supper  spell;  I  mean  the  whole 
United  States  and  the  whole  world — if  they  should  come  upon  us,  they  can 
not  prevail.'  Deteret  News,  Dec.  2.3,  1857.  The  remarks  of  other  elders,  us 
reported  in  Id.,  Dec.  I6th,  were,  however,  for  the  most  part  rational. 

"Overtaking  in  southern  California  the  Mormons  who  had  broken  up 
their  settlement  at  that  point  and  were  en  route  for  Utah.  UtaJi  Notes,  MS. 


COLONEL  KANE'S  MISSION. 


525 


in  relation  to  matters  concerning  you  now  pending,  I 
i^lijill  then  call  your  attention,  and  wish  to  enlist  your 
sviiipathies  in  behalf  of  the  poor  soldiers  who  are  now 
.siiU'iring  in  the  cold  and  snow  of  the  mountains.  I 
sliall  request  you  to  render  them  aid  and  comfort,  and 
to  assist  them  to  come  here,  and  to  bid  them  a  hearty 
woUoiiie  to  your  hospitable  valley.  Governor  Young, 
may  I  be  permitted  to  ask  a  private  interview  for  a 
feu  moments  with  you?"  The  purport  of  this  con- 
versation has  never  yet  been  ascertained,  but  at  its 
close  the  governor  remarked:  "Friend  Thomas,  you 
have  done  a  good  work,  and  you  will  do  a  greater 
work  still."^" 

On  the  12th  of  March  the  colonel  arrived  at  Camp 
Scott,  and  was  entertained  as  the  guest  of  Go\i  -tior 
Gumming.  Being  presented  to  Judge  Eckels,  hu  <  iis- 
played  credentials  from  the  president  and  lettorb  from 
Brigliam  authorizing  him  to  act  as  a  negoti  t  jr.  lie 
came  as  a  ponce-maker,  but  was  received  almost  a^  a 
spy.  An  invitation  to  dinner  from  Colonel  Johnston 
wa  .''onstrued  by  the  sergeant  who  delivered  it — 
whether  in  malice  or  mischief  does  not  appear — as  an 
order  for  his  arrest.  The  blunder  was,  of  course,  rec- 
tified; but  Kane,  who  was  now  classed  as  a  Mormon,^" 
challenged  the  commander-in-chief,  and  a  duel  was 
only  prevented  by  the  intervention  of  the  chief  justice. 
Nevertheless,  he  received  a  fair  hearing  from  the  gov- 
ernor. His  mission  was  to  induce  him  to  proceed  to 
Salt  Lake  City  under  a  Mormon  escort,  and  at  once 

'•Col  Kane  arrived  Feb.  25th.  Deseret  Newn,  March  3,  1858.  On  MarcJi 
2(1  Major  Van  Vliet  reached  S.  L.  City  from  Washington  at  4  a.  m.  ,  and 
started  four  hours  later,  probably  for  Camp  Scott.  St  Louis  Pepublkan,  Deo. 
14tli.  in  Ibid. 

'■'^Ilyde,  Mormonism,  146;  Waite,  Tfie  Mormon  Prophet,  52,  and  others 
claim  that  Col  Kane  had  actually  been  baptized  at  Council  Bluffs  in  1S47.  Tlio 
colonel  himself  never  made  any  such  statement;  and,  as  Steiihouso  remarks, 
if  this  had  been  the  case  he  would  surely  have  been  treated  by  Brigham  with 
less  respect,  for  implicit  obedience  was  always  required  from  those  who  em- 
braced tlie  faith.  Rocky  Mountn'm  Saints,  382.  The  truth  appears  to  bo  that 
Kane's  Mormon  proclivities  were  duo  to  the  kind  treatment  and  excellent 
nursing  which  he  received  from  them  in  1847,  whereby  his  life  was  saved  when 
ho  sojourned  in  one  of  their  camps  near  Winter  Quarters,  as  already  related. 
There  is  no  reliable  evidence  that  he  was  a  Mormon. 


it 


ill  I 

m 


526 


THE  UTAH  WAR. 


:.,■.:-  I 


I  mM 


assume  his  functions.  The  officers  remonstrated,  stat- 
ing that  he  would  surely  be  poisoned;  but  Gumming 
was  a  high-spirited  man,  anxious  only  that  mattt  rs 
should  be  adju-ted,  if  possible  without  loss  of  life. 
He  resolved  to  trust  himself  to  the  colonel's  guidance, 
and  on  the  5th  of  April  set  forth  from  Camp  Scott. 

After  passing  through  the  federal  lines,  Cumniing 
was  met  by  an  escort  of  Mormon  militia,  and  on  liis 
way  to  Salt  Lake  City,  where  he  arrived  a  week 
later,  was  everywhere  acknowledged  as  governor  and 
received  with  due  honors."  Several  interviews  were 
held  with  Brigham,  during  which  he  was  assured  that 
every  facility  would  be  aftbrded  him.  The  territorial 
seal,  the  records  of  the  supreme  and  district  courts, 
and  other  public  property,  the  supposed  destruction 
of  which  had  helped  to  bring  about  the  war,  were 
found  intact.  On  the  second  sabbath  after  his  arrival 
Gumming  attended  the  tabernacle,  where  he  addressed 
three  or  four  thousand  of  the  saints,  declaring  that  it 
was  not  intended  to  station  the  army  in  close  contact 
with  any  of  the  settlements,  and  that  the  military 
would  not  be  used  in  making  arrests  until  other  means 
had  failed.  After  touching  on  the  leading  questions 
at  issue,  remembering,  meanwhile,  that  he  was  ad- 

"  It  was  arranged  with  the  Mormon  officer  in  charee  of  the  escort  that  the 
party  should  pass  through  Eclio  Cafion  at  night,  tiie  object  being,  as  Cumining 
supposed,  to  conceal  tlio  barricades  and  defences;  but  bonfires  were  lighted  liy 
the  Mormons,  illuminating  the  valley  and  the  mountain-tops.  Uumminifs  I'cpt 
to  General  Johnston,  in  JJome  Ex.  Doc,  Soth  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  xiii.  no.  138,  p. 
3.  According  to  some  accounts  of  Cumming's  journey  to  S.  L.  City,  Col  Kiiii- 
i)all,  who  with  Porter  Rockwell  was  iu  command  of  the  escort,  caused  a  pliMi- 
tifiil  repast  to  be  prepared  for  the  governor  at  Cache  Cave,  the  first  halting- 
]>lace  on  the  route.  About  150  men  of  the  legion  were  then  ordered  out  fxiul 
icviewcd;  and  as  the  party  passed  other  stations,  troops  drawn  np  on  both 
sides  of  the  road  saluted  the  governor.  At  one  point  a  mock  attempt  was 
made  to  arrest  him,  but  Col  Kimball  interfered.  At  Echo  Cafion  liunchvils 
of  camp-fires  were  lighted,  in  order  to  deceive  him  as  to  the  numbers  of  tlio 
Mormon  soldiery.  Cumming  supposed  that  there  were  2,000  to  3,000 of  tluiii 
in  or  near  the  cafion,  whereas,  in  fact,  there  were  but  tlie  150  men  wlioin  lie 
had  first  seen,  a  portion  of  them  being  halted  at  each  stage,  while  the  rest  were 
(ivdcred  to  pass  by  unobserved  and  await  him  at  the  next  station.  Wlun 
within  a  few  miles  of  S.  L.  City,  he  was  met  by  a  strong  detachment  of  tlio 
legion,  and  escorted,  amid  martial  music  and  salvos  of  artillery,  to  the  I'csi- 
dcnce  of  Elder  W.  C  Staines.  lVaite'i<  The  Mormnn  Prophet,  5.3-5;  Stenhoiisi  '.i 
I'orky  Mountain  Saints,  .SS9-90.  These  statements  are  not  confirmed  by  Tul- 
lidgc  in  his  Hist.  S.  L.  City, 


SUBMISSION  TO  GOVERNOR  GUMMING. 


887 


dressing  a  people  embittered  by  many  real  and  many 
imaginary  wrongs,  he  stated  that  he  had  come  among 
t  hem  to  establish  the  sovereignty  of  a  nation  whose 
laws  he  was  sworn  to  uphold,  and  to  which  he  would 
require  their  absolute  submission.  Then  followed 
liarangues  from  certain  of  the  elders,  in  which  were 
repeated  the  oft-told  story  of  the  prophet's  assassina- 
tion, the  services  of  the  Mormon  battalion,  and  the 
exodus  from  Nauvoo.  One  of  the  speakers  declared 
tliat  the  government  intended  to  occupy  the  territory 
with  its  troops,  whether  they  were  needed  to  support 
the  civil  officials  or  not.  This  remark  caused  the 
wildest  uproar;  and,  writes  the  governor,  "I  was  fully 
confirmed  in  the  opinion  that  this  people,  with  their 
extraordinary  religion  and  customs,  would  gladly  en- 
counter certain  death  rather  than  be  taxed  with  a  sub- 
mission to  the  military  power,  which  they  consider  to 
involve  a  loss  of  honor."** 

The  tumult  was  stayed  by  Brigham,  and  no  further 
symptoms  of  rebellion  occurred  during  the  governor's 
visit.  About  the  middle  of  May  he  returned  to  Fort 
Scott,  accompanied  by  Colonel  Kane,  and  reported 
that  the  people  of  Utah  acknowledged  his  authority, 
and  that,  before  long,  the  transit  of  mails  and  passen- 
ijers  between  the  Missouri  and  the  Pacific  mijjht  be 

"  On  the  same  sabbath  Gumming,  having  been  informed  that  many  persons 
ilesircd  to  leave  tlie  territory  but  were  unlawfully  restrained  from  doing  so, 
caused  a  notice  to  be  read  m  the  tabernacle  asking  them  to  forward  their 
names  ami  places  of  residence.  Ho  states  that  IGO  persons,  most  of  whom 
wore  of  Euglish  birth,  claimed  his  protection,  asking  to  be  forwarded  to  the 
eastern  states.  They  were  sent  to  Camp  Scott,  \.  "lere  they  arrived  in  a  desti- 
tute condition,  some  of  them  without  apparel  except  for  garments  made  from 
tlie  canvas  of  their  w.igon-eovers.  The  soldiers  shared  with  them  their  rations 
niid  clothing.  In  his  report  the  governor  also  calls  attention  to  the  depreda- 
tions of  Indians,  and  saj's  he  has  been  informed  that(}arland  Hurt  had  roused 
to  acts  of  hostility  the  Indians  of  Uintah  Valley.  Hurt,  who,  as  will  be  re- 
iiiemlicred,  was  the  only  gentile  official  remaining;  in  Utah  after  the  departure 
uf  Judge  Drunimond,  states  that  when  martial  law  was  proclaimed  ho  was 
unwilling  to  ap^dy  to  Brigham  for  a  passport,  and,  with  the  aid  of  Uintiili 
Indians,  made  his  escape,  after  much  privation,  to  Johnston's  camp,  then  on 
the  Sweetwater.  Ho  declares  that  ho  was  surrounded  by  Mormons  and  es- 
caped at  great  risk  of  life.  Brigham,  on  the  other  hand,  olFercd  him  safe  and 
speedy  transportation,  and  tried  to  dissuade  him  from  exposing  liimsclf  to 
iiccdlfss  risk  and  hardship.  (Jopies  of  the  correspondence  will  bo  found  in 
J  louse  Ex.  Doc,  .'Joth  Cong.  1st  .Sess.,  x.  no.  71.  pp.  205-10,  passim. 


1 


888 


THE  UTAH  WAR. 


resumed  without  fear  of  interruption.  The  colunol 
then  took  his  leave  and  set  out  for  Washington,  to 
lay  before  the  president  the  result  of  his  mission.  It 
was  admitted  that  by  his  mediation  he  had  prevonted 
a  collision  between  the  Mormons  and  the  federal 
troops,  and  in  Buchanan's  message  to  congress  in  llio 
following  December  he  was  thus  complimented:  "I 
cannot  rof*'ain  from  mentioning  the  valuable  servicus 
of  Colonel  Thomas  L.  Kane,  who,  from  motives  of 
pure  benevolence,  and  without  any  official  character 
or  pecuniary  compensation,  visited  Utah  during  the 
last  inclement  winter  for  the  purpose  of  contributing 
to  the  pacification  of  the  territory.""* 

The  delay  caused  by  Kane's  mission  was  most  o\)- 
portune.  The  army  was  now  ready  to  take  the  field. 
At  Fort  Leavenworth  three  thousand  additional 
troops'**  had  been  assembled,  and  it  was  intended  that 
the  entire  force  should  be  concentrated  in  Utah  in  two 
divisions,  one  under  the  command  of  Colonel,  now 
brevet  brigadier-general,  Johnston,  and  the  other  un- 
der Harney.  As  elsewhere  mentioned,  money  without 
stint  had  been  voted  for  the  expedition,  subsistence  be 
ing  provided  for  eight  thousand  persons  for  a  period 
of  twenty  months.'*'  On  the  9th  and  10th  of  Juno 
Colonel  Hoffman  arrived  with  a  detachment  at  Camp 
Scott,  in  charge  of  the  supply  trains  that  had  been 
parked  at  Fort  Laramie  during  winter,  and  on  the  8tli 
1,500  horses  and  nmles,  with  an  escort  of  infantry  and 
mounted  riflemen,  had  reached  headquarters  from 
New  Mexico.     The  cattle  at  Henry  Fork  had  thriven 

**llouw  Ex.  Doc,  Xii\\  Cong.  2d  Scss.,  ii.  pt  1,  p.  10.  A  complimentftry 
letter  was  liiiudud  tu  the  coloui'l  by  lluclianan  un  tho  cvo  of  liii^  dc^iarturi:  for 
Utiili.  Wiictlier  Kaiio  waa  iiitruutcd  with  any  direct  conimunieutiou  from 
the  president  to  Itrighani,  and  if  so  what  waa  its  purport,  does  not  appear. 

''^The  sixth  and  seventh  infantry,  first  cavahy,  and  two  batteries  of  artil- 
lery. 

»»  At  0  cost  of  $1,220,000,  tho  estimate  being  for  4,880.000  rations,  at  2.") 
cents  per  ration.  Tliis,  of  course,  »Iocs  not  include  freight.  Tho  cllectivo 
force  nund)ered  .'>,00fl,  and  there  were  l,>S'.(t  cniploy(;'8,  HIX)  servants,  au.l 
200  woaien,  for  whom  rations  wero  also  allowed,  making  8,000  in  all.  LvtUr 
fi-om  the  Secntary  of  Wor,  in  llouxc  Ex.  J)oc.,  HJth  Cong.  Ist  Soss.,  ix.  nn. 
'i).  A  st.iten)ent  of  all  contracts  made  in  couucctiuu  wilh  tho  e.xpudiliou  fur 
ltN'8  will  bo  '  >uud  iu  Id,,  xii.  uo.  00 


END  OF  THE  WAR. 


529 


wi 


and  from  that  point  mules  could  bo  furnished 
sufficient  for  a  train  of  200  wagons.  By  dismounting 
u  portion  of  the  cavalry,  liorses  could  also  be  spared 
for  the  field  batteries.  All  was  in  readiness,  and  or- 
(Krs  were  given  that  the  army  of  Utah  should  advance. 
There  could  be  no  longer  a  doubt,  if  ever  there  were 
any,  that  the  troops  would  make  short  work  of  the 
^lorraon  militia.  i3ehold,  the  days  of  the  Utah  re- 
bellion were  numbered  1 


But  meanwhile  events  had  occurred  which  prom- 
ised a  peaceable  solution  of  the  difficulty.  The  spir- 
ited resistance  of  the  saints  had  called  forth  unfavor- 
able comments  on  Buchanan's  policy  throughout  the 
United  States  and  throughout  Europe.  Ho  had 
virtually  made  war  upon  the  territory  before  any 
declaration  of  war  had  been  issued;  he  had  sent  for- 
ward an  army  before  the  causes  of  offence  had  been 
fairly  investigated;  and  now,  at  this  critical  juncture 
in  the  nation's  history,  he  was  about  to  lock  up  in 
a  distant  and  almost  inaccessible  region  more  than 
one  third  of  the  nation's  war  material  and  nearly 
all  its  best  troops.  Even  the  soldiers  themselves, 
though  in  cheerful  mood  and  in  excellent  condition,  had 
no  heart  for  the  approaching  campaign,  accepting,  as 
they  did,  the  commonly  received  opinion  that  it  was 
merely  a  move  on  the  president's  political  chess-board. 
In  a  word,  Buchanan  and  the  Washington  politicians 
and  the  Harney- Johnston  army  must  all  confess  them- 
selves beaten,  hopelessly  beaten,  before  a  blow  was 
struck.  The  army  was  as  powerless  before  the  people 
it  had  come  to  punisli  as  was  Napoleon's  at  Moscow. 
All  that  remained  to  be  done  was  to  forgive  the  Mor- 
mons and  let  them  go. 

Through  the  pressure  brought  to  bear,  coupled 
with  the  expostulations  of  Kane,  Van  Vliet,  and 
Bernhisel,  Buchanan  was  induced  to  stop  the  threat- 
ened war,  and  on  the  6th  of  April  signed  a  proclama- 
tion promising  amnesty  to  all  who  returned   to  their 

UuT.  Utah.    84 


fil 


R 


W 

kU 


ill 


'■:'  i 


530 


THE  UTAH  WAR. 


i:i: 
V'*'' 


allegiance.  After  dwelling  at  length  on  the  past 
offences  of  the  Mormons  and  the  malign  influence  of 
their  leaders,  he  declares  the  territory  to  be  in  a  state 
of  rebellion.  "This  rebellion,"  he  continues,  "is  not 
merely  a  violation  of  your  legal  duty;  it  is  without 
just  cause,  without  reason,  without  excuse.  You 
never  made  a  complaint  that  was  not  listened  to  with 
patience.  You  never  exhibited  a  real  grievance  that 
was  not  redressed  as  promptly  as  it  could  be . . .  But 
being  anxious  to  save  the  effusion  of  blood,  and  to 
avoid  the  indiscriminate  punishment  of  a  whole  people 
for  crimes  of  which  it  is  not  probable  that  all  are 
equally  guilty,  I  offer  now  a  free  and  full  pardon  to 
all  who  will  submit  themselves  to  the  authority  of 
the  government."^ 

The  proclamation,  though  it  served  its  purpose, 
gave  offence  to  both  parties.  The  Mormons  did 
not  regard  themselves  as  rebels;  but  claimed  that 
when  Colonel  Alexander  was  ordered  to  withdraw 
his  forces  no  successor  to  Brigham  had  been  legally 
appointed  and  qualified,  nor  had  he  been  removed  by 
the  president,  and  that  in  obstructing  the  entrance 
of  an  armed  force  into  the  territory  he  had  not  ex- 
ceeded his  powers  as  commander-in-chief  of  the 
militia  ^'  Moreover,  that  their  complaints  had  been 
ignored  instead  of  receiving  a  patient  hearing,  and 
that  none  of  their  grievances  had  been  redressed,  were 
among  the  causes  that  led  to  the  disturbance.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  gentile  world  declared  that  if  the 
Mormon  question  was  ever  to  be  settled,  now  was  the 
time  to  settle  it.     If  the  president  had  excepted  from 

*'Por  copies  of  the  proclamation,  see  House  Ex.  Doc.,  35th  Cong. '2(1 
Seas.,  ii.  1,  pt  1,  pp.  09-72;  Deseret  News,  Juno  10,  1858. 

*'  It  does  not  appear  tliat  Brigham  had  been  officially  notified  of  Cum 
ming's  appointment  when  he  sent  his  despatch  to  Alexander  bjr  the  hands  of 
Wells.  In  his  answer  Alexander  addresses  him  as  governor,  it  will  be  w 
niembercd ;  and  i  u  his  official  report,  in  Home  Ex.  Doc. ,  35th  Cong.  1  st  Sess. ,  x 
pp.  24-0,  Van  Vliet  also  si)eak8  of  him  as  governor.  Cumming  did  not  receiv" 
nis  appointment  until  the  11th  of  July,  1857,  and  in  view  of  the  interruptiuti 
of  the  mails,  it  is  probable  that  no  official  intimation  had  reached  S.  L.  Cit} 
as  early  as  Oct.  4th,  when  the  baggage  trains  were  burned  at  Simpsuii 
Hollow. 


THE  PRESIDENT'S  PROCLAMATION. 


53i 


the  past 
[luence  of 
in  a  state 
i,  "is  not 
(  without 
se.  You 
d  to  with 
ance  that 
36  . . .  But 
d,  and  to 
)le  people 
it  all  are 
)ardon  to 
:hority  of 

purpose, 

nons   did 

med  that 

withdraw 

m  legall}^ 

Qoved  by 

entrance 

I  not  ox- 

of    the 

ad  been 

ing,  and 

ed,  were 

ce.     On 

at  if  the 

was  the 

ted  from 

|th  Cong.  -2(1 

led  of  Cum 
|he  hands  of 
I  will  bo  ru 

I  l8tSe88.,X. 

I  not  receiv 
iterruptioii 
S.  L.  City 
lat  Simpauii 


Ills  amnesty  the  Mormon  leaders,  this  result  might 
liave  been  accomplished  without  bloodshed,  and  the 
proclamation  would  at  least  have  been  deemed  an  act 
of  judicious  clemency;  but  by  purging  their  leaders 
of  offence,  he  had  rendered  nugatory  the  purpose  of 
the  expedition,  save  to  imprison  the  troops,  during 
'King'  Buchanan's  pleasure,  in  this  western  Siberia. 

The  document  was  intrusted  to  two  peace  commis- 
sioners— L.  W.  Powell,  ex-governor  and  senator  elect 
for  Kentucky,  and  Major  B.  McCuUoch,  a  soldier  of 
the  Mexican  war.  They  were  ordered  to  set  out  at 
once  for  Utah,  circulate  the  proclamation  throughout 
the  territory,  and  point  out  to  the  Mormons  their 
unfortunate  relations  with  the  government,  and  how 
greatly  it  would  be  to  their  interest  to  submit  promptly 
and  peacefully  to  its  laws.  They  were  to  assure  them 
that  the  despatch  of  the  expedition  had  no  reference 
to  their  religious  tenets,  and  that  if  they  resumed 
their  allegiance  no  power  in  the  United  States  had 
either  the  right  or  the  will  to  interfere  with  their  reli- 
gion. "  To  restore  peace  in  this  manner,"  writes  the 
secietar}'^  of  war  in  his  instructions,  "is  the  single 
purpose  of  your  mission. ""^ 

On  the  29th  of  May  the  commissioners  arrived  at 
Camp  Scott,  where  they  remained  four  days,  gathering 
information  as  to  the  condition  of  affairs.  On  the  7th 
of  June  they  reached  Salt  Lake  City,  where  Gover- 
nor Gumming  arrived  the  next  day.  On  the  evening 
of  the  10th  they  held  an  informal  interview  with 
Brigham  Young,  Heber  C.  Kimball,  and  Daniel  H. 
Wells,  who  constituted  the  first  presidency  of  the 
church.  During  the  two  following  days  conferences 
wore  held,  some  in  private,  and  some  in  public  at  the 
council-house,  the  apostles  and  many  leading  citizens 
hcing  p  nt  at  the  latter.  The  result  was  that  the 
^lormon  authorities  admitted  the  burning  of  the  army 
trains  and  the  stampeding  of  cattle,  and  for  those  acts 
accepted  the  president's  pardon.     All  other  charges 

^Sen.  Doc,  35th  Cong.  2d  Se88.,  ii.  p.  161. 


n 


53-.» 


THE  UTAH  WAR, 


they  denied."  At  the  same  time  they  avowed  their 
esteem  for  the  constitution  and  government  of  the 
United  States,  and  declared  that  under  this  constitu- 
tion they  desired  to  dwell  in  peace. 

This  concession,  slight  as  it  was,  the  commissioners 
accepted,  and,  at  the  close  of  the  conference,  Powell 
addressed  a  large  number  of  Mormons,  expressing  his 
gratification  at  the  result,  and  declaring  that  the  army, 
which  would  arrive  in  the  valley  within  a  few  days, 
had  strict  orders  to  molest  no  peaceable  citizens  in 
person  or  property.^"  On  the  same  evening  a  despatch 
was  sent  to  Johnston  stating  the  result  of  the  nego- 
tiations, and  suggesting  that  he  issue  a  proclamation 
to  the  people  of  Utah  and  march  to  the  valley  at  his 
earliest  convenience.  An  answer  was  immediately 
returned,  in  which  the  general  expressed  his  surprise 

"  The  commissioners'  rept  to  the  secretary  of  war,  in  Id. ,  168-72.  The  Mor- 
mon version  of  these  negotiations,  as  given  in  the  Deseret  News,  June  23, 185S, 
confirms  that  of  the  commissioners.  A  concise  statement  of  what  was  snid  at 
the  conference  on  the  11th  and  12th,  addressed  by  the  commissioners  to  the 
secretary  of  war  after  their  return  to  Washington,  in  the  report,  pp.  175-7,  u 
also  signed  by  Brigham,  who  declares  it  to  be  substantially  correct^  Tullidgc, 
Hist.  S.  L.  City,  215-6,  has  a  sensational  account  of  the  matter,  iu  brief  iu 
follows:  During  the  conference  of  the  11th  he  relates  that  O.  P.  Rockwell  (,'ii- 
tered  the  council-chamber  and  whispered  to  the  ex-governor.  Brigham  rosn 
and  said  sharply,  'Governor  Powell,  are  you  aware,  sir,  that  those  troops  are 
on  the  move  towards  the  city?'  '  It  cannot  be,'  exclaimed  Powell.  '  I  have 
received  a  despatch  that  they  are  on  the  march  for  this  city.  My  messenger 
would  not  deceive  me.'  The  commissioners  were  silent.  'Is  brother  Dunbur 
present?' inquired  Brigham.  'Yes,  sir,' was  the  response.  'Brother  Dun 
bar,  sing  "Zion."'  Zion  was  sung — a  favorite  song  Mrith  the  Mormons— iu 
which  occur  the  lines: 

'Sacred  home  of  the  prophets  of  Qod; 

Thy  deliverance  la  nigh. 

Thy  oppreeaon  shall  die. 
And  the  gentUei  ihall  bow  'neath  thy  rod.* 

Camming  and  McCalloch  then  withdrew.  'What  would  you  do  with  such  a 
people?'  asked  the  governor,  '  Damn  theml  I  would  fight  them  if  I  had  my 
way,' answered  the  major.  'Fight  them,  would  you?  Did  yon  notice  the 
■nap  in  those  men's  eyes  to-day  ?  The^  would  never  know  when  they  were 
whipped !'  The  'gentile  yoke'  recurs  ad  nauseam  in  Mormon  song  and  hymn. 
In  tneir  national  anthem  we  read: 

*  Hosanna,  I'oeanna,  to  God  I    He  baa  broke 
From  off  oar  necka  the  gentile  yoke.* 

and  in  their  national  hymn: 

•All  hell  hoa  combln'd  with  thia  world'a  bitter  hatred 
Usurped  men's  best  riglita,  all  oar  freedom  auppreat' 

Snow'B  Poems,  i.  261,  265. 

""On  the  ICth  the  commissioners  addressed  a  large  nnmber  of  people  at 
Prove,  and  on  the  17th  at  Lehi.  Rept,  ut  supra,  171.  Their  speeches  at 
Provo  are  given  in  the  Deseret  News,  July  14,  1858. 


ADVANCE  OF  THE  TROOPS. 


539 


at  the  uneasiness  felt  by  the  Mormons  as  to  theh* 
treatment  at  the  hands  of  the  troops,  and  enclosed  a 
proclamation  wherein  he  assured  the  Mormons  that 
none  would  be  molested,  but  that  all  would  be  pro- 
tected in  person,  rights,  and  the  peaceful  pursuit  of 
their  vocations.  This  proclamation,  together  with 
o!ic  from  Governor  Gumming,  declaring  that  peace 
was  restored,  and  that  the  laws,  both  federal  and  ter- 
ritorial, must  be  strictly  obeyed  by  all,  was  immedi- 
ately published.-* 

The  army  had  marched  from  Camp  Scott  on  the 
1 3th  of  June  in  three  columns,  a  sufficient  garrison 
being  left  at  Fort  Bridger,  near  which  a  score  of  tents 
and  a  few  stacks  of  turf  chimneys  still  marked  the  site 
where  the  men  had  passed  the  winter.  On  the  14th 
tlie  command  was  encamped  on  Bear  River,  where 
the  express  arrived  from  the  peace  commissioners,  and 
thence  moved  slowly  forward. 

The  scene  is  impressive,  and  not  without  elements 
of  the  picturesque.  At  Fort  Bridger  the  westward- 
bound  traveller  has  passed  only  the  portal  of  the 
Kocky  Mountains.  Between  that  point  and  the  val- 
ley of  Great  Salt  Lake  there  is  scenery  of  surpassing 
loveliness.  The  ridges  that  divide  the  canons  are 
r'uhly  carpe^*^d  with  wild  flowers,  among  which,  in 
midsummer,  still  linger  traces  of  snow.  Thence  ap- 
])t'ur  glimpses  of  the  Bear  and  Weber  rivers,  their 
streams,  though  swollen  and  turbulent  at  this  season, 
flowing  through  valleys  whose  tranquil  beauty  recalls 
the  fabled  realm  of  Rasselas.  Thence  also  the  silver- 
crested  lines  of  the  Wasatch  and  Uintah  ranges  can 
be  distinctly  traced,  while  on  every  side  snow-capped 
j)eaks  are  seen  in  endless  perspective,  so  that  one  asks. 
Whither  hurry  iiie  swift  running  rivers?  Along  the 
gorges  the  path  winds  here  and  there  through  densely 
interlaced  thickets  of  alder,  hawthorn,  and  willow, 


"  For  copies  of  bothproclamationB,  see  Sen.  Doc,  SSth  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  u. 
lip.  113,  121;  Deaeret  News,  June  2.3,  July  7,  1858;  and  of  Johnston's  procla- 
mation, New  York  Herald,  July  15.  1858,  in  Millennial  Star,  xx.  532. 


534 


THE  UTAH  WAR. 


I  i''    'J 


where  silence  reigns  unbroken,  save  for  the  rush  of 
waters  and  the  twittering  of  birds,  whose  nests  are 
built  in  the  crevices  of  cliffs  high  overhead. 

Now  all  is  astir  throughout  this  solitude.  Among 
the  canons  and  ridges  appears  for  the  first  time  the 
gleam  of  sabres  and  rifle-barrels,  and  the  stillness  of 
the  valley  is  broken  by  the  measured  tramp  of  armed 
men  and  the  rumble  of  artillery-wagons.  Up  the 
steep  mountain  sides  bands  of  horsemen  are  seen 
spurring  to  the  summit,  whence  they  can  observe 
the  advance  of  the  troops;  while  groups  of  half-cltul 
Indians  stand  gazing  at  the  pageant,  or  gallop  to  and 
fro  with  the  wonderment  of  astonished  children. 

On  the  26th  of  June,  1858,  the  army  of  Utah  en- 
ters the  valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  The  day  fol- 
lowing is  the  sabbath,  and  the  fourteenth  anniver- 
sary of  the  assassination  of  Joseph  and  Hyrum  Smitli. 
"  We  will  go  far  enough  into  the  wilderness,"  saiil 
Brigham  before  the  expulsion  from  Nauvoo,  "so  far 
that  never  again  will  we  come  in  conflict  with  our 
persecutors."  They  had  journeyed  some  two  thousand 
miles,  subsisting  at  times  on  herbs  and  roots,  seeking 
but  to  be  left  alone.  After  years  of  patient  toil  anil 
self'-'Jenial  they  had  built  up  their  new  Zion,  a  city  in 
which,  whatever  the  faults  of  its  denizens,  there  was 
less  of  gross  dissipation,  of  lewdness  and  drunkenness, 
than  among  the  gentiles.  They  had  seen  their  wives 
and  daughters  coerced  by  a  militia  rabble.  They  had 
not  as  yet  forgotten  the  days  of  Nauvoo  and  the  posse 
comitatus  of  Governor  Ford.  And  now  the  posse 
comitatus  of  Governor  Gumming  was  debouchinu 
from  the  mouth  of  Emigration  Canon,  the  spot  whence . 
twelve  years  before,  the  president  of  their  church  hail 
selected  for  theui  an  abiding-place. 

The  rays  of  the  rising  sun  slant  athwart  the  bav 
onets  of  the  5tli  infantry  as,  forming  the  van  of  Ihr 
Union  army,  it  approaclies  the  outskirts  of  Salt  Laki 
City.     At  dusk  is  still  heard  in  its  streets  the  rumM< 
of  caissons  and  baggage- wagons.     But  no  other  sound 


ABANDONMENT  OF  SALT  LAKE  CITY. 


635 


if;  lieard,  save  the  murmur  of  the  creek;  nor  is  there 
bign  of  life  in  the  city  of  the  saints.  Zion  is  de- 
serted 1" 


Thirty  thousand  of  the  Mormons  had  left  their 
lionies  in  Salt  Lake  City  and  the  northern  settlements, 
taking  with  them  all  their  movable  eflfects,  and  leav- 
ing only  in  the  former  a  score  of  men,  with  instruc- 
tions to  apply  the  torch  if  it  should  be  occupied  by 
the  troops.  The  outer  doors  were  locked,  and  in  the 
vacant  awellings  were  heaps  of  straw,  shavings,  and 
wood  ready  for  the  work  of  destruction.  In  April, 
when  Gumming  first  arrived  in  the  city,  he  reported 
that  the  people  were  already  moving  from  the  north- 
ern settlements.  ,The  roads  were  filled  with  wagons 
laden  with  provisions  and  household  furniture.  By 
their  side  women  and  children,  many  of  them  so  thinly 
clad  that  their  garments  barely  concealed  their  naked- 
ness, some  being  attired  only  in  sacking,  some  with 
no  covering  but  a  remnant  of  rag-carpet,  and  some 
barefooted  and  bleeding,^  tramped  through  the  deep 
snow,  journeying  they  knew  not  whither,  no  more 
than  at  the  exodus  from  Nauvoo;  but  it  was  "the 
will  of  the  Lord,"  or  rather  of  their  prophet.**  Re- 
turning with  the  peace  commissioners,  the  governor 
repaired  to  the  house  of  Eider  Staines,  and  found  the 

'^  Johnston's  despatch,  in  Sen.  Doc.,  35th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  iL  p.  122.  TuU 
lidgc  says  that  Colonel  Cooke,  who  had  commanded  the  Morniou  battalion  iu 
1847,  rode  through  the  city  bareheaded.  Hiit.  S.  L.  City,  224. 

^  Jennings^  ^IcU.  Progr.  in  Utah,  MS.,  2,  where  it  is  stated  that,  during 
the  spring  of  1838,  the  stock  of  clotliing  became  exhausted  and  there  were  uo 
moans  to  replenish  it.  Among  those  who  set  forth  from  S.  L.  City  was  Mrs 
.Jos.  Home,  who  started  on  the  1st  of  May  for  Parowan,  her  husband  being 
employed  in  raising  cotton  about  100  miles  to  the  soutli  of  that  settlement. 
She  had  two  teams  for  herself,  her  ten  childi-cn,  and  her  husband's  second 
wife  and  baby.  They  were  one  month  on  the  journey,  sleeping  in  their 
uagons,  and  cooking  at  the  roadside,  were  scantily  clad  and  provisioned,  and 
almost  without  money.  On  arriving  at  I'arowan  5lra  Home  earned  the  means 
for  clothing  her  children  comfortably  by  sewing,  a  p.arty  of  Mormons  having 
arrived  there  fram  San  Bernardino,  with  a  loatl  of  dry  goods.  Home's  Migr. 
(iiid  Scttlem.  L.  D.  Saints,  MS.,  36. 

"Cumming  states  that  at  the  tabernacle,  on  Apr.  11th,  Brigham  men- 
tioned Sonora  as  their  goal.  House  Ex.  Doc.,  35th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  xiii.  p.  C, 
note.  I  find  no  mention  of  this  in  the  fdes  of  the  Deserct  Xews.  Between 
May  12  and  Sept.  1,  1858,  this  paper  was  published  at  Fillmore  City. 


Ill 


036  THE  UTAH  WAR. 

place  abandoned,"  Brigham  and  those  who  took  part 
in  the  conference  with  the  peace  commissioners  being 
summoned  from  some  unknown  point  to  the  south- 
ward. 

"  What  has  become  of  the  Mormons?"  was  a  ques- 
tion asked  throughout  Europe  and  America  when  this 
second  exodus  became  known.  "  We  are  told  that 
they  have  embarked  for  a  voyage  over  five  hundred 
miles  of  untracked  desert,"  said  the  London  Times. 
"  We  think  it  would  be  unwise  to  treat  Morraonisra 
as  a  nuisance  to  be  abated  by  a  posse  comitatus,"  de- 
clared the  Neiv  York  Times.  Meanwhile  the  Mor- 
mons were  quietly  sojourning  at  Provo,  some  sixty 
miles  to  the  south  of  Salt  Lake  City.  That  they 
would  have  followed  their  prophet  implicitly  whither- 
soever he  might  have  'ed,  does  not  admit  of  doubt; 
but  after  some  further  negotiation,  Brigham  with  the 
members  of  the  first  presidency  and  certain  of  the 
elders  returned  to  their  homes  on  the  1st  of  July,** 
followed,  soon  afterward,  by  the  remainder  of  the 
community,  and  the  Utah  war  was  practically  at  an 
end.  Two  days  later  the  commissioners  started  for 
Washington,  having  faithfully  carried  out  the  spirit 
and  letter  of  their  instructions. 

After  remaining  for  three  days  on  the  banks  of  the 

**  Tullidge  relates  that  at  the  elder's  house  a  cold  lunch  waa  spread  for 
the  governor,  and  in  the  garden  loads  of  straw  were  significantly  heaped  up. 
Inquiring  the  cause  of  the  silence  that  pervaded  the  city,  Mrs  Gumming  was 
told  that  the  Mormons  had  resolved  to  bum  it  if  the  army  should  attempt  its 
occupation.  '  How  terrible! '  she  exclaimed,  '  it  has  the  appearance  of  a  city 
tliat  lias  been  afflicted  with  a  plague.  Every  house  looks  like  a  tomb  of  the 
dead.  For  two  miles  I  have  seen  but  one  man  in  it.  Poor  creatures !  And  bo 
all  have  left  their  liard-earacd  homes.'  Bursting  into  tears,  she  turned  to 
lier  husband:  '  Oh  Alfred! '  she  said,  '  something  must  be  done  to  bring  tluin 
back!  Do  not  permit  the  army  to  stay  in  the  city.  Can't  you  do  something 
for  them?'  'Yes,  madam,'  he  replied,  'I  shall  do  all  I  can,  rest  assured.' 
A  few  days  after  the  conference  with  the  commissioners  Gumming  followed 
the  Mormons  50  miles  to  the  southward,  pleaded  with  them,  at  Rrst  in  vaiu, 
but  finally  induced  them  to  return.  Hi3t.  S.  L.  City,  213,  225-C. 

'*  Deseret  News,  July  14,  1858.  The  peace  commissioners,  whose  last  re- 
port from  S.  L.  City  is  dated  July  3d,  also  mention  that  the  ex-governor  ami 
other  leading  Mormons  had  then  returned  with  their  families.  iS'e».  Doc. ,  3r)th 
Cong.  2d  Sess.,  ii  173.  Stenhouse,  Eocky  Mountain  Saints,  399,  and  Tul- 
lidge, Hist.  S.  L.  City,  226,  state  that  Brigham  did  not  start  from  Provo  till 
the  5th. 


4    tK\ 


AT  CAMF*  FLOYD. 


537 


Jordan,  the  troops  were  lonioved  to  Cedar  Valley, 
whorr  a  site  liad  been  selected  for  un  encampment 
about  midway  between  Salt  Lake  City  and  Provo," 
troni  which  the  forces  could  operate  in  either  direc- 
tion. To  this  was  given  the  name  of  Camp  Floyd." 
Ill  the  valley  there  were  but  two  small  settlements, 
one  of  them,  which  was  near  the  camp,  containing  only 
ten  families.  "I  was  desirous,"  writes  Johnston,  "to 
avoid  proximity  to  any  settlements,  if  possible;  but 
this  was  not  practicable,  for  every  suitable  posi- 
tion where  there  is  water  is  occupied." 

During  the  march  of  the  army  not  a  house  was  dis- 
turbed, not  a  citizen  harmed  or  molested,  and  during 
its  sojourn  of  nearly  two  years  in  the  territory,  in- 
stances were  rare  indeed  of  gross  misconduct  on  the 
part  of  the  soldiery.''  The  Mormons,  who  had  be- 
fore been  eager  to  fight  the  troops,  were  now  thank- 
ful for  their  arrival.  Many  of  the  former  were  still 
very  poor;  they  had  a  few  cattle,  and  a  few  imple- 
uicnts  of  husbandry,  but  little  else  of  this  world's 
o^oods  save  their  farms  and  farm-dwellings.  They 
wore  ill  clad  and  fed,  their  diet  consisting  chiefly  of 
preparations  of  corn,  flour,  and  milk,  with  beet  molas- 
.se.s,  and  the  fruits  auJ  vegetables  of  their  gardens. 
Now  they  had  an  opportunity  to  exchange  the  prod- 
ucts of  their  fields  and  dairies  for  clothing,  for  such 
luxuries  as  tea,  coffee,  sugar,  tobacco,  and  for  money — 
an  article  still  scarce  among  them. 

Accompanying  the  troops,  however,  was  the  usual 
crowd  of  hucksters  and  camp-followers,  and  a  more 

''  Salt  Lake  City  was  36  miles  uortli  and  Provo  about  the  same  distance 
south-east  of  the  camp.  Johnston's  despatch  iu  Sf7i.  Doc.,  35th  Cong.  2d 
Ses8.,  ii.  122.  Grass  was  abundant  in  Cedar  Valley,  and  also  in  Rush  and 
Tintic  valleys  near  by. 

"■  So  named  after  John  B.  Floyd,  tluui  secretary  of  war. 

"  The  men  were  seldom  allowed  to  leave  camp,  and  only  one  serious  affair 
Dcouried,  a  sergeant  named  Tike  being  accused  of  cracking  the  skull  of  a 
Mormon  with  his  musket.  During  the  sergcaut'.s  trial  in  Salt  Lake  City  he 
was  shot  on  the  pulilic  street,  and  afterward  died.  His  ass.iasin  escaped. 
>'€-H/i')(i.v(\<  Ucnky  Mountain  Saints,  41!).  Waito,  The  Mormon.  I'ropfiet,  73, 
says  that  the  cuiprit,  whcsc  iiiimp  was  Speuocr,  waj  lauded  for  his  courage  in 
tlie  next  issue  of  the  D'  -eret  X'  cs.  I  find  nomculion  uf  it  in  Uio  filonof  that 
paptT. 


m ''  ■ 


538 


THE  UTAH  WAR. 


If  if' •  ■ 


villanous  throng  was  never  gathered  from  the  sweep- 
ings of  the  frontier  states.  At  Camp  Scott  and  <.n 
the  march  tliey  were  kept  under  strict  survoillaiuc, 
but  here  they  found  a  safe  field  for  their  operations. 
Many  of  the  younger  Mormons  were  corrupted  Ity 
their  example,  and  in  1859  gambling,  theft,  drunk- 
enness, and  even  nmrder  were  as  t-ommon  in  Salt  Tiiik.' 
City  as  they  became  in  later  years  among  the  niiiiin^r 
towns  of  Nevada  and  Colorado.  Seldom  weio  tin 
offenders  brought  to  justice,  the  authorities  being  only 
too  glad  to  let  these  desperadoes  kill  each  other  (iff 
during  their  drunken  carousals;  but  if  arrests  wcic 
made,  resistance  to  an  officer  or  any  attempt  to  es- 
cape were  considered  a  sufficient  pretext  for  a  free  use 
of  the  revolver.  Thus  the  community  was  relieved 
from  the  cost  of  the  prisoner's  trial  and  his  support  at 
the  penitentiary,  compared  with  which  the  expense 
of  a  coroner's  inquest  was  an  insignificant  item.  This 
was  the  anti-polygamous  civilization  which  Buchanan 
and  his  army  introduced  into  Utah! 

The  Utah  war  was  an  ill-advised  measure  on  tliL 
part  of  the  United  States  government.  In  this, 
as  in  other  crises,  from  the  time  when  the  latter-day 
saints  mustered  six  members  until  now  when  they 
counted  nearly  sixty  thousand,  the  Mormons,  hated  as 
they  were  by  their  fellow-men,  won  the  respect  and  al- 
most the  esteem  of  a  large  portion  of  the  gentile  world. 
The  Utah  war  cost  several  Imndred  lives,  and  at  least 
$15,000,000,  at  a  time  in  the  nation  s  history  when 
men  and  money  could  least  be  spared,  and  accom- 
plished practically  nothing,  save  that  it  exposed  thr 
president  and  ^.is  cabinet  to  much  well-deserved  ridi- 
cule. That  th  Mormons  had  displayed  contempt  f«'i 
Judge  Drumn  id,  who  had  made  himself  altogethei 
contemptible,  at  their  treatment  of  Judge  Stiles 
was  verging  o  sedition,  that  they  intermeddled 
with  politics  a,  1  strove  to  gain  political  ascend 
ancy,  that   tliej    pushed   forward   their   settlements 


A  NRW  JUDICIARY. 


630 


vigorously ,*°  cannot  l)o  disputed;  but  here  was  no 
cause  for  a  military  expedition  to  uphold  the  autlior- 
ity  of  the  government. 

With  the  army  of  Utah  came  also  the  rerontly 
appointed  oflScials,  Chief  Justice  Eckles  taking  up  his 
(juartors  at  Camp  Floyd,  Judge  Sinclair  bcin^  assigned 
to  the  Hrst,  or  as  it  is  now  termed  the  third,  district, 
which  included  Salt  Lake  City,  and  Judge  Cradle- 
baugli  to  the  southern  counties.*'  Alexander  Wilson 
>>{'  Iowa  had  been  chosen  United  States  attorney, 
and  Jacob  Forney  of  Pennsylvania  superintendent  of 
Indian  afifairs,  which  office  was  now  separated  from 
that  ofgovornor.  John  H-xrtnett  as  secretary  and 
Peter  K.  Dotson  as  marshal  completed  the  list  of 
otiieials. 

Convening  his  court  in  Noveniber  1858,  Sinclair, 
in  his  charge  to  the  grand  jury,  urj'ed  the  prosecMition 
"f  Brigham  Young,  Daniel  H.  Wells,  and  otlior  lead- 
ing Mormons  for  treason,  polygamy,  and  intimidation 
of  the  courts.  The  district  attorney  refused  to  present 
hills  of  indictment  for  tieasun,  on  the  ground  that  par- 
don had  been  proclaimed  by  the  president  and  acee[)ted 
by  the  people.  To  ask  a  Mormon  grand  jury  to  indict 
the  leading  dignitaries  of  their  church  for  polygamy 
was,  of  course,  little  better  than  a  farce;  while  as  to 
till'  charge  of  intimidation,  referring  to  the  occasion 
whiii  Judge  Stiles  held  court  at  Salt  Lako  City  in 
18a4,  all  the  bills  wero  thrown  out,  witli  one  excup- 


'"  Tullidge,  JIM.  S.  L.  City,  1.18-0,  says  it  wns  foarcil  thiy  would  settle  terri- 
tory which  '  would  cnnie  within  tlio  political  bouudarica  of  half  ii  dozen  statrM, 
ill  wliifh  tlioy  would  cast  their  polcut- iiiiitod  vote,' and  that  iiniiiigiiition  and 
tlio  rapid  increase  of  offspring  would,  within  the  century,  give  them  ii  million 
of  iKioplc.  In  a  Iciidiug  article,  the  ^Vci/'  York  Ihrald  suited  that  the  Mor- 
iiiiiiis  held  the  whip-handlo  over  the  U.  S.,  Fillmore  and  Pierce;  having  given 
it,  into  the  hands  of  Brigham.  Much  similar  nouseusu  may  be  found  by  turn- 
iiii;  over  the  newspaper  liles  "f  this  period. 

"  By  act  approved  Pee.  'j7,  ISda,  the  judii'ial  (listricts  weu"  altered,  Mil- 
lard, I'iute,  Sevier,  San  I'ete,  .Juab,  I'tah,  iiml  Wasatch  counties  forming  the 
lii.st  ilistrict;  Kuue,  Washington,  Iron,  and  IJeaver  counties  the  second;  and 
(Ircat  Salt  Lake,  Tooclo,  ,Summit,  (Jrccn  River,  Davis,  Morgan,  Weber,  ]$ox 
Killer,  Cache,  and  Richland,  afterward  Rich,  couuties  the  third.  Utnh  Acts 
J.i'jid.  (cd.  1800),  194. 


640 


THE  UTAH  WAR. 


tion."  Thus  Sinclair's  judicial  career  resulted  in  fail- 
ure, and  to  thij^  day  he  is  only  remembered  in  Utah 
as  the  judge  who  appointed  a  Sunday  for  the  first  exe- 
cution of  a  white  man  that  had  occurred  as  yet  in 
the  territory.*^ 

To  Judge  Cradlebaugh  belonged  a  wider  sphere  of 
operations;  but,  as  will  presently  appear,  his  proceed- 
ings and  those  of  his  colleague  well  nigh  brought  about 
a  renewal  of  the  Utah  war,  hostilities  being  prevented 
only  by  the  timely  interference  of  the  government. 
The  matters  which  he  proposed  to  investigate  included 
several  outrages,  commonly  ascribed  to  the  Mormons, 
among  them  being  the  Mountain  Meadows  massacre." 

Before  presenting  this  episode,  it  may  be  well  to 
make  some  mention  of  a  religious  movement  known 
in  Utah  as  the  reformation,  though  more  in  the  nature 
of  a  revival,  and  attended  with  all  the  excitement 
and  bittc  less  of  denunciation  common  to  such  move- 
ments elsewhere  in  the  world.  On  the  13th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1850,  Jedediah  M.  Grant,  Joseph  Young,  and 
a  few  others  held  a  conference  at  Kaysville,  at  which 
the  saints  were  exhorted  to  repent,  and  to  bring  forth 
fruits  meet  for  repentance,  to  pay  their  tithing  faitii- 

**That  of  James  Ferguson.    See  chap,  xvii.,  note  18,  this  vol. 

**  That  of  Thomas  H.  Ferguson  for  murder.  The  execution  was,  of  course, 
postponed,  and  took  place  on  Friday,  Oct.  28,  1859.  An  account  of  it  will 
be  found  in  the  Deaeret  Newit,  Nov.  2,  1859,  and  the  Sac.  Union,  Nov.  ]?, 
1859. 

**  Stenhouse,  liocky  Mountain  Saints,  402-.3,  states  that  the  judges  wei  e 
supported  by  the  Valley  Tan  newspaper,  the  first  number  of  which  appeared 
Nov.  5,  1858.  This  was  the  first  gentile  newspaper  published  in  Utali;  it 
ran  for  only  about  a  year  and  a  half.  The  phraae  '  valley  tan '  was  first  applied 
to  leather  tanned  in  the  valley,  and  afterward  to  other  articles  of  home  pro- 
duction. Taylor,  lieminisccnces,  MS.,  14-15,  says  that  the  term  was  applicii 
to  crockery,  medicines,  whiskey,  furniture,  and  even  to  gold  coin  made  in  S. 
L.  City.  In  fact,  it  became  synonymous,  as  I  have  said,  with  home-made  or 
Utah-manufactured.  As  to  the  manufacture  of  whiskey.  President  Taylor 
states  that  alcohol  was  first  made  by  the  saints  for  bathing,  pickling,  ami 
medicinal  purposes,  and  was  little  used  for  drinking.  Stills  were  aftcrwaid 
obtained  from  emigrants,  and  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  alcohol  were  later 
controlled  by  the  city  councils.  The  first  bar-room  in  S.  L.  City,  and  tln' 
oulv  one  for  years,  was  in  the  Salt  Lake  House,  owned  by  President  Youni; 
and  Feramorz  Little.  It  was  opened  f(jr  the  accommodation  of  travellers, 
whose  requirements  would  be  supplieil  by  fome  one,  and  it  was  thought  by 
the  brethren  that  tliev  had  better  control  the  trade  than  have  outsiders  do  so. 


A  MORMON  REVIVAL. 


541 


esulted  in  fail- 
bered  in  Utah 
)r  the  first  exe- 
rred  as  yet  in 

nder  sphere  of 
LI,  his  proceed- 
brought  about 
eing  prevented 
e  government, 
itigate  included 
the  Mormons, 
ows  massacre." 

nay  be  well  to 
vement  known 
re  in  the  nature 
he  excitement 
I  to  such  move- 
Q  13th  of  Sep- 
iph  Young,  and 
sville,  at  which 
to  bring  forth 
tithing  faitlj- 

this  vol. 

jution  was,  of  course, 
in  account  of  it  will 
^ac.  Union,  Nov.  17, 

[hat  the  judges  were 

\r  of  which  appciatil 

liblished  in  Utah;  it 

m '  was  first  applieil 

irticlca  of  homo  pio- 

|he  term  wt«  applii'il 

;ol<l  coin  made  in  .'^. 

with  hoinc-niade  m 

r.  President  Taylor 

[thing,  pickling,  ami 

Itills  were  after^^ail 

pf  alcohol  wore  later 

S.  L.  City,  and  th- 

hy  President  Youiii; 

lation  of  travellers, 

it  was  thought  by 

lave  outsiders  do  so. 


fully,  to  dedicate  themselves  and  their  substance  to 
the  Lord,  to  set  their  families  in  order,  to  purify  their 
houses,  their  persons,  and  their  lands." 

At  the  bowery  in  Salt  Lake  City,  on  the  morning 
of  the  21st,  the  day  being  a  sabbath,  Brigham  de- 
clared that  he  would  no  longer  dw^ell  among  a  people 
filled  with  contention,  covetousness,  pride,  and  iniquity. 
Unless  they  put  away  their  sins  a  separation  must 
take  place,  and  the  righteous  be  forever  parted  from 
the  ungodly.  At  the  beginning  of  his  discourse  he 
requested  that  all  who  desired  to  obey  the  Lord 
Jesus  and  live  to  his  glory,  denying  themselves  of 
worldly  lusts,  would  signify  their  intention  by  rising 
to  their  feet.  As  a  matter  of  course,  the  entire  con- 
gregation responded.  He  then  asked  if  there  was  a 
man  among  them  who  knew  how  to  handle  this  world's 
goods  without  setting  his  heart  upon  them,  using  and 
distributing  them  only  to  the  glory  of  God,  that  that 
man  would  stand  up.  There  was  no  response.  "  I  tell 
you,"  he  said,  "that  this  people  will  not  be  suflfered 
to  walk  as  they  have  walked,  to  do  as  they  have  done, 
to  live  as  they  have  lived."  He  was  followed  by 
Jedediah  M.  Grant  who  declared  that  there  were 
some  among  them  who,  having  received  the  priesthood, 
dishonored  their  cause  by  committing  adultery,  and 
every  other  abomination  under  heaven. 

For  many  weeks  the  reformation  was  preached  at 
the  bowery  and  the  tabernacle,  the  saints  being  or- 
dered to  renew  their  covenants,  and  manv  of  them 
were  rebaptized  by  the  elders  under  the  direction  of 
Grant,  who,  on  one  occasion,  remained  so  long  in  the 
water  that  he  contruoted  the  disease  of  which  he  died 
toward  the  close  of  the  year.*®  Meetings  held  by  the 
home  missionaries  throughout  the  territory  were 
crowded,  and  full  and  frank  confession  was  made,  fol- 
lowed in  most  instances  bjr  amendment.     Some  bene- 


•*  For  proceedings  of  conference,  see  Descrrt  Nexoa,  Sept.  24^1856, 

'  *■      ea  * 

tabernacle, 


'Sainta, 
by  Brigham  at  the 


live  your  religion,'  was  the  text  of  a,  scnnon  deliverei 
made. 
"  For  a  desoription  of  his  obsequies,  see  Deaeret  Newa.  Deo.  10,  1868. 


tiEtl 


542 


THE  UTAH  WAR. 


fit  was  wrought  by  the  movement,  especially  with  re- 
gard to  cleanliness;  but  as  in  other  religious  agitations, 
the  effect  was  mainly  emotional,  the  people  being 
worked  up  to  a  state  of  frenzy,  and  most  of  them 
believing  that  the  coming  of  Christ  was  at  hand. 
The  revival  lasted  well  into,  the  following  year,  and 
coupled  with  the  excitement  of  the  approaching  war, 
may  serve  to  explain  the  abnormal  condition  of  the 
community  at  this  critical  period.*' 

"  In  Stenhmue'a  Rodey  Mountain  Samta,  292-305,  and  Stenhouae't  Tell  It 
All,  310-23,  are  sensational  accounts  of  the  reformation,  the  former  by  an 
eye-witneas,  who  appears  to  have  witnessed  things  which  no  one  elso 
observed.  He  states  that  teachers  were  appointed  for  each  ward,  whose  duty 
was  to  pry  into  every  secret,  and  learn  the  private  history  of  every  family. 
men,  women,  and  children  being  asked  the  most  indelicate  questions  about 
private  actions  and  secret  thoughts.  He  declares  that  a  catechism  uf  un 
obscene  nature  was  printed  by  authority  of  Brigham  and  put  into  the  hamls 
of  every  elder,  bishop,  missionary,  and  teacher,  those  who  refused  to  answer 
the  questions  being  in  danger  of  the  ban  of  the  church,  and  those  who  un 
swered  them  being  reported  to  the  authorities  and  roundly  abused  at  the 
public  meetings.  At  a  gathering  held  at  the  social  hall,  attended  only  by 
men,  Brigham  bid  all  who  had  been  guilty  of  adultery  to  stand  up.  Mori' 
than  three  fourths  of  the  audience  rose  to  their  feet.  This  Mr  StenliouRR 
explains  on  the  supposition  that  the  crime  was  admitted  as  having  occurre<l 
at  any  time  during  the  whole  course  of  their  lives  as  Mormons.  He  also 
states  that  during  his  twenty-five  years'  connection  with  Mormonism  he 
knew  only  of  two  or  thi-ee  cases  of  adultery.  The  account  of  the  reforma- 
tion as  given  in  the  text  is  taken  principally  from  the  files  of  the  Deseret 
News. 


CHAPTER  XX. 

THE  MOUNTAIN  MEADOWS  MASSACRE. 

1857. 

An  Abkaksab  EmaBANT  Party  Abrivks  at  Salt  Lakb  Cmr— ABSAsaiKA* 
TioN  or  Parlst  p.  Pratt— III  Fsklino  against  thb  Emiqrants — 
Allbobd  OnTRAOES— Their  Arrival  at  Mountain  Mkadows — Thet 
ARE  Attacked  sy  Indians — A  Flag  ofTrdce-Plan  of  the  Massacre 
—Surrender  of  the  Emigrants — The  Butchery — Burial  of  the 
Slain— The  Subvivobs— Judge  Cbadlebaugh's  Investigation — Th« 
Aiken  Massaobe — John  D.  Lee  on  Trial— The  Jury  Disagree— Thb 
Second  Trial— Lbb  Convicted  and  Sentenced — His  Confession  and 
Execution. 


The  threat  uttered  by  Brigham  during  bis  inter- 
view with  Captain  Van  vHet,  on  the  9th  of  September, 
1857,  was  speedily  fulfilled — so  speedily  that,  at  first 
sight,  its  execution  would  appear  to  have  been  pre- 
Jetermined.  "  If,"  he  declared,  "the  government  dare 
to  force  the  issue,  I  shall  not  hold  the  Indians  by  the 
wrist  any  longer."  "If  the  issue  comes,  you  may  tell 
tho  government  to  stop  all  emigration  across  the  con- 
tinent, for  the  Indians  will  kill  all  who  attempt  it." 
Two  days  later  occurred  the  Mountain  Meadows 
massacre,^  at  a  point  about  three  hundred  miles  south 
of  Salt  Lake  City. 

'  In  Forney's  Kept,  in  Sen.  Doc.,  36th  Con^.  Ist  Sess.,  ii.  no.  42,  p.  79,  and 
the  Hand- Book  of  Rtifertncf,  p.  75,  Sept.  9th  is  given  aa  the  date  ot  the  mas- 
«a«re.  Forney,  as  superintendent  of  Indian  afifairs,  made  a  close  investigation 
into  the  details  of  this  tragedy,  the  result  of  which  is  given  in  his  report  ut 
supra,  pp.  87-9,  and  elsewhere  in  this  document,  which  occupies  139  pages,  and 
contains  all  the  ofKcial  information  tbt^n  to  be  had  un  the  subject.  His  re- 
ports are  dated  Salt  Lake  City,  18o9.  He  states  that  the  attack  began  on 
Monday,  Sept.  5th,  and  lasted  till  Friday,  Sept.  9th,  when  the  nuussacre  oc- 
curred; but  Friday  of  thatweek  fell  on  Sept.  lltb.  Burton,  CUyo/the  Saints, 
411-12,  note,  also  (quotes  an  official  report,  in  which  Sept.  4tli  or  5th  is  ^iven  as 
the  date  of  the  iirat  attack.    See  also  Lee's  confession  in  il/ormoni«m  Un- 

(Sl3) 


r.44 


THE  MOUNTAIN  MEADOWS  MASSACRE. 


The  threat  and  the  deed  came  so  near  together  aa 
to  lead  many  to  believe  that  one  was  the  result  of  the 
other.  But  a  moment's  reflection  will  show  that  they 
were  too  nearly  simultaneous  for  this  to  be  tht  case; 
that  in  the  absence  of  telegraph  and  railroad,  it  would  be 
impossible  to  execute  such  a  deed  three  hundred  miles 
away  in  two  days.  Indeed,  it  may  as  well  be  under- 
stood at  the  outset  that  this  horrible  crime,  so  often  and 
so  persistently  charged  upon  the  Mormon  church  and 
its  leaders,  was  the  crime  of  an  individual,  the  crime  of 
a  fanatic  of  the  worst  stamp,  one  who  was  a  member 
of  the  Mormon  church,  but  of  whose  intentions  the 
church  knew  nothing,  and  whose  bloody  acts  the 
members  of  the  church,  high  and  low,  regard  with 
as  much  abhorrence  as  any  out  of  the  church.  In- 
deed, the  blow  fell  upon  the  brotherhood  with  three- 
fold force  and  damage.  There  was  the  cruelty  of  it, 
which  wrung  their  hearts;  there  was  the  odium  at- 
tending its  performance  in  their  midst;  and  there  was 
the  strength  it  lent  their  enemies  further  to  malign 
and  molest  them.  The  Mormons  denounce  the  Moun- 
tain Meadows  massacre,  and  every  act  connected 
therewith,  as  earnestly  and  as  honestly  as  any  in  the 
outside  world.  This  is  abundantly  proved,  and  may 
be  accepted  as  a  historical  fact. 

T  will  now  proceed  to  give  the  incidents  as  they  oc- 
curred. In  the  spring  of  1857  a  party  of  one  hundred 
and  thirty-six  Arkansas  emigrants,**  among  whom  were 
a  few  Missourians,'  set  forth  for  southern  California. 

vniM,  218,  237i  239,  where  Lee  states  that  the  massacre  occurred  on  Friday, 
and  that  the  attack  began  on  Tuesday.  At  Lee's  trial  James  Haalem  testi- 
fied, OA  we  shall  see  later,  that  ho  was  sent  from  Cedar  City  by  Isaac  C  Hoiglit, 
with  a  letter  to  Brigham,  on  Monday,  Sc])t.  7th,  and  that  he  reached  S.  L. 
City  at  11  A.  M.  on  Thursday.  Deaeret  News,  Sept.  20,  187G.  The  next  day 
was  the  11th.     Other  accounts  differ  slightly  as  to  date. 

*  U.  S.  Attorney  Wilson,  in  his  report  in  Sen.  Doc.,  36th  Cong.  1st  Sess., 
ii.  no.  42,  p.  102,  states  that  119  were  Killed,  and  it  is  certain  that  17childicu 
were  rescued.  Forney  and  Burton  say  that  115  to  120  wore  massacred; 
Woite,  Thf.  Mormon  Prophet,  CO,  that  the  party  consisted  of  150  men  and 
women,  besides  a  number  of  cliildrcn.  Stenhouse,  Tell  It  All,  324,  mentions 
120  to  130.     Other  reports  vary  from  120  to  150. 

•Stonhouse,  HocLy  Mountain  S'liuls,  424-8,  says  that  the  Arkansaa  and 
Missouri  emigrants  formed  two  separate  parties,  the  lattor  naming  themselves 


■'  -it ' 


CALIFORNIA  IMMIGRANTS. 


M0t 


It  included  about  thirty  families,  most  of  them  related 
by  marriage  or  kindred,  and  its  members  were  of  every 
age,  from  the  grandsire  to  the  babe  in  arms.  They 
belonged  to  the  class  of  settlers  of  whom  California 
was  in  need.  Most  of  them  were  farmers  by  occupa- 
tion; they  were  orderly,  sober,  thrifty,  and  among 
them  was  no  lack  of  skill  and  capital.*  They  travelled 
leisurely  and  in  comfort,  stopping  at  intervals  to  re- 
cruit their  cattle,  and  about  the  end  of  July  arrived 
at  Salt  Lake  City,*  where  they  hoped  to  replenish 
their  stock  of  provisions. 

For  several  years  after  the  gold  discovery  the  ar- 
rival of  an  emigrant  party  was  usually  followed,  as 
we  have  seen,  by  friendly  traffic  between  saint  and 
gentile,  the  former  thus  disposing,  to  good  advantage, 
of  his  farm  and  garden  produce.  But  now  all  was 
changed.  The  army  of  Utah  was  advancing  on  Zion, 
and  the  Arkansas  families  reached  the  valley  at  the 
very  time  when  the  Mormons  first  heard  of  its  ap- 
proach, perhaps  while  the  latter  were  celebrating  their 
tenth  anniversary  at  Big  Cottonwood  Canon.  More- 
over, wayfarers  from  Missouri  and  Arkansas  were 
regarded  with  special  disfavor;  the  former  for  reasons 
that  have  already  appeared,  the  latter  on  account  of 
the  murder  of  a  well-beloved  apostle  of  the  Mormon 
church. 


Missouri  'wild-cat?,'  and  that  tho  Arkansas  party  was  advised  by  a  friend  of 
his  to  keep  clear  of  tlie  Missourians  while  passing  through  the  Utah  scttle- 
nioiita  and  the  portion  of  that  territory  occupied  by  Indians.  I  liiul  no  con- 
tinnation  of  this  in  other  authorities,  though,  according  to  Mrs  Htenliouse, 
Tell  It  All,  325,  her  husband's  friend,  whoso  name  was  Eli  B.  Kclscy,  'said 
that  the  train  was  divided  into  two  parts,  tho  first  a  rough-and-ready  set  of 
nun— regular  frontier  pioneers;  tho  other  a  picked  community.'  Tho  truth 
nppoars  to  be,  that  there  were  a  few  Missourians  in  the  Arkansas  party,  as 
stilted  in  Uutchiiig.i'  Cat.  Maq,,  iv.  343. 

*  They  had  about  600  head  of  cattle,  30  wagons,  and  .30  horses  and  nmles. 
Forney's  Repl,  ut  supm,  p.  75.  Stenhouse  mentions  that  tliey  had  also  sev- 
eial  travelling-carriages.  Rocky  Mountain  SaiiU't,  424.  At  least  630,000  worth 
of  ]}ltindcr  was  collected  after  the  massacre,  besides  what  was  appropriated  by 
tlic  Indians.  Cradlebaugh  estimated  the  value  of  their  property  at  $GO,0(M) 
to  §70,000. 

">  I  find  no  mention  of  their  arrival  in  the  fUes  of  the  Deiteret  News,  although 
tiu!  names  of  passing  emigrants  were  registered  in  tliut  paper  at  a  nominal 
cliar^c;  and  when  the  party  was  a  large  one,  its  passage  was  usually  noticed 
among  the  local  items  of  ncMrs. 
Huf.  Utah.   39 


'i\ 


ill 


m 


546 


THE  MOUNTAIN  MEADOWS  MASSACRE. 


In  May  of  1857  Parley  P.  Pratt  was  arraigned 
before  the  supreme  court  at  Van  Buren,  Arkansas,  on 
a  charge  of  abducting  the  children  of  one  Hector  Mc- 
Lean, a  native  of  New  Orleans,  but  then  living  in 
California.  He  was  -acqi/itted;  but  it  is  alleged  hy 
anti-Mormon  writers,  and  tacitly  admitted  by  the 
saints,  that  he  was  sealed  to  Hector  McLean's  wife, 
who  had  been  baptized  into  the  faith  years  before, 
while  living  in  San  Francisco,  and  in  1855  was  living 
in  Salt  Lake  City.'  McLean  swore  vengeance  against 
the  apostle,  who  was  advised  to  make  his  escape,  and 
set  forth  on  horseback,  unarmed,  through  a  sparsely 
settled  country,  where,  under  the  circumstances,  escape 
was  almost  impossible.  His  path  was  barred  by  two 
of  McLean's  friends  until  McLean  himself  with  three 
others  overtook  the  fugitive,  when  he  fired  six  shots 
at  him,  the  balls  lodging  in  his  saddle  or  passing 
through  his  clothes.     McLean  then  stabbed  him  twice 

•The  account  given  in  the  Millennial  Star,  xix.  417-18,  is  th  '■■  McLean, 
after  treating  his  wife  in  a  brutal  manner  for  several  years,  turned  licr  into 
the  streets  of  San  Francisco,  and  secretly  conveyed  the  children  on  board  a 
steamer  for  New  Orleans,  where  the  woman  followed  him;  buc  finding  tliat 
hei  parents  were  in  the  plot,  set  forth  for  Salt  Lake  City.  Returning  to  New 
Orleans  in  1856,  she  rescued  her  children  and  fled  to  Texas;  but  was  followed 
by  her  husband,  who  had  previously  returned  to  California,  and  now  regained 

Eossessiou  of  the  children.  Parley,  who  had  already  befriended  Mrs  McLean, 
ad  written  to  inform  her  that  her  husband  was  in  pursuit.  Hence  tiio 
Erosccution.  McLean  and  his  wife  finally  separated  in  San  Francisco  in  1 85"). 
eo  also  Autobiog.  of  Parley  P.  Pratt,  app.  Stcnhouse  relates  that  Mrs 
McLean  was  married  or  sealed  to  Pratt  in  Utah,  that  she  met  Pratt  in  Arkan- 
sas on  her  way  to  Utah,  and  that  the  apostle  was  acquitti  .i  on  account  of  lier 
assuming  the  responsibility  for  the  alKluction.  Ho  admits,  however,  that  the 
apostle  did  not  abduct  the  children.  liocky  Mountain  Saiiita,  429.  Burton 
says  that  Pratt  converted  Mrs  McLean  and  took  her  to  wife,  but  on  wliat 
authority  he  does  not  state.  City  of  the  Saintu,  412.  The  fact,  however,  that 
Mrs  MuLean  arrived  on  the  scene  of  the  apostle's  assassination  just  before  liis 
death,  as  mentioned  in  the  Millennial  tStar,  xix.  478,  wears  a  suspicious  look. 
In  the  .S'.  /''.  Bulletin  of  March  24,  1877,  it  is  stated  that  the  apostle  made  tlic 
acquaintance  of  Mrs  McLean  while  engaged  in  missionary  work  in  San  Fran- 
cisco; tliat  her  husband,  who  was  a  custom-house  official  and  a  respectahio 
citizen,  ordered  him  to  discontinue  his  visits,  and  kicked  him  out  of  the  huiisu 
for  continuing  them  surreptitiously;  and  that  the  woman  was  so  infatuateil 
with  the  Mormon  elder  that  she  devoutly  washed  his  feet  whenever  he  visited 
her.     On  arriving  at  Fort  Smith  (near  Van  Buren),  McLean  found  letters 

from  Parley  Pratt  addressed  to  his  wife,  one  of  them  signed  '  Your  own, 

.'    The  McLean  residence  in  San  Francisco,  on  the  corner  of  Jones  and 

Filbert  streets,  was  in  1877  a  dilapidated  frame  building,  a  story  and  a  half 
in  height.  As  to  the  apostle's  assassination,  the  liuUetin  merely  states  that  he 
was  overtaken  by  McLean  and  shot  within  eight  miles  of  Von  Buren,  and 
that  he  died  of  his  wounds  an  hour  afterward. 


MURDER  OF  PRATT 


Ml 


with  a  bowie-knife  under  the  left  arm,  whereupon 
Parley  dropped  from  his  horse,  and  the  assassin,  after 
tlirusting  his  knife  deeper  into  the  wounds,  seized  a 
derringer  belonging  to  one  of  his  accomplices,  and  shot 
him  through  the  breast.  The  party  then  rode  off,  and 
McLean  escaped  unpunished.' 

Thus,  when  the  Arkansas  families  arrived  at  Salt 
Lake  City,  they  found  the  Mormons  in  no  friendly 
mood,  and  at  once  concluded  to  break  camp  and  move 
on.  They  had  been  advised  by  Elder  Charles  C.  Rich 
to  take  the  northern  route  along  the  Bear  River,  but 
decided  to  travel  by  way  of  southern  Utah.  Pass- 
ing through  Provo,  Springville,  Payson,  Fillmore, 
and  intervening  settlements,  they  attempted  every- 
where to  purchase  food,  but  without  success.  Toward 
the  end  of  August  they  arrived  at  Corn  Creek,*  some 
fifteen  miles  south  of  Fillmore,  where  they  encamped 
ft)r  several  days.  In  this  neighborhood,  on  a  farm 
set  apart  for  their  use  by  the  Mormons,  lived  the  Pah 
Vants,  whom,  as  the  saints  allege,  the  emigrants  at- 
tempted to  poison  by  throwing  arsenic  into  one  of  the 
springs  and  inapregnating  their  own  dead  cattle  with 
strychnine.  It  has  been  claimed  that  this  charge 
was  disproved;  and  what  motive  the  Arkansas  party 
could  have  had  for  thus  surrounding  themselves  with 
treacherous  and  blood-thirsty  foes  has  never  been 
explained.  In  the  valleys  throughout  the  southern 
portion  of  the  territory  grows  a  poisonous  weed,  and 
it  is  possible  that  the  cattle  died  from  eating  of  this 

'  This  account  of  Parley's  murder  is  based  on  the  testimony  of  Oeo.  Hie* 
ginson  and  Geo.  Crouch,  whose  letter,  dated  Flint,  Arkansas,  May  17,  1857« 
was  first  published  in  a  New  York  paper.  Copies  of  it  will  be  found  in  the 
MMennial  Star,  xix.  478,  and  Burtoti'a  City  of  the  SaiiUs,  412-13,  not^ 
Iliey  state  that  the  tragedy  occurred  close  to  the  residence  of  a  farmer 
Domed  Win,  and  was  witnessed  by  two  men  who  were  in  the  house  at  tlte 
time,  and  from  whose  evidence  at  the  coroner's  jury  the  above  version  is 
taken.  Pratt  lived  long  enoueh  to  give  instructions  as  to  his  burial  and  the 
disposition  of  his  property.  The  account  given  by  Stenhouse,  in  Rocky  Mou»- 
tain  Sainti,  429-30,  aoes  not  di£fer  materially,  except  that  he  makes  no  inca- 
tion  of  any  accomplices. 

*  In  his  deposition  at  the  trial  of  John  D.  Lee  and  others,  George  A.  Smith, 
the  prophet's  ooasin,  states  that  he  found  them  at  Com  Creek  on  Aug.  26th. 
MImtuaiStar.  xzxviL  675}  Lee't  A[ormoni$m  Unvaikd  307. 


t^iii 


'J 


648 


THE  MOUNTAIN  MEADOWS  MASSACRE. 


weed.'  It  has  been  intimated  that  those  who  accused 
the  emigrants  of  poisoning  the  Pah  Vants  were  not 
honest  in  their  behef,  and  that  the  story  of  the 
poisoning  was  invented,  or  at  least  grossly  exagger- 
ated, for  the  purpose  of  making  them  solely  responsi- 
ble for  the  massacre.**'  The  fact  has  never  been  so 
established,  notwithstanding  the  report  of  the  super- 
intendent of  Indian  affairs,  who  states  that  none  of 
this  tribe  were  present  at  the  massacre. 

Continuing  their  journey,  the  emigrants  proceeded 
to  Beaver  City,  and  thence  to  Parowan.  Grain  was 
scarce  this  year,  and  the  emigrants  were  unable  to 
purchase  all  they  desired  for  their  3tock,  though  for 
their  own  immediate  necessities  they  obtained  what 
they  required  at  this  place.  Arriving  at  Cedar  City, 
they  succeeded  in  purchasing  about  fifty  bushels  of 
wheat,  which  was  ground  at  a  mill  belonging  to  Jolin 
D.  Lee,  formerly  commander  of  the  fort  at  Cedar, 
but  then  Indian  agent,  and  in  charge  of  an  Indian 
farm  near  Harmony. 

It  is  alleged  by  the  Mormons,  and  on  good  au- 
thority, that  during  their  journey  from  Salt  Lake 

*Sfn.  Doc,  36  Cong.  Ist  Sess.,  ii.  no.  42,  p.  76.  Forney  mentions  that 
an  ox  belonging  to  a  Dr  Bay  of  Fillmore  died  from  this  cause  while  the  emi- 
grants were  in  that  neighborhood,  that  hia  wife  was  taken  ill  while  rendering 
the  tallow,  and  that  a  boy  who  was  assisting  her  died  a  few  days  after- 
ward.    One  or  two  Indians  who  ate  some  of  the  meat  were  also  poisoned. 

'<* '  John  D.  Lee,  living  150  miles  south  of  Fillmore,  informed  me  that 
about  twenty  Indians  and  some  cattle  died  from  drinking  of  the  poisoned 
water,  and  Indians  from  eating  the  poisoned  meat.'  Fomey'a  Rept,  in  Id., 

S.  75.  This  report  was  dated  S.  L.  City,  Ang.  1859.  In  a  letter  to  Brigham, 
ated  Harmony,  Nov.  20,  1857,  Lee  writes:  'The  company  there  [at  Corn 
Creek]  poisoned  the  meat  of  an  ox,  which  they  gave  the  Pah  Vant  Indians  to 
eat,  causing  four  of  them  to  die  immediately,  besides  poisoning  a  number 
more.  The  company  also  poisoned  the  water  where  they  encamped,  killing 
the  cattle  of  the  settlers.  This  letter  was  used  in  evidence  at  Lee's  trial  in 
187G. '  MoiTtionism  Unvailed,  254-5.  At  this  trial  was  also  placed  in  evidence 
a  letter  from  Brigham  to  the  commissioner  of  Indian  affairs,  dated  Jan.  6, 
1858,  in  which  Lee's  statement  is  repeated  almost  verbatim.  Id.,  313-15.  In 
his  confession,  made  a  few  months  after  his  trial,  Lee  declares  that  IVesideiit 
Isaac  C.  Haight  told  him  of  the  poisoning  and  other  atrocities  committed  )>y 
the  emigrant,  and  gave  him  instructions  as  to  the  part  he  should  take  in  the 
massacre.  After  that  event  Lee  states  (still  in  his  confession),  'I  thouglit 
over  the  matter,  and  made  up  my  mind  to  write  the  letter  to  Brigham  Youu^ 
and  lay  it  all  to  the  Indians,    /c/,,  254. 


CHARGES  AGAINST  THE  EMIGRANTS. 


M« 


>na  that 
;he  emi- 
ndering 
after- 
ued. 

that 
Disoned 
in  Id., 
igham. 
Corn 
ians  to 
umber 
killing 
rial  ia 
idence 
an.  (>, 
Iti 
sident 
d  by 
in  the 
ought 
'ouug 


City  to  Cedar  the  emigrants  were  guilty  of  further 
gioi^s  outrage.  If  we  can  believe  a  statement  made 
ill  the  confession  *^f  Lee,  a  few  days  before  his  death, 
Isaac  C.  Haight,  [)resident  of  the  stake  at  Cedar,  ac- 
cused them  of  abusing  women,  of  poisoning  wells  and 
stri!ams  at  many  points  on  their  route,  of  destroying 
ftuces  and  growing  crops,  of  violating  the  city  ordi- 
nances at  Cedar,  and  resisting  the  officers  who  at- 
ti'inpted  to  arrest  them.  These  and  other  charges, 
c\en  more  improbable,"  have  been  urged  in  extenua- 
tion of  the  massacre ;  but  little  reliance  can  be  placed 
on  Lee's  confession,  and  most  of  them  apixiai  to 
be  unfounded."  It  must  be  admitted,  however,  that 
ratlicr  than  see  their  women  and  children  starve,  they 
perhaps  took  by  force  such  necessary  provisions  as 
they  were  not  allowed  to  purchase. 

Near  Cedar  City  the  Spanish  trail  to  Santa  Fd 
branched  off  from  what  was  then  known  as  Frcjmont's 
route.  About  thirty  miles  to  the  south-west  of  Cedar, 
and  within  fifteen  of  the  line  of  the  route,  are  the 
]\[ountain  Meadows,  which  form  the  divide  between 
the  waters  of  the  great  basin  and  those  that  flow  into 
the  Colorado.  At  the  southern  end  of  the  meadows, 
which  are  four  to  five  miles  in  length  and  one  in 
width,  but  here  run  to  a  narrow  point,  is  a  large 
stream,  the  banks  of  which  are  about  ten  feet  in  height. 
Close  to  this  stream  the  emigrants  were  encamped 
on  the  5th  of  September,  almost  midway  between  two 

" '  Tlicy  proclaimed  that  they  had  the  very  pistol  with  which  the  prophet 
Joseph  Smith  was  murdered,  and  had  threatened  to  kill  Brigham  and  all  of 
tliu  ii pestles.  That  when  in' Cedar  City  they  naid  they  would  have  frifiitln 
in  Utah,  who  would  hang  Brigham  by  the  neck  until  he  was  dead,  bcfure 
snow  fell  again  in  the  territory.  They  also  said  that  Johnston  was  coming 
with  his  army  from  the  cast,  and  they  were  going  to  return  from  California  witli 
scldiers,  as  soon  as  possible,  and  would  then  desolate  the  land,  and  kill  every 
diiniued  Mormon  man,  woman,  and  child  that  they  could  find  in  Utah.'  Lee'» 
Mornionism  Unvailnl,  218-19. 

''  'Conflicting  statements  were  made  to  mo  of  tho  behavior  of  this  coui- 
jjuny,'  says  the  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs.  '  I  liavo  accordingly  ni.ido 
It  ;i  matter  of  material  importance  to  make  a  strict  inquiry  to  ascertain  rclia- 
Mo  information  on  this  subject. .  .The  result  of  my  inquiries  enables  mo  tc 
siiy  tliat  the  company  conducted  thomsclTes  with  propriety.'  Forney's  Jiept, 
ut  supra,  p.  88. 


1 


650 


THE  MOUNTAIN  MEADOWS  MASSACRE. 


;<' 


ranges  of  hills,  some  fifty  feet  high  and  four  hundred 
yards  apart.  On  either  side  of  their  camp  were  ravines 
connected  with  the  bed  of  the  stream. 

It  was  Saturday  evening 
when  the  Arkansas  families 
encamped  at  Mountain  Mead- 
ows. On  the  sabbath  they 
rested,  and  at  the  usual  hour 
one  of  them  conducted  divine 
service  in  a  large  tent,  as  had 
been  their  custom  throughout 
the  journey.  At  daybreak  on 
the  7th,  while  the  men  wore 
lighting  their  camp-fires,  they 
were  fired  upon  by  Indians,  or 
white  men  disguised  as  Ind- 
ians, and  more  than  twenty 
were  killed  or  wounded,"  tlieir 
cattle  having  been  driven  off 
meanwhile  by  the  assailants, 
who  had  crept  on  them  under 
cover  of  darkness.  The  sur- 
vivors now  ran  for  their  wagons,  and  pushing  tlioni 
together  so  as  to  form  a  cori-al,  dug  out  the  earth 
deep  enough  to  sink  them  almost  to  the  top  of  tlic 
wheels;  then  in  the  centre  of  the  inclosure  they  made 
a  rifle-pit  large  enough  to  contain  the  entire  company, 
strengthening  their  defences  by  night  as  best  tliey 
could.  Thereupon  the  attacking  party,  which  num- 
bered from  three  to  four  hundred,  withdrew  to  tho 
hills,  on  the  crests  of  which  they  built  parapotss, 
whence  they  shot  down  all  who  showed  themselves 
outside  the  intrenchment. 

The  emigrants  were  now  in  a  state  of  siege,  and 
though  they  fought  bravely,  had  little  hope  of  escape. 
All  the  outlets  of  the  valley  were  guarded;  their  aui- 


MointXAiN  MxA]x>waL 


"Seven  were  killed  and  sixteen  wonnded.  Let^s  Con/eaaion,  in  Mormonistn 
Unvaikd,  226-7;  aee  alao  FomeyU  Bapt,  in  Sen.  Doc.,  36th  Cong,  lat  Scss., 
0.  no.  42,  p.  88. 


SIEGE  AND  TRUCE. 


8S1 


munition  was  almost  exhausted;  of  their  number, 
which  included  a  large  proportion  of  women  and  chil- 
dren, many  were  wounded,  and  their  sufferings  from 
tliirst  had  become  intolerable.  Down  in  the  ravine, 
and  within  a  few  yards  of  the  corral,  was  the  stream 
»»t'  water;  but  only  after  sundown  could  a  scanty  sup- 
ply be  obtained,  and  then  at  great  risk,  for  this  point 
was  covered  by  the  muskets  of  the  Indians,"  who 
lurked  all  night  among  the  ravines  waiting  for  their 
victims. 

Four  days  the  siege  lasted ;  on  the  morning  of  the 
tit'th  a  wagon  was  seen  approaching  from  the  northern 
ond  of  the  meadow,  and  with  it  a  company  of  the 
Nauvoo  legion.  When  within  a  few  hundred  yards 
of  the  intrenchment,  the  company  halted,  and  one  of 
thoni,  William  Bateman  by  name,  was  sent  forward 
w  itli  a  flag  of  truce.  In  answer  to  this  signal  a  little 
girl,  dressed  in  white,  appeared  in  an  open  space  be- 
tween the  wagons.  Half-way  between  the  Mormons 
and  the  corral,  Bateman  was  met  by  one  of  the  emi- 
grants named  Hamilton,  to  whom  he  promised  pro- 
tt't'tion  for  his  party  on  condition  that  their  arms  were 
surrendered,  assuring  him  that  they  would  be  con- 
ducted safely  to  Cedar  City.  After  a  brief  parley, 
each  one  returned  to  his  comrades. 

By  whose  order  the  massacre  was  committed,  or 
for  what  reasons  other  than  those  already  mentioned, 
has  never  yet  been  clearly  ascertained;  but  as  to  the 
incidents  and  the  plan  of  the  conspirators,  we  have 
evidence  that  is  in  the  main  reliable.  During  the 
week  of  the  massacre,  Lee,  with  several  other  Mor- 
mons, was  encamped  at  a  spring  within  half  a  mile  of 
the  emigrants'  camp;  and,  as  was  alleged,  though  not 
<listinctly  proven  at  his  trial,  induced  the  Indians  by 
promise  of  booty  to  make  the  attack;  but,  finding  the 
resistance  stronger  than  he  anticipated,  had  sent  for 

'''Thursday  morning  I  saw  two  men  start  from  the  corral  with  buckets, 
and  run  to  the  sprin;^  and  fill  their  buckets  with  water,  and  go  back  again. 
The  bullets  flew  around  them  tliick  and  fast,  but  they  got  into  their  corral  ia 
safety.'  Z,e«'«  Jlormonism  Unrailiil,  230. 


852 


THE  MOUNTAIN  MEADOWS  MASSACRE. 


aid  to  tlio  settlements  of  southern  Utah."  Thus  fur 
the  evidence  is  somewhat  contradictory.  There  is 
sufficient  proof,  however,  that,  in  accordance  with  a 
programme  previously  arranged  at  Cedar,  a  company 
of  militia,  among  whom  were  Isaac  C.  Haight  and 
Major  John  M.  Higbee,  and  which  was  afterward 
joined  by  Colonel  William  H.  Dame,  bishop  of  Paro- 
wan,"  arrived  at  Lee's  camp  on  the  evenmg  before 
the  massacre. 

It  was  then  arranged  that  Lee  should  conclude 
terms  with  the  emigrants,  and,  as  soon  as  they  had 
delivered  themselves  '-^to  the  power  of  the  Mormons, 
should  start  for  Hamblin's  rancho,  on  the  eastern  sido 
of  the  meadows,  with  the  wagons  and  arms,  the  young 
children,  and  the  sick  and  wounded.  The  men  anci 
women,  the  latter  in  front,  were  to  follow  the  wagons, 
all  in  single  file,  and  on  each  side  of  them  the  militia 
were  to  be  drawn  up,  two  deep,  and  with  twenty 
paces  between  their  lines.  Within  two  hundred  yards 
of  the  camp  the  men  were  to  be  brought  to  a  halt, 
until  the  women  approached  a  copse  of  scrub-oak, 
about  a  mile  distant,  and  near  to  which  Indians  lay  in 
ambush.  The  men  were  now  to  resume  their  march, 
the  militia  forming  in  single  file,  each  one  walking  by 
the  side  of  an  emigrant,  and  carrying  his  musket 
on  the  left  arm.  As  soon  as  the  women  were  close  to 
the  ambuscade,  Higbee,"  who  was  in  charge  of  the 
detachment,  was  to  give  the  signal  by  saying  to  his 
command,  "Do  your  duty;"  whereupon  the  militia 
were  to  shoot  down  the  men,  the  Indians  were  to 

'*See  the  district  attorney's  opening  address  to  the  jury,  in  the  Desvnt 
Xeirs,  Sept.  "2,  1877.  Leo  states  thnt  Ms  object  in  sending  for  aid  was  to  pro- 
tect tlio  emigrants.  Confession,  in  AJ^orin-miari  Unrated,  229. 

"A  full  list  of  the  company  ia  guen  ,n  Id.,  379-80,  and  a  list  of  all  tho 
Mormons  who  took  part  in  the  niassa'-re  in  the  S.  L.  C%ty  Tribune,  Jimc  2, 
1877.  See  also  tho  speech  delivc.id  by  Judge  Cratllebaugh  in  the  house  of 
representatives,  Feb.  7,  1863.  t'nni;.  Globe,  18G2-3,  app.  119.  Tiie  speech 
was  afterward  published  in  pamphlet  form,  one  copy  of  it  being  entitleil  Mor- 
monism,  and  another  Utah  ana  the  Mormons.  The  former  was  reprinted 
from  the  S.  L.  Dally  Tribune,  Apr.  8,  1877.  The  parts  of  it  relating  to  tlu» 
massacre  will  be  found  in  Waiters  Ihe  Mormon  Prophet,  C5,  and  Utenhouse'* 
Rocky  Mountain  Saints,  447-50. 

"  First  councillor  to  Haight. 


WHOLESALE  MURDER. 


861 


Ito  pro- 


(^laughter  the  women  and  children,  sparing  only  those 
of  tender  age,  and  Lee  with  some  of  the  wagoners 
was  to  butcher  the  sick  and  wounded.  Mounted 
troopers  were  to  be  in  readiness  to  pursue  and  slay 
those  who  attempted  to  escape,  so  that,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  infants,  no  living  soul  should  bo  left  to  tell 
the  tale  of  the  massacre. 

Entering  the  corral,  Lee  found  the  emigrants  on- 
gaged  in  burying  two  of  their  party  who  had  died 
of  wounds.  Men,  women,  and  children  thronged 
around  him,  some  displaying  gratitude  for  their 
rescue,  some  distrust  and  terror.  The  brother  played 
his  part  well.  Bidding  the  men  pile  their  arms  in 
tlie  wagons,  to  avoid  provoking  the  Indians,  he  placed 
in  them  the  women,  the  small  children,  and  a  little 
clothing.  While  thus  engaged,  one  Daniel  McFar- 
land  rode  up,  with  orders  from  Major  Higbee  to 
hasten  their  dei)arture,  as  the  Indians  threatened  to 
renew  the  attack.  The  emigrants  were  then  hurried 
away  from  the  corral,  the  men,  as  they  passed  between 
tlio  tiles  of  militia,  cheering  their  supposed  deliverers. 
Half  an  hour  later,  as  the  women  drew  near  the  am- 
l  iscade,  the  signal  was  given,  and  the  butchery  com- 
menced. Most  of  the  men  were  shot  down  at  the 
first  fire.  Three  only  escaped  from  the  valley;  of 
these  two  were  quickly  run  down  and  slaughtered, 
and  the  third  was  slain  at  Muddy  Creek,  some  fifty 
miles  distant.'* 

The  women  and  those  of  the  children  who  were  on 
foot  ran  forward  some  two  or  three  hundred  yards, 
when  they  were  overtaken  by  the  Indians,  among 
whom  were  Mormons  in  disguise.  The  women  fell 
on  their  knees,  and  with  clasped  hands  sued  in  vain 


^^  Forney's  Bept,  lit  supra,  89;  Burton's  City  of  the  Saints,  41'J,  note.  IjCO 
also  says  that  three  escaped,  but  were  overtaken  and  killed  before  ri'aching 
the  settlements  in  California.  Mormoni^m  I  'itniilid,  '2'M.  Cradlobaugh  staioa 
that  two  escaped  and  \vere  overtaken  in  the  desert  150  miles  distant.  Mar- 
inoiiism,  12.  Beadle  mentions  three,  one  of  whom  starved  to  death  in  the 
(loyert,  ar.^ther  was  murdered  by  Indians,  90  miles  south  of  the  desert,  and  a 
tliird  was  killed  on  the  Colorado  River  by  iwrsons  unknown.  Life  in  Utah, 
184. 


-im 


554 


THE  MOUNTAIN  MEADOWS  MASSACRE. 


1' 

m 


for  mercy ;  clutching  the  garments  of  their  murderers, 
as  they  grasped  them  by  the  hair,  children  pleaded 
for  life,  meeting  with  the  steady  gaze  of  innocent 
childhood  the  demoniac  grin  of  the  savages,  who 
brandished  over  them  uplifted  knives  and  tomahawks. 
Their  skulls  were  battered  in,  or  their  throats  cut 
from  ear  to  ear,  and,  while  still  alive,  the  scalp  was 
torn  from  their  heads.  Some  of  the  little  ones  met 
with  a  more  merciful  death,  one,  an  infant  in  arms, 
being  shot  through  the  head  by  the  same  bullet  that 
pierced  its  father's  heart.  Of  the  women  none  were 
spared,  and  of  the  children  only  those  who  were  not 
more  than  seven  years  of  age.^* 

To  two  of  Lee's  wagoners,  McMurdy  and  Knight, 
was  assigned  the  duty,  as  it  was  termed,  of  slaugh- 
tering the  sick  and  wounded.  Carrying  out  their 
instructions,  they  stopped  the  teams  as  soon  as  firing 
was  heard,  and  with  loaded  rifles  approached  the 
wagons  where  lay  their  victims,  McMurdy  being  in 
front.  "0  Lord,  my  God,"  he  exclaimed,  "receive 
their  spirits,  it  is  for  thy  kingdom  that  I  do  this." 
Then,  raising  his  rifle  to  his  shoulder,  he  siioc  through 
the  brain  a  wounded  man  who  was  lying  with  his 
head  on  a  sick  comrade's  breast.  The  Mormons 
were  aided  in  their  work^°  by  Indians,  who,  grasping 
the  helpless  men  by  the  hair,  raised  up  their  heads 
and  cut  their  throats.  The  last  victim  was  a  little  girl 
who  came  running  up  to  the  wagons,  covered  with 


ill  "*-. 


"In  the  official  report  quoted  by  Burton,  City  of  the  Saints,  412,  it  is 
stated  that  a  girl  IG  years  of  age  knelt  before  one  of  the  Mormons  imploring 
mercy,  but  he  led  her  away  into  a  thicket,  ^iolated  her,  and  then  cut  liur 
throat.  Beadle  attributes  this  deed  to  President  Haight,  and  says  that  after 
violating  the  girl  he  beat  out  her  brains  M'ith  a  club.  He  also  accuses  Leo  uf 
selecting  one  of  the  young  women  for  his  harem,  and  relates  that,  wlien  he  miido 
known  his  purpose,  she  attempted  to  stab  him,  whereupon  he  sliot  her  through 
the  head.  Life  in  Utah,  183-4. 

*"  Lee,  in  his  confession,  denied  having  killed  any  of  them,  but  admits  that 
he  intended  to  do  his  part.  He  says:  'I  drew  my  pistol  and  cocked  it,  Imt 
somehow  it  went  off  prematurely,  and  I  shot  McMurdy  across  the  thigh,  my 
pistol-ball  cutting  his  buckskin  pants.  McMurdy  turned  to  me  and  said: 
"Brother  Lee,  keep  cool;  you  are  excited."*  Mormonism  Unvniled,  242.  As 
we  shall  see  later,  it  was  clearly  pr-jved  at  his  trial  that  he  killed  several  of 
the  wounded. 


EILLINO  OP  THE  SICK. 


Stt 


Lormons 


blood,  a  few  minutes  after  the  disabled  men  had  been 
murdered.  She  was  shot  dead  within  sixty  yards  of 
the  spot  where  Lee  was  standing.  The  massacre 
was  now  completed,  and  after  stripping  the  bodies  of 
all  articles  of  value,"^  Brother  Lee  ana  his  associates 
went  to  breakfast,*"^  returning  after  a  hearty  meal  to 
bury  the  dead. 

''  Lee  states  that  only  a  little  money  and  a  few  watches  were  found  on 
them.  Jd.,  244.  This  is  improbable,  and  other  accounts  show  that  the  Mor- 
mona  gathered  considerable  booty. 

*'  'After  breakfast,'  s&ys  Lee,  'we  all  went  back  in  a  body  to  the  meadows, 
to  bury  the  dead  and  ttdce  care  of  the  property  that  was  left  there.'  Tlie 
above  account  of  the  Mountain  Meadows  massacre  is  taken  mainly  from  For- 
7iiy's  Jiept,  in  Sen.  Doc,  35th  Cong.  Ist  Sess.,  ii.  no.  42,  pp.  87-9;  Cradle- 
bauijh'a  Mormoniam,  12;  the  affidavit  of  Philip  Klingon  Smith  (Klingcnsroith), 
bishop  of  Cedar  City,  who  was  present  at  the  massacre,  made  in  1871  before 
the  clerk  of  court  of  the  seventh  judicial  district  of  Nevada,  in  Stenhouse's 
Rocky  Mountain  Saints,  439-42;  the  confession  of  Lee,  in  Mormonisni  Unvaikd, 
244,  and  his  trial  in  Id.,  302-78.  In  the  S.  F.  Call,  July  30, 1881,  it  is  stated 
that  Bishop  Klingensmith  was  murdered  in  Mexico.  There  is  no  important 
discrepancy  in  the  several  versions.  Forney  and  Cradlebaugh  officially  inves- 
tigated the  matter  in  1859.  The  statements  of  both  are  very  brief,  and  why 
the  investigation  was  not  me  do  sooner  does  not  appear.  News  of  the  mas- 
eacre  was  Urst  received  in  Washington  in  Feb,  1858.  See  letter  of  C.  E.  Mix, 
acting  commiseioncr  >f  Indian  affiiirs,  to  Senator  W.  K.  Sebastian,  and  of  the 
secretary  of  war  to  EAiprescntative  A.  B.  Greenwood,  in  Sen.  Doc,  35th  Cong. 
1st  Sess.,  ii.  no.  42,  pp.  4,  42.  On  the  18th  of  this  month  Senator  Gwiu  of 
California  moved  that  the  secretary  of  war  be  called  upon  to  report  what  steps 
had  been  taken  to  brmg  the  offenders  to  justice.  Gwin's  Memoirs,  MS.,  138a, 
138  e.  No  steps  had  been  taken,  and  for  reasons  that  will  presently  appear, 
none  were  taken — or  none  that  were  effectual — until  nearly  20  years  later. 
For  other  accounts  of  the  massacre,  see  Stenhouse^s  Rocki/  Mountain  Saints, 
435-9;  Stenhotise's  Tell  It  All,  328-37;  Beadle's  Life  in  Utah,  180-4;  WaUt's 
Thi  Mormon  Prophet,  60-9;  Beadles'  Western  Wilds,  306-7,  496-501;  Young's 
Wife  No.  19, 228  et  seq. ;  Bowie's  Our  Neio  West,  266-8;  limling.  Across  Amer- 
ica, 188-90;  Hayes'  Scraps,  Los  Angeles,  viii.  228-31,  xvii.  3-7;  JIntching'a 
Cat.  Mag.,  iv.  345-9;  Utah  Review,  Feb.  1882,  243-6.  The  story  of  the  mas- 
sacre has,  of  course,  been  related  thousands  of  times  in  the  magazines  and 
newspapers  of  Europe  and  America.  Some  of  these  accounts  are  substantially 
correct  and  some  are  absurd.  Ono  writer,  for  instance,  attemps  to  throw  new 
light  on  the  subject  by  giving  what  is  claimed  to  be  a  copy  of  the  original  or- 
dcr  for  the  massacre,  signed  '  Daniel  G.  W(  lis,' and  dated  S.  L.  City,  Apr.  9, 
1858.  The  massacre  occurred,  as  wo  hau  seen,  on  .'>opt.  11, 1857.  For  state- 
ments and  comments  of  the  press  of  the  ^^ucific  slope,  see,  among  others,  the 
Descret  News,  Dec.  1,  1809;  S.  L.  Clhi  Tribune,  Jau.  3,  Aug.  22,  Oct.  3,  Nov. 
23,  1874;  Aug.  14,  1875;  Sept.  9,  1870,  Apr.  23,  1879;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Oct.  12, 
27,  Nov,  12,  1857;  Apr.  13,  May  14,  Aug.  12, 1858;  Apr.  23,  Aug.  25,  Oct.  28, 
1859;  Sept.  23,  27,  Not.  27,  1872;  Nov.  17,  1874;  July  26,  1875;  March  24, 
Apr.  12, 1877;  S.  F.  Coil,  July  21,  1866;  May  23,  Sept.  23, 1872;  Oct.  14,  1874; 
July  18,  22,  25,  1875;  Feb.  10,  March  9,  24,  25,  May  29,  1877;  S.  F.  Alta, 
Oct.  12,  21,  1857;  Aug.  1.3,  1858;  Jan.  6,  May  8.  Juno  26,  1859;  Feb.  9,  1873; 
July  28,  Aug.  23,  1875;  March  24,  Apr.  7,  1877;  S.  F.  Chronicle,  March  22, 
23,  31,  Apr.  8,  1877;  8.  F.  Post,  March  22,  23,  1877;  S.  F.  Herald,  Oct.  12. 
27.  Nov.  '2,  1857:  Mining  and  Scientifc  Press,  July  31,  1875,  March  31,  1877; 
Parifc  Rur^  'est,  March  31,  1877;  Oakland  Tribune,  Apr.  9,  1877;  Sae. 
Daily  Union,  x^ct.  13,  Deo.  18.  1857;  March  1,  Aug.  14,  1858;  Apr.  U,  25, 


:n 


iA 


i'*if 


656 


THE  MOUNTAIN  MEADOWS  MASSACRE, 


a    V' 


It  was  a  ghastly  sight  that  met  them  at  this  Wy- 
oming of  the  west,  amid  the  peaceful  vales  of  Zion, 
and  one  that  caused  even  the  assassins  to  sicken  and 
turn  pale.  The  corpses  had  been  entirely  stripped  hy 
the  Indians,  who  had  also  carrier'  off  the  clothing, 
provisions,  wagon-covors,  and  even  the  bedding  of  the 
cmigrcnts.  In  one  group  were  the  naked  bodies  of 
six  or  seven  women,  in  another  those  of  ten  young 
children,  some  of  them  horribly  mangled  and  most  of 
them  scalped.  The  dead  wore  now  dragged  to  a  ra- 
vine near  by  and  piled  in  heaps;  a  little  earth  was 
scattered  over  them,  but  so  little  that  it  was  washed 
away  by  the  first  rains,  leaving  the  remains  to  be  tle- 
voured  by  wolves  and  coyotes,  the  imprint  of  whoso 
teeth  was  afterward  found  on  their  bones.  It  was 
not  until  nearly  two  years  later  that  they  were  de- 
cently interred  by  a  detachment  of  troops,  sent  for 
that  purpose  from  Camp  Floyd.  On  reaching  Moun- 
tain Meadows,  the  men  found  skulls  and  bones  scat- 
tered for  the  space  of  a  mile  around  the  ravine,  whence 
they  had  been  dragged  by  wild  beasts.  Nearly  all 
the  bodies  had  been  gnawed  by  wolves,  so  that  few- 
could  be  recognized,  and  their  dismembered  skeletons 
were  bleached  by  long  exposure.  Many  of  the  skulls 
were  crushed  in  with  the  but-ends  of  muskets  or  cleft 
with  tomahawks;  others  were  shattered  by  fire-arms, 
discharged  close  to  the  head.  A  few  remnants  of 
apparel,  torn  from  the  backs  of  women  and  children 
as  they  ran  from  the  clutch  of  their  pursuers,  still 
fluttered  among  the  bushes,  and  near  by  were  masses 
of  human  hair,  matted  and  trodden  in  the  moulcl,*^ 

1859;  Jan.  29,  1867;  Nov.  28,  1872;  Nov.  24,  1874;  Cal.  Mercantile  Journal, 
ISGO,  pp.  183-4;  i>locklon  Imlqtendent,  Jiiuo  11,  1879;  SanJosd  Werk/;/  Ari/n^ 
Dec.  5,  1874;  SantaVruz  SetUimi,  May  I'J,  1877;  San  Buenaventura  Siijiiol, 
Juno  23,  1877;  \yiiinemucca  Silver  Stfite,J\i\y  1!),  lUlH;  Antinch  Ledijer,  Nov. 
21,  1875;  Austin  I!cene  River  lietrille,  J u\y  12,  1804;  Gold  /lit'  New.i,  Sept.  21, 
1872;  Feb.  1,  1875;  Sept.  12,  1870;  Camon  Slate  IletjiHter,  Sept.  20,  1872;  yVr.v- 
cott  Miner,  Dec.  12,  1874,  Apr.  11,  1871);  Idaho  HorW.  Oct.  1,  1875;  PorVaml 
Weekly  Standard,  Apr.  0,  1877;  Or.  Anjus,  Dec.  12,  1857,  July  10,  18".S;  Or. 
Statesman,  Nov.  3,  1857.  l''or  cuts  of  the  massacre,  eeo  JJeadle'it  We^'ern 
Wilds,  4!t8;  Ikadle'n  Life  in  Utah,  facing  p.  183;  Stenliome's  Itoclc;/  Mountain 
Saints,  '.icing  p.  424;  Lee^a  Mormonisri  rnrailnl,  faciun  p.  240. 

"Bcpt  of  Asaiataut  Surgeuu  Brewer,  Uutcd  Muuntaiu  Mctuiaws,  Muy  6, 


It    1?^ 


YOUNG  CHILDREN  SPARED. 


557 


lis  Wy- 

tf  Zioii, 
ien  and 
pped  l)y 
lothing, 
g(jf  the 
odies  t)f 
1  youu<,' 
most  of 
to  a  ra- 
rth  was 
washed 
3  be  de- 
f  wh(.)sc 
It  was 
voro  de- 
sent  lor 
J  Moun- 
les  seat- 
whence 
^arly  all 
lat  few 
letons 
3  skulls 
or  cleft 
3-aruis, 
mts  of 
lildren 
s,  still 
Masses 
,ould.-^ 

\journal, 

SilJIKll, 

|(r,  Nov. 
Sept. 'Jl, 
l2;  J'ns- 

urt'aiiil 
'iS;  Or. 

loiinliiin 

iMtiyC, 


Over  the  last  resting-place  of  the  victims  was  built  a 
cone-shaped  cairn,  some  twelve  feet  in  height,  and  lean- 
ing against  its  northern  base  was  placed  a  rough  slab 
of  granite,  with  the  following  inscription:  "Here  120 
men,  women,  and  children  were  massacred  in  cold 
blood,  early  in  Sept.  1857.  They  were  from  Arkan- 
sas." The  cairn  was  surmounted  by  a  cross  of  cedar, 
on  which  were  inscribed  the  words:  "Venjjeance  is 
n)inc:  I  will  repay,  saith  the  Lord."''* 

The  survivors  of  the  slaughter  were  seventeen  chil- 
(Iren.  from  two  months  to  seven  years  of  age,  who 
were  carried,  on  the  evening  of  the  massacre,  by  John 
]).  Lee,  Daniel  TuUis,  and  others  to  the  house  of 
Jacob  Hamblin,'"  and  afterward  placed  in  charge  of 
l\Tornion  families  at  Cedar,  Harmony,  and  elsewhere. 
■U  of  them  were  recovered  in  the  summer  of  1858, 
>. .th  the  exception  of  one  who  was  rescued  a  few 
]uonths  later,  and  though  thinly  clad,  they  bore  no 
marks  of  ill  usage."     In  the  following  year  they  were 

18.')!),  ill  Sen.  Doc,  ,16th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  ii.  no.  42,  pp.  10-17;  Captain 
ranipl)cirs  rcpt,  in  Mi'»s.  and  Dor  ,  IS.V.Mk),  pt  2,  p.  207;  J/utchinij"'  (Vi/. 
Ma;i.,  iv.  3*0-7.  A  correspondent  of  tlio  Xcw  York  ilendd,  writing;  from  S. 
L  ('ity,  Nov.  8,  1871,  sUites  that  William  II.  Rogers,  Indian  ngont,  »vas 
onlcrccl  to  proceed  from  Camp  Floyd  with  a  party  of  cavalry  and  hiiry  tho 
remains  in  tho  summer  of  18r>8.  I  find  no  mention  of  this  in  the  oliiuial  docu- 
iiieiits,  though  tiio  massaciu  w.as  known  to  Sup.  B'orney  at  least  us  early  as 
,limo  2'2d  of  that  year.  iSeo  his  letter  to  C.  E.  Mix,  in  Sen.  Doc,  ut  su[)ra, 
pp.  44  -5. 

"Cuis  will  be  found  in  Stenhome'»  Tell  It  All,  3.15;  Hutchingi'  Cat.  Maq., 
iv.  347.  TLo  cairn,  cross,  and  slab  are  said  to  have  been  destroyed  by  order 
of  lJr>;;iiam.  Cmd!:bau<jh'a  Monnonistn,  14. 

'^  t'orucy'r!  rcpt,  h\  Sen.  Doc,  3(ith  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  ii.  no.  42,  pp.  7'.)-80, 
where  their  ^i mim?-  di-o  given;  see  also  p.  87;  l^ee's  Alormonimn  I'nrnilnl, 243. 
l)isliop  Sir  'li'a  "^t:.  smont,  in  Stcnhousf's  Ilockij  Mountain  SainU,  441-2.  In 
i;ivii-i;  til)  V  si  'I  v.:  his  investigation,  Forney  states  (p.  70)  that  llaiiihlin  liad 
left  l.'s  oii^"  w<  .al  wpcks  Dcforo  the  niussaore,  and  did  not  rottini  until 
s>  voral  'iivs  nilitr  it  oucurrcd.  '''.his  statement  was  c(mlirmcd,  at  tho  trial  of 
I.i'c,  in  tl.i,  dep'  itioJ'  ot  George  A.  Si'iith,  who  alleged  that  Mand)lin  was 
oiicainped  witu  ii,..'  .vCirn  Creek  on  Aug.  2r»,  18.")7.  AfdUnnial  Star,  xxxvii. 
ti75.  See  also  Litlk'n  Jacob  Ifambiin,  4,").  Nevertheless  ilamblin  was  ac- 
ctiMcd  of  complicity.  Aflulavit  of  Capt.  Jas  Lynch,  in  Sen.  Doc,  30th  Cong. 
1st  Sess.,  ii.  no.  42,  p.  83. 

''" '  I  Kuccccdod  in  getting  sixteen  cliildren,  all,  it  is  said,  that  remain  of 
this  butchering  afTair.  I  have  the  children  with  me;  they  seem  contented  and 
liiippy;  poorly  clatl,  however.'  Forney's  letter  tolicneral  Johnston,  in  Sen, 
I'oc,  ut  supra,  p.  8.  'The  seventeenth  child  was  recovered  last  April.' 
(KS.VJ. )  <  It  is  proper  to  remark  that  when  I  obtained  tho  children  they  were 
in  a  bette  oondicion  than  children  generally  in  the  settlements  in  which  they 
lived.'  r  .    <■•/'«  Jiept,  in  Id.,  pp.  87,  81>.     Uu  tho  other  hand,  Captain  Jamca 


m 


^ 


:■  i 


558 


THE  MOUNTAIN  MEADOWS  MASSACRE. 


conveyed  to  Arkansas,  the  sum  of  $10,000  having 
been  appropriated  by  congress  for  their  .  ecovery  and 
restoration.'^ 

To  Brigham  Young,  as  governor  and  superinten- 
dent of  Indian  affairs,  belonged  the  duty  of  ordering 
an  investigation  into  the  circumstances  of  the  massa- 
cre and  of  bringing  the  guilty  parties  to  justice.  His 
reasons  for  evading  this  duty  are  best  explained  in  his 
own  words.  In  his  deposition  at  the  trial  of  John  D. 
Lee,  when  asked  why  he  had  not  instituted  proceed- 
ings, he  thus  made  answer:  "Because  another  gov- 
ernor had  been  appointed  by  the  president  of  the 
United  States,  and  was  then  on  the  way  here  to  take 
my  place,  and  ^'^  not  know  how  soon  he  might  ar- 
rive; and  becaut  ^  United  States  judges  were  not 
in  the  territory,  t  on  after  Governor  Gumming  ar- 
rived I  asked  him  to  take  Judge  Gradlebaugh,  who 
belonged  to  the  southern  district,  with  him,  and  I 
would  accompany  them  with  suflScient  aid  to  inves- 
tigate the  matter  and  bring  the  ojQfenders  to  jus- 
tice." "^ 


:f 


Lynch,  who  accompanied  Forney's  party,  states  under  oath  that  when  hs 
first  saw  them  the  children  were  'with  little  or  no  clothing,  covered  with 
filth  and  dirt.'  Id.,  p.  81.  Judge  Gradlebaugh  says  nothing  about  their  beii)g 
ill  treated.  It  was  at  first  supposed  that  the  children  had  been  left  in  the 
hands  of  Indians,  but  this  is  denied  by  all  the  officers  and  officials  whose  re- 
ports are  given  in  Id.,  passim.  '  No  one  can  depict  the  glee  of  these  infants,' 
remarks  Cradlebaugh,  '  when  they  realized  that  they  were  in  the  custody  of 
what  they  called  "the  Americans" — for  such  is  the  designation  of  those  not 
Mormons.  They  say  they  never  were  in  the  custody  of  the  Indians.  I  recol- 
lect one  of  them,  John  Calvin  Sonx>w,  after  he  found  he  was  safe,  and  before 
he  was  brought  away  from  Salt  Lake  City,  although  not  yet  nine  years  of 
age,  sitting  in  a  contemplative  mood,  no  doubt  thinking  of  the  extermination 
of  his  family,  saying:  "  Oh,  I  wish  I  was  a  raanl  I  know  what  I  would  do:  I 
would  shoot  John  D.  Lee.  I  saw  him  shoot  my  mother. "  I  shall  never  forget 
bow  he  looked.'  Mormonism,  13. 

>7  For  further  particulars  aa  to  the  treatment  and  disposition  of  the  chil- 
dren, see  ScTL  Doc.,  36th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  ii.  no.  42,  passim;  S.  F.  Alta,  Feb. 
23,  March  12,  May  29,  July  10,  20,  1859;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  May  30,  31,  June 
6,  Aug.  13,  1859;  Sac.  Union,  July  19,  1859.  Cradlebaugh  says  that  on  tlieir 
way  back  they  frequently  point«d  out  carriages  and  stock  that  had  belonged 
to  the  train,  and  stated  whose  property  they  were.  Mormonism,  14. 

**The  Lee  Tri(d,31i  Lee't  Monnonunn  L^w  mi/frf,  305-6;  Millennial  Star, 
zxx\-ii.  675;  TuUidge'a  Hist.  S.  L.  City,  243.  In  a  cor.versation  with  Gover- 
nor Cumming,  George  A.  Smith  remarked:  <  If  the  business  had  not  bepu  taken 
out  of  our  hands  by  a  change  of  officers  in  the  territory,  the  Mountain  Mead- 
ows affair  ia  on*  of  the  fint  things  we  should  have  attended  to  when  a  U.  S. 


LATER  INVESTIGATIONS. 


The  Mormons  concerned  in  the  massacre  had  pledged 
themselves  by  the  most  solemn  oaths  to  stand  Iby  each 
other,  and  always  to  insist  that  the  deed  was  done  en- 
tirely by  Indians.  For  several  months  it  was  believed 
by  the  federal  authorities  that  this  was  the  case ;  when 
it  became  known,  however,  that  some  of  the  children 
had  been  spared,  suspicion  at  once  pointed  elsewhere, 
for  among  all  the  murders  committed  by  the  Utahs, 
there  was  no  instance  of  their  having  shown  any  such 
compunction.  Moreover,  it  was  soon  ascertained  that 
an  armed  party  of  Mormons  had  left  Cedar  City,  had 
returned  with  spoil,  and  that  the  Indians  complained 
of  being  unfairly  treated  in  the  division  of  the  booty. 
Notwithstanding  their  utmost  efforts,  some  time 
elapsed  before  the  Un  tv/l  States  officials  procured 
evidence  sufficient  to  bring  home  the  charge  of  mur- 
der to  any  of  the  parties  implicated,  and  it  was  not 
until  March  1859  that  Judge  Cradlcbaugh  held  a  ses- 
sion of  court  at  Prove.  At  this  date  only  six  or  eight 
persons  had  been  committed  for  trial,  and  were  now 
in  the  guard-house  at  Camp  Floyd,^  some  of  them 
being  accused  of  taking  part  in  the  massacre  and  some 
of  other  charges. 

Accompanied  by  a  military  guard,  as  there  was  no 
jail  within  his  district  and  no  other  means  of  securing 
the  prisoners,  the  judge  opened  court  on  the  8th.  In 
his  address  to  the  grand  jury  he  specified  a  number 
of  crimes  that  had  been  committed  in  southern  Utah, 
including  the  massacre.  "To  allow  these  things  to 
pass  over,"  he  observed,  "gives  a  color  as  if  they  were 
done  by  authority.  The  very  fact  of  such  a  case  as 
the  Mountain  Meadows  shows  that  there  was  some 
person  high  in  the  estimation  of  the  people,  and  it 
was  done  by  that  authority . . .  You  can  know  no  law 
but  the  laws  of  the  United  States  and  the  laws  you 
have  here.     No  person  can  commit  crimes  and  say 


hi  r 


court  sat  in  southern  Utah.    We  should  see  whether  or  not  white  men  were 
concerned  in  the  aiiair  with  the  Indians.'  Little's  Jacob  Hamblin,  67. 
"Cradlebaugh's  letter  in  Mess,  and  Doc.,  1859-00,  pt  ii.  140. 


■>l.  h-  i 


i  il 


560 


THE  MOUNTAIN  MEADOWS  MASSACRE. 


they  are  authorized  by  higher  authorities,  and  if 
they  have  any  such  notions  they  will  have  to  dispel 
them."**  The  grand  jury  refused  to  find  bills  against 
any  of  the  accused,  and,  after  remaining  in  session  for 
a  fortnight,  were  discharged  by  Cradlebaugh  as  "a 
useless  appendage  to  a  court  of  justice,"  the  judge  re- 
marking: "If  this  court  cannot  bring  you  to  a  proper 
sense  of  your  duty,  it  can  at  least  turn  the  savages 
held  in  custody  loose  upon  you."^* 

Judge  Cradlebaugh's  address  was  ill  advised.  The 
higher  authority  of  which  he  spoke  could  mean  only 
the  authority  of  the  church,  or  in  other  words,  of  the 
first  presidency;  and  to  contemn  and  threaten  to  im- 
peach that  authority  before  a  Mormon  grand  jury 
was  a  gross  judicial  blunder.  Though  there  may  have 
been  cause  for  suspicion,  there  was  no  fair  color  of 
testimony,  and  there  is  none  yet,  that  Brigham  or 
his  colleagues  were  implicated  in  the  massacre.  Apart 
from  the  heai'say  evidence  of  Cradlebaugh  and  of  an 
ofiicer  in  the  army  of  Utah,'''  together  with  the  state- 
ments of  John  D.  Lee,**  there  is  no  basis  on  which  to 
frame  a  charge  of  complicity  against  them.  That  the 
massacre  occurred  the  day  after  martial  law  was  pro- 
claimed, and  within  two  days  of  the  threat  uttered 
by  Brigham  in  the  presence  of  Van  Vliet ;  that  Brig- 
ham,  as  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs,  failed  to 
embody  in  his  report  any  mention  of  the  massacre; 

'"  A  copy  of  the  judge's  charge  will  be  found  in  Stenhouse'a  Rocky  Mountain 
Saints,  403-6. 

**  CradlehattqVa  Mormonism,  11;  The  Let  Trial,  6. 

*''  Major  Carleton,  of  the  first  dragoons.  In  a  despatch  to  the  assistant 
adjutant-general  at  San  Francisco,  dated  Mountain  Meadows,  May  25,  1859, 
he  says:  'A  Pah  Ute  chief  of  the  Santa  Clara  band,  named  Jackson,  who  was 
one  of  the  attacking  party,  and  had  a  brother  slain  by  the  emigrants  from 
their  corral  by  the  spring,  says  that  orders  came  down  in  a  letter  from  Brig- 
ham Young  that  the  emigrants  were  to  be  killed;  and  a  chief  of  the  Pah  Utcs, 
named  Touche,  now  living  on  the  Virgin  River,  told  me  that  a  letter  from 
Brigham  Young  to  the  same  eflTect  was  brougiit  down  to  the  Virgin  River 
band  by  a  man  named  Huntingdon.'  A  copy  of  the  major's  despatch  will  bo 
found  m  the  Uand-hook  of  Alormoniimt,  67-9.  Cradlebaugh  says  that  after 
the  attack  had  been  made,  one  of  the  Indians  declared  that  a  white  man  caino 
to  tlicir  camp  with  written  orders  from  Brigliam  to  'go  and  help  to  whip  the 
emigrants.'  Mormonistn,  11. 

**  Lee's  confession,  in  Atormonism  Utiraikd,  passim. 


MORMON  COMPLICITY. 


561 


ssacre ; 


that  for  a  long  time  afterward  no  allusion  to  it  was 
made  in  the  tabernacle  or  in  the  Deseret  News — the 
church  organ  of  the  saints — and  then  only  to  deny 
that  the  Mormons  had  any  share  in  it;**  and  that  no 
mention  was  made  in  the  Deseret  News  of  the  arrival 
or  departure  of  the  emigrants; — all  this  was,  at  best, 
but  presumptive  evidence,  and  did  not  excuse  the 
slur  that  was  now  cast  on  the  church  and  the  church 
dignitaries.  "  I  fear,  and  I  regret  to  say  it,"  remarks 
the  superintendent  of  Indians  affairs,  in  August  1859, 
"that  with  certain  parties  here  there  is  a  greater 
anxiety  to  connect  Brigham  Young  and  other  church 
dignitaries  with  every  criminal  offence  than  diligent 
endeavor  to  punish  the  actual  perpetrators  of  crime."** 
The  judge's  remarks  served  no  purpose,  except  to 
draw  forth  from  the  mayor  of  Provo  a  protest  against 
the  presence  of  the  troops,  as  an  infringement  of  the 
rights  of  American  citizens.  The  judge  rephed  that 
good  American  citizens  need  have  no  fear  of  American 
troops,  whereupon  the  citizens  of  Provo  petitioned 
Governor  Gumming  to  order  their  removal.  Cum- 
niing,  who  was  then  at  Provo,  was  oflScially  informed 
by  the  mayor  that  the  civil  authorities  were  prepared 
and  ready  to  keep  in  safe  custody  all  prisoners  arrested 
for  trial,  and  others  whose  presence  might  be  ncces- 
sar3\  He  therefore  requested  General  Johnston  to 
withdraw  the  force  which  was  then  encamped  at  the 
court-house,  stating  that  its  presence  was  unnecessary. 
The  general  refused  to  comply,  being  sustained  in  his 

"  The  massacre  is  thus  mentioned  for  the  first  time  in  the  MUltnnial  Star, 
xxxix.  785  (Dec.  .3, 1877).  'The  reader  cannot  fail  to  perceive  that  any  overt 
act— much  less  the  terrible  butchery  at  Mountain  Meadows — was  t'artliest 
fniiu  Brigham  Young's  policy  at  that  time,  to  say  nothing  of  humanitarian 
considerations.  There  can  be  but  one  jnst  view  of  that  melancholy  event — 
that  it  was  an  act  of  retaliation  by  the  Indians.'  Tlic  emigrants  are  then 
accused  of  the  poisoning  at  Com  Creek,  and  blamed  for  taking  the  southei-n 
route  contrary  to  the  advice  of  the  Mormons.  Forney  states  that  the  nainni 
of  the  guilty  parties  were  published  in  the  Valley  Tan.  Sen,  Doc,  3Cth  Cong, 
hi  Sess.,  ii.  no.  42,  p.  86. 

^■'Letter  to  the  commissioner  of  Indian  affairs,  in  Sen.  Doc,  .3Cth  Cong. 
1st  Sess.,  ii.  no.  42,  p.  74.     Capt.  Lynch,  /</.,  p.  84,  calls  Forney  'a  veritable 
old  granny,'  but,  with  the  exception  of  Gov.  Camming,  he  ap^Msars  to  be  the 
only  one  who  kept  liis  head  at  this  juncture. 
But.  Utah.    3U 


Ii 

m 

m 


562 


THE  MOUNTAIN  MEADOWS  MASSACRE. 


h: 


action  by  the  judges;'"  and  on  the  27th  of  Marcli 
Gumming  issued  a  proclamation  protesting  against 
all  movements  of  troops  except  such  as  accorded 
with  his  own  instructions  as  chief  executive  magis- 
trate.'^ A  few  days  later  the  detachment  was  with- 
drawn. 

Notwithstanding  the  contumacy  of  the  grand  jury, 
Cradlebaugh  continued  the  sessions  of  his  court,  still 
resolved  to  bring  to  justice  the  parties  concerned  in 
the  Mountain  Meadows  massacre,  and  in  crimes  com- 
mitted elsewhere  in  the  territory.  Bench-warrants, 
based  on  sworn  information,  were  issued  against  a 
number  of  persons,  and  the  United  States  marshal, 
aided  by  a  military  escort,  succeeded  in  making  a  few- 
arrests.'' 

Among  other  atrocities  laid  to  the  charge  of  the 
Mormons  was  one  known  as  the  Aiken  massacre,  whicli 
also  occurred  during  the  year  1857.  Two  brothers 
of  that  name,  with  four  others,  returning  from  Cali- 
fornia to  the  eastern  states,  were  arrested  in  southern 
Utah  as  spies,  and,  as  was  alleged,  four  of  the  party 
were  escorted  to  Nephi,  where  it  was  arranged  that 
Porter  Rockwell  and  Sylvanus  Collett  should  assas- 
sinate them.  While  encamped  on  the  Sevier  River 
they  were  attacked  by  night,  two  of  them  being  killotl 

•'Copies  of  all  the  correspondence  in  this  matter,  which  is  somewhat 
Toluminous,  will  be  found  in  J/css.  and  Doc,  ISoD-OO,  ii.  139  et  seq.  The 
actioit  of  Gumming  was  afterward  sustained  by  the  secretary  of  war,  in  a 
letter  addressed  to  Johnston,  in  /(/.,  p.  \'u.  The  judges  also  received  a  sharp 
rebuke  at  the  hands  of  Attoracy-general  Black,  who  thus  sums  up  the  case: 
'On  the  whole,  the  president  is  very  decidedly  of  opinion:  1.  That  the  gov- 
ernor of  the  territory  alone  has  power  to  issue  a  requisition  upon  the  com- 
manding general  for  the  whole  or  part  of  the  army;  2.  That  there  was  no 
apparent  occasion  for  the  presence  of  the  troops  at  Provo;  3.  That  if  a 
rescue  of  the  prisoners  in  custody  had  been  attempted,  it  was  the  diity 
of  the  marshal,  and  not  of  the  judge,  to  summon  the  force  which  might  l>o 
necessary  to  prevent  it;  4.  Tiiat  the  troops  ought  not  to  have  been  sent  to 
Provo  without  the  concurrence  of  the  governor,  nor  kept  there  against  l;is 
remonstrance;  5.  That  the  disregard  of  these  principles  and  rules  of  action 
have  been  in  many  ways  extremely  unfortunate.' 

•'  For  copy  of  protest  see  Deseret  News,  March  30,  1859,  where  is  also 
a  protest  from  the  grand  jury  against  their  dishonorable  discharge. 

***  Cradlebaugh  relates  that  when  these  arrests  were  made  a  general 
stampede  occurred  among  the  Mormons,  especially  among  the  church  digui- 
taries,  who  fled  to  the  mountains.  Mormonitm,  11. 


THE  AIKEN  MURDERS. 


and  two  wounded,  the  latter  escaping  to  Nephi,  whence 
thoy  started  for  Salt  Lake  City,  but  were  murdered 
on  their  way  at  Willow  Springs.  Although  the  guilty 
])arties  were  well  known,  it  was  not  until  many  years 
later  that  one  of  them,  named  Collett,  was  arrested, 
and  in  October  1878  was  tried  and  acquitted  at 
Provo.''  All  the  efforts  of  Judge  Cradlebaugh  availed 
nothing,*"  and  soon  afterward  he  discharged  the  pris- 
oners and  adjourned  his  court  sine  die,  entering  on 
his  docket  the  following  minute:  "The  whole  com- 
munity presents  a  united  and  organized  opposition  to 
the  proper  administration  of  justice." 

This  antagonism  between  the  federal  and  territorial 
authorities  continued  until  1874,  at  which  date  an  act 

"Dcseret  Netca,  Oct.  16,  23,  1878,  where  is  a  report  of  Collett's  trial.  A 
Bonsntional  account  of  this  affair  is  given  in  Hickman  n  Destroyiiifj  A  nrjrl,  205-9. 
It  is  there  stated  that  the  party  had  with  tliein  money  and  other  jiroperty  to 
the  amount  of  $25,000.  See  also  Youiui's  Wife  No.  10,  270-G;  S.  F.  BuUelin, 
May  30,  18.50;  S.  F.  Post,  Oct.  11,  1878;  8.  L.  Cilji  Tribune,  Oct.  12,  1S78. 
In  the  report  of  the  trial  I  find  no  mention  of  the  murdered  men's  property. 

*"  Among  others,  an  attempt  was  made  to  investigate  what  were  known  as 
the  Potter  and  Parrish  murders  at  Springville,  an  account  of  which  is  given 
in  •SteiihoHxe's  Rocky  Mountain  Saints,  462-7.  The  proceedings  in  these  cases 
will  he  found  in  the  Denerct  Ncw.i,  Apr.  6,  1859.  In  his  address  to  the  grand 
jury,  Cradlebaugh  states  that  three  persons  were  killed  on  this  occasion,  and 
that  yr>ung  Parrish,  who  was  among  the  intended  victims  but  made  his  escape, 
could  certainly  identify  the  parties.  The  judge  also  mentions  the  cases  of 
Ik'niy  Fobbs,  murdered  near  Fort  Bridger  while  on  his  way  from  California, 
and  of  Henry  Jones,  said  to  have  been  castrated  at  S.  L.  City,  and  afterward 
shot  at  Pond  Town,  near  Payson.  Stenhonne'a  Rocky  Mountain  Saints,  404-5. 
'J'liis  writer  relates  that  the  marshal  and  his  jx)sse  approached  Springville  be- 
fore daylight  and  surrounded  that  settlement,  but  on  entering  tlio  liou.ses,  it 
was  found  that  the  culprits  had  already  escaped,  and  after  searching  the  caiion 
siiino  few  miles  farther  on,  the  party  returned,  having  accomplished  nothing. 
See  also  Deseret  News,  Apr.  6, 1859.  For  re[torts  of  other  murders  committed 
al'out  this  period,  some  of  them  being  attributed  to  Mormons,  see  Sen.  Doc, 
Mdtii  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  xi.  no.  42,  passim;  Jiurton's  City  of  the  Snints,  274; 
Hi -kman's  Destroying  Anffel,  122  et  seq. ;  UowIch'  Onr  New  West,  200.  At 
tiiia  date  the  newspapers  of  the  Pacific  cojist  were  teeming  with  accounts  of 
atrocities  said  to  have  been  committed  by  Mormons,  for  which  I  refer  the 
reader  to  the  S.  F.  Bulletin,  May  20,  Nov.  2(»,  Dec.  21,  18.k8;  Jan.  4,  24,  Apr. 
2,-.,  May  9,  30,  Aug.  8,  24,  25,  30,  1859;  ^S.  /•'.  Alia,  May  15,  Oct.  28,  Nov.  I, 
1S:.7;  Jan.  25,  Nov.  4,  1858;  Jan.  13,  May  9,  Aug.  30,  31,  Sept.  14,  Nov.  20, 
IS.VJ;  Sac.  Union,  May  15,  1857;  Jan.  0,  18.  May  11,  14,  Sept.  8.  1859;  Jan. 
Ki,  1800.  Most  of  the  murders  committed  appear  to  have  been  those  of  des- 
peradoes who  defied  the  law.  On  May  17,  1860,  for  instance,  two  men  of  this 
Btarnp  were  shot  in  the  streets  of  Salt  Lake  City.  Coinmenti>;i(  on  this  affair, 
the  Deseret  News  of  May  23d  remarks:  '  Murder  after  murder  lias  been  com- 
mitted with  impunity  within  the  precincts  of  Salt  Lake  City,  till  such  occur- 
rcuces  do  uot  seemingly  attract  much  attention,  particularly  when  the  mur- 


m 


664 


THE  MOUNTAIN  MEADOWS  MASSACRE. 


■*   ' 


m 


was  passed  by  congress  "in  relation  to  courts  and  judi- 
cial officers  in  the  territory  of  Utah,"  and  commonly 
known  as  the  Poland  bill/'  whereby  the  summoning 
of  grand  and  petit  juries  was  regulated,  and  provi- 
sion made  for  the  better  administration  of  justice. 
The  first  grand  jury  impanelled  under  this  law  was 
instructed  by  Jacob  S.  Boreman,  then  in  charge  of 
the  second  judicial  district,  to  investigate  the  Moun- 
tain Meadows  massacre  and  find  bills  of  indictment 
against  the  parties  implicated.  A  joint  indictment 
for  conspiracy  and  murder  was  found  against  John  13. 
Lee,  William  H.  Dame,  Isaac  C.  Haight,  John  M. 
Higbee,  Philip  Klingensmith,  and  others.*^  Warrants 
were  issued  for  their  arrest,  and  after  a  vigorous 
search  Lee  and  Dame  were  captured,  the  former  being 
found  concealed  in  a  hog-pen  at  a  small  settlement 
named  Panguitch,  on  the  Sevier  River.*' 

After  some  delay,  caused  by  the  difficulty  in  pro- 
curing evidence,  the  r2thof  July,  1875,  was  appointed 
for  the  trial  at  Beaver  City  in  southern  Utah.**  At 
eleven  o'clock  on  this  day  the  court  was  opened,  Judye 
Boreman  presiding,  but  further  delay  was  caused  by 
the  absence  of  witnesses,  and  the  fact  that  Lee  had 
promised  to  make  a  full  confession,  and  thus  turn 
state's  evidence.  In  his  statement  the  prisoner  de- 
tailed  minutely  the  plan  and  circumstances  of  the 


dered  have  had  the  reputation  of  being  thieves  and  murderers  or  of  associating 
with  such  characters.' 

*'  Approved  June  23,  1874.  See  Dtaeret  Neios,  July  8,  1874. 

**  The  Lee  Trial,  6.  Forney  states  that  Smith,  Lee,  Higby,  Bishop  Davis, 
Ira  Hatch,  and  David  TuUis  were  the  most  guilb  Letter  to  the  commis- 
sioner of  Indian  aflfairs,  in  Sen.  Doc.,  3Gth  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  ii.  no.  42,  p.  80. 

**  A  detailed  account  of  the  arrest  of  John  D.  Lee  by  Wm  Stokes,  deputy 
U.  S.  marshal,  is  given  in  ZreV  MormonMtn  Unvaikd,  293-301.  See  also 
Beadle's  Western  Wilds,  490-2,  where  is  a  cut  showing  the  scene  of  Una 
incident.  The  two  versions  diifer  somewhat,  Beadle  stating  that  the  arrest 
was  made  by  Marshal  Owens. 

**More  than  100  subpcenas  liad  been  issued,  but  though  many  obeyed  the 
summons,  several  material  witnesses  were  not  forthcoming — among  tliem  being 
Philip  Klingensmith,  Joel  White,  and  William  Hawley,  all  of  wliom  were 
present  at  the  massacre.  Klingensmith,  who  had  promised  to  make  a  con- 
fession, arrived  a  day  or  two  later,  in  custody  pf  a  deputy,  and  Joel  Wiiito 
was  induced  to  trust  himself  to  the  notorious  Bill  Hickman,  then  acting  as 
•pecial  deputy  marshal.  The  JLee  Trial,  8. 


TRIAL  OF  LEE. 


06ft 


tragedy,  from  the  day  when  the  emigrants  left  Cedar 
City  until  the  butchery  at  Mountain  Meadows.  He 
avowed  that  Higbee  and  Haight  played  a  prominent 
jiart  in  the  massacre,  which,  he  declared,  was  com- 
uiitted  iu  obedience  to  military  orders,  but  said  noth- 
ing as  to  the  complicity  of  the  higher  dignitaries  of 
tlio  church,  by  whom  it  was  believed  that  these  orders 
were  issued.**  The  last  was  the  very  point  that  the 
prosecution  desired  to  establish,  its  object,  compared 
with  which  the  conviction  of  the  accused  was  but  a 
minor  consideration,  being  to  get  at  the  inner  facts 
of  the  case.  The  district  attorney**  refused,  there- 
fore, to  accept  the  confession,  on  the  ground  that  it 
was  not  made  in  good  faith.  Finally  the  case  was 
brought  to  trial  on  the  23d  of  July,  and  the  result 
was  that  the  jury,  of  whom  eight  were  Mormons, 
failed  to  agree,  after  remaining  out  of  court  for  three 
days.*'  Lee  was  then  remanded  for  a  second  trial, 
which  was  held  before  the  district  court  at  Beaver 
City  between  the  13th  and  20th  of  September,  1876, 
Judge  Boreman  again  presiding.** 


turn 
mer  dc- 

the 

sBOciating 


lop  Davis, 
cominia- 
p.  8G. 
8,  deputy 
See  also 
of  this 
the  arrest 

beyed  the 
lem  being 
horn  were 

e  a  coii- 
oel  White 

acting  as 


**  Portions  of  this  first  confession  will  be  found  in  Id.,  8-9;  8.  F.  Call, 
July  21, 1875;  S.  F.  liiUletin,  July  '21,  1875. 

**  William  C.  Carey,  who  was  assisted  by  R.  N.  Baskin.  Sutherland  and 
Bates,  Judge  Hoge,  Wells  Spicer,  John  McFarlane,  and  W.  W.  Bishop  ap- 
ixarcd  for  the  prisoner.  Sutherland  and  Bates  were  the  attorneys  of  the  first 
presidency. 

*'  For  names  of  jurors,  see  The  Lee  Trial,  11.  On  p.  52,  it  is  stated  that 
the  foreman,  who  was  a  gentile,  sided  with  the  Mormons,  the  three  remaining 
pontiles  being  in  favor  of  a  conviction.  In  The  Lee  Trial,  published  in  pamph- 
let fonn  by  the  S.  L.  Daily  Tribune- Reporter  (S.  L.  City,  1875),  we  have  a  fair 
account  of  the  proceedings  at  the  first  trial,  except  that  the  publishers  seem 
unduly  anxious  to  cast  the  onus  of  the  charge  on  the  first  presidency.  Other 
ri  ports  will  be  found  in  the  files  of  the  Deneret  Newn,  commencing  July  28, 
ISTJ;  Beadle's  Wentem  Wilds,  50i-l3;  Young's  Wife  No.  19,  2-i6-60;  the  Elko 
Independent,  Aug.  7,  1875;  the  Helena  Independent,  July  29,  1875. 

**  For  names  of  jurors,  see  Deaeret  Neioa,  Sept.  20, 1876.  Lee  had  been  cut 
otTfrom  the  church  in  1871,  and  among  anti-Mormon  writers  it  is  stated  that 
tlie  church  authorities  now  withdrew  all  assistance  and  sympathy,  and  de- 
ti  mined  to  sacrifice  him.  Lee's  Mormonism  Unvnilfd,  32;  Btadle's  Wei^tern 
Wthh,  515.  In  his  introduction  to  the  Mormonism  Unvailed,  W.  VV.  Bishop 
says  that  the  attorneys  for  the  defendant  were  furnished  with  a  list  of  jury- 
men, and  tliat  the  list  was  examined  by  a  committee  of  Mormons,  who  marked 
with  a  dash  those  who  would  convict,  with  an  asteiiok  those  who  would  prob- 
ably not  convict,  and  with  two  asterisks  those  who  would  certainly  not  con- 
vict. The  names  of  the  jurors  accepted  were,  of  course,  marked  with  two 
asterisks,  but  they  found  Lee  guilty,  as  directed  by  the  church  authorities. 


;  id 


l4 


666 


THE  MOUNTAIN  MEADOWS  MASSACRE. 


The  court-room  was  crowded  with  spectators,  wh( 
cared  little  for  the  accused,  but  listened  with  rapt 
attention  to  the  evidence,  which,  as  they  supposed, 
would  certainly  implicate  the  dignitaries  of  the  church. 
They  listened  in  vain.  In  opening  the  case  to  the 
jury,  the  district  attorney*'  stated  that  he  came  there 
to  try  John  D.  Lee,  and  not  Brigham  Young  and  the 
Mormon  church.  Ho  proposed  to  prove  that  Lee 
had  acted  in  direct  opposition  to  the  feelings  and 
wishes  of  the  officers  of  the  Mormon  church;  that  by 
means  of  a  flag  of  truce  Lee  had  induced  the  emi- 
grants to  give  up  their  arms;  that  with  his  own  hands 
the  prisoner  had  shot  two  women,  and  brained  a  third 
with  the  but-end  of  his  rifle;  that  he  had  cut  the 
throat  of  a  wounded  man,  whom  he  dragged  forth 
from  one  of  the  wagons;  and  that  he  had  gathered 
up  the  property  of  the  emigrants  and  used  it  or  sold 
it  for  his  own  benefit.^ 

These  charges,  and  others  relating  to  incidents  that 
have  already  been  mentioned,  were  in  the  main  su' 
stantiated.  The  first  evidence  introduced  was  d( 
mentary,  and  included  the  depositions  of  Brighc.. 
Young  and  George  A.  Smith,  and  a  letter  written  by 
Lee  to  the  former,  wherein  he  attempted  to  throw 
the  entire  responsibility  of  the  deed  upon  the  Indians. 
Brigham  alleged  that  he  heard  nothing  about  the 
massacre  until  some  time  after  it  occurred,  and  then 
only  by  rumor;  that  two  or  three  months  later  Lee 
called  at  his  office  and  gave  an  account  of  the  slaugh- 
ter, which  he  charged  to  Indians;  that  he  gave  no 
directions  as  to  the  property  of  the  emigrants,  and 
knew  nothing  about  its  disposal;  that  about  the  10th 
of  September,  1857,  he  received  a  communication 
from  Isaac  C.  Haight  of  Cedar  City,  concerning  the 
Arkansas  party,  and  in  his  answer  had  given  orders 

*•  Sumner  Howard,  who  was  aaaisted  by  Presley  Denny.  The  prisoner's 
counsel  were  Wells  Spicer,  J.  C.  Foster,  and  W.  "W.  Biahop.  The  trial  of 
John  Lee,  in  Mormonism  UnvaiM,  .302. 

"* A  summary  of  Howards  opening  address  to  the  jury,  which  was  for- 
cible and  well  studied,  will  bo  found  in  the  Deseret  News,  Sept.  20,  1876. 


iM 


TESTIMONY  AT  THE  TRIAL. 


667 


wh( 


was  for- 
1876. 


to  pacify  the  Indians  as  far  as  possible,  and  to  allow 
this  and  all  other  companies  of  emigrants  to  pass 
through  the  territory  unmolested.  George  A.  Smith, 
vho  had  been  suspected  of  complicity,  through  at- 
tending a  council  at  which  Dame,  Haight,  and  others 
had  arranged  their  plans,  denied  that  he  was  ever  an 
accessary  thereto.  He  also  deposed  that  he  had  met 
the  emigrants  at  Corn  Creek,  some  eighty  miles  north 
of  Cedar,  on  the  25th  of  August,  while  on  his  way 
to  Salt  Lake  City,  and  that  when  he  first  heard  of  the 
massacre  he  was  in  the  neighborhood  of  Fort  Bridger. 

The  first  witness  examined  was  Daniel  H.  Wells, 
who  merely  stated  that  Lee  was  a  man  of  influence 
among  the  Indians,  and  understood  their  language 
sufficiently  to  converse  with  them.  James  Haslem 
testified  that  between  five  and  six  o'clock  on  Mon- 
day, September  7,  1857,  he  was  ordered  by  Isaac  C. 
Haight  to  start  for  Salt  Lake  City  and  with  all  speed 
deliver  a  letter  or  message  to  Brighain  Young.  He 
arrived  at  11a.  m.  on  the  following  Thursday,  and 
four  hours  later  was  on  his  way  back  with  the  an- 
swer. As  he  set  forth,  Brigham  said  to  him;  "Go 
with  all  speed,  spare  no  horse-flesh.  The  emigrants 
must  not  be  meddled  with,  if  it  takes  all  Iron 
county  to  prevent  it.  They  must  go  free  and  unmo- 
lested."" 

Samuel  McMurdy  testified  that  he  saw  Lee  shoot 
one  of  the  women,  and  two  or  three  of  the  sick  and 
wounded  who  were  in  the  wagons.  Jacob  Hamblin 
alleged  that  soon  after  the  massacre  he  met  Lee 
within  a  few  miles  of  Fillmore,  when  the  latter  stated 
that  two  young  girls,"  who  had  been  hiding  in  the 
underbrush  at  Mountain  Meadows,  were  brought 
into  his  presence  by  a  Utah  chief.  The  Indian  asked 
what  should  be  done  with  them.  "They  must  be 
shot,"  answered  Lee;  "they  are  too  old  to  be  spared." 

*'  Ibid.  Haalem'a  testimony,  together  with  other  evidence  tending  to  ex- 
culpate the  dignitaries  of  the  church,  is  omitted  in  the  account  of  the  trial 
given  in  Lee'a  Mormoniam  Unvaikd. 

&'  From  13  to  15  years  of  age. 


680 


THE  MOUNTAIN  MEADOWS  MASSACRE. 


■il 


"They  are  too  pretty  to  be  killed,"  answered  the  chief. 
"Such  are  my  orders,"  rejoined  Lee;  whereupon  the 
Indian  shot  one  of  them,  and  Lee  dragged  the  other 
to  the  ground  and  cut  her  throat.** 

On  the  testimony  which  we  have  now  before  us  1 
will  make  but  one  comment.  If  Haslem's  stateuiont 
was  true,  Brigham  was  clearly  no  accomplice;  if  it 
was  false,  and  his  errand  to  Salt  Lake  City  was  a  mere 
trick  of  the  first  presidency,  it  is  extremely  improbable 
that  Brigham  would  have  betrayed  his  intention  to 
Van  Vliet  by  using  the  remarks  that  he  made  only 
two  days  before  the  event.  Moreover,  apart  from 
other  considerations,  it  is  impossible  to  reconcile  tlio 
latter  theory  with  the  shrewd  and  far-sighted  policy 
of  this  able  leader,  who  well  knew  that  his  militia 
were  no  match  ^or  the  army  of  Utah,  and  who  would 
have  been  the  last  one  to  rouse  the  vengeance  of  a 
great  nation  against  iiis  handful  of  followers."* 

Lee  was  convicted  of  murder  in  the  first  degree, 
and  being  allowed  to  select  the  mode  of  his  execution, 
w  as  sentenced  to  be  shot.  The  case  wtis  appualod  to 
the  supreme  court  of  Utah,  but  the  judgment  wus 
sustained,  and  it  was  ordered  that  the  sentence  should 
be  carried  into  effect  on  the  23d  of  March,  1877.*'' 
William  H.  .Dame,  Isaac  C.  Haight,  and  others  who 
had  also  been  arraigned  for  trial,  were  soon  afterward 
discharged  from  custody. 

A  few  days  before  his  execution,  Lee  made  a  con- 

"Deseret  News,  Sept.  20,  1876;  confirmed  in  the  trial  of  John  D.  Lee,  in 
Mormoiiistn  Uuviiiled,  361,  36.")-7. 

"•In  a  sworn  statement  made  at  S.  L.  City,  Oct.  24,  1884,  Wilford  Woo<l- 
riiff  states  that  l.o  was  present  when  Lee  IpmI  m\  interview  with  Brigham 
Young  in  the  autumn  of  1857;  that  the  latter  was  deeply  ntfected,  siied  tairs, 
and  said  he  was  sorry  that  innocent  blood  hati  l)een  shed.  A  copy  of  it  will 
bo  found  in  T/ie  JUoinitain  JUcculows  Jfasnacre,  51-3,  a  republished  lecture  by 
Elder  C.  W.  Penrose  (S.  L.  City,  1884). 

^  Reports  of  tiie  proccedinus  at  the  second  trial  will  be  found  in  Lre'i  Afor- 
tiioiiiitm  Uiii-nitcd,  302-78;  The  Dfivret  Xeu-g,  Sept.  20,  27,  1876;  Btmllc'^ 
WtKtern  in/</^,  rtlS-'O.  In  passing  sentence,  .ludgoBoreman  remarked:  'Tlic 
men  who  actually  participated  in  the  dcovl  are  not  the  only  guilty  parties.  Al- 
though the  evidence  shows  plainly  that  you  were  a  willing  participart  in  tho 
massacre,  yet  both  trials  taken  together  show  that  others,  and  some  liigli  in 
authority,  inaugurated  and  decided  upon  the  wholesale  slaughter  of  the  end- 
grants.' 


■il 


LEE'S  CONFESSION. 


869 


de  a  con- 


fession,^ in  which  he  attempts  to  palliate  his  guilt,  to 
throw  the  burden  of  the  crime  on  his  accomplices,  es- 
jjt'cially  on  Dame,  Haight,  and  Higbee,  and  to  show 
that  the  massacre  was  committed  by  order  of  Brigham 
and  the  high-council.  He  also  makes  mention  of  other 
murders,  or  attempts  to  murder,  which,  as  he  alleges, 
wore  committed  by  order  of  some  higher  authority." 
"I  feel  composed,  and  as  calm  as  a  summer  morning," 
he  writes  on  the  13th  of  March.  "I  hope  to  meet 
my  fate  with  manly  courage.  I  declare  my  innocence. 
I  have  done  nothing  designedly  wrong  in  that  unfor- 
tunate and  lamentable  affair  with  which  I  have  been 
imi)li(;ated.  I  used  my  utmost  endeavors  to  save  them 
from  their  sad  fate.  I  freely  would  have  given  worlds, 
wore  they  at  my  command,  to  have  averted  that  evil. 
Death  to  me  has  no  terror.  It  is  but  a  struggle, 
and  all  is  over.  I  know  that  I  have  a  reward  in 
heaven,  and  my  conscience  does  not  accuse  me," 

Ten  days  later  he  was  led  to  execution  at  the  Moun- 
tain Meadows.  Over  that  spot  the  curse  of  the  al- 
mighty seemed  to  have  fallen.  The  luxuriant  herbage 
that  had  clothed  it  twenty  years  before  had  disap- 
peared; the  springs  were  dry  and  wasted,  and  now 
there  was  neither  grass  nor  any  green  thing,  save  luiro 
and  there  a  copse  of  sage-brush  or  of  scrub-oak,  that 

**  It  will  be  found  entire  in  Lee'»  Mormonism  UntniM,  213-92',  and  in  part 
ill  ncadle'x  WeMern  WiliU,  61U-23,  Stetihouse's  Tell  It  Alt,  033-48,  the  lost  of 
tlu'su  versiona  being  somewhat  garbled.  For  other  acconnta  and  coniiia-iits, 
SCO  J)eiierpt  News,  March  28,  1877;  8.  F.  Pout,  March  22,  23,  24,  1877;  Snn 
lliinianeiitura  Signal,  March  31,  1877;  Sonoma  Democrat,  March  31,  1877; 
Xti/ia  Count//  Reporter,  Apr.  7,  1877;  Lob  Angeles  Weekly  Exprena,  March  24, 
ls;7;  Loit  Amjelen  Herald,  March  24,  1877;  AnnhelmOnzette,  March  24,  1877; 
Westirn  Oregonian,  Apr.  7,  1877;  Portland  Weekly  Oregonian,  Apr.  7,  1877. 

"  Ho  mentions  the  case  of  an  Irishman,  M-Jtose  throat  was  cut  by  John 
U'eston,  near  Cedar  City,  in  the  winter  of  1857-8;  of  Robert  Keyes,  whose 
a sstissi nation  was  attempted  about  the  same  time  by  Philip  Klingcnsmitli;  of 
tlin^o  Califomia-l>ound  emigrants,  who  wrre8U8pecte<l  of  being  spies  and  were 
Blain  at  Cedar  in  1857.  An  attempt  was  made,  ho  sh.y»,  to  assassinate  Lieut 
Tuliiii  in  the  same  year.  A  young  man  (:!amo  not  given)  was  murdered  near 
Parowan  in  1854.  At  the  same  place  William  Larey  norrowly  escaped  ninr- 
dtr,  iiis  skull  lieing  fractured  with  a  club  by  Barney  Carter,  son-in-law  to  Will- 
iiiiii  H.  Damo.  Rosmos  Anderson,  a  Dane,  had  his  t'lroat  cut  at  midnigh.t  by 
Kliii}{cn8mith  and  others  near  Cedar  City.  Lee's  C<  nfession,  in  AiormonUm 
I 'ni'dUiii,  272-83.  Some  of  these  cases  are  imputed  to  the  Donites,  but  I  lind 
no  mention  of  them  iu  Uickman'$  Dettroyinij  Amjel,  whiMC  cariative  coven 
the  period  1850-05. 


it 


870 


THE  MOUNTAIN  MEADOWS  MASSACRE. 


i^ 


|(: 


11 


served  but  to  make  its  desolation  still  more  desolate. 
Around  the  cairn  that  marks  their  grave  still  flit,  as 
some  have  related,  the  phantoms  of  the  murdiTcd 
emigrants,  and  nightly  reenact  in  ghastly  pantomime 
the  scene  of  this  hideous  tragedy. 

About  ten  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  23d  a 
party  of  armed  men  alighting  from  their  wagons 
approached  the  site  of  the  massacre.  Among  them 
were  the  United  States  marshal,  William  Nelson,  the 
district  attorney,  a  military  guard,  and  a  score  of 
private  citizens.  In  their  midst  was  John  Doyle  Leo. 
Over  the  wheels  of  one  of  the  wagons  blankets  W(mo 
placed  to  serve  as  a  screen  for  the  firing  party. 
Some  rough  pine  boards  were  then  nailed  together  in 
the  shape  of  a  cofiin,  which  was  placed  near  the  edge 
of  the  cairn,  and  upon  it  Lee  took  his  seat  until  the 
preparations  were  completed.  The  marshal  now  read 
the  order  of  the  court,  and,  turning  to  the  prisoner, 
said:  "Mr  Lee,  if  you  have  anything  to  say  before 
the  order  of  the  court  is  carried  into  effect,  you  can 
do  so  now."  Kising  from  the  coffin,**  he  looked  calmly 
around  lor  a  moment,  and  then  with  unfaltering  voice 
repeated  in  substance  the  statements  already  quoted 
from  his  confession.  "I  have  but  little  to  say  this 
morning,"  he  added.  "It  seems  I  have  to  be  made  a 
victim;  a  victim  must  be  had,  and  I  am  the  victim. 
I  studied  to  make  Brigham  Young's  will  my  pleasure 
for  thirty  years.  See  now  what  I  have  come  to  this 
day  I  I  have  been  sacrificed  in  a  cowardly,  dastardly 
manner.  I  cannot  help  it;  it  is  my  last  word;  it  is 
so.  I  do  not  fear  death;  I  shall  never  go  to  a  worse 
])lace  than  I  am  now  in.  I  a-sk  the  Lord  my  Gixl,  if 
my  labors  are  d(me,  to  receive  my  spirit."  A  Meth- 
odist clergyman,""  who  acted  as  his  spiritual  adviser, 
then  knelt  by  his  side  and  offered  a  brief  prayer,  to 
which  he  listened  attentively.     After  shaking  hantls 

**He  finit  requested  one  James  Fennemore,  who  wu  taking  photogra;  ■■ 
of  tlio  group  in  Mhich  Lee  furuied  the  oontral  figure,  to  send  a  copy  to  onuh 
of  Ilia  tliieo  wives,  lltichel,  Suriih,  aud  Emma.     Fciutemuro  promised  to  do  so. 

"Tlio  liev.  Ucorgo  Stokes. 


'i' 


EXECUTION  OF  LEE. 


on 


VOICO 

uoted 

this 

adc  a 

rietiin. 


wltii  those  around  him,  ho  removed  a  part  of  his  cloth- 
ing, lianding  his  hut  to  the  marshal,  who  bound  a 
handkerchief  over  his  eyes,  his  hands  being  free  at 
his  own  request.  Seating  himself  with  his  face  to 
the  firing  party,  and  with  hands  clasped  over  his 
head,  he  exclaimed :  "  Let  them  shoot  the  balls  through 
my  heart.  Don't  let  them  mangle  my  body."  The 
word  of  command  was  given;  the  report  of  rifles 
rang  forth  on  the  still  morning  air,  and  without  a  groan 
or  quiver  the  body  of  the  criminal  fell  back  lifeless  on 
liis  coffin.  God  was  more  merciful  to  him  than  he 
liad  been  to  his  victims."" 

""  Tlic  body  was  afterward  interred  by  rolatives  at  Cedar  City.  Accounts 
of  the  cxeciitiun  will  Ikj  found  in  Lee'n  MormoiiiHin  t'lirni/fil.  ;{8.1-W);  <^/'/»- 
hi'iiuf't  Tell  It  All,  &n-'M;  Slenhoiwi-'n  Wexifm  Wilih,  .'>'24-r>;  S.  L.  Cily 
Trilmnr,  March  31,  1877;  <S.  A.  Herald,  Marcli  '28,  1877;  .V.  /'.  liiillelhi, 
Miiich  24,  1877;  S.  F.  Pont,  March  24,  1877;  Oakland  Trdmne,  March  24, 
IS77;  Los  Angeles  Weekly  Exitress,  Marcli  '.i\,  1877;  Los  Amjelen  Jtefmrter, 
M.ncli  2.'1,  24,  1877;  Hotwma  Demoriat,  March  31,  1877;  Anaheim  (hizelle, 
M.ircli  31,  1877;  Afari/nma  Oaiette,  March  31,  1877;  Jaekmnville  (Or.)  Dem. 
'I'iiiitu,  March  31,  1K77.  Portraits  of  Leo  will  Ims  found  in  the  frontiitpieco 
of  Lee'H  Mormotium  (Jnrnilid,  and  in  Stenhoune'M  Tell  ll  All,  facing  p.  (S32; 
nilH  representing  tho  execution  in  /</.,  facing  p.  U3U;  Beadle's  Western  Wilds, 
f».'."i;  Lee's  MormoHism  Unrailed,  facing  p.  3.S4. 

John  Doylo  Leo  was  a  native  of  KaskuDkia,  111.,  where  he  wan  lM>rn  in 
1SI2.  After  engaging  in  tho  several  occurxitious  of  mail-carrier,  stage-driver, 
fanner,  doldier,  and  clerk,  he  joined  tho  &lonn<>n  church  at  Far  West  in  IH37 
At  Nauvoo  he  was  employed  as  a  policeman,  one  of  his  duties  Iniing  to  giiitnl 
the  peroon  and  residwuce  of  ,lo«i.  Smith.  After  the  migration  ho  wiih  one  of 
those  who  laid  out  and  built  up  the  city  of  Parowuii.     Ho  was  later  H|>|M>intrd 

1)r<>l>uto  judge  of  Iron  co.,  and  elected  a  member  of  the  territorial  legmlaturs, 
lolUing  the  former  position  ftt  the  time  of  the  mauaure. 


thi.s 
tardly 
it  is 
worse 
rod,  it' 
^eth- 
viser, 
or,  to 
lands 

ograi  ".i 

|to  oiiuh 

tiluso. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 


■: 


f 

I.I 

•    H 

M 


I-  ■  ;:    i 

B    I     } 


POUTICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  INSTITUTIONAL. 

1859-1862. 

Bbioham  Thkeatened  with  Arrest — The  Federal  Judges  Reproved— 

DEPARTrKF.  OF  GOVERNOR  CCM  MING — AnD  OP  THE  ARHT  OF  UTAH — POPU- 
LATION OFTHB  Territory — Mortauty — Wealth— Industries — Prices 
— Wages— Trade— Salt  Lake  City  in  1860— The  Temple  Block- 
Social  Gatherings — Theatricals— Scientific  and  Other  Institu- 
tions— Character  of  the  Population— Carson  Valley— San  Ber- 
nardino—Summit County  and  its  Settlements — Purchase  of  Fokt 
Bridger— Wasatch  County — Morgan  County— Cache  Valley — Set- 
tlements IN  Southern  Utah. 

During  the  disputes  between  Governor  Gumming 
and  General  Johnston,  the  latter  being  aided,  as  we 
have  seen,  by  the  federal  judges,  there  was  constant 
fear  that  the  troops  would  come  into  collision  with  the 
territorial  militia.  Though  the  Mormon  authorities 
had  no  cause  for  complaint  as  to  the  conduct  of  the 
soldiery,  they  regarded  their  presence  as  a  menace,  and 
condemned  the  proceedings  of  the  general  and  the 
judges  as  a  personal  insult  to  the  governor. 

After  the  arrival  of  the  army,  Brigham  never  ap- 
peared in  public  without  a  body-guard  of  his  own  in- 
timate friends;*  and  for  many  months  he  attended 
no  public  assemblies.  At  the  door  of  his  residence 
sentries  kept  watch  by  day,  and  at  night  a  strong 
guard  was  stationed  within  its  walls.  Nor  were  these 
precautions  unnecessary.  About  the  end  of  March 
1859  a  writ  was  issued  for  his  apprehension  on  a 
groundless  charge  of  complicity  in  forging  notes  on 

*StetAouH'»  BocLy  Mountain  Saints,  419-20;  S.  F.  Alta,  Sept  20,  laae. 

(675; 


MILITARY  ARRESTS. 


«78 


tlic  United  States  treasury.*  The  officers  deputed 
to  make  the  arrest  repaired  to  the  governor's  quarters 
and  besought  his  cooperation,  but  were  promptly  re- 
fused, Gumming  protesting  against  the  measure  as  au 
unjustifiable  outrage,'  whereupon  they  returned  in  dis- 
comfiture to  Camp  Floyd. 

But  the  trouble  was  not  yet  ended.  In  May,  Judge 
Sinclair  was  to  open  his  court  at  Salt  Lake  City,  and 
threatened  to  station  there  a  detachment  of  troops. 
On  Sunday  the  17th  of  April  it  was  reported  that 
two  regiments  were  on  their  way  to  the  city  for  the 
purpose  of  making  arrests,  whereat  General  WoUs  at 
once  ordered  out  the  militia,  and  within  a  few  hours 
five  thousand  men  were  under  arms.*     It  was  now  ex- 

'  Stenhouse  says  that  a  counterfeit  plate  was  engraved  at  S.  L.  City,  re- 
8cmbling  the  one  used  by  the  quartermaster  at  Camp  Floyd  for  drafts  drawn 
on  the  assistant  U.  S.  treasurers  at  New  York  and  St  Louis.  When  tho  fraud 
was  discovered  the  culprit  turned  state's  evidence,  and  testified  that  a  person 
ill  the  employ  of  Brigham  had  furnished  the  paper.  It  was  supposed  that  the 
latter  was  implicated,  and  thereupon  the  writ  was  issued.  Jlocky  Mountain 
l^aiiih,  410-n.  Cradlebaugh  say?  that  the  plate  was  seized  by  Marshal  Dot- 
son,  by  order  of  Judge  Eckles,  and  that  Urigham  afterward  obtained  judg- 
iiiciit  against  the  former  for  $2,000 damages,  the  marshal's  hous?  being  sold  to 
satisfy  the  judgment.  Mormo,.i»m,  15.  See  also  Burton's  City  of  the  SaiiitH,  507. 
J  tind  nothing  about  this  matter  in  the  files  of  tho  Deseret  Newn;  but  tlic  fact 
tliat  the  writ  was  issued  is  mentioned  by  Tullidge,  Uisf.  S.  L.  City,  '228,  and 
in  tho  Hand-book  qf  Jl^ereuce,  77.  Peter  K.  Dotson,  a  native  of  Virginia, 
came  to  Salt  Lake  City  in  ISol,  and  was  first  employed  by  Brigliam  as  man- 
ager of  a  distillery,  afterward  l)ccoming  express  and  mail  agent.  In  18.')'>  he 
was  appointed  U.  S.  marshal  for  Utah,  and  in  1857  proceeded  to  Washing- 
ton, returning  with  the  army  dnring  that  year.  Dotnon'n  Doimjn,  AiS. 

'  In  a  conversation  with  Stenhouse,  the  governor  stated  that,  in  case  of  re- 
sistance, the  wall  surrounding  Brigham's  premises  was  to  be  battered  down 
with  artillery,  and  the  president  taken  by  force  to  Camp  Floyd.  So,  at  least, 
said  tlie  officers.  '  I  listened  to  tlicm,  sir,  as  gravely  as  I  couM,'  continued 
Cuinming,  'and  examined  their  papers.  "They  rubbed  their  hands  and  were 
jubilant;  "they  had  got  the  dead-wood  on  Brigham  Young."  I  was  indig- 
nant, sir,  and  told  them,  "By ,  gentlemen,  you  can't  do  it!    When  you 

have  to  take  Brigham  Young,  gentlemen,  you  shall  have  iiim  without  creep- 
ing through  walls.  You  shall  enter  by  his  door  with  heads  erect,  as  Ijcoonies 
nprcsentatiT.  b  of  your  government.  But  till  that  time,  gentlemen,  you  can't 
touch  Brigham  Young  while  I  live.'  liorky  Mountain  Saiiitu,  411.  Wells, 
Aarr.,  MS.,  63-6,  states  that  Brigham  attended  court,  though  his  followera 
were  very  unwilling  to  allow  it,  as  they  feared  a  repetition  of  tiie  Carthage- 
jail  tragedy,  but  that  no  proceedings  were  taken  against  him. 

*  A  eorrc8iK)ndent  of  tlie  New  York  Herald,  writing  from  S.  L.  City,  May 
2,1,  KSJO,  says  that  the  governor  notified  Wells  to  hold  the  militia  in  readi- 
iiias  to  resist  the  troops.  A  copy  of  his  letter  will  be  found  in  Tidlidjf'a 
/list.  S.  L.  City,  228-30.  See  also  Hand-book  of  Reffrencf,  77.  It  is  very 
ini]ii()bable  that  Cumming  would  have  taken  such  an  extreme  measure,  and  I 
tind  nu  mention  of  it  in  iiis  ofiicial  despatches,  in  those  of  General  Johnston, 
ur  in  the  files  of  the  Deaeret  News.    Uen.  Wells  himself  gives  the  following 


674 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  INSTITUTIONAL. 


ill 


i 
I 


pected  and  almost  hoped  that  the  Nauvoo  legion 
would  measure  its  strength  with  the  army  of  Utah, 
but  by  a  little  timely  forbearance  on  both  sides  the 
threatened  encounter  was  averted.  Soon  afterward 
the  judges  were  instructed  as  to  their  duty  in  an  offi- 
cial letter  from  the  attorney-general,  and  were  or- 
dered to  confine  themselves  within  their  official  sphere, 
which  was  to  try  causes,  and  not  to  intermeddle  with 
the  movements  of  the  troops — the  latter  responsibility 
resting  only  with  the  governor.  "  In  a  territory  like 
Utah, '  he  remarked,  "the  person  who  exercises  this 
power  can  make  war  and  peace  when  he  pleases,  and 
holds  in  his  hands  the  issues  of  life  and  death  for 
thousands.  Surely  it  was  not  intended  to  clothe  each 
one  of  the  judges,  as  well  as  the  marshal  and  all  his 
deputies,  with  this  tremendous  authority.  Especially 
does  this  construction  seem  erroneous  when  we  reflect 
that  these  diflferent  officers  might  make  requisitions 
conflicting  with  one  another,  and  all  of  them  crossing 
the  path  of  the  governor."'  The  judges  were  super- 
seded a  few  months  later;'  and  thus  the  matter  was 
finally  set  at  rest,  the  action  of  the  governor  being 
sustained,  although  he  became  so  unpopular  with  tho 
cabinet  that  for  a  time  his  removal  was  also  under 
consideration.'  Though  his  resignation  was  not  de- 
account  of  the  matter:  '  I  told  Cummioff  myself  that  we  didn't  intend  the 
Carthage  scene  re^nacted,  and  ho  knew  tnat  we  intended  to  resist  tho  troops, 
which  we  did.  I  went  to  see  Camming  freauently,  and  talked  the  matter 
over  with  him,  and  he  declared  himself  that  he  could  not  recommend  Gov. 
Young  to  trust  himself  to  that  military  mob;  but  he  did  say  he  could  not  scu 
Iiow  bloodshed  could  be  hindered.  I  told  him  we  would  not  let  them  come; 
that  if  they  did  come,  they  would  never  get  out  alive  if  we  could  help  it. 
Ho  said  he  did  not  know  what  to  do.'  '  They  knew  that  if  they  did  come,  wu 
were  ready  for  them,  and  that  we  were  ready  to  cut  off  their  retreat.  It  gave 
us  a  good  deal  of  trouble,  and  anxiety  as  well,  to  prepare  against  it,  as  it 
occurred  at  a  time  when  we  were  putting  in  our  crops.'  Narr.,  MS.,  63-4. 

'  Soon  after  a  mass-meeting  of  gentiles  was  held  at  Camp  Floyd,  at  whicli 
the  judges  took  a  prominent  part.  An  mUIress  was  drawn  up,  rehearsing  all 
the  crimes  imputed  to  Mormons,  stating  that  they  were  still  disloyal  «>  tho 
government,  and  censuring  tho  president  for  his  interference. 

*  Their  successors  are  mentioned  in  tho  next  chapter.  Cradlebaugh,  refus- 
ing to  recognize  the  right  of  the  president  to  rcmovo  him,  continuecf  in  oilUo 
for  a  short  time,  but  tinding  himself  unsupported  by  the  government,  left 
Utah  and  settled  in  Nevada,  whence  ho  was  twice  sent  as  delegate  to  con- 
gress.   Waiters  The  Mormon  Prophet,  75-0. 

'  Slenhoute'a  Jlock]/  Mountain  Saints,  413;  TuUidge's  Iliat.  S.  L.  City,  233. 


■i'lll 


WITHDRAWAL  OF  TROOPS. 


S7I 


manded,  he  set  forth  from  Salt  Lake  City  in  May  1 861, 
about  two  months  before  his  term  of  office  expired. 
He  had  entered  that  city  amid  a  forced  display  of 
welcome,  but  he  left  it  with  the  sincere  regrets  of  a 
people  whose  hearts  he  had  won  by  kind  treatment.' 

In  1860  most  of  the  troops  were  removed  to  Mex- 
ico and  Arizona,  and  about  a  year  later,  war  between 
north  and  south  being  then  almost  a  certainty,  the  re- 
mainder of  the  army  was  ordered  to  the  eastern  states. 
The  government  stores  at  Camp  Floyd,  valued  at 
$4,000,000,  were  sold  at  extremely  low  prices,  greatly 
to  the  relief  of  the  saints,  who  could  now  purchase  pro- 
visions, clothing,  wagons,  live-stock,  and  other  articles 
of  which  they  were  in  need,  at  their  own  rates.  Flour, 
which  had  cost  the  nation  $570  per  ton,  sold  for  less 
than  $11  per  ton,  and  other  stores  in  the  same  propor- 
tion; the  entire  proceeds  of  the  sale  did  not  exceed 
$100,000,  or  little  more  than  two  per  cent  of  the  out- 
lay; and  of  this  sum  $40,000  was  contributed  by 
Brighara." 

At  the  sale  at  Camp  Floyd  some  of  the  leading 

Both  these  authorities  claim  that  Cumming  was  aided  by  Col  Kane,  who  about 
tliis  time  delivered  a  lecture  before  the  historical  society  of  New  York  on  the 
situation  of  Ut&h,  in  which  ho  spoko  of  Gumming  as  a  clear-hcadc<l,  resolute, 
but  prudent  executive,  and  the  very  man  for  the  trying  position.  8tenliouse 
was  present  at  the  lecture  as  reporter  for  the  Kew  York  Herald,  ami  nuticca 
of  it  were  widely  published  throughout  the  country. 

'Before  his  departure  the  citizens  desired  to  sliow  their  respect  by  some 
public  demonstration,  but  this  he  declined,  slipping  away  so  quietly  that  bis 
tlpparturo  was  not  known  until  it  was  published  in  the  J)eiteret  JVeica  of  May 
'2'Jd.  His  conduct  received  the  approval  of  the  territorial  legislature.  Utah 
Jour.  Lffi'al.,  1800-1,  p.  161. 

(iov.  Gumming  was  a  native  of  Georgia,  his  wife  being  the  daughter  of  a 
prominent  lioston  physician,  and  an  acuouiplished  lady.  In  1 830  bo  was  mayor 
of  Augusta,  (Ja,  and  during  the  cholora  epidemic  of  that  year  used  his  utmost 
I'tFort  to  savo  the  lives  of  the  citizcuH.  During  u  portion  of  the  Mexiciin  war 
ho  was  attached  to  the  staff  of  Ocn.  Scott,  and  was  afterward  ap|K)iiitcd  by 
government  to  visit  several  Indian  tribes  in  the  far  west.  Waitt's  The  Mor- 
mon Prophet,  75. 

•Through  bis  business  agent.  H.  B.  Clawson.  As  Horace  Greeley  remarks 
i»  his  Overland  Jour.,  254,  the  live-stock  would  have  brought  much  iK-tter 
prices  ha<.l  it  been  driven  to  California,  or  even  to  Fort  Leavenworth.  Ho 
xtates  tliat,  in  1850,  ,30,000  bnslinls  of  corn,  which  could  Iwive  been  bought  in 
Utnb  for  $i  per  bushel,  were  sent  from  tlie  eostttrn  states  at  a  cost  of  more 
tiiaii  $\l  per  bushel.  (Jreeley  visited  the  territory  in  this  year,  but  his  ob- 
fiorvations,  apart  from  bis  account  of  an  interview  with  Brigham,  already  men- 
tioned, contain  little  of  historical  value.  His  reccptioaat  S.  L.  City  is  described 
in  the  Deneret  Aewn,  July  20,  185tf. 


676 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  INSTITUTIONAL. 


mti 


merchants  of  Salt  Lake  City  laid  the  basis  of  their 
fortunes;  to  the  rest  of  the  community  its  main  bene- 
fit was  that  it  gave  them  a  good  supply  of  warm  cloth- 
ing at  cheap  rates.  For  years  afterward  the  members 
of  the  Nauvoo  legion  were  attired  in  military 
uniforms,  which  now  took  the  place  of  the  sombre 
gray  clothing  that  the  saints  were  accustomed  to 
wear.  The  ammunition  and  spare  arms  were  de- 
stroyed, some  of  the  cannon  being  exploded  and 
others  thrown  into  wells,  though  the  latter  were  recov- 
ered by  the  Mormons,  and  are  still  used  on  the  4th 
and  24th  of  July,  and  other  of  their  festivities. 


10 


We  have  now  arrived  at  a  period  in  the  history  of 
Utah  when  it  may  be  of  interest  to  give  a  brief 
description  of  the  industrial  and  social  condition  of  the 
Mormons.  Between  the  years  1850  and  1862  they 
had  increased  in  number  from  1 1,380  to  about  65,000,  a 
gain  that  has  seldom  been  equalled  in  any  of  the  states 
or  territories  of  the  republic."  They  were  a  very 
healthy  community,  the  number  of  deaths  recorded  in 
the  census  report  for  the  year  ending  June  1860  being 
little  more  than  nine  per  thousand,"  though  this  is 
doubtless  a  mistake,  the  actual  death  rate  being  proba- 
bly at  least  twelve  per  thousand.^'     Of  the  mortality, 

'"  For  deitcriptions  of  public  festivities,  between  1855  and  1865,  see  Dfaeret 
News,  Jan.  4,  July  18,  1855;  July  9,  30,  Aug.  6,  1856;  July  8,  15,  22,  1857; 
July  11,  At  g.  1,  1860;  July  10,  1861;  July  9,  30,  1862;  July  8,  18C3;  July  G, 
20,  27,  1864;  July  5,  Aug.  5,  1865;  TuUidge's  Life  of  Younff;  241-9,  Burton's 
(ih(  of  the  Saints,  424-5;  S.  F.  Alia,  Sept.  10,  1856;  S.  K  Bulle'in,  Dec.  2, 
1858;  Sac.  Union,  July  11, 1861.  A  thanksgiving  proclamation  issued  by  Got. 
Harding  in  1 862  was  ignored  througliou  t  the  territory.  '  The  non-observance  of 
this  thanksgiving  day,'  remarks TuUidgc,  'brought  Stephen  S.  Harding  to  tho 
full  realization  of  tiie  fact  that,  thougli  he  was  governor  of  Utah,  Brigham 
Young  was  governor  of  the  Mormon  people.' 

"  I  have  already  mentioned  that  the  census  report  for  1860  gives  the  pop- 
ulation  at  only  a  little  over  40,000,  and  stated  my  reasons  for  supposing  this 
to  l)c  an  error.  Beadle  says  that  a  judge  who  travelled  extensively  through- 
out the  territory  about  1864-5  estimated  it  at  85,000,  and  thinks  the  judge's 
estimate  too  low.  He  himself  places  it,  in  1867,  at  100,000.  LiJ'e  in  Utah, 
48.*).  Bowles,  Otir  New  West,  alout  tho  same  date,  at  100,000  to  125,000.  See 
also  S.  F.  Herald,  Jan.  30,  180!:  Sac.  Union,  Feb.  11,  1860.  In  the  census 
of  1870  the  population  is  given  tit  86,786. 

"  U.  S.  Ceimia  Jlept,  for  1860,  li.  43.  The  total  number  of  deaths  re- 
ported is  374. 

"For  the  vear  ending  June  1,  1850,  it  waa  about  22  per  1,000,  the  rate 


STATISTICS. 


877 


about  twenty-six  per  cent  occurred  among  infants,"  the 
most  prominent  diseases  among  adults  being  consump- 
tion and  enteritis.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  up  to 
this  date  there  occurred  in  the  territory  but  one  case  of 
suicide  among  the  Mormons."  There  was  Httle  pau- 
perism in  their  midst,  and  there  was  little  crime,  or 
.such  crime  as  was  punished  by  imprisonment." 

The  saints  wore  now  a  fairly  prosperous  commu- 
nity. The  value  of  their  real  and  personal  property 
was  reported  in  18G0  at  $5,506,118,  of  improved  farm 
lands  at  $1,333,355,  of  farming  implements  $242,889, 
of  live-stock  $1,510,707,  and  of  manufactures  $900, 153. 
To  these  figures  about  50  per  cent  must  be  added  in 
order  to  obtain  the  actual  value.  Among  the  list  of 
premiums  bestowed  in  this  year  by  the  Deseret  Agri- 
cultural and  Manufacturing  Society,^'  wc  find  prizes 
and  diplomas  awarded  for  agricultural  and  gardening 
iinjilements  of  all  kinds,  for  steam-engines  and  fire- 
engines,  for  leathern  manufactures  of  every  descrip- 
tion from  heavy  harness  to  ladies'  kid  boots  of  many 

litiug  then  greater  on  account  of  the  hardships  and  exposure  incidental  to 
luw  ijottlcmcnts.  The  following  extracts  from  the  sauiUiry  report  of  Assist- 
iii.t-surgcon  Robert  Bartliolow  of  Utali  terr.,  dated  Sept.  I808,  and  published 
ill  iS'cM.  Doc,  3Gth  Cong,  lat  Sess.,  xiii.  ."01-2,  may  servo  as  .1  snr^oimen  of 
tlic  prejudice  of  U.  S.  ofliciaU  ou  matters  relating  to  the  territory,  and  heip  to 
at'i'ouut  for  their  blunders:  'The  Mormon,  of  all  the  animals  now  walking 
tlii.s  globe,  is  the  most  curious  in  every  relation.'  'Isohitcd  in  the  narrow 
valleys  of  Utah,  and  practising  the  rites  of  a  religion  grossly  material,  o.' 
which  polygamy  is  the  main  element  and  cohesive  force,  the  Mormons  havd 
.inived  at  a  physical  and  mental  condition,  in  a  few  years  of  growth,  such  na 
densely  populated  communities  m  the  older  parts  of  the  world,  hcreditav/ 
viLtims  of  all  the  vices  of  civilization,  have  been  ages  in  reacliiug.  If  Mor^ 
III!  iiiism  received  no  addition  from  outside  sources,  these  influencoa  contiau- 
iuu',  it  is  not  diflicult  to  see  that  it  would  eventually  die  out.' 

"From  cholera  infantum  4,  croup  '2.'?,  infantile  .57,  measles  1,  scarlatina  2, 
teething  11.  /(/.  4.^ 

'^  iSltcr  tiio  railroad  connected  the  territory  with  the  Altantic  and  Pacific 
states,  suicidca  became  not  infreijuent. 

'"In  Compeud.  Xinth  Census,  ihlil,  the  Uil)jetjf  pauperism  and  crime  shows 
Hilly  one  person  receiving  support  as  a  jiiiupcr,  and  eight  criminals.  At  tho 
time  of  Burton's  visit,  in  IStiO,  there  were  only  six  prisoners  in  the  peniten- 
tiary at  S.  L.  City,  of  whom  two  were  Indians.  City  of  the  Snlntu,  ,329.  lu 
tlic  Deseret  News  of  Juno  18,  1856,  it  is  stated,  however,  that  there  were 
many  beggars  among  tho  women  and  children. 

"  Incorporated  by  act  approved  Jan.  17,  1856,  '  with  a  view  of  promoting 
the  arts  of  domestic  industry,  and  to  encourage  the  production  of  (.-tides 
from  tho  native  elements  in  this  territory. '  A  copy  of  it  will  bo  found  in  t/tah 
Ada  Legisl.  (ed.  1866),  111. 
Hut.  Utah.    37 


m 


iii 


m 


10.  i' 


678 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  INSTITUTIONAL. 


buttons,  for  woollen  and  cotton  goods,  including  car- 
pets, blankets,  flannels,  jeans,  linseys,  kerseys,  and 
cassimeres,  for  many  articles  of  furniture,  and  for  the 
most  needed  articles  of  cutlery  and  hardware.*' 

The  prices  of  most  necessaries  of  life  were  moder- 
ate throughout  the  territory,  but  on  account  of  high 
freights — averaging  from  the  eastern  states  about  $28 
and  from  the  Pacific  seaboard  $50  to  $60  per  ton — 
imported  commodities  were  inordinately  dear."  The 
cost  of  luxuries  mattered  but  little,  however,  to  a 
community  that  subsisted  mainly  on  the  fruits  and 
vegetables  of  their  own  gardens,  and  the  bread,  milk, 
and  butter  produced  on  their  own  farms. 

Wages  were  somewhat  high  at  this  period,  common 
laborers  receiving  §2  per  day  and  domestic  servants 
$30  to  $40  per  month.  Lumbermen,  wood-choppers, 
brick-makers,  masons,  carpenters,  plasterers,  and  paint- 
ers were  in  demand  at  good  rates;  though  until  1857, 
and  perhaps  for  a  year  or  two  later,  their  hire  was 
usually  paid  in  kind,  as  there  was  still  but  little  money 
in  circulation.  Thus,  a  mechanic  might  be  required 
to  receive  his  wages  in  hats,  boots,  or  clothing,  whether 
he  needed  such  articles  or  not,  and  must  probably 
submit  to  a  heavy  discount  in  disposing  of  his  wares 
for  cash  or  for  such  goods  as  he  might  require.  Some 
commodities,  however,  among  which  were  flour,  sugar, 
coffee,  and  butter,  could  usually  be  sold  at  their  par 
value,  and  some  could  not  even  be  bought  for  cash  in 
large  quantities.  Most  of  the  stores  divided  their 
stock  into  two  classes  of  wares,  which  they  termed 
cash-goods  and  shelf-goods,  and  the  tradesman  ob- 
jected to  sell  any  considerable  amount  of  the  former 
unless  he  disposed,  at  the  same  time,  of  a  portion  of 

"For  list  of  preminms  and  diplomas,  see  Burton's  City  of  the  Saints,  384-7. 

"From  the  list  of  prices- current  at  the  tithing-office  in  1360,  we  learn 
that  cereals  were  rated  in  Salt  Lake  City  at  $1.50  per  bnshel,  batcher's  meat 
at  3  to  12^  cents  per  pound,  chickens  and  dncks  at  10  to  25  cents  each,  eggs 
at  18  cents  per  dozen,  milk  at  10  cents  per  quart,  and  butter  at  25  cents  per 
pound;  but  sugar  worth  in  New  York  about  6  cents  per  pound  cost  in  Ubili 
86  to  60  cents,  while  tea  ranged  in  price  from  $1.50  to  $3.50,  and  coffee  from 
40  to  60  cents  per  pound,  or  at  least  6refold  their  cost  in  the  Atlantic  states 


TRADE  AND  AGRICULTURE. 


079 


the  latter.  If,  for  instance,  one  should  tender  $50  for 
a  bag  of  sugar  without  oflfering  to  make  other  pur- 
iliases,  the  store-keeper  would  probably  refuse;  "for," 
he  would  argue,  "if  I  sell  all  my  cash-goods  for  cash, 
without  also  getting  rid  of  my  shelf-goods,  I  shall 
uot  be  able  to  dispose  of  the  latter  for  cash  at  all.  I 
must  dole  out  the  one  with  care  that  I  may  be  able 
to  get  rid  of  the  other."*' 

In  some  of  the  shop  windows  on  Main  Street  were 
displayed  costly  imported  commodities — silks,  velvets, 
and  shawls  of  diverse  pattern,  jewelry,  laces,  and 
millinery;^*  near  by  were  less  pretentious  stores,  where 
home-made  and  second-hand  articles  were  retailed. 
In  some  of  the  latter  might  be  seen  a  curious  collection 
of  dilapidated  merchandise,  and  people  almost  as  sin- 
gular as  the  wares  over  which  they  chaffered.  Here 
was  a  group  of  women  holding  solemn  conclave  over 
a  superannuated  gown  that  to  other  eyes  would  seem 
worthless ;  there  a  sister  in  faded  garb  cheapening  a 
well-battered  bonnet  of  Parisian  make  that  had  al- 
ready served  as  covering  and  ornament  for  half  a 
dozen  heads. 

Approaching  Zion  from  the  direction  of  Fort 
Bridger,  after  days  of  travel  through  sage-brush  and 
buffalo-grass,  the  traveller  would  observe  that  within 
a  score  of  leagues  from  Salt  I^ake  City  nature's  barren- 
ness began  to  succumb  to  the  marvellous  energy  of  the 
saints.  The  cafions  had  been  converted  by  irrigation 
into  fertile  lands,  whose  emerald  tint  soothed  the  eye 
wearied  with  the  leaden  monotony  of  the  desert  land- 


<«  William  Cfaandless,  who  visited  Salt  Lake  City  in  the  winter  of  1855-6, 
states  that,  if  one  wanted  to  sell  anything,  he  conld  get  nothing  for  it,  be- 
cause of  the  scarcity  of  money;  Mhile  if  an  ofTer  were  made  to  buy  the  same 
article  for  cash,  a  very  high  price  must  be  paid  on  account  of  the  rarity  of 
the  article.  VitU  to  S.  L.  City,  223.  For  many  years  afterward,  this  system 
f  f  traffic  pre\-ailed  in  a  measure.  Thus,  in  the  Dentrtt  News  of  Feb.  22, 
1 S60,  J.  C.  Little  advertises  that  he  will  exchange  his  store  of  furniture  for 
wheat  and  floor;  George  B.  Wallace  that  he  will  give  five  gallons  of  molasses 
per  cord  for  wood;  and  Felt  and  Alien  thst  they  pay  cash  and  store  goods  for 
wheat  delivered  at  the  Jordan  mills. 

"  In  1860  there  were  three  miUiner'a  stores,  thirteen  dry*ip>od8  and  two 
variety  storae.  BurUm't  Cit^  qfthe  SainU,  277-8. 


080 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  INSTITUTIONAL. 


n\ 


l^i 


III 


m 


"it 


scape.  The  fields  were  billowing  with  grain,  the 
cattle  sleek  and  thriving,  the  barns  well  filled,  the  wind- 
mills buzzing  merrily.  Nevertheless,  among  these 
smiling  settlements  a  painful  deficiency  might  l)o 
noticed.  Everything  that  industry  and  thrift  could 
accomplish  had  been  done  for  the  farm,  but  nothing 
for  the  home.  Between  the  houses  of  the  poor  and 
the  rich  there  was  little  difference,  except  that  one 
was  of  logs  and  the  other  of  boards.  Both  seemed 
like  mere  enclosures  in  which  to  eat  and  sleep,  and 


I'lct  (■ 
if    I  I'! 


WEST 


W- 


itH   .Ur.iV.^  I. 


iK 


__    [±Jdu 


VI,  I  i.i 


.1  J    T«yl.,r  I    S.<-i.l  11.11. 

II  Hrb...l  H.iii«-.  ,/.   I.     \    Ninilh. 

>'  »     Kuxlrutr.  A'    II.  <;    kimUI. 

//  T,Wrn..lr.  /.    B    V..U111!. 

*  II    llydr  .V  Will. 

>'.  (  .•uiM-ii  ll.iuw  'V.  Ilbbiry  Ullka, 

U  T    llulh.k.  It.  Hall. 

//  H.  lUII. 

C'dllllf 


rioi  D 

■.iOth  Wiird 


_U  -U  _!_  'MdnlJ  — 
ULld-ilj±JjLJ 


SOUTH 


41 

II 


EAST 


K. 


Salt  Lakk  Citt  in  1860. 

around  neither  was  there  any  sign  that  the  inmates 
took  a  pride  in  their  home.  One  might  pass  three 
dwellings  enclosed  by  a  common  fence,  and  belonging 
to  one  master,  but  nowhere  could  be  seen  any  of  those 
simple  embellishments  that  cost  so  little  and  mean  so 
much — the  cultivated  garden  plat,  the  row  of  shade 
trees,  the  rose-bush  at  the  doorway,  or  the  trellised 
creeper  at  the  porch. 

The  city  itself  wore  a  different  aspect.     The  streets, 


SALT  LAKE  CITY. 


1    ^" 

CEMETEH-r 

lf,r 

■''!' 

EAf^T 

4.1. 

ON  ffo*: 

i- 

■i."> 

.1 

fo 

1 

'^' 

though  unpaved  and  without  sidewalks,  were  lined 
with  cotton-wood  and  locust  trees,  acacias,  and  poplars. 
Most  of  the  private  houses  were  still  of  wood  or 
adobe,  some  few  only  i)eing  of  stone,  and  none 
|)retentious  as  to  architecture;  but  nearly  all  were 
surrounded  with  gardens  in  which  fruit  and  shade 
trees  were  plentiful.  Many  of  them  were  of  the 
same  pattern,  barn-shaped,  with  wings  and  tinv  case- 
ments, for  glass  was  not  yet  manufactured  by  the 
Mormons.  A  few  of  the  better  class  were  built  on  a 
foundation  of  sandstone,  and  somewhat  in  the  shape 
of  a  bungalow,  with  trcUised  verandas,  and  low  flat 
roofs  supported  by  pillars.  Those  of  the  poor  were 
small  hut-like  buildings,  most  of  them  one-storied, 
and  some  wil^h  several  entrances.  At  this  date  the 
entire  city,  except  on  its  southern  side,  was  enclosed 
by  a  wall  some  ten  or  twelve  feet  high,  with  semi- 
bastions  placed  at  half  musket-range,  and  pierced  here 
and  there  with  gateways.** 

In  driving  through  the  suburbs  the  visitor  would 
find  the  thoroughfares  in  bad  condition,  dusty  in  sum- 
mer, and  in  winter  filled  with  viscid  mud.  On  either 
side  were  posts  and  rails,  which,  as  the  heart  of  the 
city  was  approached,  gave  way  to  neat  fences  of 
palings.  On  Main  Street  were  the  abodes  of  some 
of  the  leading  Mormon  dignitaries  and  the  stores  of 
prominent  gentile  merchants.  On  the  eastern  side, 
nearly  opposite  the  post-office,  and  next  door  to  a 
small  structure  that  served  for  bath-house  and  bakery, 
stood  the  principal  hostelry,  the  Salt  Lake  House,  a 
large  pent-roofed  building,  in  front  of  which  was  a  ve- 
randa supported  by  painted  posts,  and  a  sign-board 
swinging  from  a  tall  flag-staff.     Here  fair  accommoda- 

"  Woodruff's  Journal,  MS.;  Richards'  Hist.  Incidents  of  UtaJi,  MS.,  28-9; 
Wells'  Narr.,  MS.,  60;  Chandless,  Visit  to  8.  L.,  153;  Sloan's  Utah  Oaz- 
ttleer,  25.  The  wall  was  built  in  185.3.  Chandless  remarks  that  for  defensive 
purposes  it  would  be  useless,  as  any  one  could  climb  it  with  ease.  Burton, 
City  o/ihe  SaiTUa,  245,  states  that  it  was  built  as  a  defence  against  Indians, 
though  gentiles  said  that  it  was  constructed  only  because  the  people  wanted 
work.  It  was  of  mud  mixed  with  hay  and  gravel;  in  1860  it  had  already  be- 
gun to  crumble,  and  in  1883  there  were  few  traces  of  it  remaining. 


582 


POLITICAL,  SOCLAL,  AND  INSTITUTIONAL. 


m 


tion  could  be  had  at  very  moderate  charges."*  Even  in 
its  business  portion,  Main  Street  had  at  this  date 
many  vacant  lots,  being  then  in  the  embryo  condition 
through  which  all  cities  must  pass,  the  log  building 
standing  side  by  side  with  the  adobe  hut  and  the  stone 
or  brick  store,  with  here  and  there  a  few  shanties, 
relics  of  the  days  of  1848. 

Among  the  principal  attractions  was  the  temple 
block,  surrounded  in  1860  with  a  wall  of  red  sand- 
stone, on  which  were  placed  layers  of  adobe,  fashioned 
in  imitation  of  some  richer  substance,  and  raising  it  to 
a  height  of  ten  feet.  On  each  face  of  the  wall  were 
thirty  pilasters,  also  of  adobe,  protected  by  sandstouo 
copings,  but  without  pedestals  or  entablatures.  Up 
to  the  year  1860  the  cost  of  the  wall  and  the  founda- 
tions of  the  edifice  already  amounted  to  ^1,000,000,  a 
sum  equal  to  the  entire  outlay  on  the  temple  at  Nau- 
voo.  The  block  was  consecrated  on  the  3d  of  Febru- 
ary, 1853,  and  the  corner-stones  laid  with  imposing 
ceremonies  on  the  6th  of  the  following  April.'*  In 
August  1860,  the  foundations,  which  were  sixteen 
feet  deep  and  of  gray  granite,  had  been  completed,  but 
no  further  [)rogress  had  been  made.  I  shall  reserve 
until  later  a  description  of  the  building  as  it  now 
stands.  Of  the  tabernacle  which  occupied  the  soutli- 
west  corner  of  the  block,  and  the  bowery  imutediately 
north  of  the  tabernacle,  mention  has  already  been 
made.-*     In  the  north-west  corner,  and  separated  from 

'"  Burton  relates  that  at  tUo  tinto  uf  his  visit,  in  Aug.  1800,  the  Salt  Liiko 
House  was  kept  by  a  Mr  Tnwiiacnd,  a  Mormou  convert  from  Maine,  who  luul 
Lccu  expelled  from  Nnuvoo,  whore  he  sold  his  house,  land,  and  fumitorc,  tor 
(50.  Cily  of  the  Saints,  '2iS.  llis  charge  for  24  days'  board  and  lodging  was 
f34.'2.'>.  The  bill,  which  is  curiously  worded,  is  given  in  full  in  /(/.,  o.'iT. 
Among  its  items  are  '14  Bottle  lieer  (KM)'  (cents),  "2  Bottles  Branday  450.' 

■■"Iho  original  plans  will  bo  found  in  the  Millennial  Star,  xvi.  035,  ami 
Lin/orth'f  Route  from  Liverpool,  109-10.  Those  given  by  Truman  0.  Augcll, 
the  architect,  in  tho  JJewret  Jieica,  Aug.  17,  1854,  ditfer  somewhat  from  tlio 
bIkjvo,  but  both  agree  that  the  edifice  was  to  cover  a  space  of  21,850  aq.  ftot, 
or  about  half  ar  acre.  For  descriptions  of  the  consecration  and  laying  <>t 
the  corner-stouts,  see  Woodruff '»  Journal,  MS.;  Tucker's  Mormonism,  '-JJ; 
Ferrin'  Utah  a.ul  the  Mormons,  107-'.';  S.  L.  ''iti/  Contributor,  iii.  7P;  Deifrrt 
News,  Feb.  19,  Apr.  16,  1853.  Seven  thousand  four  hundred  and.  seventy- 
eitfht  tons  of  rock  were  used  for  the  founialiun.  Jiichardi'  Jncidein'-s  «n  Ul<th 
lUst.,  MS.,  81. 

u  Burtou  describes  the  tabernacle,  in  1800,  as  an  adobe  building,  capa- 


S(X.IAL  MATTERS. 


583 


the  tabernacle  by  a  high  fence^  stood  the  endowment 
house,^  where,  as  evil-minded  gentiles  declared,  human 
sacrifices  were  offered.  The  ceremonies  that  actually 
took  place  within  its  walls  have  been  described  else- 
where in  this  volume. 

In  the  blocks  adjacent  to  the  tabernacle  were  the 
residences  of  Brigham,  Heber,  Orson  Hyde,  George 
A.  Smith,  Wilford  Woodruff,  John  Taylor,  and  Dan- 
iel H.  Wells,  the  first  two  occupying  entire  blocks.*' 
South  of  temple  block  was  the  council-house,*  south 
of  Brigham's  d  welling  and  adjoining  that  of  Wells  was 
the  historian's  office,  v/here  the  church  records  were 
kept,  and  in  the  next  plat  to  the  east  was  the  social 
hall,*  where  the  fashion  of  the  city  held  festivities. 

Balls  held  at  the  social  hall  were  extromely  select, 
and  sometimes  a  little  expensive,  tickets  lor  the  more 
pretentious  fStes  costing  ten  dollars  for  3ach  couple, 
and  the  invitations,  which  were  difficult  to  obtain  even 
at  that  price,*"  being  issued  on  embossei  and  bordered 


lile  of  accomriodating  2,000  to  3,000  persons,  J  j  interior  of  whicli  was 
spiinnod  by  0"  elliptical  arch.  Over  the  entrances  were  carvings  in  wood, 
'  rcpreaeuting  the  sun  with  his  usual  coifTure  of  yellow  beams,  like  ii  Somali's 
w  ig,  or  the  symbol  of  the  Persian  empire. '  (J'Uy  of  the  Saints,  270.  A  few  yean 
iiUer  the  tabernacle  was  enlarged,  and  had  a  seating  capacity  of  7,000,  Utah 
\otes,  MS.,  2. 

''Cuts  of  the  tabernacle  and  endowment  house  will  be  found  in  City  of 
the  SainU,  facing  p.  271. 

•'"  The  rosiduaoos  of  Youug,  Kimball,  and  Wells  were  on  Main  St, 
l)roperly  East  Toniplo  St,  which  runn  past  the  cemplo  block.  Remy 
snya  that  one  of  Brigham's  houses  was  80  x  40  ft,  built  of  granite  and  other 
kinds  of  stones,  with  long  salient  ogiveti,  iliat  adjoining  it  being  the  dwcU- 
iiiK  which  he  usually  occupied.  Near  by  were  the  governor's  offices,  the 
titliing-officc,  and  the  court-house.  Jwir.  to  S.  L.  Gity,  i.  193-4.  In  /(/. ,  i. 
19:5-200;  Grecl'u's  Overland  Jour.,  206-7;  Atlantic  Monthly,  iii.  673-5;  Schiel, 
Rei»«;  dutch  FelftengeUrge,  100-2,  are  descriptions  of  S.  L.  City  about  this 
tlate. 

"This  building,  which  was  begun  in  1849,  nu<l  has  already  been  de- 
scribed, was  afterward  destroyed  by  lire.  N<h<'ker\<  Eaily  Jmltc:,  MS.,  3. 
Kxcept  for  a  small  struoturo  usetl  n::  a  poet-oillcc,  this  was  the  f.rst  public 
imildmg  erected  in  S.  L.  City.     See  also  Wells'  Xnrr.,  MS. ,  42. 

'*  The  opening  of  the  social  hall  is  described  in  the  JMsen-t  New»,  Jan. 
22,  1853.  Among  other  buildings  worthy  of  note  were  the  arsenal,  built  on 
tiie  bench  north  of  the  city,  the  iMtnitcntiary  in  the  south-eastern  subnrb, 
and  the  hall  of  seventies  on  the 'states  ro.id.'  Liii/orth'n  lioute  from  Liver- 
/tool,  1 10;  Burtoti's  City  of  the  Saintu,  279-80.  The  court-house  was  yet  un- 
finished. Atlantic  Monthly,  iii.  57«. 

so  They  were  issued  on  special  occasions  only  for  75  or  80  gueati,  including 
a  few  of  the  more  prominent  gentiles. 


684 


POUTICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  INSTITTJTIONAL. 


paper.  Dancing  commenced  about  four  p.  m.,  the  pres- 
ident of  the  church  pronouncing  a  blessing  with  up- 
lifted hands,  and  then  leading  off  the  first  cotillon. 
All  joined  vigorously  in  the  dance,  and  the  prophet, 
his  apostles,  and  bishops  set  the  example,  the  salta- 
tions not  being  in  the  languid  gliding  pace  then  fash- 
ionable in  other  cities,  but  elaborately  executed  steps 
requiring  severe  muscular  exercise.  At  eight  came 
supper,  a  substantial  repast,  with  four  courses,**  after 
which  dancing  was  resumed,  varied  at  intervals  with 
song  until  four  or  five  o'clock  in  the  morning,  when 
the  party  broke  up,  the  entertainment  closing  with 
prayer  and  benediction. 

Besides  these  fashionable  gatherings  held  from  time 
to  time  by  the  dlito  of  Zion,  there  were  ward  parties, 
elders*  cotillon  parties,  and  picnic  parties,  the  last 
being  sometimes  held  at  the  social  hall,  where  rich  and 
poor  assembled,  bringing  with  them  their  children,  and 
setting  their  own  tables,  or  ordering  dainties  from  an 
adjoining  kitchen  provided  for  that  purpose.  Here, 
also,  until  1862,  when  the  lirst  theatre  was  built,  the- 
atrical entertainments  were  given  in  winter,'^  and  these 
of  no  mean  order,  for  among  the  Mormons  there  wa.s 
no  lack  of  amateur  talent.''     Among  those  who  par- 

"  Copies  of  the  card  of  invitatiou  and  the  mi^iiu  at  a  'territorial  aud  civil 
ball '  held  at  the  social  hall,  Feb.  7i  1860,  will  bo  found  in  iiurton^a  City  of 
the  Saituo,  t^.')l-2.  Among  the  diahea  are  boar,  l>caTer-tail8,  slaw,  mountain, 
pioneer,  and  snowballs.  What  the  iwiints  nil  sij^'iiity  I  am  unable  to  state. 
Oth*  wise  the  bill  of  fare  contains  a  large  and  choice  variety  of  viands. 

** Cooke's  Thealr,  and  Soo.  Affcurs  in  Utah,  MS.,  9.  In  summer  they  were 
held  at  the  bowery.  The  S.  L.  theatre,  ur  as  it  was  usually  termed  the  opera- 
house,  was  dedicated  March  6th  of  this  year.  Sloan's  Utah  Oazettecr,  1884,  p. 
28.  A  gentleman  who  v  isited  the  city  t'ro  or  three  years  later  states  that 
its  interior  resembled  tlio  Tocra-house  at  New  York,  having  seats  for'J,uwan(l 
capacity  for  600  more.  Externally  the  building  was  a  plain  but  not  ungraco- 
ful  structure  of  stone,  brick,  a^d  stucco.  AtlatUic  MmUhbj,  Apr.  1864,  p.  490. 

■•  Among  others  Burton  mentions H.  B.  Clawson,  B.  Snow,  and  W.  C!  Dun- 
bar. During  his  stay  the  '  Lady  ti  Lyons '  was  performed.  City  of  the  Saints, 
280.  Seealso Deseret  yews,  March  2. 1864;  Jim.h,  Oetch.  j/om.,  311-12, 3.S0; 
Thi'  Mormotis  at  Home,  140-51.  (.'Ivandless,  who  visited  the  social  hall  one 
evening  in  the  winter  of  1855-0,  when  the  third  act  of  Othello  and  a  two-act 
drama  were  performed,  mentions  that  the  parts  of  Othello  and  logo  wcro 
fairly  rendered,  but  that  the  other  charactrni  were  beneath  criticism.  Desdc- 
mona,  he  says,  'was  a  tall,  masculine  female,  with  cheeks  painted  beyond  tiio 
possibility  of  a  blush.  Even  worse  was  Emilia — an  old  dowdy,  she  lookrd, 
who  niight  have  been  a  chnnibti-maid  at  a  third-rate  hot«l  for  a  quarter  of  a 


SCIENCE  AND  MUSIC. 

ticipated  w^re  several  of  the  wives  and  daughters  of 
Biigham.'*  All  the  actors  attended  rehearsal  each 
night  in  the  week,  except  on  Wednesdays  and  Satur- 
days, when  the  performances  took  place;  most  of  them 
!'( lund  their  own  costumes,  and  none  received  any  fixed 
rcnnuneration." 

While  the  amusements  of  the  r.-'ple  were  thus 
<;iicd  for,  there  was  no  lack  of  morv.  solid  entertain- 
ment. All  had  access  to  the  public  library  under 
proper  restrictions,  and  in  the  council-house  was 
opened,  in  1853,  the  first  reading-room,  which  was 
suppl"  i  with  newspapers  and  magazines  from  all  parts 
of  the  world.  Among  the  scientific  associations  may 
1)0  mentioned  the  Universal  Scientific  Society,  estab- 
lished in  1854,  with  Wilford  Woodruff  as  president, 
iiiid  the  Polysophical  Society,  over  which  Lorenzo 
Snow  presided."  The  musical  talent  of  Salt  Lake 
(Jit^  formed  themselves,  in  1855,  into  the  Deseret 
Philharmonic  Society,  and  in  June  of  that  year  a  music 
liall  was  in  course  of  construction/^     In  the  same 


ceutury . .  .The  afterpiece  wm,  od  the  contrary,  very  well  performed.'  Vint  to 
S.  Lake,  224. 

'*  Three  of  Brighun'a  daughten,  Alice,  Emily,  and  Zioa,  were  oa  the  stage, 
ilupworth  Dixon,  who  waa  well  acquaintisd  with  Alice,  the  youngest  wife  of 
Kilter  ClawBon,  says  that  she  remarked  to  him  one  day  at  dinner,  '  I  am  not 
iiiyttelf  very  fond  of  playing,  but  my  father  desires  that  my  sister  and  myself 
Bhould  act  sometimes,  as  ho  does  not  think  it  risht  to  ask  anv  Door  man'a 
child  to  do  anything  which  his  own  children  woalu  object  to  do.  iiexo  Amer- 
ica, 144. 

"C'ooite's  Theatr.  and  Soc.  Afairs  in  Utah,  MS.,  9-10;  StmhouM'$  Tell  It 
A  It,  380- 1 .  M  rs  Cooke  states  that  the  performers  often  remained  at  rehearsal 
until  12  or  1  o'clock,  and  that  after  a  hard  day's  work.  Occasionally  a  benefit 
waa  given  to  thd  lady  actors,  and  the  proceeds  divided  among  them.  Her 
share  during  the  twelve  years  that  she  played  uniomitod  to  $150.  In  Theatri- 
cal and  Soctal  Affaim  in  Utah,  by  Mrs  S.  A.  Cook<;  MS.,  we  have,  besides  the 
infurmation  wliich  the  title-page  suggvata,  a  nuuil>crut  items  ixlatiug  to  church 
matters  and  the  workings  of  polygamy.  Mrs  C«oko  was  well  aci]uaint<!d  with 
till'  wife  of  Uebcr  (.'.  Kimball,  Kli/a  llkiio\>',  and  other  prominent  women  among 
the  Mormons.  Of  English  birth,  she  Wiia  for  eight  years  a  teacher  of  music 
iutliocityof  New  York,  and  in  185- set  forth  forCalilornia,  reaching  H.  L.  City 
ill  •Inly,  where  she  purposed  to  rcnmiu  only  until  the  following  spring,  hut  waa 
I  ifiiverted  to  Momionism.  For  lU  yeuru  she  was  employed  oa  a  teacher,  among 
)» r  pupils  in  Zion  being  the  children  of  Hrigham  Youn^'. 

"'There  was  also  a  horticultural  society,  organized  in  connection  with  the 
Aiiiurican  Pomological  Society,  and  the  Ucseret  Typographical  Association 
formed  for  the  advancement  of  their  art.  L%nJ'orlh'»  Honte  from  Liverpool, 
111. 

*'  By  the  members  of  Capt.  Hallo's  baud.  DtKtrrt  Sewn,  June  27,  I8fiS. 


S86 


POLITICAL,  SOCLAL,  AND  INSTITUTIONAL. 


m 


vear  the  Deseret  Theological  Institute  was  organized, 
its  purpose  being  to  make  known  the  principles  of 
light  and  truth  which  its  members  claimed  to  have 
received  from  the  priesthood,  in  the  belief  that  "the 
science  of  theology  embraces  a  knowledge  of  all  intel- 
ligence, whether  in  heaven  or  on  the  earth,  moral, 
scientific,  literary,  or  religious"! 

Prominent  among  the  charitable  associations  was 
the  Relief  Society,  originally  organized  by  Joseph 
Smith  at  Nauvoo  in  1842,  and  discontinued  after  hiu 
assassination  until  1855,  when  it  was  reestablished  in 
Salt  Lake  City.  After  that  date  its  operations  gradu- 
ally extended  from  ward  to  ward  and  from  settlement 
to  settlement,  until  it  became  a  powerful  influence  for 
good  throughout  the  land.  Its  main  purpose  was  the 
relief  of  the  poor,  and  by  its  efforts  it  prevented  the 
necessity  for  poor-houses,  which  are  still  unknown 
among  the  latter-day  saints,  and  otherwise  it  rendered 
good  service — by  educating  orphans,  by  promoting 
home  industries,  and  by  giving  tone  and  character  to 
society  through  its  moral  and  social  influence.^ 

To  the  student  of  humanity  there  were  few  richer 
fields  for  study  than  could  be  found  at  this  period  in 
the  Mormon  capital,  where  almost  every  state  in  th^; 
union  and  every  nation  in  Europe  had  its  representa- 
tives. There  were  to  be  seen  side  by  side  the  tall, 
sinewy  Norwegian,  fresh  from  his  pine  forests,  the 
phlegmatic  Dane,  the  stolid,  practical  German,  the 
(l-ippei,  quick-uiinded  Frenchman,  the  cluui.sy,  (l;'4- 
nijitic  En;j;lishnian.  and  the  shrewd,  verstitilo  Auht 
ican.  So  little  did  the  emigrants  know  of  the  land 
in  which  their  lot  was  cast  that  some  of  them,  while 
crossing  the  plains,  were  not  aware  that  they  trod  on 
American  soil,  and  others  east  away  their  blanket.^ 
and  warm  clothing,  under  th(3  impression  that  perpet- 
ual summer  reigned  in  Zion.     A  few  years'  residence 

**  In  1880  this  society  bad  nearly  300  bracchos.  Snow'a  Brif/SktUh  of  Or- 
ganimtiojM,  MS.,  1-2. 


PHYSIQUE  OF  THE  SAINTS.  flU 

m  the  land  of  the  saints  accomplishes  a  wonderful 
change,  the  contrast  in  mien  ana  physique  between 
the  recruits  and  the  older  settlers  being  very  strongly 
marked.  Especially  is  this  the  case  among  the  women. 
"  I  could  not  but  observe  in  those  born  hereabouts," 
writes  an  English  traveller  in  1860,  "the  noble,  reg- 
ular features,  the  lofty,  thoughtful  brow,  the  clear, 
transparent  complexion,  the  long,  silky  hair,  and, 
greatest  charm  of  all,  the  soft  smue  of  the  American 
woman  when  she  does  smile."'' 
Much  has  been  said  about  race  deterioration  aris- 


^'Burton's  City  o/the  Saints,  278.  Burton  attributes  this  improvement  in 
the  race  to  climate.  In  amusing  contrast  M-ith  Burton's  remarks  are  those  of 
Siiigeon  Bartholow,  who  in  his  sanitary  report  says:  'It  is  a  curious  fact  that 
Mormonism  makes  its  impress  upon  the  countenance,. ,  .an  expression  com- 
I'ouuded  of  sensuality,  cunning,  auspiciou,  and  a  smirking  self-conceit  The 
yellow,  sunken,  cadaverous  visage;  the  greenish  colored  eyes;  the  thick,  pro- 
tuber&nt  lips;  the  low  forehead;  the  liglit  yellowish  hair;  aud  the  lank,  an- 
gular person — constitute  an  appearance  so  characteristic  of  the  new  race,  the 
production  of  polygamy,  as  to  distinguish  them  at  a  glance.  The  women  of 
this  territory,  bow  fanatical  and  ignorant  soever,  recognize  their  wide  depart- 
ure from  the  normal  standard  in  ^1  christian  countries,  and  from  the  degra- 
intion  of  the  mother  follows  that  of  the  child.'  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.,  02,  3Gth 
CoiiK.  IstSoss.,  .302. 

7'Ae  CUy  <■/  the  Saints,  and  across  the  liocky  Mountains  to  California,  by 
likhiird  F.  Burton,  London,  1861,  ranks  among  the  best  of  gentile  works  on 
Murmouism.  Less  philosophical  tlian  that  of  Gunnison,  it  is  equally  impar- 
tial, and  gives  many  details  as  to  the  social  and  industrial  condition  of  the 
Murnions  fur  which  one  may  search  in  vaiu  elsewhere.  UiM  stay  in  S.  L.  City 
latitod  less  thau  four  weeks  (from  Aug.  25  to  Sept.  20,  18(X)),  excursions  being 
made  during  his  visit  to  points  of  interest  in  the  nei^hlx>rliood,  but  he  saw 
ijioro  (luring  that  time  than  many  others  have  done  iu  four  years.  Travelling 
in  company  with  Lieut  Dana  of  the  U.  S.  artillery,  aud  procuring  iutroduc- 
tiou.s  to  Gov.  Gumming,  Brigham  Young,  and  several  of  the  churuli  clignitari'is, 
'  e  liad  every  opportunity  to  note  the  diifcreut  phases  of  Mormon  life.  Tho 
lirst  aud  last  portions  of  tho  work  are  token  up  with  his  travels  from  St  Jo- 
seph, Mo.,  to  Son  Francisco,  tho  middle  chapters  only  relating  to  Utah.  In 
stylo  and  tone  the  writer  is  sketchy  and  interesting,  good-natured,  but  some- 
» liat  dis^josed  to  regard  matters  in  their  ludicrous  aspect,  for  which  he  otfcrs 
in  his  preface  the  excuse — sic  mt.  natura  fecit. 

A  Visit  to  Salt  Lake;  being  a  Journei/  acro.ts  the  Plains  and  a  Rfsidenre  in 
the  Mormon.  Settlements  at  Utah,  by  iVilliani  ChamllfKs,  Loudon,  i8.')7,  is  the 
title  of  a  less  entertaining  and  reliable  work.  As  Mr  Chaudlcss  remarks  iu 
liis  preface,  even  at  that  date,  'iictions  enough  have  been  written  about  the 
Mmmcus;'  but  it  docs  not  appear  that  his  own  work  is  less  fictitious  than 
those  of  which  ho  complains.  There  are  chapters  about  religion,  govei  nraent, 
."( ttl.  nents,  morals,  institutions,  and  some  that  appear  to  be  about  nothing 
in  particular,  unless  it  lie  Mr  Clmndless.  Nevertheless,  items  of  interest  may 
l>e  gleaned  from  them,  as  the  author  made  a  tour  of  the  principal  couuties  in 
l>S.'>.i,  and  travellers  in  those  )>arts  were  rare  at  this  peiiod.  After  infoimiug 
iiH  where  he  slept,  and  where  he  dined,  and  what  he  had  fur  dinner,  hu  occa- 
^'oually  finds  time  to  tell  us  something  about  tho  condition  of  the  settle- 
ments through  which  he  journeyed. 


HS 


588 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  INSTITUTIONAL. 


ii 

ii 


I 


ing  from  polygamous  unions.  It  has  never  been 
shown  that  physical  development  suffers  from  the 
olygamous  system,  especially  when  regulated  by  re- 
igion,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Mormons.  The  children 
of  saints  are  much  like  other  children.  In  the  streets 
of  the  capital,  however,  during  the  period  under  review, 
might  be  seen  youths  of  eighteen  or  twenty,  some  of 
them  the  children  of  church  dignitaries,  whose  high- 
est ambition  was  satisfied  when  they  could  ride  through 
the  streets,  hallooing  and  shouting,  fantastically  attired 
in  fringed  and  embroidered  buckskin  leggings,  gaudily 
colored  shirt,  and  slouched  hat,  and  with  the  ortho- 
dox revolver  and  bowie-knife  conspicuously  displayed.*" 
They  resembled  somewhat  the  cow-boy  of  the  pres- 
ent day;  but  their  presence  was  barely  felt  amid  this 
staid  and  order-loving  community,"  the  forwardness 
of  the  second  generation  of  the  saints  being  attributed, 
not  without  show  of  reason,  to  the  corrupting  influ- 
ence of  the  gentiles. 

In  order  to  estimate  fairly  the  character  of  the  pop- 
ulation of  Salt  Lake  City,  which  numbered  in  1860 
about  14,000,*'*  the  visitor  should  attend  the  bowery 
or  tabernacle,  where  according  to  the  season  of  the 
year  about  3,000  of  the  populace  assembled  on  Sun- 
day. The  men  appeared,  in  warm  weather,  without 
coats  and  with  open  vests,  but  always  in  decent  and 
cleanly  garb,  most  of  them  being  clad  in  gray  tweed, 
though  some  of  the  elders  and  aignitaries  wore  black 
broadcloth.**    The  women  wore  silks,  woollen  stuffs, 


'^Jennings'  Mat.  Progr.  qf  Utah,  MS.,  3-4.  Mr  W.  Jenninga,  ox>inayor 
of  S.  L.  City,  who  supplied  me  witli  the  above  MS.  in  1884,  says  that  tiiia 
condition  of  afiEura  came  to  an  end  when  tho  railroad  reached  Utah. 

*' '  There  were  no  lamps  in  any  but  Main  Street,  yet  the  city  la  as  safe  as 
St  James  Square,  Loudon.  There  are  perhaps  not  more  than  25  or  35  con- 
stables or  policemen  in  the  whole  place.'  Burton'a  City  qf  the  Saints,  273. 
'  The  few  policemen  that  have  been  ou  duty  during  the  summer  were  dis- 
charsed  on  Monday  lost.'  Deaertl  News,  Sept.  12,  ISiSO. 

'*In  1863  Brigham  stated  its  population  at  16,000.  Atlantic  Monthly,  Apr. 

1864,  p.  492;  Burton,  in  1860,  9,000.  City  of  the  Saints,  284;  Bowles,  in 

1865,  25,000  to  30,000.  Our  New  Wed,  227.    The  last  two  are  wide  of  the 
mark. 

'  Before  this  date  Brigham  attempted  to  lead  the  fashion,  appearing  in  a 
yellow  slooohed  hat,  much  too  large  for  hia  head,  green  frock-coat,  pants 


AT  THE  TABERNACLE. 


589 


or  calicoes,  as  they  were  able  to  afford,  usually  of 
plain  pattern  and  dark  color,  though  a  few  were  dressed 
in  gaudy  attire,  and  with  a  little  faded  finery.**  The 
congregation  was  seated  on  long  rows  of  benches 
opposite  the  platform,  from  which  they  were  sepa- 
rated by  the  space  allotted  to  the  orchestra,  then  con- 
sisting of  a  violin  and  bass  viol,  vocal  music  being 
rendered  by  two  female  and  four  male  singers.  The 
oratory  was  somewhat  of  the  Boanerges  stamp,  and 
contained  much  round  abuse  of  the  gentiles;  but 
looking  at  the  audience,  which  consisted,  in  the  main, 
of  a  thriving,  contented,  and  industrious  class  ot' 
people,  light-hearted  and  ever  ready  to  laugh  at  the 
somewhat  broad  jokes  of  the  church  dignitaries,  it 
was  impossible  to  believe  all  the  hard  things  spoken 
and  written  of  them  by  their  enemies.  Moreover, 
about  one  third  of  the  population  consisted  at  this 
date  of  emigrants  from  Groat  Britain,  and  at  least 
two  fifths  wore  foreigners  of  other  nationalities,  most 
of  them  Danes,  Swedes,  or  Norwegians.  They  were 
fair  types  of  their  race,  and  it  is  not  very  probable 

large  and  loose,  and  white  socks  and  slippers.  His  fashion  was  followed  by 
s(inio  of  the  elders.  IVard'^  Husltuud  in  Utah,  34-").  Burtvjn  says  that  the 
propliefc  was  dressed  in  gray  liomcspun,  and  wore  a  tall  steeple-crowned  hat,  aa 
did  most  of  the  elders.  Describing  one  of  hi:»  addresses,  he  writes:  '  Brighani 
Voung  removed  his  hat,  advanced  to  tiie  end  of  the  tribune,  aiul  leaning 
siinhtTy  forward  upon  Ijoth  hands,  propped  on  tlie  green  baize  of  the  tribune, 
addressed  liis  followers.  The  discourse  !)cgan  slowly,  word  crept  titubuntly 
after  word,  and  the  opening  phrases  were  nardly  audible;  but  as  the  orator 
wanned,  his  voice  roso  liigit  and  sonorous,  and  a  llucncy  so  remarkable  suc- 
ceeded falter  and  hesitation,  that  although  the  phenomenon  is  not  rare  in 
btrong  speakers,  the  latter  seemed  almost  to  have  been  a  work  of  art.  The 
tiianner  was  pleasing  and  aiumated,  and  the  matter  Ihient,  impromptu,  and 
well  turned,  spoken  rather  than  preached;  if  it  had  a  fault,  it  was  rather 
rambling  and  disconnected. .  .The  gestures  were  easy  and  rounded,  not  with- 
out a  certain  grace,  though  evidently  untaught;  one,  however,  must  bo  ex- 
cepted, namely  that  of  raising  the  forelinger. .  .The  address  was  long.  God 
is  a  mechanic.  Mormonism  is  a  great  fact.  Religion  has  made  him,  the 
speaker,  tho  hai)picst  of  men.  lie  was  ready  to  dance  like  a  shaker.  At 
this  sentence  tho  prophet,  who  is  a  good  mimic  and  lias  much  of  tho  old  New 
Kiiglish  quaint  humor,  raised  his  right  arm,  and  gave,  to  tho  amusement  of 
the  congregation,  a  droll  imitation  of  Anno  Loo's  followers.'  City  of  the 
Sitintu,  317. 

**  For  many  years  after  their  arrival  in  tho  valley  the  women  dressed  in 
homespun  linseys,  as  there  was  nothing  else  to  wear.  At  one  time  Brigham, 
in  order  to  discourage  extravagance,  decreed  tiiat  the  men  must  not  dance 
with  women  who  were  dressed  ia  other  than  homespun  garments.  Jennings, 
Mat.  ProijrtM,  MS.,  I. 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  INSTITnnONAL. 


that  they  had  so  quickly  changed  their  national  char- 
acteristics as  already  to  forfeit  the  good  opinion  of 
their  fellow-men. 

Such  was  Zion  in  1860,  and  such  its  population. 
Of  the  progress  and  condition  of  other  settlements 
established  soon  after  the  Mormon  occupation,  and 
the  founding  of  which  has  already  been  mentioned,  I 
shall  have  occasion  to  speak  later.  During  the  thir- 
teen years  that  had  now  elapsed  since  first  they  en- 
tered the  valley,  the  saints  had  pushed  forward  their 
colonies  in  all  directions  almost  to  the  verge  of  their 
territory.  Especially  was  this  the  case  toward  th« 
west,  where,  at  an  early  date,  they  came  into  antag- 
onism with  settlers  from  California.  In  1850  a  few 
persons  from  that  state  had  settled  in  Carson  valle}- 
for  trading  purposes,  the  migration  of  gold-seekers, 
some  of  whom  wintered  in  that  region,  being  then 
very  considerable.  During  the  following  year  several 
Mormons  entered  the  valley,  John  Reese,  who  arrived 
there  in  the  spring  with  thirteen  wagon-loads  of  pro- 
visions, building  the  first  house,  known  for  several 
years  as  the  Mormou  station,  on  the  site  of  the  pres- 
ent village  of  Genoa.*"  Reese  first  came  to  the  val- 
ley alone,  his  nearest  neighbor,  James  Fennimore, 
living  in  Gold  Cafion,  some  twenty-five  miles  distant, 
in  a  "dug-out,"  or  hole  scooped  out  of  the  bank,  the 
front  part  covered  in  this  instance  with  rags  and 
strips  of  canvas,  the  man  being  thriftless  and  a  dram- 
drinker.  He  was  nick aamed  Virginia,  and  after  him 
was  named  the  city  wlience  more  bullion  has  been 
shipped  in  a  single  year  than  would  now  replace 
the  floating  capital  of  the  states  of  California  and 
Nevada.*" 


^  It  serred  aa  hotel  and  store,  and  was  a  two^tory  log  bailding,  60  z  .30 
ft.  Reem'a  Mormon  Station,  MS.;  Taylor's  Rem.,  MS. 

**  Reese  statea  that  Virginia  had  a  flume  in  the  cafion  for  sold-washing. 
and  that  Comatock,  who  came  to  Caraon  Valley  in  1856,  boaghc  him  oat,  the 
latter  living  but  a  short  time  afterward.  Id.,  5.  In  JenningB'  Carmn.  Vol 
kjt,  MS.,  3,  it  is  related  that  Comstock  came  to  the  valley  in  the  antnmn  of 
ISM^  in  chiuge  of  a  herd  of  sheep,  but  in  a  destitute  condition.  In  185*J 
Beeae  waa  engaged  in  farming  on  a  considerable  scale,  selling  his  prodaoe 


THE  CAB80N  SETTLEMENT. 


Wl 


more, 

stant, 

the 

anil 

ram- 

hini 

been 

place 

and 


By  an  act  of  the  Utah  legislature,  approved  Janu- 
ary 17,  1854,  the  limits  of  Carson  county  were  de- 
fined,'^ and  the  governor  was  authorized  to  appoint 
for  it  a  probate  judge  whose  duty  it  should  be  to 
organize  the  county,  by  dividing  it  into  precincts, 
holding  an  election,  filling  the  various  omces,  and 
locating  the  county  seat.  The  choice  fell  on  Orson 
Hyde,  who  with  Judge  Styles,  the  United  States 
marshal,  and  an  escort  of  thirty-five  men,  reached 
the  settlement  of  John  Reese  in  June  1855,  other 
parties  of  Mormons  arriving  during  this  and  the  fol- 
lowing year.  Meanwhile  miners,  farmers,  and  herds- 
men from  California  and  the  Atlantic  states  had  set- 
tled in  the  valley  and  elsewhere  on  the  eastern  side 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  such  numbers  as  to  alarm 
the  Mormons,  who  now  desired  them  to  leave  the 
territory.  This  they  refused  to  do,  and  some  pre- 
tended fears  of  a  resort  to  force.  The  gentiles  forti- 
fied themselves,  and  assumed  an  aggressive  attitude, 
and  for  two  weeks  the  opposing  forces  were  en- 
camped almost  within  sight  of  each  other,  but  with- 
out coming  to  blows.  News  of  the  disturbance  reached 
the  mining  camps  on  the  other  side  of  the  mountains, 
and  numbers  prepared  to  go  in  aid  of  their  comrades. 
The  aggressors  now  feared  that  they  would  be  them- 
selves expelled  from  the  country,  and  proposed  a 
truce,  under  which  all  should  be  allowed  to  remain 
on  their  lands. 

As  soon  as  the  matter  became  known  to  the 
authorities,  the  county  organization  was  repealed, 
the  probate  judge  recalled,  and  the  records,  which 
contiuned  several  criminal  indictments  of  a  serious 

readily  and  at  high  prices  to  emigrants  who,  as  he  sayp,  would  pay  almost 
any  prioe  for  provisioos,  a  small  bnnch  of  turnips  selling  for  a  dollar.  Reeae 
liveo  latar  at  S.  L.  City,  while  S.  A.  Kiusey,  his  former  partner  remained  at 
Genoa.  Van  Sieklet'  Utah  DtaperttdoeK,  MS.  Among  tlie  earliest  settlers 
were  three  persons  named  Lee,  and  others  named  Condie  and  Gibson.  Early 
Hilt.  Canon  VaUty,  MS.,  1.  The  place  was  first  known  as  'the  Mormon 
•Ution,'  Genoa  being  laid  ont  in  1866.  M,  3. 

*'  It  was  bounded  on  the  north  by  Deeeret  co.,  east  by  the  1 18th  meridian, 
•oath  by  the  boondary  Una  of  Utah,  and  west  by  California.  Utah . ' 
Ugiii.  (ed.  1866),  28L 


S92 


POLITICAL.  SOCIAL,  AND  INSTITUTIONAL. 


nature,*"  were  removed  to  Salt  Lake  City.  When 
news  arrived  of  the  approach  of  the  army  of  Utah, 
the  Carson  ^lormons  were  ordered,  as  we  have  seen, 
to  return  to  Zion  and  aid  in  its  defence,  though  a 
few  remained  in  the  valley.  In  1859  the  gentilu 
inhabitants,  after  several  fruitless  appeals  to  con- 
gress, formally  declared  their  independence,**  and  de- 
manded admission  as  a  territory.  Two  years  later 
the  request  was  granted,  and  the  territory  of  Nevada 
was  cut  oft*  from  Utah,  its  eastern  limit  being  fixed 
at  the  thirty-ninth  meridian,  but  extended  by  act  of 
18G2  to  the  thirty-eighth,  and  by  act  of  18G6  to  the 
thirty-seventh  n)eridian.  Reluctantly  the  Mormons 
relinquished  these  porticas  of  the  public  domain. 

In  Eagle  and  Washoe  valleys  they  had  also  estah- 
lislied  small  settlements  in  1854  and  1855,  remainiiiLj 
until  recalled  in  1857,  at  which  latter  date,  as  will  bu 
remembered,  the  colony  at  San  Bernardino  in  Cali- 
fornia was  also  abandoned.  During  the  Mormon 
occupation  the  county  of  San  Bernardino  was  cut  oil' 
from  that  of  Los  Angeles,  the  former  assuming  its 
proportion  of  the  liabilities.  A  city  was  built,  with 
substantial   dwellings,  saw  and  grist  mills,  and  sut 

**A  letter  of  James  B.  Crane,  dated  Washington,  Jan.  17,  1859,  and  uf 
which  copies  will  bo  found  in  H'aite'a  The  Mormon  Prophet,  31-5,  and  'J'ucb  r\i 
Mormonism,  22(>-9,  gives  a  detailed  account  of  the  Carson-valley  trouLlis. 
The  letter,  which  is  somewhat  bitter  in  tone,  was  written  with  a  view  to  tlio 
admission  of  Nevada  as  a  territorj'.  Life  and  property  were  somewhat  in 
secure  in  Carson  valley  about  this  ilate,  and  vigilance  committees  were  con- 
stantly on  the  alert.  Sec  Sac.  Union,  Aug.  '2t>,  1857,  Juno  17,  22,  July  J, 
Aug.  2,  Dec,  21,  1853,  June  1,  1859,  Sept.  24,  ISGO.  On  tho  14th  of  June, 
1858,  William  Thorington,  better  known  as  'Lucky  Bill,'  Luther  OMs, 
William  Edwards,  and  four  others  were  arrested  by  a  party  of  30  men,  ami 
tried  for  tho  murder  of  a  Frenchman  named  Godier,  at  Honey  Lake.  Lucky 
Bill  was  hanged.  Olds  was  released  on  p.iyment  of  $1,000  line  and  promis- 
ing to  leave  the  valley  never  to  return,  and  Edwards  probably  escaped  li) 
bribing  his  captors.  The  rest  were  released.  Van  Sicklen'  Utah  Dexiieralofs, 
M.S.;  Placemlte  Tri-wteUy  Reuister,  June  24,  1858;  Popular  Tribunalt,  this 
series. 

**  The  declaration  contains  a  number  of  charges  against  the  Mormous, 
which  will  bo  found  in  Remy's  Jour,  to  O.  S.  L.  City,  i,  493-4.  On  May  (i, 
185G,  joint  resolutions  of  the  California  legislature  were  read  in  the  U.  -S. 
senate,  setting  forth  that  a  largo  number  of  settlers  in  Carson  valley  had,  for 
good  reasons,  petitioned  congress  that  this  portion  of  Utoli  bo  attached  to 
California,  and  liad  asked  the  eoi>peration  of  the  California  Icgialature,  that 
the  latter  boily  acquiesced,  and  urged  the  ptusage  of  a  law  to  that  eiTeot. 
Cong.  Globe,  1855-6.  1089. 


THE  CALIFORNIA  CO  'JNY.  M 

rounded  with  thriving  faims;®"  a  road  was  constructed 
as  far  as  the  timber  helt  in  the  neighboring  moun- 
tains, each  man  working  incessantly  until  it  was  com- 
jileted,  and  all  this  was  accomplished  without  incur- 
ring debt,  a  small  balance  remaining  in  the  county 
treasury  when  the  settlers  were  ordered  by  Brighaiu 
to  Salt  Lake  City." 

Of  Elder  Samuel  Brannan's  party  which  arrived  in 
San  Francisco,  as  will  bo  remembered,  in  the  summer 
of  1846,  mention  is  made  in  connection  with  my  His- 
t»nj  of  Califoi'nia^^  During  this  year,  a  settlement 
named  New  Hope  was  founded  by  a  portion  of  the 
company  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Stanislaus  River, 
luar  its  junction  with  the  San  Joaquin,  but  was  aban- 
doned when  news  was  received  that  the  brethren  had 
resolved  to  remain  in  the  valley  of  Great  Salt  Lake. 
Most  of  the  Mormons  still  remained,  however,  in  Cali- 
fornia, betaking  themselves  to  farming  and  lumbering 
until  the  time  of  the  gold  discovery,  when  they  gath- 
ered at  the  mines  on  Mormon  Island.  Between  1848 
and  1850  a>out  a  hundred  and  forty  of  them  found 
their  way  to  Utah;  the  remainder  cast  in  their  lot 
with  the  gentiles,  and  most  of  them,  among  whom 
was  their  leader,  apostatized,  though  a  few  afterward 
joined  the  Mormon  communities  at  San  Bernardino 
and  in  Arizona."^ 

^  Elder  Rich,  who  arrived  at  S.  L.  City  from  Son  Bernardino  in  AprQ 
1S5'2,  reported  1,800  acres  in  grain,  and  about  1,000  in  vegetables.  Des^rtt 
XfiN,  May  1,  1852. 

-'  iShfpherd'it  Colonizing  of  San  Bernardino,  MS.  See  also  letter  of  Anuua 
Lvman,  in  Millennial  Star,  xiv.  401-2;  and  extract  from  X.  Y.  Hrru/il,  in 
/'/ ,  XV.  01;  Rirharda'  Hist.  IncidenU  of  Utah,  MS.,  23;  .S'.  F.  Herald,  Aug. 
21,  18.V2;  Ilwjhes,  in  JIastinga*  Or.  and  Cat.,  SKJ;  L'tahSrrup'*,  II. 

^'  Vol.  v.,  M4-54.     Ou  pp.  543-4  (note  3'))  ia  a  list  of  the  nicmlicrs. 

^  Frisbic  states  that  after  the  gold  discovery  the  Mormona,  many  of  whom 
had  now  become  wealthy,  refused  to  pay  tithes,  whereupon  Braunan  appealed 
to  their  senao  of  duty,  but  finding  them  fixed  in  their  resolve,  frankly  told 
tliein  they  were  sensible,  and  had  been  danmed  fools  fur  paying  tithes  ao 
long.  From  thnt  time  he  ceased  to  bo  un  eliler.  /tfjn.,Xi-4.  F..r  further 
details  as  to  Brannan'a  party,  see  OIovit'h  Mormoiin  in  Val.,  MS.,  iwissim; 
LarLiu's  Doc.,  MS.,  iv.  55;  UlveraVoc,  MS.,  14-l.'»;  Lnrkiu's  Off.  Corniip., 
M.S.,  ii.  42;  Mdlrnnial  Star,  ix.  39-40,  .300-7;  Tinier  and  Srtt.'*oii»,  vi.,  1 120-7. 
Sutter  spoke  of  them  in  the  highest  terms.  '  So  long  as  those  pt-ophi  have 
l«en  employed  by  me,'  ho  aays,  'tliey  have  liehaved  very  v.oU,  and  wciv  in- 
dustrious nad  faitiifullaborers.'  Hatchings'  Vol.  Mitg.,n.\'M.  In  Jan.  lS4r 
Hist.  Utah.    38 


«M 


I'OLITICAL,  SOC'IAI^   AND  INSTITUTIONAL. 


Within  the  territory  of  Utah  many  now  colonirs 
wore  establislu'd.  In  1853  the  first  settlement  was 
made  in  Summit  county  by  one  Sanuiel  Snider,  who 
built  a  number  of  sawmills  in  Parley  Park.  In  IHC>\ 
the  county  was  organized,  and  soon  became  noted  for 


I'ttiNciPAi.  Sei-tlemests  IN  18G'2. 

its  mineral  resources,  among  them  being  gold,  silver, 
lead,  copper,  coal,  iron,  and  i;iica.     Its  coal-fields  first 

Brannan  had  established  a  newspaper  styled  the  Yerlia  Biwnn  Cniyornin  Stn; 
with  the  press,  type,  and  fixtures  brought  from  tlio  office  of  The  Pnrjilitt,  i  i 
New  V'ork.  It  was  continued  until  tl.c-  "lose  of  1848.  See  Hint.  Cut..  \- 
.'i52,  this  series.  Jtirhnrdu'  Bi/Mo'f.  of  Ut<ih,  MS..  12-13.  In  Feb.  18.")G  Goo. 
Q.  Cannon  commenced  the  issue  in  San  Franciscc*  of  a  weekly  pai»cr  naiiuil 
the  Wfgtern  Standard.  It  was  di«contiuued  in  Sept.  1857,  when  the  brethren 
were  recalled  tu  Utah,  /(/.,14. 


NEW  SETTLEMENTS. 


broiiffht  it  into  promiuence,  and  to  aid  in  their  develop- 
iiM'ut  a  short  hiioof  railroad  was  built,"*  but  afterward 
<liHtnantlcd  and  abandoned.  Coalville,  the  present 
county  seat,  was  first  settled  in  1859.''  In  1858  tho 
site  of  the  present  town  of  Kamas  was  occupied  as  a 
t,'razing  grountl  by  Thomas  Hhoads,  and  was  then 
known  as  RhoaJs  Valley.  Two  years  later  a  few 
liunilies  settled  there,  and  in  1662  a  ward  was  organ- 
ized, with  William  G.  Russell  as  presiding  elder.'* 

About  seven  miles  north-west  of  Kamas,  and  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Weber,  the  village  of  Peoa  was 
founded  in  1860  by  a  party  of  ten  settlers." 

In  1853  Fort  Bridger,  with  its  Mexican  grant  of 
thirty  square  miles  of  land,  on  which  stood  a  few 
cabins,  was  sold  for  $8,000  to  the  Mormons,"*  who 
during  the  following  year  expended  an  equal  sum  in 
improvements.  This  was  the  first  property  owned 
i)y  the  saints  in  Green  River  county.  At  Fort  Sup- 
ply, in  this  neighborhood,  a  settlement  was  formed 
about  the  same  time  by  John  Nebeker,  Isaac  Bullock, 
and  about  fifty  others  from  Salt  Lake  and  Utah  coun- 
lies.  In  1862  the  first  settlement  was  made  in  Wa- 
satch county,  south  of  Green  River  and  Summit  coun- 
ties, on  the  site  of  the  present  village  of  Wallsburg.'"* 
Situated  for  the  most  part  at  an  elevation  of  about 
seven  thousand  feet,  with  a  heavy  snow-fall  and  pro- 
lific of  streams,  this  section  of  the  territory  was  and 
is  yet  mainly  used  for  stock-ranges,  though  in  the 


^*The  Summit  Coonty  Railroad. 

"  By  H.  B.  Wild,  A.  B.  Williama,  W.  H.  Smith,  and  others.  It  waa  in- 
corporated in  I8ti7.  Sloan's  Utah  OazitUer,  1884,  149.  Summit  co.  was  bo 
named  from  the  fact  that  it  included  the  summit  of  the  Wauatch  range. 
Jlichardn'  Utah  J/wc,  MS.,  1. 

<*  The  settlers  lived  in  a  fort  until  1870,  when  a  city  survey  was  made, 
nnil  they  moved  out  to  their  lots. 

^'  The  first  house  waa  built  by  Henry  Bamum  an(?  ^acob  M.  Truman.  Id., 
150. 

"  The  deeds  are  now  in  the  possession  of  the  church  officials  at  S.  L.  City. 
Trans.  Wyom.  Acatl.  Scwncts,  1882,  pp.  81-2.  Miles  Goodyear,  the  owner, 
was  married  to  a  sister  of  the  Indian  chief  Walker.  Youny's  Early  Exptr., 
MS.,  6. 

^*By  Wm  Wall,  E.  Garr,  and  Jas  Laird.  Sloan's  Utah  Gazetteer,  1884,  p. 
158.    in  1866  Wallsburg  waa  organized  as  a  ward. 


006 


POUTICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  INSTITUTIONAL. 


1, 
if 


north-western  portion  there  is  farming  land  of  good 
quality. 

Morgan  county,  west  of  Summit,  was  named  id'ter 
Jedediah  Morgan  Grant,  who  with  Thomas  J.  Thur- 
ston and  others  first  occupied  it  in  the  spring  of  1855. 
In  1862  it  was  organized,  the  county  seat,  Morgan 
City,  being  incorporated  six  years  later.  The  villaj^  j 
of  Milton  was  settled  by  Thurston  in  185G,  and  Entoi- 
prisc,  which  together  with  Morgan  is  now  on  tlic 
line  of  the  Union  Pacific,  in  18G2. 

In  185G  a  party  of  six  brethren  settled  in  Cachu 
Valley  on  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Wellsvilltj, 
Cache  county,  north  of  Weber,  being  organized  duriii;^^ 
tht!  following  year.  Except  toward  the  north,  tlio 
valley  in  surrounded  by  mountains,  on  which  the  snow 
lingtjrs  late  into  autumn,  thus  aftbrding  water  for  irri- 
gation tiiroughout  the  year.  Though  the  first  ut- 
tonipt  at  agiiculturo  resulted  in  failure  on  account  of 
the  severity  of  the  climate,  excellent  crops  were  after- 
ward raised,  antl  soon  this  section  became  known  as 
the  granary  of  Utah.  Ami«l  the  ranges  are  vast  Ijoits 
of  timber,  so  dense  that  tlu'ie  are  places  where  the 
sunlight  never  penetrates,  and  where  the  foot  of  man 
has  never  trod.  Minerals  are  also  abundant,  thouj^li 
little  utilized  at  present.  During  the  ytiar  18aGaf<»rt 
was  built  at  Wellsville,  the  site  of  the  town  being  laid 
out  in  18G2,  when  a  lunulred  and  fifty  families  were 
gathered  there."'  Logan  City,  about  six  nules  north 
of  VVellsvilK>,  and  the  capital  of  Cache  county,  was 
loeated  by  I'eter  M:iii;4!ian  in  the  spring  of  185'J,  the 
spot  being  se!< cted  t)n  aceount  of  its  ricli  soil  and 
)Mstnre,  and  thi'  ainpli'  water  power  afforded  by  tin; 
Jtiver.     The  lirst  settlers  drew  lots  for  their 


t 


o}i[aii 


""Ctu'lic  CO.  was  so  <!ulluil  from  tliu  fa*;'-  tlmt  otrtaiii  trappers  or  emiKrnntd 
cni'lii-il  Riitno  u<hm1h  tlicro  iiK  tlit'v  |iii«Mf.l  timi.igli;  Wellsviilu  wat  nunicil  fur 
(ion.  Uiliv  l;i'li'ir'/>'  I  iih  .\ii-,/i.,  MS.,  4.  'Ilio  lirnt  lioii»e  wiih  Imilt  at 
Wc.Uvillr  liy  I'rti'i'  Miiii;;liiii',  llii'  tii)«»  iui»  mill  liy  K.su  .w  Ktlv.ardit,  Fiiui'Ij* 
(iiiliiiiil,  aiHl  Will  li  Maii,:4liiiii.  iml  tint  tiiHt  ^'liiit mill  liy  I'liii.  Hill  .^  ('•>. 
A  iHi'iiiKii  liiniHi',  wlik'li  MiTM'il  aiso  for  iii('i';iii|;-liiius<>,  Mint  cuustructud  m 
1H.<("     lyUintm  It.  Maii'j/iii'i,  ill  L  I'lh  •Skfi<ht»,  AS,,  'M. 


MENDON  AND  SMITHFIELD. 


507 


land,"  and  in  1860  the  site  was  surveyed,  the  city 
hi'ui^  divided  into  four  wards  in  1861,  and  incorpo- 
rated five  years  later.  About  five  miles  to  the  west 
of  Wjllsvillc  the  settlement  of  Mendon  was  com- 
menced in  1857,*'  the  settlers  removing  to  Wellsville 
ill  the  winter  of  1858-59  for  protection  against  Ind- 
ians, and  returning  the  following  year  in  gi'eater  num- 
ber. The  first  buildings  weie  of  logs,  with  roofs  and 
iloors  of  mud,  timber  being  scarce  m  that  neighbor- 
hood.*' 

In  1859  Seth  and  Robert  Langton,  Robert  and 
John  Thornloy,  travelled  northward  froj'i  Salt  Lake 
City  in  search  of  an  agricultural  site.  Arriving  at 
Summit  creek,  they  settled  within  half  a  mile  of 
the  present  town  of  Smithfield,  Cache  county.  In 
November  the  settlement  was  organized  as  a  ward, 
with  John  G.  Smith  as  bishop,  and  in  March  18G0  a 
survey  was  begun.  A  few  weeks  later  troubles  arose 
with  the  Indians,"*  compelling  the  settlers  to  build 
and  take  refuge  in  a  fort,  in  which  they  remained 
until  late  in  the  following  year.  At  the  close  of  1801 
tliere  were  in  operation  a  lumber-mill,  a  molasses- 
mill,  and  a  tannery,*^  and  the  town  had  then  been 
laid  out  in  its  present  form.  Other  settlements  in 
Cache  county  were  Hyde  Park,  five  miles  nortli  of 
Logan,  and  now  on  the  line  of  the  Utah  and  north- 
«'rn  railroad,  where,  in  18G0,  sixteen  families  were 
y^uthered;*"  Providence,  two  miles  south  of  Logan, 

•'  The  first  house  wm  bnilt  hy  ^y.  h  ^reston  and  John  an«l  Aaron  Thatclier. 
who  Jiavo  Hince  lieen  the  pruminot't  nieu  in  Cai'lio  VuUcy.  SImih's  UUih  Giuet- 
t  ir,  I8S4,  p.  .TV.',  llczoktah  th^<  father  <>f  the  Thntclicra,  hud  made  money  at 
till)  mines  in Cidifnrnia,  anc  "as  then  cHtocmed  Ihu  richest  man  in  Utah,  next 
to  llrijjham.     In  INTO  his  son  Mosua  mus  ordnincd  an  apostle. 

"The  first  settlers  woro  Win  (iardoner  and  Alox.  and  Robt  HilL  Walter 
I  lui,  ill  Utnh  Skftrttes,  41. 

"  The  first  stone  dwelling  woa  begun  in  1800  by  Jos.  Baker;  others  soon 
full,  wed.   /</.,  -il-'J. 

"  v'  'iiiiNud  by  their  stealing  n  horse.  In  a  fight  which  ensned,  Ira  Merrill 
<it  Sill  til  field  and  an  Indian  chief  wor«  killed.  Another  of  the  settlers  was 
wimni  ;d. 

*^  a  1801  a  lumber-mill  was  completed,  and  in  1804  a  griat-ioill.  FraneUt 
Shar  ,  in/(/.,  117. 

*"  U  liis  date  they  lived  in  a  fort.  The  town  site  woa  laid  out  in  1804. 
J!obl  Dai'tet,  iu  Id.,  120. 


POLITICAL.  SOCIAL,  AND  INSTITUTIONAL 

where  the  first  settlors"  took  up  their  abode  in  April 
1859;  Millvillo,  two  miles  farther  south,  located  in 
June  18G0;"^  Paradise,  at  the  southern  extremity  of 
the  valley,  containin|r  in  18G1  about  thirty  inhabi- 
tants," and  Hyrum,  settled  in  18G0  by  about  twenty 
families."* 

Thus  far  the  progress  of  Mormon  colonization  in 
the  north,  east,  and  west.  Toward  the  south,  the 
first  settlement  in  Beaver  county,  between  Miilurd 
and  Iron  counties,  dates  from  185G,  at  which  time 
Simeon  F.  Ilowd,  James  P.  Anderson,  and  Wilson 
(i.  Mowers  arrived  in  Beaver  Valley,  commenced  t<> 
build  a  log  cabin,  and  made  preparations  for  farming' 
and  stock-raising.  So<m  afterward  they  were  joinecl 
by  others,  making  in  all  some  thirty  or  forty  families, 
and  in  the  spring  of  1858  the  site  of  Beaver  City 
was  laid  out."*  The  appearance  of  the  valley  was 
not  inviting.  Situated  at  an  altitude  of  G,500  fert, 
frosty  and  barren,  its  surface  <!overed  in  parts  with 
sage-brush  and  its  soil  everywhere  impregnated  witli 
alkali,  it  was  at  first  considered  unfit  for  occupation. 
Its  main  attraction  was  the  volume  of  water  aiiorded 
by  Beaver  River,  which  courses  through  the  val- 
ley from  east  to  west,  its   source  being  at  an  alti- 

"  Ira  Rich,  Jobn  F.  Maddiaon,  and  five  otiiura.  Sloan'*  Utah  Ckutttm; 
1884,  p.  1'28. 

'"Ity  K/ra  T.  licnson,  P.  Maughan,  and  sovernl  others.  Georgo  0.  Pitkin, 
thoprvMunt  bisliup,  waa  appointed  March  I'i,  I8U2.  Iltitl. 

**  A.  M.  Moniiorth  from  Uox  KItler  eo.  woh  thu  fir^t  itettlvr  in  ParadiNc. 
II.  C.  Jackson  liuilt  tiie  first  aaw-niill  iii  I8(K),  and  tliu  first  KriMt-inill  in  IH<)4, 
in  wliich  latter  yvar  tho  town  site  was  laid  out  under  tlic  direction  of  Kxri^  'I'. 
lienmm.  A  los  meoting-honso  was  built  in  IMil.  In  IMIH  thu  sottli'iMiiit 
was  removed  tTirtio  miles  farther  to  the  north,  for  better  protection  aguiiiHi 
IndiimH.  Oman  Smith,  in  Utah  Sketchet,  MS.,  l-'i. 

'"'I'liostt  of  Alva  Iknson,  Ira  Allen,  and  others.  It  is  related  that  the  Hit 
tliTM  brought  the  waters  of  Little  Ueur  Uiver  to  their  farnm  in  '2\  workingd:i.v<, 
by  nieaiiH  of  a  canal  eight  foet  wide,  which  afterward  funuithed  the  water  hii|i 
ply  of  iiynim.  While  at  this  work  many  of  them  lived  oa  bread  and  wittii . 
and  tlu'ir  toolH  ooiiHistod  only  of  a  few  oKI  shovels  and  H|mdes.  ,Souio  of  them 
dwelt  for  several  years  in  holes  or  cellura  dug  in  thu  ground. 

"  In  the  winter  of  IH.'M^?  tho  tirst  log  schoul-houso  was  built,  but  giivn 
place  in  I8(U  to  a  brick  building  known  iis  the  lienver  Institute.  In  i8(>7,i>i-<". 
the  fn-Ht  saw-inill  was  orecttra  on  tho  site  now  occupied  by  the  oo*>|M>niti\)i 
w-(M>lleii-ndll8.  ,/an  II.  (ilinr»,  in  I'luh  SLrlrhrM,  M.S.,  18.  Heaver  city  iiml 
CO.  were  so  named  from  tho  beaver  dums  found  there,  llichards'  Utah  Mini ., 
MS.,  7. 


SOUTHERN  DEVELOPMENT. 


000 


ritkiii, 


tho  m'l 

IT  mi|i 
Witl)  I  . 

if  tlllMI 
it  ^ItVll 

".III"". 

ty  iirnl 


tude  of  nearly  twelve  thousand  feet.  Within  recent 
years,  as  we  shall  presently  see,  this  district  1ms 
proved  itself  rich  in  niinerals.  Next  in  importance 
to  Beaver  City,  and  about  twenty  miles  to  tho  soutli- 
wcHt,  was  Minersville,  first  settled  in  1859,  with  J.  II. 
liollins  as  bishop  of  tho  ward. 

The  principal  settlement  in  Kano  county,  which  lay 
south  of  Iron  and  eaat  of  Wawhington  county,  and  at 
one  time  included  a  portion  of  the  lattt>r,  wus  Virgin 
(,'ity,  founded  in  1858,  on  the  upper  Virgin  Hiver.'* 
Its  site  i.s  in  a  valley  about  seven  miles  in  width, 
:ui(l  enclo.4ed  by  mountains,  their  foothills,  seamed 
and  broken  by  the  rains,  leaving  but  a  narrow  mar- 
^nu  for  cultivation  on  the  banks  of  the  stream,  cov- 
ered with  a  dense  growth  of  cotton-woods  and  an 
iindergrowth  of  sago  and  rabbit  brush.  Five  or  siv 
miles  west  of  Virgin  City  was  the  town  of  Toijuer- 
ville,  established  ni  1858  by  several  families  front 
Cedar  City." 

In  1854  Jacob  Hamblin  and  two  others  were  sent 
ns  liissionaries  to  tho  Lamanites  in  the  valley  of  the 
virgin  and  Santa  Clara  rivers  in  Washington  county, 
with  orders  to  establish  a  settlement  in  that  neighbor- 
hood. They  found  the  Indians  peaceably  diH[iosed, 
nnd  in  a  measure  civilized,  many  of  them  being  en- 
gaged in  planting  corn,  wheat,  and  stpiashes,  but  do- 
pending  maiidy  for  bread  on  the  Hee«lsof  wild  grasses.' 

"Tho  city  waa  laid  out  liy  Nt-plii  Jolinsnn  nml  (itltor*.  Tim  iirat  avliuol 
wiM orgauizL'il  ill  KMM),  luul  tlio  lirMt  iiicutiu({  liuiiHehuiltiii  IMII.  •lolin  I'arker, 
ill  /(/.,  H.  Kimo  CO.  waa  Mu  imiiiud  aftvr  Col  'lima  1..  Knuu.  iiirkurtU'  Ul'th 
Mm:,  MS..  7. 

■*Aiii(in}{  them  waa  tho  family  of  I'liilli|>  Kliiigonaniitli,  of  Mouiitaiu- 
Mi'Uilowa  fume.  Jolin  Stuulo,  in  C'lnh  ^LtirhiM,  MS.,  )).  Mr  SUmiIu  wuut  to 
Soutlieni  Utah  in  \HM,  iit  oom|)auy  with  <iti>.  A.  Smith. 

"On  lucount  uf  ihu  wurin  climutc,  it  wiih  HU|i|Muu)ii  thnt  c<itt4iii  mi^lit  lie 
niiw'il  ill  tliu  valliiy  uf  thu  Suiita  (.'lurii.  AlHuit  oiio  i|iiiii't  of  toitoii-aot'ii  waa 
iiliiiitcil  ill  thu  anring  uf  ls.Vi,  yiuMiii);  (-iiou^li  to  |ir(Hiii>'i)  'Mi  yi>i'<l«  of  I'loth. 
riii^  giiiiiiuK  iintl  apinniiig  went  tloiio  l>y  liaiul.  uihI  tint  wi^uviiig  on  u  tiviMlle- 
IiH.m.  Juinuali.  lllciik,  in  UinhSk>tih,ii,  MS.,ti»,  In  !f07,H()ll>«»or«  |iliiiit4Mi, 
iMit  tho  crop  waa  a  fuilurn,  tho  at'tnl  iM-iiig  Imil.  In  lH.'iH  tl  nlhi'i-  i!X|K-riim!nta 
wtTc  muilo,  thocuttim  rainoil  tho  lintt  your  ciMtiiiK^1.40|Mir  lb.,  uml  tho  m-coimI 
ynii  ^|.{N).  Tho  imliutry  wim  fuuiul  tu  lio  uii|ii'olitul>lii.  hi.,  70-1;  Jrnnttujt' 
Mnl.  /'roiirfiiii  n/ lUnh,  y\H.,  \.  Tho  ntt4'mpt  wiui  muilo  with  a  viow  tu  pro> 
'liiciiig  ill  thu  t«!rrit4>i-y  all  Uwt  waa  uo4h1o«1  fur  ila  |topuUUuu.  Iluriiton't  Cril, 
A'utm  jii  L'tuh,  MS.,  'Ju. 


f'ii 


600 


POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  INSTITUTIONAL. 


In  1857  otiior  inisHionaries  joined  the  party,  toj^etliiT 
witli  a  nuinlK'r  of  faiuilicH  troiu  Salt  Lake  City,  and 
ill  May  of  this  year  a  settlement  was  funned,  to  which 
was  j^iven  the  name  of  Washington. 

In  Oetoher  18G1  three  hundred  of  the  saints,  under 
the  directi«»u  of  Orson  Pratt  and  Erastus  Snow,  were 
ordered  to  proceed  to  this  district,  and  build  a  city,  to 
he  named  St  Georgt',  near  the  junction  of  the  Viryjiii 
and  SantaClararivers  in  Washington  county.  In  Jan- 
uary IHGU  a  site  was  selected  and  surveyed,  tlie  city  in- 
eor[»orate<l,''  tlmugh  yet  unbuilt,  and  the  people  took 
p<)Sh«'s.sion  of  their  lots.  Before  doing  so  it  was  decided 
l»y  unanimous  vote  that  the  first  building  erected  sh«)ul(l 
l)e  a  social  hall,  to  hv.  used  for  educational  and  other  pur- 
po.ses.'*  In  September  lirigham  visite<l  the  settlers, 
and  advised  them  to  build,  as  soon  as  possible,  a  substan- 
tial, commodious,  and  well-finished  meeting-house,  or 
tabernacle,  large  enough  to  seat  at  least  two  thousand 
persons,  and  one  that  would  be  an  ornament  to  tiieir 
city  and  a  credit  to  their  enterprise.  The  f«)undation 
stones  were  laid  on  the  1st  of  June,  1873,  the  prophet's 
birthday,  and  the  buiUiing  completed  eight  years  later, 
at  a  cost  of  $1 10,000.  Before  its  settlement,  the  val- 
ley of  St  (jeorge  presented  a  barren  aj)pearance,  its 
surface  being  strongly  impregnated  with  mineral  salts, 
cvin  the  l)ottom-lands  of  the  Virgin  and  Santa  Clara 
showing  large  strips  of  alkaline  soil.  Its  climate  wiis 
mild,  an<i,  with  irrigation,  crops  of  many  kinds  could 
be  raisc<l;  but  water  was  scarce,  an  artesian  well  sunk 
ill  18(1*2,  at  a  cost  of  3r),000,  being  abandoned  as  a  fail 
ure,  after  attaining  a<lepth  of  more  than  two  iiimdnd 
feet.''     Notwithstanding  these  drawbacks,  the  city  bu- 


"Hynrt  nppmveil  Jan.  17,  1802.  Sec  Utah  Artn  LeiM-  («!.  18«fl),  M>. 
Ifltl  7.  It  Miia  imiiK'd  St  liforgc  after  I'roa.  Gvo,  A.  Smith.  JlichurtW  UinU 
J/m...  MS.,  4. 

'  Tlio  fouiitlntioii  Htoiio  WDM  lni<l  March  2*2,  1802,  &iul  wlicn  ruiiipKtrd,  al 
a  coHt  of  niori'  timii  $ll,(NNt,  it  was  iiamud  St  Oourgo  llall.  Juiiioa  O.  llUak,  in 
Vliih  Skrhhi*,  MS.,  7;i-4. 

"  'Y\w  |N-<ip|<i  faniie«l  <»n  tlio  joint  enoUtsuro  ■yotcm,  the  first  cnilimoil  fHlil. 
niinud  tin-  St  (ieorj.;«',  U'iiig  irri);ut«ii  l>v  tlie  'Virnin  tlitcli,"  the  coat  of  wliiili 
Iwtwtiu  Hcc.  IhUl  and  Aug.  IMGU  was  $20,Ull.riU.  Id.,  7U. 


COUNTIES  AND  TOW'NS. 


GGT 


tcil.  ill 
rilk,  ill 

1  lifl.l. 

1  wliii  li 


came  the  county  seat  of  Washington,  and  is  to-day  the 
leading  tdwn  in  southern  Utah.''* 

Ot"  the  counties  organized  between  1850  and  1852, 
and  the  settlements  founded  therein  up  to  the  latter 
date,  mention  has  already  been  made.'*  During  the 
next  decade  many  small  villages  and  towns  were  lo- 
cated in  the  older  counties,*"  and  I  shall  describe  later 

^*  other  settlenients  in  Washington  co.  were  Santa  Clara,  on  the  river  of 
that  iiiiino,  and  about  iivo  miles  northwest  of  St  <Scorge,  nettled  in  IS.')3  hy 
.lacul  I  HamliHii  ami  a  company  of  niissionariea;  Giinlock,  founded  by  W.  ilani- 
lilin  un  the  Santa  Clara,  in  1857;  IVico,  (Kcupied  in  1858  as  a  cotton  plantation, 
>*iibiia'rged  by  tho  IUxmI  of  18G1,  and  reoccupied  for  general  farming  purpose'; 
in  IMKI;  llarrisburg,  twelve  miles  north-cast  of  St  George,  settled  iii  18(S()  by 
.Mo4<-8  Harris  and  13  others;  Duncan's  Ilotreat,  on  tho  north  l>ank  of  tliti  Vir- 
^;in,  lirxt  nettled  in  1801  by  Chapman  Duncan,  who  alwndoned  it,  and  n^sut- 
til mI  by  William  Theobald  and  six  others;  and  Shocnsbiirg,  also  on  tiu>  Virj^in, 
Idc.'iti-d  in  Jon.  1802,  by  Oliver  Do  Mill  and  otherH.  Sloan'it  Utah  (itiztitn'r, 
1K(>4,  101  'J.  In  this  and  other  counties,  settled  between  185*2  and  180*2, 
were  niiiiicrons  small  settlements,  some  of  which  will  bo  mentioned  latei 

'*Sec  chaps  xiii.  and  xvii.,  this  vol. 

""In  185*2  Call's  Fort,  in  Box  Klder  co.,  now  on  the  line  of  tho  Utah  nnd 
Northern  railway,  was  built  by  Anson  Call  and  two  others.  In  188<'i  it  coti- 
tuiiicd  ultout  .15  families.  Deseret,  near  tho  centre  of  AUIlard  co.,  now  having 
a  Htation  on  tho  Utah  Central,  was  founded  in  IS^'iS,  altandoned  in  1807,  and 
rcoccuiiied  in  1875  by  J.  S.  Black  ond  others.  Scipio,  in  tho  nortliemttrn 
)iart  of  the  same  county  was  settled  in  March  1800  by  T.  F.  llobiim  and  mix 
others.  Circlovillo,  in  what  is  now  Piute  co.,  was  s<.ttled  about  tlio  tumw 
time,  sovornl  previous  attempts  having  failed,  on  accouiit  cf  trouble  with  iiul- 
ians.  In  the  samo  year,  also,  Fort(iuuniiion  was  founded  in  the  south-  .vcHiorn 
part  of  San  I'ctoco.  In  18(51  it  was  organized  as  u  ward,  with  .liicob  Ktalj^cr 
son  as  bishop.  About  30  miles  to  tho  north  was  Moroni,  so  called  utur 
the  iironliet  of  thai  name  in  tho  book  of  Mormon,  located  in  March  I8.'i{)  by 
ti.  \V.  Bradley  and  others,  and  incorporated  in  180(S.  Foirvicw,  farther  !■> 
the  north,  and  first  known  as  North  Bend,  was  founded  in  tho  winter  of  I8,V.) 
(to  by  James  N.  .lones  and  others,  and  was  incorporated  in  187*2.  WaKn, 
t!;c  present  tcrmiuusof  tho  San  Pete  railway,  was  iirst  settled  in  1857  by  Joliii 
K.  licvn  and  others,  Roes  being  bishop  of  the  ward  in  188:i;  Fayette,  on  tliu  wcHt 
Itaiik  of  tho  Sevier,  but  still  in  San  Poto  co.,  in  1801,  by  .Tames  Itartliol'.niiLW 
and  four  others,  Bartholomew  being  now  ward  bishop.  In  Tooele  co. ,  St  Jclm 
wa.s  ftiundt'l  in  1858  by  Luke  Johnson,  and  Lake  View  in  1800  by  Orson  Pratt, 
(ioorgo  MurHhall,  Mosos  Martin,  and  four  others,  Martin  Ijcing  the  present 
biajitip.  I'l  Utah  CO.,  Spanisit  Fork,  now  on  the  line  of  the  Utah  Central  rail- 
road, was  incorporated  in  18.')5;  Sulcni,  a  little  to  the  nortii-cust  of  Piiyxon,  and 
tirst  knowiiae  PoudTown,  wasfoundedin  18.")(.«by  Hobt  Durfeoundsixotlicrs; 
and  (ioshin,  in  tho  south-western  part  of  tiiu  county,  in  tho  same  year  by 
Pliiiicus  Cook  and  a  few  others.  The  present  site  of  (fOMl<eii  waH  lucutcd  in 
1S09  by  Tirigham,  afew  miles  noiilh  of  tlio  old  settlement.  In  Welicr  coniify. 
Plain  (Jity  was  located  in  March  1850  on  tho  Weber  Uiver,  ulxnit  nine  milcx 
nortl.-west  of  Ogden,  by  .1.  Spiers  and  a  few  olherH;  West  Wi'l)er,  a  litllii 
far*  tier  south,  alM>ut  tho  samo  date,  by  Wm  MiFarland  and  14  utlurs;  IMcn, 
ten  miles  north-east  of  Ogden,  in  IN<M),  by  .lolin  licildlu  an<l  .bweph  CiMxtr; 
and  Iluntsvillo,  twelve  miles  east  of  Ogden,  in  tho  same  year,  by  .b  IliiHon 
Hunt  and  others.  Tnylor'n  Ihm.,  MS.;  Wvcvilniff't  Journal,  MS.;  H.st.  It. 
Yunu'i.  MS.;  .S:/oa;i'«  UtuM>azrUi;r,  1H81,  P2*2-05;  UlakSkftrhrs,  Ms.,  paHsiin; 
llii;ii)-li<iol:  of  Ur/f retire,  7I-S.  In  .July  1855  a  sottlenieut  was  foiindt'd  «in 
tlir  left  liank  of  tlio  Otaiid  River,  in  tl)<>  Klk  Mountain  region,  by  Alfred  N. 
Liilings.  ItielMrdH  lucidentH  in  Ulult  IJiM.,  MS.,  80. 


IfiJ 


602 


POLITICAL,  SOCTAL,  AND  INSTITUTIONAL. 


those  that  afterward  attained  prominence.  They  dif- 
fered but  little  in  outward  appearance  from  the  pio- 
neer settlements  in  other  parts  of  the  United  States, 
except  in  one  particular.  Throughout  the  entire  ter- 
ritory, there  wus  rarely  to  be  seen,  except  in  Salt  Lake 
City,  a  store  or  a  mechanic's  sign,  traffic  being  carried 
on  from  house  to  house,  and  the  few  extraneous  wants 
of  the  settlers  being  mainly  supplied  by  peddlers/' 

*'  Among  other  works  consulted  in  this  chapter  are  the  Jtoule  from  Liver- 
pool to  Grtat  Salt  LakeVallttj:  IllwilnitedtcUh  Steel  Emjraviiiya  and  iVood-ritlH 
from  SkftcheH  ,nade  by  Frederick  I'iercy,  together  with  a  Oeoyraphicut  and  His- 
torical UeKri/itUm  of  Utah,  and  a  Map  of  the  Overland  Houteatothtit  Terrii'^n/ 
from  the  Minaouri  liiwr.  Alao  an  Anlheiitic  Ilutory  qfthe  Latter-Day  Suiiila' 
Emiifratioii/rom  Europe  from  the.  Commencement  up  to  the  Close  of  IHUr),  with 
StatUtic*.  Edited  by  Jamea  lAnforth.  Liverpool  and  London,  1855.  Tliuugli 
tltis  )jook  wa«  written  mainly  fur  tlio  purjxwe  of  giving  a  review  of  tlio 
latter-day  saints'  emigration  from  Liver|iool  to  Salt  Lake  City,  together  ^\i\\ 
Btatistics  to  date,  it  contains  niurh  historical  and  statistical  information  on 
other  subjects,  drawn,  as  the  editor  says,  'from  sources  far  and  wide.'  Mr 
Li«i  forth  acknowledges  that  ho  was  assisted  in  his  work  by  missionaries,  wIiomu 
position  and  acquaintance  with  affairs  gave  him  access  to  muny  valuublu 
documents.  In  chap,  xvii,,  wo  iind  a  description  of  Nuuvoo,  of  the  ( 'urthagu- 
jail  tragedy,  the  pcrsccutionH  in  Missouri  and  Illinois,  and  many  details  con- 
cerning the  life  cf  tho  prophet.  In  chaps  xxi.-xxii.  is  an  account  of  the 
territory  dud  its  settlements,  and  tho  industrial  condition  of  tho  saints.  In 
the  last  chapters  are  brief  bioij;raphies  of  some  of  tho  leading  elders.  All  of 
this  informaticn  is  contained  in  notes,  tlio  text  merely  relating  tho  travels  of 
tl;o  artists  by  whom  tho  sketches  m  ere  mode.  Tiio  engravings  arc  well  exc- 
oute<l,  and  among  them  uro  ])ortrait8  of  several  church  dignitaries. 

A  Journey  to  Oreat  Salt  Lake  City,  b/i  Julea  lirmy  and  Juliua  Brenrhley, 
M.  A.:  With  a  Sketch  of  the  flintory,  /tdigion,  and  (Jmtoma  of  the  JHormoiw, 
uud  an  introduction  on  the  lielit/ioua  MonmerU  in  the  United  Stales,  by  Jnlci 
Jtemy.  '2  vols.  London,  ItHW.  In  addition  to  incidents  of  travel  and  de- 
scriptions of  the  places  visited,  wu  liavo  in  these  volumes  a  sketch  of  Mor- 
nson  history  to  1850,  together  with  chapters  on  tho  Mormon  chureli  and 
hicrarcliy,  polygamy,  education,  and  propugandism.  At  ono  time  it  wna 
considered  the  standard  gentiloautliority  on  Mormonism,  and  is  frei'l>  tpiutt'd 
l>y  otiicr  writers,  though  greatly  inferior  to  Uurton's  work  pulilishcd  two 
yeara  later.  'The  greater  part  of  the  matter,' remarks  tlio  author,  'uim 
writtou  from  day  to  day,  oftfln  in  tho  ojicn  air,  ujion  tin'  Hlopoa  or  tli<!  (resin 
of  niduutains.  in  the  heart  of  deserts,  am-jng  tiie  <m  <  uixUions  and  frtmently 
the  perils  which  are  the  necessary  •ccomimnimunts  of  so  lone  a  journey.' 
lleneo  Mr  Hcmv  lays  no  claim  to  literary  finish,  a  defet;  which  lie  liopcN  muy 
be  atoned  for  oy  superior  accuracy.  Though  tb«  re  are  iiian>  interesting 
iiiiMSii^es  and  tionic  intcreHting  chapters,  one  cannot,  bui  t«el  tiiiki  lie  niiglit 
have  said  twice  as  ii'iich  in  half  the  space. 

The  lluthnud  >.•,.  Utah;  o--  SitjhlH  and  Scenea  amomj  ikf  AfcrrmoHa:  W*/h 
lit  marl*  on  their  iiloral  and  Social  Economy,  hy  Anxtin  .V.  Ward.  Kdited 
by  Mauitt  Wanl.  New  York,  1857.  Here  and  there  iu  this  work  will  lie 
l.iund  some  interesting  sketches  of  Mormon  life  us  Mrs  Ward  olmervec!  it  iu 
lK.'i5.  Among  them  are  descriptions  of  the  mdustrial  und  Hociai  (-{aMiition  ol 
the  Mormons,  'lie  stores,  iimnufacturcH,  strvftts,  street  scenes,  (xwcuim  s,  tin' 
theatre,  tlie  tui>ei°nacle.  In  stylo  the  work  m  Hketcliy  and  entertaining,  luid 
written  in  more  friciidl\  mood  than  could  oe  expt^cted  from  one  who,  a^" 
Mrs  Ward  declares,  '  escaped  from  MormouUom.'    At  the  end  of  the  work  m 


nehiey, 
irmoiiH, 

Juki 
ml  lie- 

M..I- 
and 

(llOtfli 

two 

W  IH 
cl't'slrt 

iii'iitly 
rncy.' 
nuy 
est  ill); 
iiii^'lit 


;li 


•l 


PIONEER  COMMERCE.  iOS 

Nevertheless  the  traveller  who  might  chance  to  visit 
any  of  the  larger  settlements  in  18G2  could  purchase, 
at  reasonable  rates,  all  the  necessaries  of  life,  and 
could  perhaps  supply  himself  with  luxuries,  provided 
he  were  willing  to  pay  from  three  to  five  fold  their 
value.  Though  there  was  no  indication  that  trade  in 
its  ordinary  sense  existed  among  these  communitie.s, 
and  one  might  search  in  vain  for  a  hotel,  or  even  for 
a  bath-house  or  a  barber's  shop,  most  of  the  ordinary 
crafts  were  represented,  and  alt  that  was  needful  could 
be  obtained  for  money. 

'  Joseph's  Smith's  revelation  on  polv^ainy,'  and  several  discourses  by  leading 
ddcrs.  Another  edition  was  issued  ui  1803,  under  title  of  Alak  Lyt  among 
lite  MotinoM, 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 

1801-1860. 

Ck>TKRNOR  Pawhon'r  Oallantry— Utah  Rephskd  ADMimoN  AS  A  State— 
Pahhaok  op  a  Bill  auainst  Polyoamy— Mka8DRB8  0P  thb  Lkoihlatihb 
— Akkival  op  Governor  Hardinq— Dirphteh  between  Brioham  and 
THE  Federal  Oppicials— Arrival  op  the  Calipornia  Volusteers— A 
Fawk  Alarm— The  M0RRI8ITE  TRoruLP^— Governors  Doty  and  Dcr- 
BEE— The  Limith  op  Utah  Curtailed— Celbbratiom  op  Lincoln's 
Second  iNAnocRATioN— The  Brahspield  and  Robinson  MrRDKics— 
Indian  Outbreaks— The  Battle  op  Bear  River— Distcrbances  in 
Southern  Utah— Treatikh  with  Indian  Tribes— The  Uintau  Val- 
ley RkMERVATION- BlBLIOdRAPHICAL. 


The  first  appointments  made  by  President  Lincoln 
for  the  territory  of  Utah  were  John  W.  Dawson 
US  j^overnor,'  John  F.  Kinney  as  chief  justice,  11.  i*. 
FIcnniken  and  J.  11.  Crosby  associate  judges,  Frank 
Fuller  secretary,  and  James  Duane  Doty  superin- 
tendent of  Indian  affairs.  A  few  weeks  after  his 
arrival,  the  governor  was  accused  of  making  improper 
advances  to  one  of  the  Mormon  women,  and  on  new- 
year's  eve  of  1861  was  glad  to  make  his  escape  from 
Zion,  being  waylaid  at  Mountain  Dell  on  his  return 
journey  and  soundly  beaten  by  a  party  of  saints.' 

'  After  Cumming's  departure,  Secretary  Wooton  became  acting  covcmor, 
but  resigned  ua  noon  as  the  southern  secession  was  announced.  Steiihotut'a 
liorkfi  Mountain  Saintu,  446,  601. 

»  in  H'aiie'it  The  Mormon  Prophet,  76;  Betullc'B  L{fe  inUtah,  201 ;  Stenhoii-f  * 
Jtocki/  MotuUain  SaiiUM,  692,  it  is  stated  thut  Dawson  was  entrapprd  into  tliis 
affair;  in  Tucker's  Mormonium,  239;  TuUiily>-'»  HiH.  8.  L.  C'iljf.  249;  Ihitrr.t 
A'eu'<«,  Jan.  I,  1802,  that  it  was  of  his  own  seeking.  In  Id.,  Jan  14th,  is  n 
letter  from  Dawson  to  the  editor  of  the  Dewrtt  Ntwt,  dated  liear  Hi\ir 
Station,  Utah  Terr.,  wherein  the  governor  states  that  he  was  badly  wouii>l<  <l 
ill  the  iipad  and  kicked  in  the  chest  and  loins.  A  copy  of  hia  fint  and  only 
niowago  to  tlie  legislature  will  b«  found  iu  Utttk  Jour.  Legut,,  1831-2,  12-2ti. 


A  NEW  ADMINISTRATION. 


605 


A  month  later  the  associate  judges  also  left  the  ter- 
ritory, Thomas  J.  Drake  and  Charles  li.  Wuite,  ap- 
jioiiited  in  their  stead,  with  Stephen  S.  Ilurding  as 
<^(»vernor,  arriving  in  July.  Meanwhile  the  Necretary, 
l»y  virtue  of  his  office,  became  the  chief  nmgiHtrate.' 

Now  came  an  opportunity  for  Brighani  to  put  forth 
once  more  the  claim  which  he  had  several  times  as- 
sorted: "I  am  and  will  be  governor."  At  this  period 
another  effort  was  being  made  to  obtain  adniiNsion  as 
a  state,  and  on  the  17th  of  March,  1802,  the  legisla- 
ture being  then  in  session,  a  proclamation  was  issued, 
ill  which,  styling  himself  governor-elect,  lirigliam 
convened  the  general  assembly  and  ordered  the  elec- 
tion of  senators  to  congress.*  Soon  afterward  ho 
telegraphed  to  Washington  that  no  assistance  was 
needed  in  subduing  tiie  Indians,  who,  as  will  pn.'sently 
appear,  were  somewhat  troublesome  at  this  date;  for 
"the  militia  were  ready  and  able,  as  they  had  ever 
been,  to  take  care  of  them,  and  were  able  and  willing 
to  protect  the  mail  line  if  called  upon  to  do  so." 
Fuller  meekly  indorsed  this  statement,  and  was  au- 
thorized by  the  war  department  to  call  out  niiii^ty 
men  for  three  months'  service  between  lorts  Ihidger 
and  Laramie.  General  Wells  was  ordered  to  tako 
command  of  the  party,  and  in  three  days  it  was  ready 
to  march. 

The  choice  for  senators  fell  on  William  H.  lloopi^r 
and  George  Q.  Cannon.  The  former  had  been  elected 
delegate  in  1859,  when  he  obtained  a  partial  settle- 
ment of  the  outstanding  claims  of  the  territory,  in- 
cluding a  portion  of  the  expenses  for  the  Indian  war 
of  1850,  and  for  the  sessions  of  the  as^scnibly  umler 


'  For  tho  TCCond  time,  as  he  nrrivfil  licforn  (Jov.  Piiwson,  iiinl  mi  tlio  r<'«- 
ij^mitioii  of  Wootoii  filled  the  vacancy.  In  I'lnhJour.  l.njiil.,  |S(J|  -J,  jm  a 
j'lint  resolution  approving  Iuh  tirat  udniiniHtrution,  wliich  wan,  Imwi'vcr,  in 
fact  a  nullity.  A  uav  or  two  Itcfore  Cuniniinn  Kit  Uio  tcrntmy  SttnliiuiHO 
n--ked  him,  *  How  will  Wooton  get  along  ?  '     '  (ict  along  '.' '  lio  ri|ili<Ml;   '  will 


cniiugli,  if  he  will  do  nothing.'  Jtin-ki/   Mountain  Suiiid*,  H't,  nolo.     Somo 
VMirx  lat(T  ho  waa  elected  a  rcprcaentativu  comlitional  U|M)n  the  uduii 
Utah  as  a  state.  Harrimn'*  Crtt.  Xolrn  on  Utah,  MS.,  '2». 

*A  copy  of  it  will  b«  found  in  the  Dtttret  S'twii,  March  lU,  ISU'J. 


PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


the  provisional  governnjent.  He  was  at  once  dc- 
Hpatehed  to  Washington,  with  a  memorial  and  consti- 
tution of  the  inchoate  state  of  Deseret,  and  Cannon, 
who  vfvi  then  in  England,  was  instructed  to  join 
him  without  delay.  The  two  elders  labored  diligently 
ill  their  cause,  but  failed  of  success.'  It  was  claini('(l, 
however,  on  the  part  of  the  Mormons,  that  they  won 
the  respect  of  congress  by  accepting  their  defeat  and 
adhering  to  the  union  at  a  time  when  it  was  believed 
throughout  Europe  that  the  war  would  result  in  favor 
of  the  south,  and  when  the  sympathies  of  England 
and  France  were  stn)ngly  in  favor  of  the  southern 
states.  Moreover,  the  attitude  of  the  saints 
throughout  this  struggle,  and  especially  the  tone 
of  their  church  organ,  the  Deseret  News,  were  not 
adverse  to  the  union  cause.  On  the  Sunday  preced- 
ing the  surrender  at  Appomattox  their  prophet  fore- 
told in  the  tabernacle  that  there  would  be  yet  four 
years  of  civil  war. 

Though  the  saints  may  J-.ave  had  some  few  friends 
in  congress  at  this  time,  it  is  certain  that  they  had 
numerous  and  bitter  enemies,  who  were  constantly 
working  against  their  interests.  In  April  1802  ii 
bill  was  introduced  by  Justin  S.  Morrill  of  Vermont 
"to  punish  and  prevent  the  practice  of  polygamy  in 
the  territories  of  the  United  States,  and  for  other 
purposes,  and  to  disapprove  and  annul  certain  acts  of 
the  territorial  legislature  of  Utah."  The  objection- 
able acts  referred  to  included  all  those  which  tended 
to  establish  or  support  polygamy,  and  especially  an 

^  It  woald  appeftr  that  the  Mormons  hoped  to  succeed  on  this  occasion. 
Ill  a  letter  to  Cannon,  flateil  Dec.  16,  IMK),  Hooper  writes:  'I  think  thro 
<|uarter8  of  the  republicans  of  the  house  would  vote  for  our  admission.'    K<>r 
I'upics  of  the  memorial  and  constitution,  see  7/oum  Mine.  Doc.,  78,  37iii 
Cong.  2d  Sess.;  DtaertI  Nevp»,  Jan.  29,  1802.    They  wore  referred  to  the  com- 
niiitee  on  territories.    In  the  Millennial  Star,  xxiv.  241-A,  257-01,  is  a  syni>p- 
sis  of  the  proceedings  relating  to  the  constitution  and  state  government. 
See  also  Dfneret  AVir-,  Jan.  22,  1862;  Sac.  Union,  Feb.  14,  17,  1802.     Med 
inga  in  favor  of  this  measure  were  held  at  I'rovo,  Santanuin  (a  small  settle 
incnt  in  Utah  co.),  Spanish  Fork,  (irantsvillc,  and  Tooele,  for  an  account  cf 


inga  in  favor  of  this  measure  were  held  at  I'rovo,  Santanuin  (a  small  settle 
incnt  in  Utah  co.),  Spanish  Fork,  (irantsvillc,  and  Tooele,  for  an  account  d 
wliieh,  see  A/.,  Jan.  15,  1802.  I'romincnt  among  those  whoonposed  thoadmis 
sion  of  Utah  was  Judge  Cradlebaugh,  afterward  representative  from  Nevada, 
whose  speech  in  the  house,  on  Feb.  7,  1803,  has  already  boen  mcutioucd. 


LEfilSLATION  AP.AINST  POLYGAMY. 


•or 


ortlinancc  incorporating  the  church  of  Jesus  Christ 
of  Latter-day  Saints,  puHHod  in  1851,  and  recnacted  in 
1855,  \vhcroi)y  all  members  of  the  church  were  in- 
cluded in  the  body  corporate,  trustees  being  appointed 
to  control  the  church  property,  and  the  church  em- 
j)owere<'  to  make  laws  with  regard  to  marriage."  It 
was  further  provided  by  the  same  act  of  congress 
that  no  corporation  or  association  for  religious  pur- 
j)ose8  shoula  hold  real  estate  in  any  of  the  territories 
)f  a  greater  value  than  $50,000/ 

In  other  respects  the  proceedings  of  the  Utah  leg- 
islature at  this  period  and  for  many  years  afterward 
contained  few  objectionable  features,  most  of  them 
relating  to  municipal  affairs,  as  did  those  of  previous 
sessions.  In  1854  and  1855  acts  were  passed  pro- 
viding for  the  construction  of  canals  between  Utah 
Lake,  Big  Cottonwood  Creek,  and  Great  Salt  Lake." 


*  And  regulations  as  to  solemnities,  sacraments,  ceremonies,  consecrations, 
rnilownients,  titliings,  fellowship,  and  all  matters  relating  to  'the  religious 
ilutii-8  of  man  to  his  maker.'  Utah  Acta  Lfginl.  (ed.  18u5),  104. 

'  A  copy  of  the  act  will  be  found  in  Cong.  Qlobe,  1861-2,  app.  385. 
In  1S55  a  bill  was  introduced  for  the  suppression  of  polygamy  and  in  the 
lUlmtes  which  ensued  Morrill  took  an  active  part.  It  was  referred  to  n  com- 
mittee of  the  whole.  See  Cong.  Olobt,  1855-6,  pp.  893,  1401,  loOl.  In 
InV.>  a  bill  passed  the  representatives.  Id.,  1850-aO,  pp.  1550.  For  other 
measures  and  discussions  in  congress  between  1853  and  1862,  relating  to 
rimils.  surveys,  mails,  appropriations,  boundaries,  public  buildings,  Indian 
tmubles  and  other  matters,  see  Cong.  Olobe,  1853-4,  pp.  286,  1437,  144(>, 
1472,  1621,  1701,  22.36-0,  passim;  Id.,  1854-5,  pp.  5,  341,540,  passim;  1855-6, 
j.p.  10,  39,  1451-2,  1473,  1401,  1405,  1407;  1856-7,  pp.  2S4,  302,  408,  418, 
t'>iM;  1857-8,  pp.  553,  564,  572-.3,  passim;  185»-9,  pp.  110,  .335,341,  e.'iS,  10«M); 
ls.V.M}0.  pp.  187-08,  474,  486,  600;  1860-1,  pp.  326,  336,  840,  1132,  1150, 
I  la's  1 107,  1288,  1.302:  Sen.  Jour.,  33d  Cong.,  Ut  Sess..  1003;  Id.,  3.3d  Cong., 
■J.l  Sc8s.,  574-5;  34th  Cong.,  2d  Sess.,  943;  34th  Cong.,  3d  Sess.,  63;  35th  Cong., 
-.M  .Sess.,  450,  500,  660;  :Mth  Cong.,  1st  Sess.,  1041,  104:Mi;  .37th  Cong.,  2d 
St-ss.,  1161;  //.  ^OMr.,  33«lCong.,  1st  Sess.,  1563;  /</.,  33d  Cong.,  2d  Sess.,  723; 
:!4th  Cong.,  1st  Sess.,  1837;  .34th  Cong.,  .3d  Sess.,  376;  .3.'>th  Cong.,  Ist  Sess., 
I.'t-rt,  1.366;  35th  Cong.,  2d  Sess.,  323,  745,  750,  761;  36th  Cong.,  1st  Sess., 
1 110,  14.->5-6;  36th  Cong.,  2d  Sess.,  680;  37th  Cong.,  2d  Sess.,  1271,  1318-10. 
In  //.  Mine.  Doe.,  100,  35tli  Cong.,  Ist  Sess.,  is  a  memorial  stating  the 
grievances  of  the  Mormons,  and  asking  that  they  be  allowed  a  voice  in  the 
M  lection  of  their  rulers.  In  the  senate,  resolutions  were  submitted  that 
t-<>mmittees  should  inouire  into  the  propriety  of  the  Mormons  electing  their 
own  officials  and  no  longer  submitting  their  enactments  to  congress.  Sen. 
J/i-r.  Doc,  12,  36th  Cong.,  1st  Sess.    The  committees  reported  adversely. 

*  The  firat  was  to  commence  above  the  rapids  of  the  Jordan,  where  a  dam 
«as  to  be  uilt,  and  thence  following  the  base  of  the  mountains,  on  the  east 
of  it.  S.  Ldke  Valley,  to  S.  L.  City,  with  depth  sufficient  for  boats  drawing 
two  and  a  half  feet  of  water.  UtiUi  Acta  LegitL  (cd.  1866),  175-6.    The 


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PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


In  1862  an  ordinance  was  approved,  regulating  the 
fisheries  of  the  Jordan  River.  In  1865  laws  were 
enacted  amending  the  charter  of  Salt  Lake  City," 
and  prescribing  the  mode  of  assessing  and  collect- 
ing territorial  and  county  taxes,  which  must  not 
exceed  one  per  cent  of  the  assessed  value  of  prop- 
erty.^" In  1866  statutes  were  framed  defining  the 
boundaries  of  counties,  locating  the  county  seats," 
and  providing  for  the  establishment  and  maintenance 
of  common  schools.^"^  Between  1854  and  1866  numer- 
ous acts  were  also  passed  incorporating  agricultural, 
manufacturing,  irrigation,  and  road  companies,^''  and 

Cottonwood  canal  was  to  divert  half  the  waters  of  the  creek  and  conduct 
them  to  S.  L.  City.  Id.  (ed.  1855),  277-8. 

•Among  other  matters,  the  city  council  was  empowered  to  build  and  con- 
trol hospitals,  and  to  direct  the  location  of  medical  colleges,  railroad  tracks, 
depot-grounds,  gas-works,  canals,  and  telegraph-poles  within  the  city  limits; 
and  to  collect  taxes  on  real  estate  for  grading,  paving,  repairing,  and  lighting 
streets,  and  for  drainage  purposes.  Id.  (ed.  ISUti),  119. 

'*One  half  per  cent  for  territorial  tax,  and  for  county  tax  a  rate  to  bo 
prescribed  by  tne  county  court,  but  not  exceeding  a  half  per  cent.  Id. ,  84. 

"/t/.,  207-9.  The  following  is  a  complete  list  of  the  county  seats  in 
1866,  some  of  which  have  already  been  mentioned.  Grafton  was  tlie  county 
seat  of  Kane  CO.,  St  George  of  Washington  co.,  Parowan  of  Iron  co.,  Salt 
Lake  City,  Beaver,  and  Tooele  of  the  counties  of  the  same  name,  Circleville 
of  Piute  CO.,  Fillmore  of  Millard  co.,  Richfield  of  Sevier  co.,  Nephi  of  Juab 
CO.,  Manti  of  Sanpete  co.,  Provo  of  Uteh  co.,  Heber  City  of  Wasatch  co., 
Farmington  of  Davis  co.,  Ogden  of  Weber  co.,  Brigham  City  of  Box  Elder 
CO.,  Wanship  of  Summit  co.,  Littleton  of  Morgan  co.,  Logan  City  of  Cache 
CO.,  St  Charles  of  Richland  co.,  and  Fort  Bridger  of  Green  Rivi  i  A 

portion  of  Richland,  later  Rich,  co.,  including  the  site  of  St  Chai  i  is, 

Bloomiugton,  and  other  settlements,  was  afterward  included  in  Id  The 

county  was  first  settled  in  1863  by  C.  C.  Rich.  Sloan's  Utah  Gazeileti ,  1884, 
29,  141. 

"  Utah  Acts  Le(ji$l.  (ed.  1866),  219-23.  For  school  purposes,  a  tax  not 
exceeding  one  fourth  per  cent  was  to  be  levied  by  the  trustees  of  each  dis- 
trict; but  this  might  be  increased  to  as  much  as  three  per  cent  by  vote  of 
two  thirds  of  the  tax-payers. 

"By  act  of  1856,  the  Deseret  Agricultural  and  Manufacturing  Soci- 
ety was  incorporated,  'with  a  view  of  promoting  the  arts  of  domestic  in- 
dustry, and  to  encourage  the  i)roduction  of  articles  from  the  native  ele- 
ments iu  this  territory. '  The  society  was  required  to  hold  an  annual  ex- 
hibition of  the  agricultural  products,  live-stock,  and  articles  of  domestic 
manufacture.  By  act  of  1802,  amended  in  1865,  the  Jonlau  Irrigation 
Company  was  incorporated,  with  power  to  construct  dams  across  tlio  Jor- 
dan, and  divert  its  waters  at  any  point  not  more  than  twelve  miles  above 
Jordan  bridge.  By  acts  of  1865  and  1866,  the  Ogden  Caflou,  Uintah, 
and  Logan  Canon  road  companies  were  incorporated;  the  first  with  the  right 
of  building  a  toll-road  from  the  mouth  of  tlie  canon  to  Ogden  Valley,  with 
privilege  for  thirty  years;  the  second  with  permission  to  construct  a  similar 
road  from  Utah  Lake,  throurh  Uintah  Valley,  to  the  eastward  boundary  of 
tlio  territory,  connecting  with  the  road  to  Denver,  Colorado;  the  third  with 
power  to  biiild  a  toll-roud  from  Logan  City  to  the  summit  of  the  mountains 


RULE  OP  GOVERNOR  HARDING. 


609 


iriB, 

The 
,,  1884, 


granting  to  individuals  certain  water  and  grazing 
rights,  and  the  privilege  of  building  toll-roads  and 
bridges." 

In  July  1862,  Governor  Harding,  with  judges 
Waite  and  Drake,  arrived  in  Salt  Lake  City,  and  for 
the  first  time  in  his  career  Brigham  declared  himself 
satisfied  with  the  United  States  officials.  Matters 
worked  smoothly  until  the  meeting  of  the  legislature 
in  December,  when  the  saints  took  offence  at  the 
governor's  message,  wherein  he  reproved  them  sharply 
for  disloyalty  and  the  practice  of  polygamy,  and  called 
their  attention  to  the  recent  act  of  congress.  "I  am 
aware,"  he  said,  "that  there  is  a  prevailing  opinion 
here  that  said  act  is  unconstitutional,  and  therefore 
it  is  recommended  by  those  in  high  authority  that  no 
regard  whatever  should  be  paid  to  the  same ...  I  take 
this  occasion  to  warn  the  people  of  this  territory 
against  such  dangerous  and  disloyal  council."^* 

dividing  Cache  and  Rich  counties,  their  rights  lasting  14  years.  Ben.  Hoi- 
laday,  Wm  H.  Hooper,  and  W.  L.  Halsey  were  the  l)ody  corporate  of  the 
Uintah  Road  Co.,  with  privilege  for  15  years.  By  act  of  1865  the  Overland 
Mail  Company  was  authorized  to  make  a  road  across  the  Dugway  Mountain, 
105  miles  west  of  S.  L.  City,  and  to  erect  a  toll-gate  at  or  near  the  eastern 
base  of  the  mountain,  with  privilege  for  ten  years. 

"By  act  of  1854,  repealing  acts  of  the  previous  year,  Brigham  Young 
was  empowered  to  establish  and  control  ferries  and  bridges  at  the  Weber  ana 
Bear  rivers  for  an  indefiiiite  term.  Utah  Ads  Legkl.  (ed.  1855),  2G7-8.  By 
acts  of  1855  Parley  Park  and  an  adjacent  valley  to  the  south  were  granted 
for  20  years  as  herd-grounds  to  Heber  C.  Kimball,  Jedediah  M.  Grant,  Sam. 
iSnyder,  and  their  associates,  and  certain  lands  iu  Utah  co.  to  Miles  and 
Franklin  Weaver  for  the  same  purpose.  By  acts  of  the  same  year,  Kimball 
and  his  partners  were  authorized  to  make  a  toll-road  from  Big  Caflou,  S.  L. 
CO.,  to  Karaas  prairie,  Utah  co.,  passing  through  Parley  Park,  and  Orson 
Hyde  and  otheis  to  build  atoll-road  and  bridges  in  Carson  co.,  which  were  to 
become  the  property  of  the  territory  after  five  years,  fd.,  284-6.  In  1857 
John  L.  Butler  and  Aaron  Johnson  were  granted  the  control  of  one  fourth  of 
the  waters  of  the  Spanish  Fork  River  for  irrigation  purposes,during  the  pleas- 
ure of  the  legislative  assembly.  Id.  (ed.  18UG),  179.  In  18C6  Alvin  Nichols 
and  Wm  S.  Godbe  were  allowed  to  establish  toll-bridges  across  the  Bear  and 
Malado  rivers,  the  privilege  being  for  eight  years.  Other  proceedings  of  the 
legislature  between  1854  and  1^6  will  be  found  in  Utah  Acts  Leijid.,  and 
Utah  Jour.  Leijid.,  passim,  and  in  the  files  of  the  Dcscret  News.  The  names 
of  memljers  arc  also  given  in  Utah  Jour.  Lcgid.,  for  each  year. 

'•^  A  full  copy  of  tlie  message  will  be  found  in  Utah  Jour.  Le'iial.,  1862-.1, 
app. ;  and  of  jiarts  of  it  in  Waite's  The  Mormon  Prophet,  79-82.  It  was  at 
first  suppressed  by  the  Utah  legislature.  Sen.  Mi»c.  Doc,  37,  .17th  Cong.  3d 
Sess. ;  but  a  senate  committee  ordered  it  printed.  Sen.  Com.  Itept.,  87,  .■>7th 
Cong.  3d  Sess.     Other  messages  of  the  several  governors  will  bo  found  in  the 

UUT.  VlAB.    3U 


Wi 


I  > 


610 


PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


Thus  was  aroused  afresh  the  antagonism  of  the 
Mormons,  and  the  trouble  was  further  increased  Ijy 
the  action  of  Judge  Waite,  who  was  appointed  to  the 
second,  or  southern  district,^"  Drake  being  assigned  to 
the  (irst,  or  central  district,  and  the  chief  justice  to  tlio 
third,  or  northern  circuit.  Early  in  18G3  Waite  drew 
up  a  bill  amending  the  organic  act,  providing  that 
juries  be  selected  by  the  United  States  marshal, 
ai  thorizing  the  governor  to  appoint  militia  offic^ers, 
and  restricting  the  powers  of  the  probate  courts  to 
their  proper  functions,  though  with  a  limited  criminal 
jurisdiction.  The  bill  was  approved  by  the  governor 
and  by  Judge  Drake,  and,  being  forwarded  to  con- 
gress, was  referred  to  committee.  On  hearing  of  this 
measure,  Brigham  called  a  meeting  at  the  tabernacle 
for  the  3d  of  March,  when  many  inflammatory  speeches 
were  made,  and  resolutions  passed,  condemning  the 
governor's  message  and  the  action  of  the  judges.  A 
committee  was  appointed  to  wait  on  the  officials  and 
request  their  resignation,  and  a  petition  drawn  up 
requesting  the  president  to  remove  them.^^ 

To  the  committee,  among  whom  was  John  Taylor, 
Drake  replied:  "Go  back  to  Brigham  Young,  your 


Utah.  Jour.  Legisl.,  for  each  year.  See  also  Deserel  Newn,  Dec.  14,  1854, 
Dec.  19,  1855,  Dec.  2.S,  1857,  Dec.  22,  1858,  Dec.  14,  1859,  Apr.  10,  18G2, 
Jjin.  21,  Dec.  16,  18G3,  Jan.  25,  Dec.  11,  18G5;  S.  F.  Attn,  March  10,  1854; 
Sac.  Union,  Feb.  12,  1855,  Fel).  12,  IS-W. 

'"  In  IVaUe'n  The  Mormon  Prophet,  85-G,  it  is  stated  that  the  legislature  or- 
dered court  to  be  opened  at  St  George  on  the  third  Monday  in  May,  but  as 
they  did  not  wish  tlie  session  to  take  place  until  autumn,  passed  a  second  hill, 
appointing  the  third  Monday  in  October  for  the  beginning  of  the  term.  Waitu 
preferred  to  open  court  in  May,  and  having  occasion  to  examine  the  bill, 
found  that  the  word  'May'  had  been  erased  and  'Octoljer'  substituted.  This 
had  been  done  by  a  clerk  in  the  house,  and  presumably  by  the  order  of 
members.  The  governor,  who  had  inadvertently  returned  the  bill,  ordered 
the  I'ecord  corrected,  and  sent  a  message  to  the  legislature,  calling  their  at- 
tention to  the  forgery.  Issue  was  taken  with  him  on  the  matter,  one  member 
producing  a  paper  which,  he  averred,  was  the  original  draught,  and  wheie  Oc- 
tober was  tile  month  appointed.  In  the  Dexeret  Netrx,  March  25,  18G.1,  Waito 
is  sharply  censured  for  holding  court  in  the  third  district,  where  he  had  nu 
jurisdiction. 

' '  For  copies  of  some  of  the  speeches,  the  resolutions,  and  petition,  see 
Wall<''.H  The  Mormon  Prophet,  88-95;  TtiUidge'H  Hist.  S.  L.  City,  .307-11.    Tli" 

Edition  was  signed  by  several  thousand  persons.     A  counter-petition,  signed 
y  the  otBcers  of  Connor's  command,  will  be  found  in  Waite  s  The  Mormon 
Prophet,  95-7. 


DRAKE  INDIGNANT. 


6U 


master— that  embodin»ent  of  sin  and  shame  and  dis- 
gust— and  tell  him  that  I  neither  fear  him,  nor  love 
him,  nor  hate  him — that  I  utterly  despise  him.  Tell 
him,  whose  tools  and  tricksters  you  are,  that  I  did 
not  come  here  by  his  permission,  and  that  I  will  not 
go  away  at  his  desire  or  by  his  directions.  I  have 
given  no  cause  of  offence  to  any  one.  I  have  not  en- 
tered a  Mormon's  house  since  I  came  here;  your  wives 
and  daughters  have  not  been  disturbed  by  me,  and  I 
have  not  even  looked  upon  your  concubines  and  lewd 
women."  "We  have  our  opinions,"  remarked  one  of 
the  committee  as  they  rose  to  depart.  "Yes,"  replied 
Drake,  "thieves  and  murderers  can  have  opinions." 
The  governor  made  answer  to  the  committee  in  lan- 
guage hardly  less  injudicious,  though  somewhat  uneasy 
as  to  his  own  personal  safety,  but  Waite  responded  in 
more  seemly  and  temperate  phrase.^*^  The  Mormons 
resented  the  conduct  of  the  judges  as  an  outrage. 
Men  gathered  in  groups  at  the  street  corners  and 
discussed  the  matter  with  angry  gestures;  one  of  the 
judges  was  threatened  with  personal  violence,  and  it 
is  probable  that  an  emeute  was  only  prevented  by  the 
fact  that  a  party  of  California  volunteers  was  now 
encamped  near  Salt  Lake  City. 

Ostensibly  for  protection  against  Indians,  though 
in  fact  because  the  mail  route  and  telegraph  line  were 
not  considered  secifre  in  the  hands  of  the  saints,  and 
perhaps  also  for  the  purpose  of  holding  the  territory 
under  military  surveillance,  Colonel  Connor  was  or- 
dered to  Utah  in  May  1862,  his  command  consisting  of 
the  third  California  infantry  and  a  part  of  the  second 
California  cavalry,  afterward  joined  by  a  few  companies 
from  Nevada,  and  mustering  in  all  about  seven  hundred 
strong.  The  men  had  volunteered  in  the  expectation 
of  being  ordered  to  the  seat  of  war,  and  great  was  their 
distrust  when  it  became  known  that  Zion  was  their 
destination.^^     In  October  the  troops  reached  Camp 

"  The  answers  of  the  governor  and  jiulges  will  be  found  in  Td.,  97-9. 
"A  correspondent  of  the  iS.  F.  liiUkliu  writes  under  date  Sept.  24,  1862: 


m 


812 


PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


Floyd,  or,  as  it  was  now  termed,  Fort  Crittenden.*' 
Here  it  was  supposed  that  the  volunteers  would  en- 
camp, and  their  commanding  officer  was  informed 
that  no  nearer  approach  to  the  capital  would  be  per- 
mitted. The  colonel  paid  no  heed  to  this  warning. 
"He  would  cross  the  Jordan,"  he  declared,  "though 
all  hell  should  yawn  beneath  it."  On  the  next  day 
his  men,  after  passing  through  Salt  Lake  City  with 
fixed  bayonets,  loaded  rifles,  and  shotted  cannon,  en- 
camped on  the  brow  of  a  hilP^  east  of  the  city,  their 
artillery  being  pointed  at  Brigham's  residence.  To 
this  spot  was  given  the  name  of  Camp  Douglas,  the 
site  being  afterward  declared  a  military  reservation.'^^ 
The  presence  of  the  volunteers,  though  they  were 
not  sufficient  in  number  to  overawe  the  populace,  and 
could  have  been  readily  annihilated  by  the  Nauvoo 
legion,  was  a  source  of  constant  irritation.  The  Mor- 
mons were  not  backward  in  their  denunciations,  while 
mischief-makers  were  constantly  spreading  reports  that 
served  to  increase  the  mutual  distrust.  An  elder  who 
was  passing  Waite's  residence,  while  the  judge  was  in 

'  The  third  infantry  California  volunteers  wants  to  go  homo — not  for  the  pur- 
pose of  seeing  the  old  folks,  hut  for  the  purijcue  of  tramping  upon  tlie  sacred 
soil  of  Virginia,  and  of  swelling  the  ranks  of  the  brave  l)attler3  for  the  bravo 
old  flag.'  About  §25,000  was  subscribed  by  the  men  on  condition  that  they 
were  sent  east,  one  private  named  Goldthaite,  in  company  G.,  contributing 
f5,000.  On  the  same  date  Colonel  Connor  wrote  to  General  Hallcck,  stating 
that  the  men  had  enlisted  for  the  purpose  of  fighting  traitors,  that  the  infantry 
was  of  no  service  in  the  territory,  as  cavalry  alone  could  act  effectually  against 
Indians,  and  there  were  enough  men  of  that  arm  to  protect  the  mail  route. 
'  Brigham  Young,'  writes  the  colonel,  'oflfers  to  protect  the  entire  line  with 
100  men.  Why  we  were  sent  hero  is  a  mystery.  It  could  not  be  to  keep 
Mormondon  in  order,  for  Brigham  can  thorou^'hly  annihilate  us  with  the  5,000 
to  25,000  frontiersmen  always  at  his  commanu 

^"  By  order  of  Col  Cook,  his  purpose  being  to  disconnect  it  with  the  name 
of  Floyd,  who  was  a  secessionist.  Stenhouse  mentions  a  story  current  among 
the  volunteers  to  the  effect  that  Brigham,  on  hearing  of  their  approach,  had 
oi'durcd  the  ilag-staff  at  Fort  Crittenden  to  be  cut  down  and  left  on  the  public 
road.  This  was  not  the  case.  The  flag  was  hoisted  on  the  brow  of  a  hill  east 
of  Brigham's  residence.  Stenhouse's  Pocky  Mountain  Saints,  422,  602. 

'■"  Termed  the  bencli. 

'"  Stciihouse's  Rocky  Mountain  Saints,  603;  Harrison's  Crit.  Notes  on  Utah, 
MS.,  20;  Rae' s  Westward  by  Rad,  140;  Gazetteer  of  Utah,  182.  The  site  at  first 
included  one  square  mile,  but  was  afterward  enlarged  to  2,560  acres.  The 
men  passed  the  winter  of  1862-.3  in  dug-outs— in  this  instance  holes  dug  in  the 
earth  and  covered  with  a  frame- work  of  logs — permanent  quarters  being  built 
the  following  summer,  without  expense  to  the  government,  except  for  the  nails 
and  shingles. 


COKNOR'S  FORCE. 


613 


conversation  with  Colonel  Connor,  overheard  the  lat- 
ter remark;  "These  three  men  must  be  surprised." 
"Colonel,  you  know  your  duty,"  answered  the  judge. 
It  was  now  believed  that  the  first  presidency  was  in 
danger;^  a  flag  was  hoisted  over  Brigham's  residence 
as  a  signal,  and  within  an  hour  two  thousand  men 
were  under  arms,  the  prophet's  dwelling  being  strongly 
guarded,  scaffolding  built  against  the  surrounding 
walls,  to  enable  the  militia  to  fire  down  on  the  volun- 
teers, and  cannon  planted  on  the  avenues  of  approach. 

Night  and  day  for  several  weeks  armed  men  kept 
watch  over  the  prophet,  for  it  was  now  rumored  that 
Connor  intended  to  seize  him  at  night  and  carry  him 
off  to  Camp  Douglas  before  the  saints  could  rally  to 
his  aid.'^*  The  citizens  weie  instructed  thit,  if  the  at- 
tempt were  made,  alarm  guns  would  be  fired  from  the 
hillside  east  of  Brigham's  residence.  On  the  night 
of  the  29th  of  March  they  were  roused  from  sleep  by 
the  booming  of  cannon,  and,  as  quickly  as  they  could 
don  their  garments  and  seize  their  weapons,  all  ran 
forth  from  their  homes,  intent  on  exterminating  the 
foe.  As  they  rushed  through  the  streets,  the  strains 
of  martial  music  were  heard,  to  which,  as  was  su})- 
posed,  the  troops  were  marching  on  Zion.  The  alarm 
was  unfounded,  the  music  and  salute  being  in  honor 
of  the  colonel's  promotion  to  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general,  of  which  news  had  just  arrived  at  Camp 
Douglas. 

Although  it  is  probable  that  Connor  never  intended 

^  Letter  of  David  0.  Calder  iu  Millennial  Star,  xxv.  .301-2;  IfarrUon^s  Cril. 
Notes  on  Utah,  MS.,  '20.  Colonel  Connor  denied  that  he  had  any  designs 
against  the  first  presidency.  In  Stenhonse.'s  Rocky  Mountain  Siiints,  007,  it  is 
related  that  one  of  the  put-ties  to  whom  Wuite  referred  was  a  Mormon,  wlio 
had  recently  married  the  three  willows  of  a  wealthy  merchant  in  S.  L.  City. 
It  was  thought  that  this  would  f  urnisli  a  good  test  of  the  law  against  polygamy. 
No  arrest  was  made,  however,  as  it  wan  feared  that  uiiiicidties  might  arise  if 
Waite  should  try  a  ease  that  lay  within  Kinney's  jurisdiction. 

"This  Mormons  feai-ed  tliat  Brigliam  might  be  taken  to  Washington  for 
trial.  For  several  days  hundreds  of  men  kept  watch  in  and  around  his  resi- 
dence. Elders  were  also  instructed  to  visit  the  various  wards  and  warn  the 
saints  of  the  danger  to  person  and  property,  from  the  lawless  conduct  of 
tho  troops.  Parties  patrolled  the  streets  at  night  to  protect  the  citizens;  tlie 
movements  of  the  soldiery  were  carefully  watched,  and  all  trade  with  the 
ciunp  waa  for  a  time  forbidden.  JJorrmon*  Vril.  Notes  oh  Uta/t,  MS. 


■I'M 
fl 


614 


PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


to  risk  his  slender  force  in  an  encounter  with  the  ter- 
ritorial militia,  there  was  a  possibility  of  a  collision,  and 
it  is  probable  that  hostilities  were  prevented  by  the  pre- 
vailing of  better  counsels  on  both  sides.  Brigham  was 
alwaysstrongly  opposed  to  the  sheddiugof  blood,  though 
he  wished  these  men  out  of  the  city  limits,  on  which  the 
reservation  slightly  intrenched.^  The  grand  jury  had  al- 
ready voted  the  camp  a  nuisance,-®  and  on  the  mayor 
devolved  the  duty  of  seeing  it  abated.  But  before 
taking  action  that  official  began  to  count  the  cost. 
To  rid  the  city  of  the  volunteers  might  be  no  difficult 
task,  but  if  their  blood  was  shed,  others  would  come 
in  tenfold  numbers  to  take  their  place. '•^  By  a  little 
judicious  delay  the  mayor  gave  time  for  the  prophet's 
cooler  judgment  to  assert  itself,  and  thus  averted  an 
issue  which  might  have  resulted  in  the  final  dispersion 
of  his  people. 

The  condition  of  affairs  was  now  similar  to  that 
which  had  obtained  during  the  presence  of  the  army 
of  Utah,  Judge  Kinney  shielding  the  church  digni- 
taries from  molestation  by  his  colleagues,  as  Governor 
Gumming  had  done  from  the  measures  of  judges  Sin- 
clair and  Cradlebausjh.  When  it  was  believed  that 
the  arrest  of  Brigham  was  contemplated,  on  the  ground 
that  he  had  recently  married  another  wife,  the  chief 
justice,  as  a  safeguard,  and  at  his  own  request,  ordered 
him  into  custody  for  violating  the  act  for  the  suppres- 
sion of  polygamy.  The  writ  was  served  by  the  mar- 
shal, without  the  aid  of  a  posse,  and  the  prisoner,  at- 
tended by  a  few  intimate  friends,  promptly  appeared 
at  the  state-house,  where  an  investigation  was  held, 

'*  Though  its  centre  was  two  and  a  half  miles  from  the  city  hall,  it  lapp<>d 
over  the  municipal  boundary.  /(/. ,  609,  note. 

'•'•It  was  reported  that  the  waters  of  Red  Butte  canon  had  been  purposely 
fouled,  Ijeing  pa-ssed  througli  the  stables  of  the  volunteers.  Tlie  troops  were 
stationed  near  the  head  of  the  stream,  but  it  was  denied  tliat  tliey  had  lx;cn 
guilty  of  any  such  act,  though  doubtless  the  Mormons  believed  it.  Later  in 
the  year  there  may  have  been  cause  for  complaint,  as  the  supply  for  irrigation 
was  curtailed  during  the  dry  season. 

"  When  Connor  heard  of  Brigham 's  order,  he  remarked  to  Stenhouse:  'I 
know,  sir,  that  Brigham  Young  could  use  up  this  handful  of  men;  but  there 
are  sixty  tbousaud  men  in  California  who  would  avenge  our  blood.'  Ibid. 


THE  MORRISITES. 


61S 


and  the  accused  admitted  to  bail,  awaiting  the  action 
of  the  grand  jury.  Although  the  prophet's  recent 
marriage  was  well  known  throughout  the  city,  and  had 
long  furnished  food  for  gossip,  the  judges  afterward 
refused  to  find  a  bill  against  him,  on  the  ground  that 
there  was  no  sufficient  evidence.^ 

During  its  session  the  grand  jury  indicted,  for 
armed  resistance  to  the  laws,  certain  apostates  known 
as  Morrisites.  In  November  1860  an  ignorant  and 
simple-minded  Welshman,  Joseph  Morris  by  name, 
made  his  way  to  the  capital  on  foot,  from  an  obscure 
settlement  in  Weber  county.  He  had  two  letters,  the 
contents  of  which  were,  as  he  claimed,  inspired,  their 
purport  being  to  warn  Brigham  of  his  sin.**  His 
despatches  were  unlieeded,  or  answered  in  befitting 
phrase,**  whereupon  this  new  seer  and  revelator  turned 
his  face  homeward.  Reaching  Kington  Fort,  on  the 
Webor  River,  some  thirty  miles  north  of  the  city,'* 
he  found  favor  with  the  bishop  and  certain  of  his 
neighbors,  who  embraced  the  new  doctrine,  believing 
that  Morris  was  appointed  by  the  Lord  to  deliver  Is- 
rael from  bondage,  and  that  the  Lord's  coming  was 
nigh  at  hand.  Other  proselytes  gathered  from  far 
and  near,  and  all  held  their  efl'ects  in  common,  for 
Christ  was  about  to  descend  and  would  provide  for 
his  elect.^" 


11 


m 


* 


11 


'«Iii  bis  Crit.  A'otes  on  Utah,  MS.,  18-20,  Harrison  states  that  the  anti- 

ygainy  act  was  considered  by  tlie  Mormons  as  directed  mainly  ai^ainst 
Ikigham  Young  and  tlie  hcuds  of  the  church.  'I  will  take  the  wind  out  of 
their  sails,'  the  foimer  remarked,  and  at  once  caused  himself  to  be  arrested 
and  taken  before  .ludge  Kinney.  The  witnesses  were  all  his  friends,  among 
them  being  some  of  his  own  clerks,  and  he  was  simply  bound  over,  to  appear 
■when  called  upon.  It  was  not  until  nine  years  Liter  that  Brigham's  name  ap- 
peared again  in  any  case  of  the  kind,  and  the  act  of  1S62  had  then  become 
void  by  virtue  of  the  statute  of  limitations.  See  also  Draerct  Xen-<,  March 
11,  1S(J.3;  S.  F.  Alia,  March  II,  14,  1803;  Sac.  Union,  March  Vl,  1S6.S. 

^*  Waito  says  that  Morris  had  received  many  iirevious  revelations,  which 
he  had  communicated  to  Brigham  and  the  apostles,  that  his  life  had  lx?eii 
threatened,  and  that  ho  now  appealed  to  the  prophet  for  protection.  The 
Mormon  Projihet,  \'2fl. 

^"Ih.d.;  tSlfiihotixe's  Rocky  Mountain  Saints,  594.  Stenhouse  also  says  that 
B'igliiiiii  answered  them  with  a  brief  and  filthy  response. 

^'  Xear  the  point  where  the  Cnion  PaciKc  railroad  issues  from  Weber  Cai'ion. 

''  Waito  Biiys  that  when  tho  Morrisites  increased  in  number,  Brigham  or- 
der.'d  John  Taylor  and  Wilford  Woodruff  to  investigate  the  matter.    Suinmou- 


■li 


'r.i 


616 


PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


¥. 


But  the  Lord  tarried;  and  meanwhile  provisions  ran 
short  and  the  enthusiasm  of  the  converts  began  to 
wane,  some  desiring  to  withdraw,  demanding  a  resti- 
tution of  their  property,  and  refusing  to  contribute 
anything  to  the  common  stock,  even  for  their  own 
support.  It  was  decided  to  let  the  dissenters  go  in 
peace;  but  some  of  them  selected  from  the  common 
herd  the  choicest  cattle,  and  laying  in  wait  for  (he ir 
brethren's  teams,  pounced  on  them  while  on  their 
way  to  the  mill  laden  with  wheat.  Three  of  the 
offenders  were  seized  and  imprisoned  at  Kington 
Fort,  their  friends  in  vain  asking  the  interference  of 
the  sheriff  and  of  Brigham.  An  appeal  was  then 
made  to  Judge  Kinney,  who  at  once  issued  warrants 
for  the  arrest  of  the  Morrisite  leaders,  and  writs  of 
habeas  corpus  for  the  men  held  in  custody.  No  heed 
was  paid  to  these  documents,  for  Morris  had  already 
appointed  the  day  for  the  second  advent,  assuring 
his  followers  that  there  would  no  longer  be  seed- 
time or  harvest,  and  that  meanwhile  they  had  grain 
and  cattle  sufficient  for  their  needs.  Colonel  Burton, 
sheriff  of  Salt  Lake  county,  was  then  ordered  to  en- 
force the  writs,  and  on  the  13th  of  June,  1862,  ap- 
peared on  the  heights  above  their  camp  at  the  Weber 
settlement  with  a  posse  of  three  hundred  or  four  hun- 
dred men  and  five  pieces  of  artillery. 

A  summons  was  now  sent  to  the  leaders,'^  demand- 
ing their  surrender  within  thirty  minutes,  and  warning 
them  o^  the  consequences  if  they  should  refuse.  Mor- 
ris withdrew  to  his  dwelling,  to  consult  the  Lord,  and 
a  few  minutes  later  returned  with  a  written  revelation, 
promising  that  not  one  of  his  people  should  be  harmed, 


ing  a  meeting  at  Soath  Weber,  they  asked  whether  there  were  any  present 
wlio  believed  in  the  new  prophet.  Seventeen  persons  arose  and  declared  their 
faith,  stating  that  they  would  adhere  to  it  though  it  should  cost  them  their 
lives.  They  were  excommunicated,  but  nevertheless  the  number  of  converte 
increased  rapidly,  and  in  a  few  months  mustered  about  500  persons.  The 
Mormon  Prophet,  122-4. 

"  Joseph  Morris,  John  Banks,  Richard  Cook,  John  Parsons,  and  Peter 
Klemgard.  A  copy  of  the  summons  is  given  in  Stenhouae'a  Rocty  Mountain 
8%inl8,  596-7. 


DEFEAT  OF  THE  FALSE  PROPHET. 


617 


cn- 


nun- 


resent 
their 
their 

averts 
The 

Peter 

uitain 


but  that  their  enemies  should  be  smitten  before  them. 
The  faithful  were  then  assembled,  and  after  prayer 
and  reading  of  the  revelation  were  told  to  choose 
which  part  they  would  take.  A  moment  later  the 
report  of  artillery  was  heard,  and  two  women  were 
struck  dead  by  a  cannon-ball,  the  lower  jaw  of  a  young 
girl  being  shattered  by  the  same  shot.  The  firing  was 
continued  almost  without  intermission,  the  assailants 
opening  with  musketry  as  they  approached  the  camp. 

At  first  the  Morrisites,  both  men  and  women,  took 
refuge  in  their  cellars,  or  wherever  else  they  could 
find  cover,  all  being  unarmed  and  the  attack  unex- 
pected; but  presently,  recovering  from  their  panic,  the 
men  seized  their  weapons  and  organized  for  defence. 
The  camp  consisted  mainly  of  tents  and  covered 
wagons,  with  a  few  huts  built  of  willows,  woven  to- 
gether and  plastered.  Behind  this  frail  protection 
the  besieged  maintained  for  three  days  an  unequal 
fiu'ht,  the  cannon  and  lonj^-ranoe  rifles  of  their  assail- 
ants  raking  the  enclosure,^*  while  their  own  weapons 
consisted  only  of  shot-guns  and  a  few  Mexican  fire- 
locks. At  intervals  Morris  was  besought  to  intercede 
with  the  Lord,  but  his  only  answer  was:  "If  it  bo  his 
will,  we  shall  be  delivered,  and  our  enemies  destroyed; 
but  let  us  do  our  duty."  On  the  evening  of  the  third 
day  a  white  flag  was  raised,  whereupon  he  exclaimed: 
"Your  faith  has  gone  and  the  Lord  has  forsaken  us. 
I  can  now  do  nothing  more." 

After  the  surrender,  the  Morrisites  were  ordered 
to  stack  their  arms,  the  men  being  separated  from  the 
women,  and  most  of  the  former  placed  under  arrest. 
The  prophet,  his  lieutenant,  and  two  of  the  women 
were  shot,  as  the  survivors  relate,  by  the  sheriff,^^  ten 

'*  The  cannon  were  loaded  with  musket-balls,  which  tore  down  the  huts 
niid  pierced  the  sandy  hillocks,  wounding  some  of  the  woiiion  and  children, 
who  had  taken  refuge  behind  them,  licculle'-i  Life  in  Utah,  417. 

'^In  a  sworn  statement  made  beforo  Judge  Waite,  Apr.  18,  1803,  Alux. 
Dow  deposed:  '  In  the  spring  of  ISGl  I  joined  the  Morrisites,  and  was  pres- 
ent when  Joseph  Morris  was  killed.'  'Robert  T.  Burton  and  Joseph  L. 
Stoddard  rode  in  among  the  Morrisites.  llurtun  was  much  excited.  Ho  said: 
"Where  is  the  man?    1  don't  know  him."    Stoddard  replied,  "That's  him," 


618 


PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


?i| 


W^ 


of  their  party  and  two  of  the  posse  having  been  killed 
during  the  fight.^  The  camp  was  then  plundered, 
an<l  the  dead  conveyed  to  Salt  Lake  City,  where  the 
bodies  of  AEorris  and  his  lieutenant  were  exposed  at 
the  city  hall,  the  robe,  crown,  and  rod  of  the  former 
being  laid  in  mockery  by  his  side,  and  his  fate  regarded 
by  the  suints  as  the  just  punishment  of  one  who  "had 
set  himself  up  to  teach  heresy  in  Zion,  and  oppose  the 
Lord's  anointed."  The  prisoners  were  brought  be- 
fore Judge  Kinney,  placed  under  bonds,  and  at  the 
next  session  of  court,  in  March  18G3,  seven  were  con- 
victed of  nmrder  in  the  second  degree  and  sentenced 
to  various  terms  of  imprisonment,  while  sixty-six 
otiiers  were  tined  ^100,  being  committed  to  jail  until 
the  fines  were  paid,  and  two  were  acquitted.*'    Against 

pointing  to  Morris.  Burton  rode  his  horse  upon  Morris,  and  coninianticd 
Iiiin  to  give  liinisclf  up  in  the  name  of  tlie  Lord.  Morris  replied:  "  No,  never, 
never!"  Morris  said  lie  wanted  to  H|)eak  to  the  people.  Burton  suid:  "Bo 
damned  quick  about  it."  Morris  said:  "Brethren,  I've  taught  you  true 
principles  " — he  had  scarcely  got  the  words  out  of  his  mouth  before  Burton 
fired  his  revolver.  The  liall  passed  in  his  neck  or  shoulder.  Burtfm  ex- 
claimed: "  There's  your  prophet!  "  He  tired  again,  saying:  "  What  do  you 
think  of  your  prophet  now  ? "  Burton  then  turned  suddeidy  and  shot  lianks 
(the  prophet's  lieutenant),  who  was  standing  five  or  six  paces  distant,  lianks 
fell.  Mrs  Bowman,  wife  of  James  }k>wman,  came  running  up,  ciying:  "Oiil 
you  blootl-thristy  wretch."  Burton  said:  "No  one  shall  tell  nie  that  and 
live,"  an<l  shot  her  dead.  A  Danish  woman  then  came  running  up  to  Morris 
crying,  and  Burton  shot  her  dead  also.'  Sfenhoiinfi's  llorky  Mountain  Sniii'ii, 
598-9;  Waile'' a  Mormon  Prophet,  \Tt;  lii-'tdltK  Life  in  Utah,  4\8-U}.  Beadle 
throws  doubt  on  portions  of  Dow's  testimony,  and  says  that  according  to  the 
statements  of  members  of  tiie  posse,  Morris  was  killed  because,  after  tlic 
surrender,  he  ordered  his  followers  to  take  up  their  anns  and  renew  the  fight. 
Steuhouse  relates  that  Banks  was  wounded  at  the  time  '  Morris'  death, 
but  not  fatally.  In  the  evening  he  was  well  enough  to  sit  .p  and  enjoy  iiia 
pipe,  but  die<l  suddenly,  though  whether  by  poison,  pistol,  or  knife  in 
doubtful. 

'*  Waitp's  The  Mormon  Prophet,  126.  Steuhouse  says,  six  of  the  Morris- 
ites  killed  and  three  wounded.  Rocky  Mountain  Saintn,  599;  Tullidge,  six  cas- 
ualties only.  Life  of  Briijham  Youmj,  339;  Beadle,  ten  killed  and  a  very  largo 
number  wounded.  Life  in  Utah,  420. 

"'A  nolle  prosequi  was  enteied  against  one  of  the  accused.  Those  con- 
demned to  the  penitentiary  were  loaded  with  ball  and  chain,  and  made  to 
work  on  the  roads.  Harding,  in  Hickman's  Destroying  An;iel,  2\ii.  A  de- 
tailed, but  condensed  account  of  the  Morrisite  massacre,  and  perhaps  one  of 
the  best,  will  be  found  in  Waiters  The  Mormon  Prophet,  122-7.  For  other  ver- 
sions, see  A  Voice  from  the  West^  5-12;  Slenhouae'H  Rocky  Mountain  Saiiit'i, 
593-600;  Beadle's  Life  in  Utah,  413-21;  Tullidge'a  Life  of  Brighiim,  Yoiimj, 
336-9;  Hickman's  Destroying  Am/el,  211-14;  Virginia  City  ( Mont. )  Madi^o- 
nian,  Nov.  24,  1877;  Dexeret  Neics,  June  18,  1862,  March  12,  1879;  S.  L.  City 
Tribune,  Aug.  11,  18, 1877.  There  are  few  material  discrepancies  in  the  above 
accounts,  except  in  the  one  giveu  by  the  Deseret  News,  though  Beadle's  work 


TRIAL  OF  BURTON. 


Gig 


the  sheriff  and  other  members  of  the  posse  no  proceed- 
ings were  taken  at  tliis  date,  though  it  was  alleijfcd  hy 
the  Morrisites  that  his  courso  was  severe,  and  that  the 
arrests  might  have  been  made  without  the  loss  of  a 
.single  life.  In  1879,  however,  Burton,  who  in  con- 
sideration of  his  services  had  meanwhile  been  promoted 
to  offices  of  trust,  holding  among  others  the  post  of 
collector  of  internal  revenue  for  Utah,**  was  indicted 
for  the  murder  of  one  of  the  women. **  He  was  ac- 
quitted after  a  trial  lasting  several  weeks,  for  he  was 
a  good  and  responsible  man  in  every  respect,  and 
there  was  no  evidence  that  he  was  guilty  of  the  crime 
alleged. 

To  Governor  Harding  and  judges  Waite  and  Drake 
the  law  appeared  to  have  been  strained  against  tlie 
Morrisites,  even  though  they  may  have  been  guilty 
of  resisting  a  legal  process,  and  petitions  for  their 
pardon  being  signed  by  the  federal  officials,  the  officers 


'i  I 


contains  gome  details  that  do  not  appear  elae^^  here.  He  states,  for  instance, 
that  when  the  prisor^.  were  first  brought  liefore  Judge  Kinney,  on.y  five  of 
them  would  sign  bonds,  and  of  the  rest  only  a  few  could  speak  English,  the 
latter  protesting  against  the  entire  proceedings,  and  declaring  thattliuy  wouM 
'  lie  in  jail  till  tiie  devil's  thousand  years  were  out '  before  they  woidd  admit 
that  they  were  legally  dealt  with.  The  account  given  in  A  Voire  from  the 
Wixt,  San  Francisco,  1879,  is  written  by  one  of  the  sect,  and  is  pui-ely  from 
a  Morrisite  standpoint.  In  the  DeserH  Kewn,  March  12,  I87i),  it  is  stated 
that  Morris  had  been  excommunicated  for  adultery,  that  his  followers  l>oasted 
that  they  would  soon  occupy  the  houses  and  farms  of  the  Mormons,  and  that 
Burton  took  command  of  the  posse  with  great  reluctance,  after  tlie  Morris- 
ites iiad  frequently  defied  the  ofiBcers  of  the  law.  '  The  Morrisites,'  says  the 
cliurch  organ,  'commenced  to  fire  upon  the  posse  with  their  long-range  rifles, 
and  having  torn  up  the  doors  of  their  log  cabins  and  wickcups,  dug  up  the 
eartii  and  threw  it  against  the  walls.  They  lay  in  these  cellars  firing  through 
port-holes  at  the  posse.  There  were  very  close  ujwn  "iOO  men  in  these  fortifi- 
cations.' After  the  arms  were  stacked.  Burton,  Stoddard,  and  some  fifteen 
otliers  entered  the  camp,  and  Morris,  being  allowed  at  his  own  rc<iuest  to 
speak  to  the  people,  cried  out:  '  All  who  are  for  me  and  my  God  in  life  or  in 
deatii  follow  me.'  A  rush  was  then  made  for  the  arms,  whereupon  the  posse 
opened  fire,  the  sheriff  firing  two  shots  at  Morris,  Stoddard  also  firing  two  or 
three  shots,  and  two  women  being  killed,  though  by  whom  is  not  stated. 

'^Beadle  states  that  when  he  visited  Utaii  in  18(J8,  Burton  was  also  asses- 
sor of  S.  L.  CO.,  a  general  iv  the  Nauvoo  legion,  a  prominent  elder  in  tiie 
church,  and  one  of  the  chiefs  of  the  secret  police.  Life  in  Utah,  898. 

^•He  was  arrested  in  Aug.  1876,  and  his  bail  fixed  at  $'20,000.  Deserc.t 
Newn,  March  12,  1879;  in  July  1877,  with  bail  at  $10,000.  S.  L.  CUij  Tribune, 
July  28,  1877.  A  former  indictment  hail  been  found  in  the  Sept.  term  of 
1870,  but  tiie  constitution  of  the  grand  jury  was  declared  illegal  by  the  U. 
S.  sup.  court. 


620 


PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


at  Camp  Douglas,  and  other  gentiles,*"  the  chief  mag- 
istrate released  the  prisoners  and  remitted  the  fines.*^ 
For  thus  turning  loose  on  tiie  community  a  number 
of  persons  whom  the  Mormon  rulers  classed  as  dan- 
gerous criminals,  only  three  days  after  conviction,  and 
before  any  investigation  had  been  made,  Harding  was 
severely  censured  by  the  grand  jury.  "Therefore  we 
present  his  'Excellency'  Stephen  S.  Harding,  gov- 
ernor of  Utah,  as  we  would  an  unsafe  bridge  over  a 
dangerous  stream — jeopardizing  the  lives  of  all  who 
pass  over  it — or  as  we  would  a  pestiferous  cesspool  in 
our  district  breeding  disease  and  death."  Meanwhile 
the  bonds  of  such  offenders  as  had  failed  to  appear 
for  trial  were  declared  forfeited  by  the  chief  justice, 
and  execution  issued  against  their  property.  The 
homestead  of  one  of  them  named  Abraham  Taylor 
was  sold  for  a  trifling  sum,"  and  his  family  turned 
into  the  street.  By  the  advice  of  Judge  Waite,  who 
investigated  the  matter,  and  found  that  no  judgment 
had  been  recorded,  Taylor  applied  to  the  chief  justice 
for  an  injunction.  The  application  was  refused,  on  the 
ground  that  "if  there  was  no  judgment,  he  could  ren- 
der one,  as  the  court  had  not  permanently  adjourned, 
but  only  to  meet  on  his  own  motion." 

Of  the  further  career  of  the  Morrisites  it  remains 
only  to  be  said  that  a  few  who  were  possessed  of 
means  at  once  left  the  territory,  while  most  of  the 
remainder  found  refuge  and  employment  at  Camp 
Douglas.  A  few  weeks  later  Connor  established  a 
military  post  at  Soda  Springs,  on  Bear  Biver,  imine- 


*'And  by  some  of  the  Mormons.  Beadle's  Life  in  Utah,  421;  JVichman's 
Deatroyimj  AiKjel,  1C3.  Harding,  in  Id.,  210,  says  that  no  Mormon  sigiiaturea 
except  that  of  Hickman  appeared  on  the  petitions,  but  that  several  of  the 
saints  called  at  his  quarters  after  dark  to  intercede  for  the  Morrisites. 

*'  Beadle  states  that  Bisliop  Woolley  called  on  Harding  to  remonstrate 
agiviust  the  pardon,  saying,  as  he  took  his  leave,  that  if  it  were  granted,  'the 
people  might  proceed  to  violence.'  LiJ'i'  in  Utah,  421.  On  pp.  423- ",  he  re- 
lates an  improbable  story  of  a  visit  paid  to  the  governor  by  Banks'  widow,  to 
warn  him  of  a  plot  against  his  life. 

"To  .Foseph  A.  Johnson,  clerk  of  Kinney's  court,  for  $200.  Beadle's  Life 
in  Utah,  425.  In  18C8  Taylor  recovered  his  property,  with  back  rents  for  live 
years. 


RULE  OF  GOVERNOR  DOTY.  621 

diately  beyond  the  northern  limit  of  Utah,"  offering 
to  furnish  conveyance  for  all  who  wished  to  form  a 
settlement  at  that  point.  More  than  two  hundred 
of  the  Morrisites  availed  themselves  of  this  offer, 
removing  with  their  effects  under  the  escort  of  a 
company  of  volunteers. 

This  feud  between  the  saints  and  the  federal  officials 
was  brought  to  an  end  in  June  1863,  Harding  being 
superseded  as  governor"  by  James  Duane  Doty,  with 
Amos  Reed  as  secretary,  and  John  Titus  of  Penn- 
sylvania being  appointed  chief  justice  in  place  of 
Kinney,  who  at  the  next  general  election  was  chosen 
delegate  to  congress."  Thus  the  president  endeavored 
to  restore  peace  by  making  concessions  on  both  sides. 
In  the  spring  of  1864  Judge  Waite  resigned  in  dis- 
gust, after  holding  a  term  of  court,  at  which  there 
was  not  a  single  case  on  the  docket."  His  successor 
was  a  Missourian,  named  Solomon  McCurdy.  Judge 
Drake  still  remained  at  his  post,"  though  merely 
going  through  the  form  of  holding  court,  all  attempts 
to  administer  justice  proving  futile  among  a  commu- 
nity that  had  never  willingly  submitted,  and  had  not 
yet  been  compelled  to  submit,  to  gentile  domination. 

The  administration  of  Governor  Doty  lasted  only 
for  two  years,  and  during  this  period  little  worthy  of 
note  is  recorded  in  the  annals  of  Utah,  this  being 
perhaps  the  best  evidence  that  some  degree  of  har- 

'"  At  a  point  about  175  miles  north  of  S.  L.  City  and  now  in  Idalio  Ter. 
It  was  named  Camp  Connor. 

"He  left  S.  L.  City  on  June  11th,  being  appointed  consul  at  Valparaiso. 
Deaeret  Neios,  June  17,  1863.  Harding  was  anativc  of  Milan,  Ind.,  and  when 
appointed  governor  of  Utah  was  about  50  years  of  age.  He  was  an  able  law- 
yer, and  a  man  of  energy  and  personal  courage;  but  during  his  administration 
he  labored  rather  to  win  the  approval  of  the  Amt;rican  people  than  to  deal  out 
strict  justice.    Waiters  The  Mormon  Prophet,  107. 

"  Tullidge's  Hist.  S.  L.  City,  325;  Stenhome's  Rocky  Mountain  Saintu,  609, 
where  it  is  stated  that  Kinney's  removal  was  caused  by  his  subservience  to 
the  will  of  Brigham.  In  the  Deaeret  News,  Api  27,  1SG4,  are  reports  of  his 
first  speeches  in  congress. 

*•  Ho  afterward  followed  his  profession  in  Idaho  City.  WaMe^a  The  Mor- 
mon Prophet,  105,  111. 

*'  Before  his  appointment  to  Utah,  Drake  had  lived  for  many  years  at  Pon- 
tine, Mich.  At  this  date  he  was  a  man  of  thin,  ^«iry  frame,  aged  about  sixty, 
of  nervous  temperament,  vigorous  mind,  and  blameless  life. 


622 


PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


mony  at  length  prevailed  between  the  federal  and 
territorial  authorities.  The  new  magistrate  was  a 
conservative  ruler,  liberal  and  tolerant  in  his  policy, 
an  able  and  experienced  statesman,  and  on  terms  of 
friendship  with  many  of  the  most  eminent  men  of 
his  day.  His  youth  had  been  passed  among  the 
frontier  settlements  of  Wisconsin  and  Michigan,  and 
in  early  manhood  he  had  held  prominent  positions 
in  state  and  national  councils.*'  During  his  residence 
in  the  territory  he  had  made  many  friends  and  scarcely 
a  single  enemy,  his  intercourse  with  the  citizens  being 
always  marked  by  the  cordiality  and  freedom  from 
constraint  characteristic  of  western  life  and  manners. 
At  his  decease,  which  occurred,  after  a  painful  illness, 
on  the  13th  of  June,  18G5,  a  city  draped  in  mourning 
gave  token  of  the  respect  in  which  he  was  held  by 
the  Mormon  community.** 

Governor  Doty  was  succeeded  by  Charles  Durkee, 
a  native  of  Wisconsin,  who  held  office  until  late  in 
ISGO.'""  At  the  time  of  his  appointment  he  was  aged 
and  infirm,  and  was  selected  perhaps  for  that  reason, 
his  orders  being  to  pursue  a  negative  and  conciliatory 
policy.  "I  was  sent  out  to  do  nothing,"  he  once  re- 
marked to  an  intimate  friend,^^  and  his  instructions 
were  faithfully  executed.*'' 

During   Durkee's  administration   the  territory  of 

*'Doty,  a  native  of  Salem,  N.  Y.,  was  admitted  to  the  supreme  court  of 
Michigan  in  1818,  in  which  year  he  began  to  practice  law  at  Detroit,  being 
then  only  19  years  of  age.  In  1819  he  was  appointed  secretary  to  the  Mich, 
legislature;  in  1834-5  he  was  a  member  of  the  Mich,  legislative  council,  find 
introtluced  a  measure  providing  for  a  state  government,  which  was  adopted  by 
the  council;  in  1S37  he  was  elected  delegate  to  congress,  and  in  1849,  repre- 
sentative in  congress  from  Wisconsin.  Waiters  The  Mormon  Prophet,  108-9; 
Jivadh'H  Life  in  Utah,  214-15;  Deseret  News,  June  21,  1865. 

**  On  the  day  of  his  funeral  business  was  suspended  in  S.  L.  City.  Deseret 
News,  June  21,  1865. 

**  In  the  first  half  of  1869  Secretary  E.  P.  Higgins  acted  as  governor,  during 
Dnrkee's  absence.  His  message  to  the  legislature,  while  in  that  capacity, 
was  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  able  ever  presented  to  that  body. 

»'  J.  H.  Beadle  author  of  Life  in  Utah. 

''  Gov.  Durkee  was  bom  at  Royal  ton,  Vt,  in  1802.  He  was  one  of  the 
earliest  settlers  and  most  prominent  men  in  Wisconsin,  and  a  member  of  its 
first  legislature.  In  1855  no  was  elected  U.  S.  senator,  and  was  a  standi  ad- 
herent of  the  anti-slavery  party.  He  died  at  Omaha  on  the  14th  of  Jan.,  1870. 
Deaent  News,  Jau.  26,  1870;  Btadk's  Life  in  Utah,  215. 


NEW  BOUNDARIES. 


623 


Wyoming  was  organized,^  and  included  the  portion 
of  Utah  north  of  the  41st  parallel  and  east  of  the 
111th  meridian,  a  surface  of  8,000  square  miles. 
Idaho,  admitted  in  1863,  also  contained,  on  its  south- 
ern border,  a  narrow  belt  claimed  by  the  ^lormons, 
though  merely  by  right  of  possession."  In  1801, 
on  the  organization  of  Colorado,  the  eastern  boun- 
dary of  Utah  was  placed  at  the  109th  meridian.®'  By 
these  partitions  the  area  of  the  latter  was  reduced  to 
about  85,000  square  miles,  its  limits  being  identical 
with  those  which  now  exist.^ 


The  antagonism  between  General  Connor  and  the 
Mormon  authorities  ^  was  for  the  moment  relieved, 


**For  organic  act,  see  Laws  of  W;iomiiig,  1869,  lS-24. 

'*In  tlie  organic  act,  the  soutliern  boundary  of  Idaho  was  fixed  at  the  4'2d 
parallel.  Idaho  Lawn,  1863-4,  p.  28.  In  1850,  when  Utah  was  dollned,  it  was 
bounded  on  the  uortii  by  Oregon,  of  which  the  southern  boundary  was  the 
same  parallel. 

^■>('olor<ulo  Laws,  1861,  p.  2.3. 

'*In  1865  memorials  of  the  Utah  legislature  were  presented  to  congress  for 
the  annexation  of  territory  in  Colorado  and  Arizona.  Utah  AcU,  1SC.'»,  pp. 
91-2;  //.  Mise.  Doc,  53,  38th  Cong.  2d  Sess,  For  further  proceedings  in  con- 
gress relating  to  Utah,  see  //.  Jour.,  3"th  Cong.  .Sd  Sess.,  737;  Id-,  .3sth  Cong. 
2d  Sess.,  562;  .39th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  1339,  1383;  Sen.  Joiir.,  37th  Cong.  3d 
8ess.,  618;  3Sth  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  1009,  1029,  1159;  38th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  503; 
Cong.  Globe,  1862-3,26,  60,  166,  210,  228-9,  1121;  hi.,  1864-5,  117,  124,  157, 
596,  942,  967,  996,  1028,  1172;  1865-6,  1494,  3509,  .3522,  4190. 

^'  Hickman  states  that  in  the  autumn  of  1803  Brigham  olFcrcd  him  a  large 
bribe  to  assassinate  Connor.  Dcxfroyinij  Anrjel,  107.  The  ill  fueling  hail  been 
considerably  intensitied  by  the  appearance  in  The  Union  Vedette,  a  newspaper 
first  published  at  Camp  Douglas,  ^ov.  20,  1S63,  of  a  number  of  circulars  signed 
by  Connor  and  relating  to  the  mining  interests  of  the  territory.  The  general 
states  his  Iwlief  that  Utah  abounds  in  rich  veins  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and 
other  minerals,  invites  miners  and  prospectors  to  explore  and  develop  tliem, 
and  threatens  the  Mormon  leaders  with  martial  law  in  case  of  interference. 
In  a  letter  to  Col  Drum,  asst  adjt-general  at  San  Francisco,  he  writes:  'My 
policy  in  this  territory  has  been  to  invite  hither  a  large  gentile  and  loyal  pop- 
ulation, sufficient  by  peaceful  means  and  through  the  liallot-box  to  overwhelm 
the  Mormons  by  mere  force  of  numliers,  and  thus  wrest  from  the  church— dis- 
loyal iind  traitorous  to  the  core — the  absolute  and  tyrannical  control  of  tem- 
poral and  civil  affairs.'  The  Dady  Teleiji-aiih,  the  first  number  of  wliich 
appeared  Jnly  4,  1804,  with  T.  D.  H.  Stcnhouse  as  editor  and  proprietor, 
waged  fierce  war  with  the  Vedette,  wliich  was  issued  at  Camp  Dougla.s  in  .fan. 
1S(>4,  as  a  daily  paper.  Early  in  1865  Gen.  Connor  stopped  its  publication. 
Slenhouse'.t  Buck;/  Afountnin  Snintu,  612;  Sloan's  Utah  dnzrtteir,  1884,  p.  29. 
It  was  again  published,  however,  in  June  of  this  year  at  S.  L.  City,  and  con- 
tinued till  Nov.  27,  1867.  The  Telegraph  was  afterward  moved  to  Ogden, 
where  the  last  number  appeared  in  July  1869.  Pirhnrds'  Bibliog.  o/X'tah, 
MS.,  15.  In  Aug.  18<°)9  a  newspaper  named  The  Mountaineer  was  published 
in  S.  L.  City  by  Seth  M.  Blair,  James  Ferguson,  and  Hoaea  Stout,  being  in> 


"if 


i'  Mil 


824 


PROGRESS  OP  EVENTS. 


when,  in  18G5,  all  joined  in  celebrating  the  second  in- 
auguration of  Abraham  Lincoln  and  the  success  of 
the  union  arms.  Though  his  party  was  strongly  op- 
posed to  Mormonism,  Lincoln  had  little  to  say  on  the 
so-called  Mormon  question,  and  that  little  was  ex- 
pressed in  three  words:  Let  them  alone.  To  be  left 
alone  was  all  that  the  people  asked  and  all  that  they 
had  struggled  for,  since  Utah  was  first  admitted  as  a 
territory.  The  occasion  was  therefore  one  of  rejoicing, 
honest  and  heart-felt,  and  the  pageant  more  imposing 
than  anything  that  had  yet  been  witnessed  in  the  city 
of  the  saints.*^^  In  the  centre  of  Main  Street  a  plat- 
form was  erected,  and  here,  on  the  morning  of  the  4th 
of  March,  the  federal  officers,  civil  and  military,  ex- 
changed greetings  with  the  church  dignitaries.  Past 
them  filed  a  procession  of  tradesmen  and  working  men, 
a  mile  in  length,  the  sidewalks,  the  windows,  and 
house-tops  being  crowded  with  an  eager  and  bois- 
terous throng.  The  buildings  were  draped  with  flags, 
the  carriages  and  sleighs  decorated  with  streamers, 
the  men  and  women  with  rosettes,  while  the  bands  of 
the  3d  infantry  and  the  Nauvoo  legion  furnished 
music,  and  Mormon  banners,  with  their  manifold  de- 
vices, appeared  side  b^  side  with  the  stars  and  stripes. 
Later  the  concourse  assembled  in  front  of  the  stand, 
the  provost  guard ^  facing  the  platform,  the  militia 
companies  forming  in  the  rear,  and  the  volunteers 
drawn  up  on  their  right,  four  deep  and  with  arms  at 
rest.  Addresses  were  delivered,  the  bands  plajdng 
and  the  multitude  cheering  lustily  during  the  intervals. 
The  troops  wore  then  escorted  to  their  camp  by  the 
cavalry  of  the  legion,  and  General  Connor  and  his  staff 


tended  for  secular  news  and  for  general  circulation,  though  friendly  in  it3 
tone  toward  the  saints.     It  lasted  only  one  year.  Ibid. 

''A  meeting  of  officers  and  prominent  citizens  was  held  at  Camp  Douglas 
on  the  2Sth  of  Feb.,  and  a  committee  of  arrangements  appointed. 

^'  Organized  by  Connor  with  a  view,  as  Tullidge  says,  to  establishing  a 
military  dictatorship  in  Utah.  In  a  strongly  anti-Mormon  report  to  J.  Bid- 
irell,  rep.  from  Cal.,  dated  Feb.  1867,  Gen.  Hazen  admits  that  Connor  was 
unduly  harsh  toward  the  saints,  remarking  that  his  zeal  aa  a  catholic  may 
account  for  hia  rigor,  house  iliic.  Doc,  75,  39th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  4. 


PRESIDENT  LINCOLN. 


625 


invited  to  a  banmiet  at  the  city  hall,  the  invitation 
being  accepted,  although  the  general,  who  had  now 
received  orders  to  take  charge  of  the  department  of 
the  Platte,  was  unable  to  attend  in  person.**  In  the 
evening  the  party  again  met  at  the  theatre,  and  the 
festivities  concluded  at  a  late  hour,  with  a  display  of 
fire-works,  the  federal  officials  being  well  pleased,  and 
perhaps  a  little  surprised  at  the  exuberant  loyalty  of 
the  Mormons. 

A  few  weeks  after  this  gala-day  citizens  and  sol- 
diers again  united  in  fraternal  gathering  to  mourn  the 
loss  of  their  president.*^  When  news  of  his  assassina- 
tion was  first  received,  the  volunteers  could  with  dif- 
ficulty be  controlled  from  venting  their  fury  on  the  in- 
habitants, who,  as  they  imagined,  were  exulting  over 
this  deed  of  infamy.  Soon,  however,  they  were  forced 
to  acknowledge  themselves  in  error,  for  Lincoln  had 
ever  been  friendly  toward  the  Mormons,  and  by  none 
was  he  more  respected.  On  the  19th  of  April,  the 
day  set  apart  for  the  funeral  solemnities  at  Washing- 
ton, business  was  suspended  in  Salt  Lake  City ;  the 
flags  on  the  public  buildings  were  hung  at  half-mast 
and  covered  with  crape;  many  of  the  stores  and  resi- 
dences were  dressed  in  mourning,  and  long  before  the 
appointed  hour  more  than  three  thousand  persons, 
among  them  being  many  gentiles,  were  assembled  at 
the  tabernacle.  The  platform  was  occupied  by  the 
civil  and  military  functionaries  and  a  number  of  promi- 

«>  Stenhouse  mentions  that  before  his  departure  a  ball  was  given  at  the 
social  hall,  which  Brigham  and  his  councillors  declined  to  attend,  the  officers' 
V  ivcs  of  Camp  Douglas  also  refusing  to  meet  the  Mormon  women.  Rochy  Moun- 
tain Saints,  612.  Gen.  P.  Edward  Connor,  an  Irishman  by  birth,  came  to  the 
U.  S.  early  in  life,  and  enlisted  in  the  regular  army,  scrvin„  for  five  years  as  a 
private  soldier  on  the  frontier.     T^'T'in^  the  Mexican  war  he  raised  a  company 

of  volunteers  in  Texas,  and  leo  l. i  as  their  captain  at  Buena  Vista,  where 

iio  was  wounded,  and  received  honorable  mention  in  the  oiiicial  dcspatclies. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  settled  in  California,  where  in  ten  years  he  accumu- 
lated a  fortune.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  was  offered  the  colonelcy 
of  the  third  Cal.  volunteers.   WaUe'a  The  Mormon  Prophet,  112-13. 

'*  On  the  18th  of  April  a  meeting  of  federal,  civil,  and  military  officers  was 
held  at  S.  L.  City,  when  arrangements  were  made  for  the  funeral  exercises. 
It  is  worthy  of  note  that  Col  Burton  was  appointed  one  of  the  committee  of 
arrangements.  See  Tiillidge's  Hist.  S.  L.  City,  333. 
Hnx.  Utah.    40 


1 


626 


PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


!•• 


nent  citizens,  the  stand  and  organ  being  draped  in 
black.  The  exercises  commenced  with  an  anthem  by 
the  choir,  followed  by  a  prayer  from  Franklin  D. 
Richards.  Then  came  an  eloquent  address  from 
Amasa  Lyman,  and  an  impressive  eulogy  on  the  life, 
character,  and  services  of  Lincoln  by  Norman  Mc- 
Leod,  the  chaplain  at  Camp  Douglas,  the  funeral 
rites  concluding  with  a  benediction  by  Wilford  Wood- 
ruff. 

Soon  after  the  departure  of  Connor,  orders  were 
received  to  disband  the  volunteers;  but  the  alarm 
caused  among  gentile  citizens  by  further  Mormon 
troubles  caused  a  portion  of  them  to  be  retained 
until  they  could  be  replaced  by  regular  troops.  Of 
the  many  crimes  laid  to  the  charge  of  the  saints  at 
this  period,  and  by  some  ascribed  to  the  agency  of 
the  church,  the  murders  of  Newton  Brassfield  and 
King  Robinson  were  the  most  notorious.^^  In  the 
spring  of  1866  Brassfield,  formerly  a  citizen  of  Cali- 
fornia and  more  recently  of  Nevada,  married  the 
wife  of  one  of  the  elders,  then  employed  on  a  foreign 
mission.  Application  was  made  and  granted  for  a 
writ  of  habeas  corpus  to  obtain  possession  of  the 
children,  the  case  being  still  pending  when  the  assas- 
sination occurred.  On  the  2d  of  April  he  was  shot 
dead  by  some  unknown  person  while  about  to  enter 
his  hotel.^    A  reward  of  $4,500  was  offered  by  the 

•*Gen.  Hazen  remarks  in  his  report:  'There  is  no  doubt  of  their  murder 
from  Mormon  church  influences,  although  I  do  not  believe  by  direct  com- 
mand.' Ho  recommends  that  in  future  the  commanding  officer  at  Caiui) 
Douglas  be  ordered  to  send  one  of  the  Mormon  leaders  to  the  state  prison 
at  JelFerson,  Mo.,  for  each  man  that  is  assassinated,  and  that  he  be  retained 
there  until  the  culprit  is  surrendered.  House  Misc.  Doc,  75,  39th  Cong,  -d 
SesB. ,  4.  Beadle  states  that,  when  most  of  the  volunteers  had  been  withdrawn , 
all  gentiles  who  had  taken  up  land  west  of  the  Jordan  were  whipped, 
tarred  and  feathered,  or  ducked  in  the  Jordan,  and  their  improvements  de- 
stroyed, and  that  Weston  of  the  Union  Vedette  was  seized,  carried  to  tlu; 
temple  block  by  night,  and  cruelly  beaten.  Life  in  Utah,  203-4.  See  alsu 
The  Union  Vedette,  in  Virfiinia  nhd  Helena  (Mont.)  Post,  Oct.  9,  1866. 

^  Deseret  News,  April  5, 12,  1866.  In  the  former  number  it  is  stated  that 
two  other  cases  of  shooting  had  occurred  within  less  tlian  three  weeks,  ono 
of  the  parties,  named  Mayfield,  being  dangerously  wounded  by  a  soldier  v  ho 
mistook  him  for  a  gambler  with  whom  he  had  had  some  difficulty.  The  account 
of  Brossiicld's  murder  a<ud  its  cause  as  related  in  the  Deaeret  News  agrees 


MURDER  OP  BRASSFIELD  AND  ROBINSON. 


627 


gentile  community,  but  without  success,  for  the  arrest 
of  the  murderer,  who  was  probably  a  relative  of  the 
cider's,  as  the  sentiment  of  the  Mormon  community 
required  that  the  nearest  of  kin  should  avenge  the 
wrongs  of  an  absent  husband.®* 

King  Robinson,  a  native  of  Maine,  and  in  1864  a 
resident  of  California,  was  appointed  in  that  year 
assistant  surgeon  at  Camp  Douglas.**  When  the 
volunteers  were  mustered  out  of  service  he  practised 
Ills  profession  in  Salt  Lake  City,  and  in  the  spring  of 
]  8G6  married  the  daughter  of  a  physician,  Dr  Kay, 
who  in  his  life-time  had  been  a  pillar  of  the  church, 
but  whose  wife  and  children  were  apostates.  The 
doctor  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Norman  McLeod, 
and  at  the  time  of  his  assassination  a  superinten- 
dent of  the  gentile  Sunday-school.*'®  While  at  Camp 
Douglas,  he  ascertained  that  certain  ground  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Warm  Springs  was  unoccupied,  and 
supposing  it  to  be  a  portion  of  the  public  domain, 
took  possession  of  it,  and  erected  a  building  thereon. 
The  city  council  claimed  that  the  land  belonged  to 
the  corporation,  and  ordered  the  marshal  to  destroy 
the  improvements  and  eject  the  claimant.  The  doc- 
tor brought  the  matter  before  the  court,  but  the  chief 


essentially  with  the  one  given  in  Stenhouse's  Roch)  Mountain  Saints,  615,  ex- 
cept that  according  to  Stenhouse's  version  no  attempt  was  made  to  arrest  the 
niurdcrcr,  while  in  the  Dei<crel  A'ewn  it  is  stated  that  he  was  pur8ue<l  and 
se\eral  shots  fired  at  him.  Beadle,  Life  in  Utah,  '204-.'),  says  that  the  womati 
had  repudiated  her  former  marria^'e,  thatBrassiield,  who  had  taken  her  trunk 
and  clotliing  from  her  former  residence,  was  arrested  for  larceny,  anil  a  day 
or  two  later,  while  in  the  street  in  custody  of  the  marshal,  was  shot  in  the 
back  by  a  liidden  assassin,  no  special  effort  being  made  to  arrest  him. 

''*8tenhou8e  relates  that  General  Sherman,  on  hearing  of  theassai:sination, 
telegraphed  to  Brigham  that  he  hoped  to  hear  of  no  more  murders  of  gen- 
tiles in  Utah,  and  reminded  him  that  there  ".ere  plenty  of  soldiers,  recently 
niustered  out  of  service,  who  would  be  glad  to  pay  him  a  visit.  Brigham 
replied  that  Br.assfield  liad  seduced  a  man's  wife,  and  that  life  in  S.  L.  City 
was  ns  safe  as  elsewhere  if  people  attended  to  their  own  business.  Stenhoufte^.i 
I'licb/  Mountain  Saints,  61G.  See  also  The  Dalles  Daily  Mountaineer,  May 
17,  I'SGG. 

^  He  was  afterward  sent  to  Camp  Connor.  The  Union  Vedette,  Oct.  25, 
180G,  in  Beadle's  Life  in  Utah,  20G. 

•'"  McLeod  was  at  this  time  preaching  at  Independence  Hall  in  opposition 
to  Mormonism,  and  the  doctor  no  donbt  shared  his  sentiments.  Both  were 
heartily  disliked  by  the  Mormons.  Stenhouse's  Rocky  Mountain  Saints,  016-17. 


628 


PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


justice  decided  against  him.®^  Soon  afterward  other 
property  belonging  to  Robinson  was  destroyed  at 
midnight  by  a  gang  of  twenty  or  thirty  men,  some  of 
them  in  disguise,  Alexander  Burt,  of  the  police  force, 
with  several  others  as  accomplices,  being  accused, 
though  not  identified.  By  the  advice  of  his  counsel, 
Robinson  gave  notice  that  he  intended  to  hold  the 
city  responsible  for  damages.  Two  days  later  he  was 
aroused  near  midnight  to  attend  a  patient,  and  when 
a  short  distance  from  his  dwelling  was  struck  on  the 
head  with  a  sharp  instrument,  and  then  shot  through 
the  brain.  The  murder  was  committed  at  a  corner  of 
Main  Street  in  bright  moonlight,  the  doctor's  cries 
were  heard  by  his  neighbors,  and  seven  persons  were 
seen  running  away  from  the  spot,  but  no  arrests  were 
made,^*  the  verdict  of  the  coroner's  jury  being  that 
the  deceased  had  died  by  the  hands  of  parties  un- 
known.®' By  the  gentiles  the  doctor's  assassination 
was  attributed  to  his  contest  with  the  city  authori- 
ties, though  in  fact  the  murder  may  have  been  neither 
ordered  nor  premeditated.  If  it  were  so,  it  would 
seem  improbable  that  seven  persons  should  have  been 
intrusted  with  the  secret,  and  that  such  time  and 
place  should  have  been  selected. 

Other  murders  and  outrages  were  ascribed  to  tlio 
Mormons  about  this  date,  some  of  gentiles  and  some 
of  their  own  apostate  countrymen.""     So  great  was 

"'  During  the  trial  Robinson's  counsel  raised  the  point  that  the  city,  on 
account  of  the  non-performance  of  certain  acts,  had  no  legal  existence.  Di  s- 
eret  Newf.,  Nov.  14,  1866. 

•*  Parties  were  indicted  for  the  murder  by  the  grand  jury,  in  1871,  l>iit 
there  was  no  evidence  against  them  except  that  they  had  been  seen  in  tlio 
neighborhood.  Stenhousta  Rocky  Mountain  SaintK,  617-18. 

^Deneret  News,  Nov.  14,  18G6;  Stenhouge'n  Rocky  Mountain  Saints,  fild- 
20,  735-41,  where  are  copies  of  the  speeches  of  counsel.  In  commenting  un 
the  case,  the  Deseret  News  remarks  that  the  investigation  was  conducted  with- 
out  the  least  effort  to  discover  the  assassins,  unless  it  could  be  shown  tli.it 
they  were  Mormons.  For  other  accounts,  see  Beadle's  Li/e  in  Utah,  20(1- !•; 
Richardson's  Beyond  the  Mississiftpi,  3C.3;  Ruslinc/'s  Across  America,  ISH  !); 
Virginia  and  Helena  Post,  Oct.  30,  1866;  Boisii  City  Statesman,  Nov.  3,  isdO; 
Austin,  Ri-ese  River  Reveille,  Oct.  29,  1866;  Virginia  City  Post,  Nov.  3,  ISiiO. 
A  large  reward  was  subscribed  for  the  arrest  of  the  murilerers,  at  the  Lead 
of  thfi  list  being  the  name  of  Brigham  Young  for  $500. 

^'' Among  the  latter,  Beadle  mentions  the  cases  of  three  apostates  named 
Potter,  Wilson,  and  Walker— the  Orst  a  brother  of  those  murdered  atSpiiiig- 


INDIAN  WARS. 


629 


other 
red  at 
ame  of 
I  force, 
jcused, 
ounscl, 
.Id  the 
he  was 
1  when 
on  the 
brough 
)rncr  of 
s  cries 
IS  were 
ts  were 
lor  that 
iies  un- 
sination 
luthori- 
neither 
;  would 
ve  been 
e  and 

to  the 

id  some 

;at  was 

pe  city,  on 
ence.  Dts- 

1871,  Imt 
ten  ill  the 

lints,  Clti- 
lenting  "U 
Icted  with- 
liown  tluit 
ih,  20(l-!>: 
\ca,  183-0; 
f.  3,  ISHO; 
3,  IStlO. 
the  Lead 

tes  named 
it-Spiiug- 


the  alarm  among  gentile  merchants,  that,  with  a  few 
exceptions,  they  signed  an  agreement  to  leave  the  ter- 
ritory, on  condition  that  their  property  should  be  pur- 
cliased  by  the  authorities  at  a  low  valuation.  The 
answer  was  that  they  had  not  been  asked  to  come, 
and  were  not  now  asked  to  depart;  they  could  stay 
as  long  as  they  pleased,  and  would  not  be  molested  if 
they  did  not  molest  others.  No  further  deeds  of  vio- 
lence occurred,  the  excitement  gradually  died  away, 
and  with  the  approaching  completion  of  the  overland 
railroad  a  better  feeling  prevailed.  Contracts  had 
been  awarded  without  distinction  to  Mormon  and 
gentile ;  travel  had  increased,  and  with  it  traffic  and 
the  circulation  of  money,  and  for  a  brief  space  all  felt 
a  common  interest  in  the  country's  prosperity. 

Not  least  among  the  benefits  caused  by  the  build- 
ing of  the  railroad  was  the  gradual  cessation  of  Indian 
hostilities,  which  had  continued,  with  little  intermis- 
sion, from  the  date  of  the  Mountain  Meadows  mas- 
sacre. The  natives  had  no  alternative  but  to  steal  or 
starve;  the  white  man  was  in  possession  of  their  pas- 
tures; game  was  rapidly  disappearing;  in  the  depth  of 
winter  they  were  starving  and  almost  unclad,  sleeping 
in  the  snow  and  sleet,  with  no  covering  but  a  cape  of 
rabbit's  fur  and  moccasons  lined  with  cedar  bark;  even 
in  summer  they  were  often  compelled  to  subsist  on 

ville  in  1857 — who  were  arrested  at  Coalville,  Weber  co.,  for  stealing  a  cow, 
and  placed  in  charge  of  a  party  of  policemen,  one  of  them  a  Danite  named 
Hinckley.  Walker  escaped  to  Camp  Douglas,  but  Wilson  and  Potter  were 
killed  by  the  officers.  The  murderers  were  arrested,  but  escaped  from  the 
marshal.  Soon  afterward  a  colored  man,  known  as  Negro  Tom,  called  on  tlie 
fi'iloral  officials  to  state  that  he  could  give  important  evidence  concerning  cer- 
tain murders.  A  few  days  later  he  was  found  with  his  throat  cut  and  his  body 
lmiTil)ly  mangled,  about  two  miles  east  of  the  city.  Life  in  Utah,  21 1-12.  See 
al>o  Stenhouse'a  Rocky  Mountain  Saintx,  621.  The  latter  relates  that  Judge 
Titus  caused  the  arrests,  in  consequence  of  which  one  of  the  apostles,  to  mark 
liis  contempt  for  the  judge,  had  a  chemise  matle,  about  ten  feet  in  length,  and 
ordered  it  to  be  handed  to  the  judge  as  a  present.  Titus  regarded  the  matter 
ns  a  threat,  as  well  as  an  insult,  considering  that  the  night  garment  was 
intended  as  a  shrond.  In  1866  ft  man  named  Beanficld,  from  Austin,  Nev., 
liacl  some  difficulty  with  the  Mormons  and  was  shot.  Bowles,  Our  Xew  IVegt, 
'2W.  See  also  S.  F.  Call,  Nov.  1,  16,  1866,  April  14, 1867;  S.  F.  Time«,  Aug. 
13,  Oct.  25,  1867;  Sac.  Union,  Oct.  31,  1866. 


mn 


'  i«i 


630 


PROGRESS  OP  EVENTS. 


reptiles,  insects,  roots,  and  prass  seeds.  Farm  reser- 
vations had  been  opened  lor  their  benefit,'^  and  iu 
1859  it  was  stated  by  the  superintendent  of  Indian 
affairs  that  an  appropriation  of  $150,000  would  enable 
liini  to  provide  for  all  the  destitute  among  the  18,000 
natives  then  inhabiting  the  territory.  No  appropria- 
tion was  made  at  this  date,  though,  as  will  presently 
appear,  liberal  provision  was  made  a  few  years  later 
for  certain  of  the  Utah  tribes. 

Between  1857  and  the  close  of  1862  outbreaks  were 
c"  frequent  occurrence,'*  and  until  the  arrival  of  the 

"  Among  them  the  Spanish  Fork  reservation,  inclnding  nearly  13,000  acres, 
was  opened  in  1855  in  tftah  Valley.  Hero  about  2,500  bushels  of  wheat  wcro 
raised  iu  1859.  There  were  others  on  Sanpete  Creek,  in  the  valley  of  that 
name,  on  Com  Creek,  in  Fillmore  Valley,  and  at  Deep  Creek  and  Ruby  vnl- 
Icys.  On  each  there  were  alxtut  25  acres  in  wheat,  and  a  small  quantity  of 
vegetables  were  raised.  J.  Forney,  in  Ind.  Aff.  "rpt,  1859,  pp.  3C7-9.  In 
these  reports  for  the  years  1850-63,  and  in  Stn.  Doc,  3Cth  Cong.  Ist  Sess., 
xi.  no.  42,  are  many  statements  and  suggestions  as  to  the  character  of  the 
Inilians,  their  condition,  treatment,  reservation  work,  and  intercourse  witli 
tl»c  white  population.  As  they  were  little  heeded,  it  is  unnecessary  to  men- 
tion them  in  detail.  The  names  of  the  various  superintendents  of  Indian 
affairs  and  Indian  agents  will  be  found  in  the  American  Almanac. 

''  For  troubles  in  southern  Utah  in  1857-8,  see  Little's  Jacob  Ifamblin,  47 
et  seq.  In  Oct.  1858,  Hamblin  with  eleven  others  left  the  Santa  Clara  settle- 
ment to  visit  the  Moquis  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Colorado,  thus  paving  the 
way  for  Mormon  colonization  in  that  direction.  On  Feb.  25,  1858,  a  descint 
was  made  on  one  of  the  northern  settlements  by  250  Shoshones.  Two  settlor.s 
■were  killed,  five  wounded,  and  a  large  number  of  cattle  and  horses  driven  otK 
On  the  1st  and  9th  of  March  the  herds  of  the  settlers  in  Rush  Valley  were 
raided  and  a  quantity  of  stock  stolen.  On  the  7th,  100  horses  and  mules  were 
taken  from  the  farm  of  John  C.  Naile  at  the  north  end  of  Utah  Lake.  Hornv- 
Ex.  Doc.,  35tii  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  ii.  pt  ii.  pp.  74-5,  80-2.  On  Sept.  10th,  Utjih 
Indians  violate<l  the  persons  of  a  Danish  woman  and  her  daughter,  near  tlio 
Spanish  Fork  reservation.  IiL,  152;  Ind.  Aff.  Jicpt,  1859,  p.  362.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1859an  emigrant  party,  en  routa  forCalifornia,wa8  surprised  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  Goose  Creek  mountains,  and  at  least  five  men  and  two  women 
killed,  the  massacre  being  caused  by  the  slaughter  of  two  Indians  who  entered 
the  camp  for  trading  purposes.  Ind.  Aff.  Kept,  1839-CO,  pt  ii.  210-11.  On 
Aug.  14th,  tills  IxKly  of  Indians  was  attacked  by  Lieut  Gay  with  a  company 
of  iiaguons,  and  about  2U  of  them  killed.  In  his  message  to  the  Utah  legis- 
lature, dated  Dec.  12, 1860,  Gov.  Gumming  states  that  though  a  suitable  force 
had  been  appointed  for  the  protection  of  the  northern  emigrant  route,  many 
persons  had  been  murdered  presumably  by  roving  bands  of  Shoshones  and 
Bannacks.  Utah  Jour.  Leu'isl.,  1859-60,  p.  8.  In  the  summer  of  1860,  Mayor 
Ormsby,  with  a  party  of  Carson  Valley  militia,  was  decoyed  into  a  canon  and 
perished  with  all  his  command,  the  cause  of  the  outbreak  being  the  slaying 
by  emigrants  of  a  chief,  named  Winnemucca.  Burton's  City  of  the  SaintH,  5S-. 
See  also  Moore's  Pion.  Exper.,  MS.,  15-19.  For  further  Indian  depredations 
up  to  1863,  nieanurcs  taken  to  prevent  and  punish  them,  and  remarks  thereon, 
too  voluminous  to  be  mentioned  in  detail,  see  Ind.  Aff.  Rept,  1859-60,  pt  ii., 
231-44,  1861,  21,  1862.  210-14,  1863,  419-20;  Sen.  Doc,  36th  Cong.  'Jd 
Sess.,  iL  no.  1,  pp.  69-73;  House  Ex.  Doc,  37  Cong.  3d  Sesa.,  iv.  no.  3,  pp. 


BATTLE  OF  BEAR  RIVER. 


681 


volunteers,  no  effectual  curb  was  placed  on  the  hos- 
tile tribes.  On  the  29th  of  January,  18G3,  the  battle 
of  Bear  River  was  fought,  twelve  miles  north  of 
Franklin,  between  some  three  hundred  of  the  Sho- 
shones  and  Bannacks,  under  their  chiefs  Bear  Hun- 
ter, Pocatello,  and  Sanpitch,  and  about  two  hundred 
men  of  Connor's  command,  its  result  effectually  put- 
ting a  stop  to  hostilities  in  Northern  Utah.  For  fif- 
teen years  the  northern  tribes  had  infested  the  over- 
land mail  route,  slaughtering  and  plundering  emigrants 
and  settlers,  until  their  outrages  had  become  unbear- 
able. Reaching  Franklin  by  forced  marches,  during 
an  intensely  cold  winter,  the  snow  being  so  deep  that 
their  howitzers  did  not  arrive  in  time  to  be  of  service, 
the  troops  approached  the  enemy's  camp  at  daylight 
on  the  29th,  and  found  them  posted  in  a  ravine  through 
which  Battle  Creek  enters  Bear  River.  Their  position 
was  well  chosen,  the  ravine  being  six  to  twelve  feet 
deep,  about  forty  in  width,  with  steep  banks,  under 
which  willows  had  been  densely  interwoven,  and 
whence  they  could  deliver  their  fire  without  exposing 
themselves.  Attacking  simultaneously  in  fiank  and 
front,  Connor  routed  them  after  an  engagement  last- 
ing four  hours,  and,  their  retru.t  being  cut  off  by 
cavalry,  the  band  was  almost  annihilated.'^  Among 
the  slain  was  Bear  Hunter,'*  the  other  chieftains 
making  their  escape.     Had   the  savages  committed 

78-80,  82-5,  V.  no.  .30;  Hayea'  Scraps,  Los  Angeles,  iv.  96;  Deseret  News, 
March  17,  Apr.  14,  July  7,  Nov,  3,  17,  1858,  Feb.  16.  Aug.  3,  24,  31,  Sept. 
21,  Nov.  16,  1859,  May  30,  Aug.  1,  Oct.  3.  1860,  Feb.  13, 1861,  Apr.  16,  Juno 
11,  Aug.  13,  Sept.  17,  24,  Oct.  8,  Nov.  26,  Dec.  10,  31,  1862;  S.  F.  Alia,  May 
11,  Aug.  16,  17,  Sept.  6,  Oct.  20,  28,  29,  1858.  Jan.  18,  March  29,  30,  July  0, 
Sept.  8,  12,  16,  21,  22,  28,  Oct.  6,  28,  1859;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  May  8,  Aug.  18, 
Oct.  28,  29,  Nov.  26,  1858,  Aug.  24,  30,  Oct.  31,  Nov.  19,  1859,  Oct.  4,  8, 
1802;  Sac.  Union,  Aug.  10,  12,  Sept.  28,  Oct.  2,  5,  12,  19,  31,  Nov.  2,  11,  14, 
Dec.  7,  1857,  March  3,  July  21,  29,  Aug.  17,  Sept.  4,  Oct.  20,  Nov.  16, 25,  31, 
1858,  Feb.  18,  23,  March  16,  Apr.  15,  May  10,  Aug.  11,  31,  Sept.  17,  19,  22, 

30,  Oct.  5,  7,  27,  Dec.  2,  19,  1859,  Apr.  6,  May  4,  9,  10,  11,  14,  15,  21,  23, 24, 
28,  30,  31,  June  1,  4,  6,  8,  9,  12,  14,  16,  20,  20,  July  6,  7,  9,  12,  1.3,  14,  21, 

31,  Aug.  1,  21,  2.3,  Oct.  2, 1860,  Apr.  4,  24, 29,  May  8,  9,  31,  June  7,  11,  Aug. 
15,  18,  Sept.  3,  18.  22,  Oct.  2,  Dec.  20,  1862. 

'^  Connor  states  that  he  found  224  bodies  on  the  field,  and  how  many  more 
were  killed  he  was  unable  to  say.  A  copy  of  his  official  despatch  will  be 
found  ill  TulUdge's  Hist.  S.  L.  City,  28:1-6. 

''*  And  two  inferior  chiefs,  named  Sagwitch  and  Lehi.  Id.,  286. 


m 


n 


■1 


032 


PROGRESS  OP  EVENTS. 


this  (Iced,  it  would  pass  into  history  as  a  butchery  or 
a  massacre. 

Of  Connor's  command,  which  consisted  of  300  vol- 
unteers, but  of  whom  not  more  than  two  thirds  were 
engaged,''^  fourteen  were  killed  and  forty-nine  wounded. 
A  number  of  rides  and  nearly  200  horses  were  cap- 
tured, and  more  than  seventy  lodges,  together  with  a 
large  quantity  of  provisions,  destroyed.  This  defeat 
completely  broke  the  power  and  spirit  of  the  Indians, 
and  the  result  was  immediately  felt  throughout  North- 
ern Utah,  especially  in  Cache  county,  where  flocks 
and  herds  were  now  comparatively  safe,  and  whore 
settlements  could  be  made  on  new  and  favorable  sites 
hitherto  considered  insecure.'" 

During  the  spring  of  this  year  an  outbreak  occurred 
among  the  Utahs  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Spanish 
Fork  reservation.  A  party  of  volunteers,  under  Colo- 
nel G.  S.  Evans,  defeated  them  in  two  engagements." 
In  April  18G5  an  Indian  war  broke  out  in  Sanpete 
county,  spreading  to  adjacent  districts,  and  lasting 
without  intermission  until  the  close  of  18G7,  under 
the  leadership  of  a  chieftain  named  Blackhawk. 
Although  the  militia  of  the  southern  counties  were 
constantly  in  the  field,  and  reenforcements  were  sent 
from  Salt  Lake  City  under  General  Wells,  the  Cali- 
fornia volunteers  being  then  disbanded,  more  than 
fifty  of  the  Mormon  settlers  were  massacred,  an  im- 
mense quantity  of  live-stock  captured,'**  and  so  wide- 

'*  Seventy-six  were  disabled  by  frozen  feet.  Letter  of  General  Halleck  in 
Id.,  287. 

"In  addition  to  the  o£Bcial  despatches  of  Col  Connor  and  Gen.  Halleck, 
Tullidgo  gives  in  his  Illst.  S.  L.  City,  '289-90,  two  other  accounts  of  the  battle 
at  Bear  River,  one  copied  from  a  historical  note  in  the  Logan  Branch  records, 
and  the  other  from  Col  Martiueau's  sketch  of  the  military  histor^  of  Cache 
CO.  Both  differ  from  the  official  report  aa  to  the  number  killed,  the  former 
placing  it  at  200,  and  a  great  many  wou  led,  the  latter  stating  that  the  dead, 
aa  counted  by  an  eye-witness  from  Fri  klin,  amounted  to  308,  besides  tim 
woun<lcd  who  afterward  died,  and  that  ■  lut  90  of  tlio  slain  were  women  ami 
children.     For  otlier  versions,  see  Ilayt     Waps,  Iwlian.i,  v.  214-17. 

"  Tlie  volunteers  numbered  140.  Am  g  the  killed  was  Lieut  F.  A.  Teale. 
SloaH'H  Utah  Gazetteer,  1884,  29. 

'*  Accounts  of  the  various  massacres  ,  d  depredations  will  be  found  in 
WelW  Xarr.,  MS.;  Smith's  Ritie,  Profjress,  nd  Travels,  2!)-30:  Utah  Skrlrhi'K, 
MS.,  13-14,  43,  130-48,  153-7;  see  also  Jii    '.tusoii'n  Sinners  and  Saints,  IO--0; 


LOSSES  AND  TREAIIES. 


033 


Jalleck, 

battle 
lecords, 

Cache 
Iformer 

I  deivl, 
|es  tlio 

eu  aiul 

IXeale. 

Iind  in 

eirhcx, 


spread  was  the  alarm  tliat  many  of  the  southern  sottlo- 
niciits  wore  for  the  time  abaiuloiied,'"  the  loss  to  the 
community  exceeding  ^1,100,000.'**'  Of  tliis  sum  no 
portion  was  voted  by  conj^ress,  the  memorials  of  the 
Utah  legislature  asking  for  reimbursements  being 
ignored,  although  the  militia  had  served  for  nu)ro 
than  two  years  without  pay,  and  the  governor  had 
declared  that  their  claims  were  jtist  and  their  services 
necessary."' 

Codinan'x  Hound  Trip,  219-20,  243-5.  The  lending  incidents  nro  liricfly  ns 
folliiw:  Oil  the  Utii  uf  April,  I8(id,  Ulackhuwk  and  liis  bund  visitud  iMuiiti, 
wlitTu  tiicy  boasted  of  having  stolen  sonic  cattle  ut  a  neighlioring  srttlcnicnt, 
and  wanted  to  hold  a  'big  talk.'  Oil  the  next  day  gome  of  the  Manti  citi/untt, 
who  rude  forth  to  ascertain  the  truth  of  the  matter,  were  tired  upon  and  one 
(if  thini  killed,  the  Indians  retiring  up  Salt  Creek  Carton  in  Sevier  co.,  whoro 
they  killt'd  two  herdsmen.  A  party  sent  in  pnrsuit  a  few  days  later  was  over- 
j>owered  w  ith  the  loss  of  two  men.  On  May  '2i)th  the  mivages  massacred  n 
fiiinily  of  hIx  persons  at  Thistle  Valley  in  Sanpete  co.,  slaying  two  others 
about  tho  sjuiie  time.  In  July  three  settlers  were  niiii-dered,  and  several 
wounded.  Many  cattle  had  now  Leen  driven  ofT,  and  the  people  of  Sanpete, 
Sevier,  Millard,  Piute,  Beaver,  Iron,  Washington,  and  Kane  counties  kept 
^'tiurd  over  their  stock  with  armed  and  mounted  men.  Between  Jan.  and  the 
licginiiiiig  of  April  18(i0  several  raids  were  made  in  Kane  co.,  live  settlers  hv- 
ing  killed,  and  a  man  named  I'eter  Sliirts  with  his  family  sustaining  a  siege 
for  several  weeks  until  relieved  by  militia.  Between  April  'I'lA  and  the  end  of 
June  six  persons  were  killed  and  others  wounded  in  Sanpete  and  I'iute  coun- 
ties, two  of  them  while  attempting  to  recover  cattle  driven  otl"  from  the  Span- 
ish Fork  reservation.  Early  in  1807  James  J.  Peterson  with  bis  wife  and 
daughter  were  killed  near  Glenwood,  Sevier  co.,  and  their  bodies  mutilated. 
Tiie  vigilance  of  the  militia  kept  the  Indians  in  check  for  the  remainder  of 
this  year,  and  only  three  other  settlers  were  killed,  tho  soldiery  also  losing 
three  of  their  nunilier.  P.  H.  Head,  sup.  of  Indian  afl'airs,  in  Ind.  Aff-  lii'i't, 
1800,  p.  1*J4,  states  that  tho  number  of  marauders  was  not  more  than  AO  or  00. 

'"Sevier  and  Piute  counties  vere  entirely  abandoned,  together  with  tho 
settlements  of  Berrysville,  Winsor,  upper  and  lower  Kanoo,  Shuncsburg, 
Springdale,  Northup,  and  many  ranches  in  Kaneco.,  and  Pangwitch  and  Fort 
Sanford  in  Iron  co.  Smith's  Rise,  I'ronresa,  and  Travels,  30.  Six  ilourishing 
settlements  in  Piute  co.,  four  on  the  borders  of  Sanpete,  and  fifteen  in  Iron, 
Kane,  nnd  Wasiiiiigton  counties,  were  entirely  abandoned.  Joint  memorial  of 
legislature,  in  Lairs  of  Utah,  1878,  p.  107. 

'"For  newspaper  reports  of  Indian  depredations,  difficulties,  expeditions, 
and  battles  between  lS(iA  and  1867,  see,  among  others.  The  Deseret  News,  Jan. 
21,  28,  Feb.  11,  March  18,  Apr.  8,  15,  22,  May  13,  20,  July  1,  1803,  Juno  7, 
1805,  May  10,  1800,  Juno  5,  12,  1807;  Union  Vedette,  July  8,  13,  31,  Aug.  4, 
17,  Nov.  '5,  9,  1805;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Jan.  20,  Apr.  14,  15,  May  4,  June  9,  July 

10,  1803,  Aug.  8,  1864,  Apr.  20,  1806;  S.  F.  Alta,  Feb.  17,  19,  May  8,  Juno 

11,  12,  July  0,  7,  1863,  Aug.  12,  Sept.  3,  1804,  July  8,  1865,  May  1,  10,  22, 
June  10,  14,  15,  July  31,  Aug.  8,  1807;  S  F.  Vail,  Jan.  5,  March  22,  June  8, 
14,  21,  Aug.  10,  11,  Oct.  29,  ISO.'i,  May  14,  June  2,  4,  5,  9,  11,  July  24,  Aug. 

1,  3,  8,  9,  1807;  Sac.  Union,  Jan.  31,  Feb.  IV,,  13,  17.  Apr.  14,  28,  May  10,  30, 
June  1.3,  1803,  Apr.  20,  July  30,  Aug.  20,  31,  1804,  Feb.  7,  Juno  !>,  Aug.  4, 
26,  31,  1805,  Aug.  5,  1807;  Gold  Hill  News,  March  17,  July  8,  1805;  (  or.son 
Appeal,  June  10,  Aug.  2,  1865;  Boise  Statesman,  June  8,  Dec.  12,  1805,  Nov. 

2,  18(i7;  Watsonville  Pajaro  'Times,  May  10,  1803. 

''  See  the  certilicate  of  Gov.  Chailes  Durkee,  appended  in  1869  to  the  joiut 


fu 


^■'i 


w 
Pi 


•-<''  a 


634 


PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


After  the  affair  of  Bear  "River  treaties  were  con- 
cluded with  the  Shoshones  and  Bannacks  on  the  12th 
and  14th  of  October,  1863,^'  whereby  travel  on  the 
principal  routes  to  Nevada  and  California  was  ren- 
dered secure,  the  stipulations  being  faithfully  ob- 
served, and  the  Indians  receiving  in  return  annuity 
goods  to  the  value  of  $21,000  for  a  term  of  twenty 
years/'  In  June  1865  a  treaty  was  made  with  a 
number  of  the  Utah  tribes,  whereby  they  agreed  to 
remove  within  one  year  to  a  reservation  in  the  Uin- 
tah Valley,  relinquishing  their  claim  to  all  other  lands 
within  the  territory,  receiving  as  compensation  $25,- 
000  annually  for  the  first  ten  years,  $20,000  for  the 
next  twenty  years,  and  $15,000  for  thirty  years  there- 
after.^ Annuities  were  also  to  be  granted  to  the 
chiefs,  dwellings  erected  for  them,  and  lands  ploughed, 
enclosed,  and  supplied  with  live-stock  and  farming 
implements.  A  scho^^  was  to  be  maintained  for  ten 
years,  during  nine  months  in  the  year;  grist  and 
lumber  mills  and  mechanics'  shops  were  to  be  built 
and  equipped  at  the  expense  of  the  government,  and 
$7,000  voted  annually  for  ten  years  in  aid  of  various 
industries.  The  Indians  were  to  be  protected  on 
their  reservation;  must  not  make  war  except  in  self- 
defence  ;  and  must  not  steal,  or  if  they  did,  the  stolen 

memorial,  in  Laws  of  Utah,  1878,  p.  167.  Geo.  W.  Emery,  who  was  governor 
in  Feb.  1878,  stated  that  he  knew  nothing  of  the  facts,  and  had  no  recommen- 
dation to  make.  Two  former  memorials  had  been  forwarded,  the  first  in 
1868.  House  Misc.  Doc.,  00,  40th  Cong.  2d  Seas.,  10;  the  second  in  1860. 
Id.,  41st  Cong.  '  it  Sess. 

*''  The  first  i  Tooele  Valley  and  the  second  at  Soda  Springs.  Thoy  were 
confirmed  by  the  senate,  but  with  amendments  which  were  forwarded  to 
Got.  Doty,  with  instructions  to  obtain  the  consent  of  the  Indians.  Ind.  Aff. 
liept,  1864,  p.  16.  On  the  30th  of  July,  1863,  a  treaty  hati  been  made  with 
Pocatello  and  others  whereby  the  roads  to  the  Beaver  Head  and  Bois^  River 
gold  mines  and  the  northern  California  and  southern  Oregon  roads  were  mude 
secure.  Another  treaty  was  concluded  with  the  western  Shoshones  at  Ruby 
Valley,  Oct.  Ist.  Rept  of  James  Duaiie  Doty,  in  Id.,  1864,  p.  175. 

'*/(/.,  176.  In  his  message  to  the  legislature,  dated  Dec.  12,  1864,  Gov. 
Doty  remarks:  '  These  are  the  first  treaties  ever  made  by  the  U.  S.  with  the 
bands  of  Shoshones;  and  it  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  they  have  adhered 
to  their  stipulations  with  a  fidelity  equal  to  that  of  most  civilized  nations.' 
Utah  Jour.  LeginL,  1864-5,  pp.  11-12. 

**  The  appropriations  were  to  be  made  on  the  supposition  that  the  Indian 
tribes  would  muster  5,000  souls,  and  were  to  be  increased  or  dimiuiahed  in 
proportion  to  their  numbers.  Ind.  Aff.  Eept,  1865,  p.  151. 


INDIAN  RESERVATIONS. 


685 


864,  Gov. 

with  the 

adhered 

nations.' 


property  must  be  returned,  or  its  value  deducted 
from  their  annuities.*^  Under  these  stipulations, 
though  the  treaty  was  not  formally  ratified,  many  of 
the  Utahs,  among  whom  was  the  chief  Blackhawk, 
were  gathered  and  dwelt  in  peace  on  the  reservation. 
In  1864  a  memorial  had  been  presented  by  the 
Utah  legislature,  asking  that  the  Indians  be  removed 
from  their  smaller  reservations,"*  and  in  the  same  year 
acts  were  passed  by  congress  authorizing  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  surveyor-general  for  Utah,  providing  that 
the  Indian  title  to  agricultural  and  mineral  lands  be 
extinguished,  and  the  lands  laid  open  to  settlement, 
ordering  the  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs  to  col- 
lect as  many  of  the  tribes  as  possible  in  the  Uintah 
Valley,  and  appropriating  for  agricultural  improve- 
ments the  sum  of  $30,000.*^  The  site  was  well 
selected,  being  remote  from  routes  and  settlements, 
and  enclosed  by  mountain  ranges,  which  were  im- 
passable for  loaded  teams  during  nine  or  ten  months 
in  the  year.  It  contained  at  least  two  millions  of 
acres,^  portions  of  it  being  well  adapted  for  agricul- 
ture and  grazing,  and  was  well  supplied  with  timber 
and  water-power.  In  the  summer  of  1868  about 
130  acres  were  under  cultivation,  and  it  was  estimated 
that  the  value  of  the  produce  would  reach  $15,000; 
but  on  the  1st  of  July  swarms  of  grasshoppers  settled 

**  A  synopsis  of  the  provisions  of  this  treaty,  which  was  negotiated  by  0. 
H.  Irish,  superintendent  of  Indian  aflVurs  in  IS&'i,  will  be  found  in  Id., 
150-1.     See  also  Deaeret  News,  June  14,  1865. 

e«  Utah  Acts,  1863^,  pp.  7-10,  13. 

"  U.  S.  Acts,  38th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  67-8;  38th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  16-17; 
Ilmise  Ex.  X>oc.,  46  Cong.  3a  Sess.,  xxvi.  971-3.  The  Siilary  of  the  surveyor- 
general  was  to  be  $3,000  a  year,  and  his  pov  rs  and  duties  similar  to  those 
of  the  surveyor-geneml  of  Oregon.  The  usual  school  reservations  were  ma^le. 
By  act  of  July  16,  1868,  it  was  ordered  that  the  public  lands  of  the  territory 
should  constitute  a  new  land  district,  to  be  named  the  Utah  district,  and 
that  the  preemption,  homestead,  and  other  laws  of  the  U.  S.  should  be  ex- 
tended over  it.  Id.,  973-4.  In  1862  this  district  was  merged  with  that  of 
Colorado.  U.  S.  Acts,  37th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  51,  100-1.  In  Iiid.  Aff.  Rept, 
1804,  p.  1(,  Commissioner  Wm  P.  Dele  states  that  the  Uintah  Valley  had 
been  set  apart  for  an  Indian  reservation  as  early  as  Oct.  iSOl,  but  tliat  on 
account  of  the  imperfect  geographical  knowledge  of  the  country  its  exact 
limits  could  not  then  be  denned. 

**Id.,  17.  The  tract  enclosed  the  whole  region  drained  by  the  Uintah 
River  and  it*  upper  branches,  as  far  as  its  junction  with  the  Green  River. 


ese 


PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


on  the  land,  and  within  a  week  nine  tenths  of  the 
crop  were  destroyed.  In  other  years  the  result  was 
fairly  encouraging,  when  it  is  considered  that  the 
Indian  is  by  nature  a  hunter,  averse  to  all  manual 
labor,  and  subsists  mainly  on  meat.  For  the  year 
ending  June  30,  1869,  the  amount  appropriated  for 
the  Uintah  agency  was  but  $5,000.^  Small  as  this 
sum  was,  it  served  to  prevent  any  serious  depreda- 
tions,*" for  a  bale  of  blankets  or  a  few  sacks  of  flour, 
distributed  in  proper  season,  accomplished  more  than 
their  weight  in  gold  expended  in  military  operations 
and  military  surveillance. 

"Pardon  Dodds,  in  Tnd.  Aff.  Rept,  1868,  156.  Dodds,  who  waa  then  Ind- 
ian agent  at  Uintah,  states  that  at  least  ^'20,000  was  needed. 

""During  the  summer  of  1868  a  few  unimportant  raids  were  made  in  San- 
pete CO. ,  whereupon  Col  Head  and  others  repaired  to  Strawberry  Valley, 
Uintah,  and  a  treaty  of  peace  was  concluded.  Deseret  News,  Aug.  26,  18G8. 

Among  the  most  recent  works  on  Utah  is  The  History  of  Salt  Lake  City 
and  its  Founders,  by  Edward  tt'.  Tullidge.  The  first  volume,  which  is  a  re- 
print from  Tullidge's  Quarterly  Magazine,  was  issued  in  1884,  ana  relates  the 
leading  incidents  of  Mormon  history  between  1845  and  1865,  the  purpose 
being  to  continue  it  to  a  more  recent  date,  adding  thereto  the  records  of  otlicr 
towns  and  couniies,  and  forming  when  completed  a  history  of  the  entire  ter- 
ritory. The  work  is  somewhat  in  the  nature  of  a  compilation,  and  consists 
largely  of  copies  of  ofScial  reports  and  documents,  together  with  numerous 
extracts  from  other  works,  more  especially  from  Stenhouse'a  Rocky  Mountain 
Saints.  Mr  Tullidge  follows  the  text  of  Stenhouse  very  closely  in  portions  of 
his  work,  though  writing  from  a  different  standpoint,  and  sometimes  borrows 
his  language  with  very  slight  alterations  and  without  acknowledgment.  Tlie 
chapters  relating  to  the  Utah  war  occupy  a  large  portion  of  the  first  volume. 
They  are  carefully  considered,  and  contain  much  that  is  not  found  elsewhere. 
The  work  is  published  by  authority  of  the  city  council,  and  under  supervision 
of  its  committee  on  revision. 

The  Rocky  Mountain  Saints:  A  Full  and  Complete  History  of  the  Mormons, 
from  the  First  Vision  of  Joseph  Smith  to  the  Last  Courtship  of  Brigham  Young, 
by  T.  B.  H.  Stenhouse.  New  York,  1873.  This  work,  as  its  title  indicates, 
carries  the  story  of  Mormonism  from  its  earliest  inception  up  to  within  a  few 
years  of  the  death  of  Brigham.  Besides  giving  a  complete  outline  of  the 
political  history  of  the  latter-day  saints,  it  contains  chapters  on  the  Mormon 
theocracy  and  priesthood,  on  polygamy,  and  on  the  book  of  Mormon,  together 
with  descriptions  of  the  domestic  and  social  condition  of  the  Mormons,  and  of 
the  various  outrages  commonly  ascribed  to  them,  more  especially  of  the  Moun- 
tain Meadows  massacre.  The  book  is  profusely  illustrated,  entertaining  in 
style,  and  though  containing  761  pages  of  printed  matter,  can  be  read  ;vith 
interest  throughout.  The  author  was  for  25  years  a  Mormon  missionary  and 
elder,  during  which  period  he  was  on  familiar  terms  with  the  apostles,  and  for 
twelve  years  held  daily  intercourse  with  the  president  of  the  church.  As  he 
relates,  he  'has  no  pet  theories  to  advance,  no  revelations  to  announce,  no 
I>ersonal  animosity  to  satisfy.  He  has  simply  outgrown  the  past.'  Though  at 
times  unduly  severe,  it  is  in  the  main  one  of  the  most  impartial  works  yet 
published  by  anti-Mormon  writers.  Stenhouse,  a  Scotchman  by  birtn,  was 
converted  to  Mormonism  in  1846,  being  then  21  years  of  age.  He  afterward 
labored  as  a  missionary  in  Elugland,  Scotland,  and  various  parts  of  Europe, 


BOOKS  ON  UTAH. 


637 


founding  the  •Southampton  conference,  and  being  for  three  years  president  of 
tliu  .Swiss  and  Italian  missions.  In  1809  he  apostatized,  and  soon  afterward 
removed  to  the  city  of  New  York,  where  he  found  employment  as  a  journal- 
ist and  wrote  the  above  work.  His  decease  occurred  in  1882.  See  •'^teiihoiisf'a 
Tell  It  A II,  preface;  Burton's  Rocky  Mountain  Saints,  272;  S.  F.  Bulktin,  March 
7,  1882. 

Ex/wti  qf  Polygamy  in  Utah:  A  Lady's  Life  among  the  Mormons,  hy  Mrs 
T.  B.  H.  SirnUmme.  New  York,  1872.  'Ml  It  All:  The  Story  of  a  Life's  Ex- 
jH-rirnce  in  Mormonism,  An  Autohiography;  by  Mrs  T.  B.  II,  Stenhoiise. 
Hartford,  Ckjnn.,  1879.  An  Enijlishwoman  in  Utah:  The  Story  of  a  Life's 
Experience  in  Mormonism.  An  Autobiography;  by  Mrs  T.  B.  II.  Stenhouxe, 
London,  1880.  The  last  two  of  these  works  arc  almost  identical,  except  that 
one  or  two  chapters  of  the  form"!'  are  omitted  in  the  latter  volume.  Begin- 
ning with  her  first  introduction  to  Mormonism  about  the  year  1849,  until  the 
date  of  her  own  and  her  husband's  apostasy,  some  20  years  later,  the  authoress 
gives  what  is  claimed  to  be  a  plain,  unvarnished  record  of  facts  which  have 
come  tinder  her  own  notice.  A  few  months  after  the  publication  of  the  Exj)oni 
of  Poll/gamy,  Mrs  Stenhouse  was  asked  to  lecture  on  that  subject,  and  wherever 
she  spoke  was  requested  to  give  her  narrative  more  circumstantially  and  in 
more  detail.  Finally  she  accepted  the  suggestion  of  a  gentile  newspaper, 
published  at  S.  L.  City,  to  'tell  it  all.'  Hence  the  title  and  subject-matter  of 
this  work.  Though  claiming  no  literary  merit,  it  is  well  told,  and  certainly 
tells  enough,  while  containing  nothing  that  can  be  termed  positively  indeli- 
cate. 

The  Mormon  Prophet  and  his  Harem:  or,  An  A  uthentic  History  ofBrigham 
Yovng,  his  Numerous  Wives  and  Children,  bji  Mrs  G.  V.  Waite.  Cambridge, 
1860.  Apart  from  the  opening  chapter,  which  contains  the  early  life  of  Brig- 
ham,  the  first  half  of  this  work  is  devoted  to  the  political  history  of  Utah. 
Its  main  interest  centres,  however,  in  the  information  given  iu  the  latter  por- 
tion, as  to  the  family  and  social  relations  of  the  Mormon  leader.  There  is  the 
inevitable  chapter  on  polygamy,  written,  the  authoress  remarks,  as  dispassion- 
ately as  the  writer's  utter  abhorrence  of  the  system  will  permit.  There  is 
also  a  cha[)t')r  where  the  mysteries  of  the  endowment  house  are  described  in 
the  form  of  a  burlesque,  and  others  where  Brigham  is  set  forth  as  prophet, 
seer,  revelator,  and  grand  archee.  The  volume  is  compact  and  well  written; 
but  though  many  of  the  facts  may  have  been  gathered,  as  is  claimed,  from 
original  sources,  they  contain  little  that  is  not  well  known  at  the  present  day. 

Life  in  Utah:  or.  The  Mysteries  and  Crimes  of  Mormonism,  being  an  Expose 
of  the  Sacred  Rites  and  Ceremonies  of  the  Latter- Day  Saints,  with  a  Full  and 
Authentic  History  of  Pohigamy  and  the  Mormon  Sect  from  its  Origin  to  the 
Present  Time,  by  J.  H.  Beadle.  Philadelphia,  etc.,  1870.  Thougii  the  autiior 
claims  to  have  had  access  to  valuable  personal  records  and  other  private  sources 
of  information,  his  book  has  no  special  value.  There  are  chapters  on  Mormon 
society.  Mormon  theology  and  theocracy.  Mormon  mysteries,  theoretical  and 
practical  polygamy,  but  all  these  matters  have  been  better  treated  by  others, 
while  the  historical  portions  of  the  work  arc  far  inferior  to  those  of  Stenhouse. 
In  relating  the  crimes  of  the  Mormons,  Mr  Beadle  claims  that  the  statements 
for  and  against  them  have  been  equally  presented.  The  reader  need  only 
turn  to  his  account  of  the  Mountain  Meadows  massacre  to  find  that  this  is  not 
the  case.  Here,  and  elsewhere,  in  the  usual  vein  of  looseness  and  exaggera- 
tion, crimes  are  alleged  against  the  saints  that  have  never  l)een  sustained, 
and  all  extenuating  circumstances  are  omitted.  Murders  are  laid  to  their 
charge  of  which  there  is  no  evidence,  and  which  are  not  even  mentioned  by 
the  leading  authorities.  The  volume  forms  one  of  the  many  works  that  have 
been  written  on  Mormonism  with  a  view  to  pander  to  the  vicious  tiutes  of  a 
certain  class  of  readers  rather  than  to  furnish  information. 

The  following  is  a  more  complete  list  of  the  authorities  consulted  in  the 
preceding  chapters:  Taylor's  Rem.,  MS. ;  Wells'  Narr.,  MS. ;  Utah  Xotes,  MS. ; 
Jennings'  Mat.  Progr.,  MS.;  Early  Hist.  Carxon  Valley,  MS.;  Little's  Mail 
Service,  MS.;  IncidejUtin  Utah  Hist.,  MS.;  Nebeker's  Early  Justice,  MS.;  U, 


688 


PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


S.  Arts  and  Res..  3l8t  Cong.  Ist  Sees.,  5.3-8,  111,  307,  453-8;  33d  Cong.  2d 
Sess.,  Oil;  3.5tli  Cong,  lat  Sess.,  368,  app.  iii.-iv.:  37th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  .'il, 
100-1;  38th  Cong.  Ist  Sess.,  67;  Id.,  2d  Sess.,  16-17;  46th  Cong.  3d  Sess.,  //. 
L'x:  Doc,  47,  pt  3,  947,  972-3;  H.  Jour.,  3l8t  Cong.  1st  Sess..  458,  1804;  Id., 
2tl  Sess.  602;  .32d  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  72,  104,  232,  243-4,  780;  33d  Cong.  1st  Sess., 
ir)03;  /(/.,  2d  Sess.,  164,  246;  34th  Cong.  3d  Sess.,  2.')3,  376;  35th  Cong,  lat 
Sess.,  1.326,  1.366;  Id.,  2d  Sess.,  323,  745,  759,  761;  36th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  14.w; 
37tli  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  1271,  1318-19;  Id.,  3d  Sess.,  737;  38th  Cong.  2d  Sess., 
562;  .39th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  1339,  1.383;  H.  Mine.  Doc,  31st  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  no. 
18;  33d  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  no.  58;  35th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  no.  100;  36th  Cong.  Ist 
Soss.,  no.  32;  Id.,  2d  Sess.,  no.  10;  37th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  no.  78;  38th  Conj;. 
2d  Sess.,  no.  53;  39th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  no.  75;  40th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  no.  90;  4l8t 
Cong.  Ist  Sess.,  no.  19;  //.  Ex.  Doc.,  31st  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  no.  5,  1002-4;  32d 
Cong.  1st  Sess.,  no.  2,  272,  444-6;  Id.,  no.  25,  1-4,  7-8,  14-.33;  Id.,  2d  Sess., 
no.  1,  299-.30O,  437-45;  33d  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  no.  1,  pt  1,  12,  441-7,  pt  .3,  821; 
Id.,  no.  18;  Id.,  2d  Sess.,  no.  1.  pt  1,  224,  pt  2,  63;  34th  Cong.  Ist  Sess.,  no. 
1,  pt  1,  604,  515-26,  568-76,  pt  2,  166-8;  Id.,  .3d  Sess.,  no.  1,  6-7,  no.  37,  2-3, 
128,  142-3;  35th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  no.  2,  pt  1,  23-6,  pt  2,  6-9,  21-38;  Id.,  no. 
33,  passim;  no.  71,  passim;  no.  93,  40-9,  77,  86-96;  no.  99,  passim;  no.  13.S, 
passim;  Id.,  2d  Sess.,  no.  2,  pt  1,  8-10,  69-92,  77;  pt  2,  passim;  pt  3,  780-2; 
36th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  no.  1,  pt  2,  14-15.  121-256,  608;  Id.,  no.  78;  37th  Cong. 
2d  Sess.,  no.  58,  no.  97;  Id.,  no.  3,  78-85,  no.  30,  passim;  39th  Cong.  2d  Sess., 
no.  1,  pt  2,  14-26;  no.  20,  7-10;  41st  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  passim;  Id.,  3d  Sess.,  no. 
1,  pt  2,  ii.  72;  //.  Com.  liept,  33d  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  no,  39,  passim;  3fith  Con.t,'. 
1st  Sess.,  no.  201,  passim;  S.  Jour.,  31st  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  406;  3.3d  Cong.  1st 
Sess.,  1003;  Id.,  2d  Sess.,  574-5;  34th  Cong.  1st  and  2d  Sess.,  943;  Id.,  3.1 
Sess.,  63,  298;  35th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  338,  1007-8;  Id.,  2d  Sess.,  450,  590,  6(i(), 
30th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  521-59;  37th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  1 161;  Id.,  3d  Sess.,  618;  3Sth 
Cong.  1st  Sess.,  1009,  1029;  /(/.,  2d  Sess.,  503;  6'.  Ex.  Doc,  32d  Cong.  2d  Sess., 
no.  33,  passim;  33d  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  no.  33,  1-11;  35th  Cong.  Ist  Sess.,  no.  07; 
pitssini;  Id.,  2d  Sess.,  no.  36,  68-73;  36th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  no.  32,  passim;  nu. 
42,  passim;  no.  52,  .301-6;  Id.,  2d  Sess.,  no.  1,  69-73,  224;  37th  Cong.  Ist  Sess., 
no.  1,  .^S;  S.  Misc.  Doc,  .3ath  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  no.  201,  passim;  no.  240,  pas- 
sim; 36tli  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  no.  12,  passim;  ,37th  Cong.  3d  Sess.,  no.  37;  S.  Com. 
Rf'pt,  .37th  Cong.  3d  Sess.,  no.  87,  passim;  45th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  no.  142,  pas- 
sim; Comj.  Globe,  1849-50,  1850-1,  1851-2,  1853-4,  1854-5,  1855-6,  18.-)0  7, 
18.-)7-8,  1858-9,  1859-60,  1860-1,  1861-2,  1802-3,  1803-4,  1804-5,  1805-0,  pas- 
sim; Sec  Inter.  Rept,  40th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  10-11,  173-89,  301-95;  Sec.  Treu.f. 
Rept,  1805,  326;  1866,  .391-  1867,  442-3;  Com.  Ind.  Aff.  Rept,  1850,  227-9,  2(i7; 
18:)7,  3(Xi-8,  324,  380;  1859,  22,  305-73;  1861,  21;  1802,  210-14;  1803,  419-20; 
1804,   10,  175-8;  1805,  143-4,  147-53;   1800,  124-.'),  128-9;  1808,  5-0,  151-2; 
1809,  270-1;  1870, 141-4, 191-2, 330-59;  1871,  .545-51, 600-51,  083;  WUwn,  Ind. 
AijtatG.  S.  L.,  /?(•/><,  Sept.  4,  \M9,  T^assim;  Chart,  ami  Const.,  \\.  1236-40;  .S<'i<. 
Sill  Ccnimg,  p.assim;  Rept  Com.  Land-Office,  1864,  20;  Millen.  Star,  xx.  107-9, 
125,  186-9,  532,  xxii.  348,  453-4,  xxiv.  241-5,  257-61,  xxvii.  118-20,  133  0, 
150-2,  165-6,  xxxii.  744-5,  xxxvii.  673-6;  8.  Jour.  (Cal.J,  1850,  429-42,  1290; 
1S.V3,  045;  S.  Jour.  (Nev.),  1867,  64-5;  Utah  Gov.  Mess.,  1870,  7-18;  Jour. 
Leqis.,  1851-68;  Acts,  1855-68;  Tullidqe's  Hut.  S.  L.  City,  5,  24-32,  56-8,  03, 
.3.30;  /(/.,  Quart.  Mag.,  i.  190-8,  479,  520-8,  536-7;  Jd.,  Life  of  Youri,/,  30-1; 
190-212,  239-318,  329-.55,  385-7;  Id.,  Wom^n,  etc.,  244,  353-8,  414-22,  441- 
8;  Stenhome's  R.  M.  Saints,  p.  xxi.,  202-471,  passim,  591-621,  713;  Id.,  Let 
Mormons,  39-41,  148-50,  172-202;  S/enhouxe's  (Mrs)  Tell  It  All,  248,  206-9. 
324-39,  380-5,  402-3,  480-7,  490-8,  .500-26.   548-9,  627-52;  /(/.,  Ewjllsk- 
iroinan,  [)assim;  Burton's  Citif  of  the  Saints,  2,  5,  21-5,  209-32,  205-99,  301- 
59,  40(J-32,  606-82;  Lee's  Monn.,  10-3.5,  132-3,  218-50,  232,  240,  269-87.  379 
-84;  Renufs  Journey  to  G.  S.  L.,  i.  189-200,  214-18,  446-52,  470-95.  ii.  212- 
14,  240-5;  Richards'  Narr.,  MS.,  22-4,  35,  123-4;  Hichards'  (Mrs)  Reinin., 
MS.,  39-46;  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,  194-211;  Riiding'n  AcroM  Ame.r.,  I,S3- 
90;  Robinson's  Sinners  and  Saints,  102-5,  180;  Rue's  Westward  by  Rail,  127-8, 
140,  109-82;  Paddock's  La  Tour,  301-2,  323,  348-9;  llunCa  Alerch.  Mag.,  xxx. 


AUTHORITIES. 


680 


639;  Hichnan's  Best.  Angel,  67-68,  107-12, 118-49, 168, 166-7,  205-9;  ITyife's 
ilorm.,  28-49,  121-3,  147-50,  177-82;  Greeley's  Overland  Jovr.,  206-57;  O'un- 
vhon's  Moi-m.,  vii.-xiv.,  83,  141-3,  146-7;  Gwin's  Mem.,  MS.;  Green's  Morm., 
453-4;  Glines  (J.  H.),  i"  Utah  Co.  Sketches,  MS.,  21-2;  Llewellyn,  in  Id.,  43; 
Jones,  in  Id,,  54-6;  Morrison,  in  Id.,  136-48;  McFadyen,  in  Id.,  153-7;  Teas- 
dale,  in  Id.,  109-11;  Olshaunen'n  Ge.tch.  Morm.,  153-89,  237-44;  Ftrriii'  Uluh 
ami  Morm.,  167-9,  185-90;  Kirchoff's  liehh.,  etc.,  i.  107-8;  Marshall's  Throtiijh 
Amer.,  177,  192;  McClure's  Three  Thousand  Miles,  etc.,  150,  435;  Waiters  The 
Morm.  Prophet,  23-59,  60-113,  122-31,  214-46,  266-72,  278;  Murphy's  Min. 
lies.,  87;  Little's  Jacob  llamhlin,  45-7,  56-7,  75,  140;  Lin/orth's  Jioute,  etc., 
75-V7,  104-16;  Ludlouy's  Heart  of  Cont.,  301-2;  Mackay's  The  Morm.,  176, 
199-200,  233,  238^-48,  258-9,  276;  Ebey's  Jour.,  MS.,  i.  146,  v.  154,  219;  Car- 
valho's  lucid,  of  Trav.,  141-3,  151-9,  18^99;  Beadle's  Life  in  Utah,  16a-266, 
390-485;  Id.,  Western  Wilds,  300-9,  490-530;  Id.,  Undevel.   West,  646-53; 
Codman's  Hound  Trip,  171-2, 210-45;  Cradlehaugh's  Speech,  passim;  BertrainVs 
Mem.  Morm.,  97-133,  246-8;  Busch,  Die  Morm.,  53-5;  Id.,  Gesch.  Morm.,  46- 
158,  307-30;  Dana's  Great  West,  21\;  Schiel's Reise,  etc.,  81-94,  100-2;  Boide.'*' 
Our  New  West,  226,  266-8;  Young's  Wife  No.  19,  228-61,  270-6,  341-8,  382-4; 
Tomtsend's  Morm.  Trials,  32-4;    Wadsworth's  Wagon  Road,  12;  Campbell's 
Idado,  11-12;  Corr.  Hist.  Soc.  Mont.,  44-5;  Comittant's  Cimli.  Inconnues,  29; 
Clark's  Statement,  MS.,  10;  Dixon's  White  Conquest,  i.  188-98;  Siskiyou  Co. 
Affairs,  MS.,  21;  Revue  Orient,  et  Amer.,  v.  299-306;  Cradlebaugh's  Nev. 
Biog..  MS.,  1 ;  Kinney's  (J.  F.)  Speech,  Mar.  17, 1864;  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  3(1  ser., 
100-12;  Moore's  Pion.  Exjdor.,  MS.,  15-19;  Marcy's  Thirty  Years,  267-75; 
De  Lacy's  Montana  as  It  Is,  81;  Brackett's  U.  S.  Cavalry,  177-9;  Hutchimjs' 
Cal.  Mag.,  ii.  196,  iv.  345-9;  Hygiene  U.  S.  Army,  332-3;  Atlantic  Monthly, 
iii.  673-84;  De  Sinrt's  West.  Missions,  396;  Boadicea's   The  Morm.    Wife; 
Prisbie's  Remin.,   MS.,   32-4;    Chandliss'   Visit  to  Salt  Lake,    154,    157   et 
seq.;  I'rans.  Wyom.  Acad.  Sciences,  1882,  81-2;  Simpson,  Explor.,  23;  Life 
among  the  Morm.,  186-93;  Smith's  Rise,  Prog.,  etc.,  19-30;  Saxon's  Fire 
Years,  292-4;  Snoto's  Poems,  i.  225-6,  266-6;  Stansbury's  Explor.  and  Sun:, 
130-5,   148-50;  Spence's  Settler's  Guide,  251,  259-60;  Tucker's  Morm.,  222- 
40,  277,  280-7;  Times  and  Seasons,  v.  692;   Utah  Pamph.,  Polit.,  no.    14, 
6-8;  Stanford's^  Weber  Co.,  MS.,  23;  Ward's  Husband  in  Utah,  19-60,  178- 
290;  Hughes'  Voice  from  West,  passim;  Lee  (J.  D.),  Trial,  passim;  Smith's 
Mi/stcry  and  Crime,  30;  IlolUster's  Resour.  of  Utah,  8;  Huntington's  Vocah. 
Utah  and  Shoshone  Dialects,  27-9;  Hand-book  on  Morm. ,  67-72;  Ilittell's  Scrap- 
book,  94;  Hayes'  Scraps,  Cal.  Pol.,  vii.  57;  Id.,  Indians,  v.  214-17;  /(/.,  Los 
Angeles,  iv.  96,  viii.  228-31,  xvii.  3,  7;  Id.,  S.  Bernardino,  i.  53,  68,  60;  Id., 
Utah,  passim;  Rcdenbough's  Second  Dragoons,  172-3;  Richardson's  Beyond  the 
Mi.iniss.,  347-8,  302-3;  Skelton  (R.Jand  Meik's  Def.  of  Morm.,  passim;  Cram's 
Topog.  Mem.,  25-32;  Crimes  of  L.  D.  Saints,  48-82;  Mollhausen's  Tagebuch, 
429-30;  Id.,  Reisen,  etc.,  26, 141,  410;  Id.,  Das  Mormon.,  35-7, 102-7;  Pratt's 
Antobiog.,  483;  Morse's  Wash.  Ter.,  MS.,  ii.  16-18;  Smucker's  Hist,  of  Morm., 
210;  Rinehart's  Mem.,  MS.,  3;  Harper's  Mag.,  xliv.  602;  Pac.  R.  R.  Repts,  ii. 
20-7;  Putnam's  Mag.,  ii.  203,  v.  226-36;  Utah  Rev.,  Feb.  1882,  243-6;  7'rib. 
Alman.,  1850,  51;  1854,  67;  Amer.  Alman.,  1850,  109;  1851,  297;  1852,  110; 
lSo;i-61,  passim;  Fisher's  Amer.  Stat.  Ann.,  1854,  120;  Sloan's  Utah  Gazett., 
24-8;  Amer.  Quart.  Reg.,  iii.  688-95;  S.  L.  Direc,  1809,  64,  173;  Des.  News, 
1855-77,  too  nnmerous  to  quote;  Vidette,  July  31,  1865;  Review,  Jan.  27,  1872; 
Contributor,  v.  312-13,  440;  .S'.  F.  Alia,  1849-76,  toonumerous  to  quote;  Chron- 
icle, June  17,  1877;  Jan.  13,  1881;  Examiner,  Nov.  8,  1871;  Jan.  10,  1872; 
July  'Jl,  1875;   Times,  1807,  Feb.  2,  June  4,  6,  13,  Aug.  9,  15,  Oct.  25;  1808, 
May  8,  July  13,  Sept.  29,  Oct.  10,  Dec.  17;  1809,  Jan.  4,  Mar.  23,  May  20, 
Sept.  16;  Post,  1877,  Mar.  13,  22,  23,  24;  1878,  Oct.  11;  Herald,  1851,  Nov.  2, 
4;  1852,  Aug.  21;  1853,  Juno  12,  Sept.  30.  Dec.  3,  24;  1854,  Feb.  22,  May  31, 
Juno  25,  Aug.  23,  Oct.  1,  19;  1855,  Mar.  14,  Apr.  6,  May  7,  July  3;  1856,  May 
12,  Nov.  11,  13;  1857,  Feb.  25,  May  14,  Juno  19,  Oct.  6,  12,  27,  Nov.  2,  12, 
25,  30,  Dec.  1,  7,  17,  30;  1858,  Jan.  12,  15,  Mar,  11,  Apr.  1,  May  11,  27,  Juno 
29,  July  10,  Aug.  13;  1861,  Jan.  3U;  Bulletin,  too  numerous  to  quote;  Cull, 


640 


PROGRESS  OF  EVENTS. 


1864,  June  25,  Aug.  17;  1865,  Jan.  5,  Mar.  3,  May  6,  June  1,  July  29,  Aug. 

10,  Oct.  3,  Nov.  1;  1866,  Nov.  1;  1867,  Apr.  14,  May  14,  Juno  2,  July24.  Aug. 
1:  1801),  Sept.  3;  1872,  May  23,  Sept.  23,  Oct.  14,  Nov.  19;  1875,  July  18,  21; 
1877,  Feb.  16,  Mar.  9,  Apr.  1,  May  3;  1881,  July  30;  Stock  Jiept,  1874,  July 
30,  Nov.  27;  1875,  July  24,  31;  1876,  Sept.  23;  1879,  May  2;  Stock  Exdian;;e, 
Mar.  24,  1877;  Vali/omian,  Jan.  26,  1848;  Alin.  and  Scien.  PresM,  July  .SI, 
1875;  Mar.  31,  1877;  Courier  de  8.  F.,  Mar.  26,  1869;  Spirit  of  the  TimcH,  July 
14,  1877;  Pac.  Rural  Press,  Mar.  31, 1877;  Wide  West,  Jan.  3,  1858;  Cal.  S/ai; 
Jan.  29,  1848;  Golden  Era,  May  18,  1856;  Oakland  Tribune,  Mar.  24,  1877; 
Appkton's  Jour.,  xi.  692-3,  623;  Cat.,  Its  Past  History,  211-16;  Cal.  Mercant. 
Jour.,  1860,  183-4;  Sac.  Union,  1855-67,  too  numerous  to  qrotc;  Dee,  May  24, 
Nov.  2,  1809;  Antioch  (Cal.)  Ledger,  Nov.  21, 1875;  June  2,  1877;  Napa  Co. 
Reporter,  Apr.  7,  1877;  Calaveras  Chron.,  Mar.  31,  1877;  Mariposa  Gazette, 
Mar.  31, 1877;  Wilmintf  ton  Jour.,  Dec.  0, 1866;  JJavilah  Courier,  Apr.  27, 1867; 
Copjxropolis  Courier,  Mar.  23,  1867;  Walsonville,  Pajaro  Times,  May  l(i, 
1863;  Petaluma  Arffus,  Mar.  16,  1817',  Sonoma  Democrat,  Mar.  31,  1877;  Stock- 
ton Herald,  Sept.  28,  1871;  Indej>endent,  Juno  15,  1867;  Nov.  4,  1875;  June 

11,  1879;  SanJosi  Arijus,  Dec.  5,  1874;  Herald,  June  6,  1877;  Times,  Nov. 
2.S,  1879;  Lassen  Advocate,  Mar.  31,  1877;  Analteim  Gazette,  Mar.  24,  31,  1877; 
Sta  Cruz  Sentinel,  May  12,  Juno  30,  1877;  Los  Angeles  Express,  Mar.  24,  31, 
1877;  Herald,  Mar.  24,  1877;  Republiran,  Mar.  23,  24,  1877;  San  Buenaven- 
tura, Ventura  Signal,  Mar.  31,  1877;  June  24,  1877;  Free  Press,  Apr.  7,  1877; 

Winnemucca  (Nev.)  Silver  State,  July  19,  1875;  Eureka  Sentinel,  July  17,  187.j; 
Jielmovt  Courier,  Oct.  28,  1873;  May  5,  1877;  Prescott  Miner,  Dec.  18,  1874; 
Apr.  11,  1879;  Austin,  Reese  Riv.  Reveil.,  July  12,  1864;  Aug.  18,  1805;  Oct. 
29,  1866;  Jan.  22,  1867;  Gold  Hill  News,  1864,  Dec.  20;  1865,  Mar.  17,  July 
8;  1872,  Sept.  21;  1875,  Feb.  1,  Apr.  10,  July  21,  Aug.  4;  1876,  Sept.  12;  1877, 
Mar.  12,  May  25;  Dayton,  Lyon  Co.  Sentinel,  July  16,  1864;  Times,  Mar.  24, 
1877;  Elko  Independent,  Aug.  7,  1875;  Apr.  15,  1882;  Carson  Appeal,  June  10, 
Aug.  2, 1865;  Nov.  19,  1874;  July  18, 1875;  Oct.  27,  1870;  State  Reqister,  Sept. 
10,  1871;  Sept.  26,  1872;  Kanesvilk  (louxi)  Front.  Guard.,  1849,  Feb.  7,  Oct. 
3,  17,  31,  Nov.  14;  1850,  Mar.  6,  May  29,  June  26,  Aug.  21;  1851,  Mar.  21, 
Apr.  18,  Aug.  22,  Sept.  22;  1852,  Feb.  6,  20,  Mar.  4,  11,  18,  25;  Boisd  (Idaho) 
Neios,  Dec.  5,  1803;  Feb.  20,  Mar.  5,  1864;  Statesman,  1865,  June  8,  Dec.  I'J; 
1866,  Nov.  3;  1867,  Juno  16,  Sept.  14,  Nov.  2;  Idaho  City,  Idaho  World,  Oct. 
1,  1875;  Honolulu  (Hawaii)  Friend,  July  1,  1846;  Virginia  (Mont.)  Madi- 
soniaii,  Nov.  24,  1877?  Post,  1866,  Oct.  8,  30,  Nov.  3;  Helena  Independent, 
July  29,  1875;  Apr.  i,  1877;  Herald,  Jan.  6,  1876;  Walla  Wnlla  (Wash.) 
Statesman,  Oct.  10,  1863;  Olympia  Pion.  and  Democ,  Aug.  8,  1850;  Pii(jit 
Sound  Courier,  Sept.  22,  1876;  Seattle,  Puge.t  Sound  Herald,  Sept.  15,  18.')8; 

Whatcom,  Bellingham  Bay  Mail,  Apr.  3, 1875;  Portland  (Or.)  Standard,  Apr. 
6,  1877;  Bee,  Oct.  31,  1878;  Oregonian,  1859,  Oct.  15;  1803,  June  10;  180,'), 
Feb.  7,  July  8,  13,  Aug.  4,  17,  Oct.  6,  Nov.  9,  11;  1877,  Apr.  7;  Salem,  Ore- 
gon Statesman,  1854,  Jan.  24,  May  2;  1857,  July  28,  Aug.  11,  18,  Sept.  15,  29, 
Oct.  20,  Nov.  3,  Dec.  1,  29;  1858,  Jan.  5,  12,  Feb.  16,  Mar.  10,  .30,  June  1."), 
July  13,  Oct.  12;  1802,  Apr.  14,  Juno  .30;  Jacksonrille  Democ.  Tmes,  Mar.  31, 
1877;  Oregon  City,  Oregon  Argus,  1857,  Feb.  27,  Dec.  12,  26;  1858,  Jnn.  2,  2.'?, 
Feb.  13,  '20,  27,  Mar.  6,  13,  Apr.  24,  June  19,  July  16,  30,  Aug.  7,  14,  28, 
Sept.  11;  1806,  Dec.  22;  1868,  Sept.  11;  Spectator,  1846,  Aug.  6,  20;  Astoria 
Astorian,  July  20,  1878;  Rosehurg  Plnintlealer,  Apr.  28,  1877;  The  Dalles 
Mountaifieer,  1866,  May  17,  June  8;  1807,  Feb.  22. 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 


SCHISMS    AND    APOSTASIES. 

1844-1869. 

Thb  Steanoitis— Tmt  Gatherees— Brannan's  Followebs  -The  Glad* 
DENiTES— The  Reorganized  CHURca  of  Latter-day  Saints — Alex- 
ander AND  David  Htbum  Smith — ^Thb  Utah  Magazine— Trial  of 
GoDBB  AND  Harrison — Success  of  the  Godbeitb  Movement — Thb 
Struggle  for  Commercial  Control — Persecution  of  Gentile  Mer- 
chants—Zion's  Cooperative  Mercantile  Institution — Exient  of 
its  Operations— Disastrous  Effect  on  Gentile  Trade — Reaction  in 
Favor  of  the  Reformers. 

During  the  life-time  of  Joseph  Smith  there  was 
but  one  organized  secession  from  the  church,  though, 
as  we  have  seen,  apostasies  were  frequent  during  his 
later  years.  If  the  words  of  the  prophet  were  not 
the  living  truth,  then  could  no  faith  be  placed  in 
Mormonism,  for  he  and  none  other  was  regarded  as 
the  fountain-head  of  inspiration.  But  with  his  death 
the  source  of  infallibility  was  removed,  and  thus  the 
way  was  opened  for  schism  and  dissension,  few  of  the 
diverging  sects,  however,  having  sufficient  faith  iii 
their  leaders  to  preserve  them  from  final  dissolution. 

The  saints  who  followed  Sidney  Rigdon  to  Pitts- 
burgh in  1844  became  gradually  scattered  among 
the  gentiles,  a  few  of  them,  with  William  Marks  at 
their  head,  afterward  rejoining  the  church.  To  J. 
J.  Strang,  a  prominent  elder,  were  vouchsafed,  as  he 
claims,  numerous  revelations  that  in  Wisconsin  was 
the  true  Zion,  and  several  thousands  accompanied  him 
to  that  state.  Strang  afterward  settled  at  Beaver 
Island,  in  Lake  Michigan,  where  he  retained  a  small 

Hux.  UXAB.    41  (041) 


642 


SCHISMS  AND  APOSTASIES. 


following  until  the  time  of  his  death.  Parties  also 
accompanied  William  Smith,  the  only  surviving 
brother  of  the  prophet,  to  northern  Illinois,  Elder 
Brewster  to  western  Iowa,  Bishop  Heddrick  to  Mis- 
souri, and  Bishop  Cutler  to  northern  Iowa.  All  of 
them  were  soon  afterward  dissolved,  the  remnants  of 
Brewster's  and  Heddrick's  disciples  forming  them- 
selves into  a  new  sect,  under  the  name  of  the  Gath- 
erers, and  settling  in  Jackson  county,  where  they 
published  a  weekly  periodical,  styled  the  Truthtellcr. 
During  the  year  1846  a  large  Mormon  settlement  was 
made  in  Texas;  and  under  the  leadership  of  Apostle 
Lyman  Wight  the  colony  prospered  and  increased 
rapidly.  Until  1852  they  acknowledged  allegiance  to 
the  first  presidency,  but  when  the  doctrine  of  polyg- 
amy was  proclaimed,  they  separated  from  the  chui-ch. 
After  the  death  of  Wright,  which  occurred  a  few 
years  later,  his  flock  was  scattered.  A  small  portion 
of  the  members  of  most  of  these  sects  found  thtnr 
way  to  Salt  Lake  City,  while  others  joined  the  reor- 
ganized church,  as  will  be  mentioned  later,  and  the 
remainder  cast  in  their  lot  with  the  gentiles. 

Of  the  party  that  sailed  with  Brother  Sam.  Bran- 
nan  for  California,  in  the  Brooklyn,  in  1846,  about 
one  fourth  apostatized ;  their  leader  laying  the  basis  of 
a  fine  fortune  by  investing  in  real  estate  funds,  to  a 
great  extent  at  least,  belonging  to  the  Latter-day 
Saints.*  Of  the  Mormon  colony,  founded,  as  we  have 
seen,  at  San  Bernardino,  in  1851,  a  considerable  num- 
ber fell  into  apostasy,  though  many  joined  the  parent 
organization,  and  a  few  became  members  of  the  reor- 
ganized church. 

In  addition  to  the  various  sects  already  mentioned 
and  to  be  mentioned,  numerous  parties  and  individ- 


*  Beadle,  L\fe  in  CT'toA,  404-5,  states  that  Brannan  afterward  repaid  the 
money  with  interest,  but  it  would  be  difEcult  to  mako  the  early  Califomians 
believe  it.  About  45  adults  and  G5  children  of  the  Brooklyn  party  remained 
in  California,  a  few  afterward  joining  Mormon  communities  at  iSan  Bcrnardiuu 
or  in  Arizona.  Nearly  100  adults  and  rouio  40  children  reached  Utah,  most 
of  them  in  1848-50.  See  ///.<'.  Cal..  v.  ■'i44.  this  series. 


THE  GLADDENITES. 


643 


uals  fell  away  during  the  migration  from  Nauvoo, 
many  of  the  stakes  becoming  settlements  of  recusant 
Mormons,  while  numbers  of  the  saints  settled  at 
Omaha,  Nebraska  City,  and  other  towns  on  the  Mis- 
souri and  its  tributaries.  Somo,  as  I  have  said,  merely 
remained  in  the  western  states  to  obtain  means  for 
their  journey  to  Zion,  but  of  the  twenty  thousand 
persons  who  followed  the  apostles  from  Nauvoo,  it 
is  probable  that  nearly  one  third  were  eventually  ab- 
sorbed among  gentile  communities. 

In  Utah,  between  1852  and  1869,  four  distinct  and 
organized  attempts  were  made  to  throw  off  the  yoke  of 
Brigham,  and  establish  what  the  apostates  claimed  to 
be  a  more  perfect  faith.  These  were  the  Gladdenite 
secession  in  1852,  the  Josephite  schism  in  18G0,  the 
Morrisite  movement  in  1861,  and  the  Godbe- Harrison 
schism  in  1869. 

When  the  doctrine  of  polygamy  was  openly  avowed 
in  1852,  some  of  the  saints  were  sorely  offended,  and 
accusing  the  hierarchy  of  having  fallen  from  grace  in 
other  respects,  formed  themselves  into  a  new  sect,  ai>- 
pointing  as  their  leader  Gladden  Bishop,  whence  tlie 
name  of  Gladdenites.  Together  with  other  recusants. 
Gladden,  who  was  several  times  disfellowshipped  and 
readmitted  on  profession  of  repentance,  had  a^jjain  re- 
joined the  church,'  but  being  now  disgusted  with  th'3 
new  feature  in  the  policy  of  the  church  dignitaries, 
worked  with  heart  and  soul  against  them.  Among 
his  followers  was  one  Alfred  Smith  from  St  Louis,  a 
man  of  great  tenacity  of  purpose,  and  a  bitter  foe  of 
Brigham,  by  whom,  as  he  alleged,  he  had  been 
stripped  of  his  property.  For  a  time  the  cause  llour- 
ished,  but  on  Sunday,  the  20th  of  March,  1853,  v.Iiile 
Smith  was  holding  services  in  front  of  the  cmuirmI- 
house,  the  gathering,  though  orderly  and  peacealJo, 
was  dispersed  by  the  city  marshal.     Another  m  ■■  t- 

'Ferria  states  that  Gladden  was  cut  off  mid  rebapti/<  •!  nine  timeu.  I 'ink 
and  the  Mormoiu,  326.  See  a.\ao  Olnhauiteii.  M^rmonen,  IS2. 


M4 


SCHISMS  AND  APOSTASIES. 


ing  called  for  the  following  sabbath  was  dispersed, 
Smith  being  taken  into  custody,  and  detained  until 
he  promised  to  desist.  On  the  same  day  Brigham 
spoke  a  few  words  concerning  the  apostates  in  the 
tabernacle.  The  whole  matter  was  rejjarded  of  no 
great  consequence  by  the  church ;  nevertheless  it  was 
deemed  best  to  shun  the  very  appearance  of  evil,  and 
consequently  the  president  gave  the  people  clearly  to 
understand  that  there  must  be  no  more  of  it.^  Such 
warnings  from  the  president  of  the  church  were  never 
uttered  in  vain,  and  now  the  days  of  the  Gladdenitcs 
were  numbered.  A  few  months  later  most  of  them 
set  forth  for  California,  the  rest  recanted,  and  after 
the  year  1854  we  hear  no  more  of  this  apostasy. 

The  most  successful  of  the  recusant  sects  was  the 
one  established  by  Joseph  Smith,  the  prophet's  son, 
who,  with  his  brothers  Alexander  H.  and  David  Hy- 
rum,  remained  at  Nauvoo  after  the  exodus.*  A  few 
years  later  the  remnants  of  the  Strangites  and  Cutler- 
ites,  being  in  search  of  a  leader,  organized  a  new  church 
and  requested  Joseph  to  become  their  head.  He  at 
first  refused,  but  in  1860,  the  number  of  members  beiuLj 
then  considerably  increased  by  the  breaking-up  of  other 
parties,  he  accepted  the  call  as  prophet,  and  began  to 
preach  the  faith  of  his  father,  as  he  affirmed,  in  its 
original  purity,  repudiating  the  claims  of  Brigham 
and  the  doctrine  of  polygamy.  The  schism  spread 
rapidly  throughout  Illinois,  Missouri,  and  Iowa,  the 
apostates  being  termed  Josephites  by  the  followers  of 
Brigham,  but   styling   themselves   the  Reorganized 


*Jour.  of  .Disc,  i.  82;  Deseret  Neva,  Apr,  2,  1833;  Waiters  The  Mormon 
Prophet,  120-1;  Beadle's  Life  in  Utah,  408-9;  Ferris,  Utah  and  the  Mormons, 
Sis-IiO.  Brigham  was  followed  by  Parley  Pratt,  m  ho  said  that  he  had  kno\ui 
Gliiiltlon  for  '20  years,  and  had  seldom  heard  his  name  mentioned,  except  in 
connection  with  some  imposition  or  falsehood  in  the  name  of  the  Lord. 

*  Beadle  says  tliat  tlie  prophet  left  a  considerable  fortune,  mostly  in  houses 
•nd  lands  at  Nauvoo.  Lije  in  Utali,  4'28.  Even  if  this  is  true,  we  well  know 
that  the  houses  and  lands  of  the  Mormons  ia  Nauvoo  were  worth  little  to 
tbem  when  the  oxpulsion  came. 


TUE  JOSEPHITES. 


645 


Cliurch  of  Latter-day  Saints.  In  Utah  it  was  checked 
by  fear  of  persecution,  and  not  until  tlie  summer  of 
18G3  (lid  the  movement  become  pronounced.  In  July 
of  that  year  two  Josephite  missionaries,  named  E.  C. 
Briggs  and  Alexander  McCord,  arrived  in  Salt  Lake 
City,  having  crossed  the  plains,  they  said,  as  heralds 
t)f  the  gospel,  and  calling  on  Brigham,  told  him  the 
object  of  their  mission,  and  asked  permission  to  preach 
ill  the  tabernacle.  This  was,  of  course,  refused ;°  nor 
were  they  allowed  the  use  of  any  other  public  build- 
ing, whereupon  the  missionaries  visited  from  house  to 
ht)use,  offering  up  prayers  for  the  inmates,  and  ex- 
horting them  to  join  the  true  faith. 

At  first  singly,  then  by  dozens,  and  afterward  by 
scores,  converts  were  gathered  into  this  fold,  and  in 
the  spring  of  18G4  the  Josepiiites  in  Zion  mustered 
more  than  three  hundred,  the  number  of  proselytes 
elsewhere  being  at  this  date  between  two  and  three 
thousand."  Persecution  followed,  as  they  claimed; 
and  in  early  sunnner  about  one  half  of  the  Josepiiites 
iu  Salt  Lake  City  started  eastward,  so  great  being  the 
excitement  that  General  Connor  ordered  a  strong  es- 
cort to  accompany  them  as  far  as  Green  River.  To 
those  who  remained  protection  was  also  afforded  by 
the  authorities. 

The  excitement  caused  by  the  evangelism  of  Briggs 
and  McCord  was  renewed  in  the  summer  of  18G9, 
when  Alexander  H.  and  David  Hyrum  Smith  arrived 
at  Salt  Lake  City  as  advocates  of  the  reformed  faith. 
Their  meetings  were  held  at  Independence  Hall,  then 
the  principal  public  building  belonging  to  the  gentiles, 
and  at  the  first  service  a  vast  audience  assembled, 
the  number   beinsr  several  of  the  wives  of 


among 
Brigham. 


At  first  the  followers  of  Brigham  trembled 


'In  Wa'Ue'a  The  Mormon  ProphH,  129,  it  is  stated  that  Brigham  said  ha 
would  not  bo  responsible  for  Brigi^s'  safety  if  ho  rer.iained  in  the  city. 

*  Bowles,  Our  Xr.iu  Weit,  2oS,  liis  worli  being  pujlitihcd  in  iStii),  incorrectly 
idaccs  the  entire  uunil>cr  at  1,.300.  Iu  Waile'a  The  Mormon  Pro/ihet,  1'28 
(publishi.'d  in  ISGG),  wc  read:  '  In  the  states,  tlioso  who  have  gone  back  to  their 
first  love  arc  to  be  numbered  by  thousands. ' 


M  m 


648 


SCHISMS  AND  APOSTASIES. 


f,*? 


ti,' 


for  the  supremacy  of  their  leader,  and  opposition 
meetings  were  organized  under  the  management  of 
Joseph  F.,  the  son  of  Hyrum  Smith/  But  the 
mantle  of  the  prophet  had  not  fallen  on  his  offspring; 
they  were  men  almost  without  force  of  character,  of 
Iamb-like  placidity,  and  of  hopelessly  mediocre  ability ; 
not  shrewd  enough  to  contend  with  their  opponents, 
and  not  violent  enough  to  arouse  the  populace.  They 
accomplished  little  for  the  cause  of  the  reorganized 
church. 

In  18G0  the  headquarters  of  the  Josephites  were 
established  at  Piano,  Illinois,  where,  between  18G0 
and  1875,  was  published  by  this  sect  The  True  Latter- 
day  Saint's  Herald,  and  where  in  1877  their  leader 
still  resided,*  Joseph  being  at  that  date  president  of 
tho  church,  and  Briggs  the  president  of  the  twelve. 
A  branch  was  also  established  at  Malad  in  Idaho; 
a  few  of  the  sect  gathered  at  Kirtland,"  and  the  re- 
mainder were  scattered  throughout  the  states.  They 
rapidly  increased,  mustering  in  1870  not  less  than 
twenty  thousand  in  the  United  States,  while  in  Europe 
entire  churches  joined  the  reformed  faith,  the  niinio 
of  the  sect,  and  the  more  conventional  morality  of 
its  doctrines,  being  among  the  causes  of  its  success 


10 


^  Stenhoosesaya  that  debates  between  the  two  parties  were  held  in  public. 
Rocky  Mountain  Saintx,  G29  (note). 

»S.  Lake  Herald,  June  6,  1877. 

*Ibld.:  McClure's  Three  Thousand  Miles,  435. 

"Tlie  Jo3cphite  creed  will  be  found  in  Wane's  The  Mormon  Prophet,  130- 
1;  Utah  Scraps,  IQ.  It  contains  tho  following:  'We  believe  that  tho  church 
in  Utah,  nnder  tho  presidency  of  Brigham  Young,  have  apostatized  from  tlio 
true  order  of  tho  gospel.  Wo  believe  that  tho  doctrines  of  polygamy,  human 
sacrifice,  or  killing  men  to  save  them,  Adam  being  God,  Utah  bwing  Ziou,  or 
tlic  gathering  place  for  the  saints,  are  doctrines  of  devils.'  lu  other  respcct.s 
tlieir  creed  was  almost  identical  with  the  Mormon  articles  of  taith.  Codinaii, 
who  attended  their  services,  remarks:  'They  use  the  same  religious  books  iu 
their  worship,  and  argue  from  them  the  prohibition  of  polygamy  with  as 
much  earnestness  as  Onon  Pratt  displays  iu  its  advocacy. '  Th-i  Round  Trip, 
210. 

The  second  Joseph  Smith,  junior,  was  bom  at  Kirtland  Nov.  6,  IS^'2. 
His  early  life  was  spent  in  Missouri  and  Illinois,  v.r.l'acr  ho  went  with  his 
parents.  F.  O.  Mather  received  a  letter  from  him  •<!  1879,  saying:  '  I  am 
now  pretty  widely  recognized  as  the  leader  of  that  wing  of  tho  Mormon 
chnrch  declaring  positive  Mormonism,  but  denying  and  opt>osing  polygamy 
and  Utah  Mormonism.'  I  give  herewith  a  copy  of  an  inscription  on  quo 
of  the  pillars  of  the  temple  at  Kirtland,  as  reported  by  Mathur,  Lippincott'a 


THE  GODBEITES. 


m 


iropo 
[imo 
of 

■  10 


While  the  controversy  between  the  prophet's  sons 
and  the  prophet's  nephew  was  at  its  height,  an  article 
appearecl  in  the  Utah  Magazine,  a  periodical  first  issued 
in  1867,  and  of  which  elders  W.  S.  Godbo  and  E.  L. 
T.  Harrison  were  proprietors,  wherein  appeared  the 
following  passage:  "If  we  know  the  true  feeling  of 
our  brethren,  it  is  that  they  never  intend  Joseph 
Smith's  nor  any  other  man's  son  to  preside  over  them 
simply  because  of  their  sonship.  The  principle  of 
heirship  has  cursed  the  world  for  ages,  and  with  our 
brethren  wo  expect  to  fight  it  till,  with  every  other 
relic  of  tyranny,  it  is  trodden  under  foot."  While 
speaking  thus  boldly,  the  magazine  essayed  the  part 
of  umpire  between  the  disputants,  and  otherwise  gave 
sore  offence  to  the  church  dignitaries."  About  the 
same  time  an  article  was  published  urging  the  devel- 
opment of  the  mineral  resources  of  Utah,  a  measure 
which  found  no  favor  with  Brigham,  for  thus  would 
the  flood-gates  be  opened  to  the  gentiles,  whilo  tho 
saints  might  bo  tempted  to  worship  at  the  shrine  of 
Mammon.  "I  want  to  make  a  wall  so  thick  and  so 
high  around  the  territory,"  he  once  exclaimed  in  tho 
tabernacle,  "that  it  would  be  impossible  for  the  gen- 
tiles to  get  over  or  through  it.""  Finally  tho  elders 
were  summoned  before  the  school   of  prophets,  by 


130- 

hurcli 
mi  tho 
luman 
on,  or 
apccta 
Iman, 
ka  iu 
til  as 
Trip, 


h  \\'\a 
I  am 
rinon 
^amy 

Olio 
Ott'll 


Mng,,  Aug.  1880.  'The  Salt  Lake  Mormons.  When  Joseph  Smith  was 
killed  on  J  une  27,  1S44,  Brigham  Young  asaumed  the  leadership  of  tho  church, 
telling  the  people  in  tho  winter  of  1840  that  all  the  God  they  wanted  was  him, 
and  all  tho  bihle  they  wanted  was  in  his  heart.  He  led  or  drove  about  two 
thousand  people  to  Utah  iu  1847,  starting  for  upper  Califomiaand  lauding  at 
Salt  Lake,  where  in  1852  Brigham  Young  presented  tho  polygamic  revelation 
to  the  people.  The  true  church  remained  aisorgaiiized  till  18(i0,  when  Joseph 
Smith  took  the  leadership  or  presidency  of  the  church  at  Ainboy,  lUiiioia. 
Wc  [thirty  thousand]  have  no  athliation  with  the  Mormons  wliatever.  They 
are  to  us  an  apostate  people,  working  all  manner  of  abomination  before  God 
aud  man.  We  are  no  jmrt  or  parcel  of  them  in  any  sense  whatever.  Let 
this  be  distinctly  understood,  we  are  not  Mormons.  Truth  is  truth,  wher- 
ever it  is  found.'  For  further  particulars  as  to  apostate  sects  before  the  year 
1869,  see  S.  F.  Alta,  May  21,  1857,  July  3,  Aug.  2,  1867;  8.  F.  linlletin. 
May  22,  1857,  Aug.  10,  Nov.  15,  1867;  Sacramento  Union,  Apr.  22,  May  20, 
June  8,  Sept.  2,  18,  1857,  Dec.  3,  1859,  June  28,  Aug.  5,  1867. 

"  In  the  Deneret  News  of  Nov.  3,  1869,  is  a  notice  signed  by  the  members 
of  the  first  presidency  and  three  other  apostles,  cautioning  the  saints  aguiust 
its  teachings,  and  stating  that  it  is  unfit  for  perusal. 

"  Oodbe'a  Statement,  MS. ,  2. 


648 


SCHISMS  AND  APOSTASIES. 


which  offenders  are  examined  before  being  sent  for 
trial  by  the  high  council,  and  though  the  most  serious 
charge  against  them  was  the  publication  of  the  article 
on  mineral  developments,  both  Godbe  and  Harrison 
were  ex' tolled  from  the  church." 

That  the  elders  should  have  openly  advocated  the 
development  of  the  rich  mineral  resources  of  Utali 
may  appear  from  a  gentile  standpoint  a  slight  provo- 
cation for  so  extreme  a  measure ;  but  it  should  be  re- 
membered that  from  the  earliest  occupation  of  the 
territory  mining  for  the  precious  metals  had  been 
strongly  discountenanced  by  the  priesthood.  This 
was  in  fact  a  most  essential  part  of  the  policy  in  ac- 
cordance with  which  the  Mormons  had  sought  for 
seclusion  in  the  vales  of  Deseret,  in  order  to  preserve 
their  liberty  and  individuality  as  a  religious  commu- 
nity. From  the  day  when  news  arrived  of  the  gold 
discovery,  their  leaders  had  denounced  all  emigration 
to  California.  Gold-seekers  were  indiscriminately 
classed  as  worldlings  and  apostates,  or  at  least  held 
to  be  weak  in  the  faith.  Nevertheless,  the  accounts 
received  from  members  of  the  Mormon  battalion,  who 
had  witnessed  the  discovery  and  shared  in  the  excite- 
ment which  followed  it,  produced  a  crisis  that  threat- 
ened their  very  existence  as  a  people,  and  one  whicli, 
perhaps,  none  but  the  Mormons  could  have  withstood. 
When,  in  later  years,  mineral  prospects  were  disclosed 
in  Utah,  and  prospecting  largely  carried  on  by  gen- 
tiles, all  such  efforts  were  discouraged ;  for  they  could 
result  only  in  drawing  into  the  territory  a  class  of 
men  dangerous  to  its  institutions,  and  might  even  se- 
duce from  their  allegiance  the  members  of  the  church. 
Thus  in  the  light  of  its  full  history  must  the  policy 
of  the  Mormon  hierarchy  be  considered  in  excluding 
from  its  fold  this  disturbing  element. 

No  attempt  was  made,  however,  by  either  of  the 
ciders  to  excuse  this  portion  of  the  charges  brought 
against  them.  Their  defence  was  confined  merely  to 
the  question  of  their  alleged  apostasy,  and  to  the  au 

"/6id.;  Harrison's  Crit.  Notes  on  Utah,  MS.,  48. 


GODBE  AND  HARRISON.  640 

tliority  of  the  priesthood.  When  their  case  was  handed 
to  the  high  couiicil,  the  recusants,  instead  of  pleading 
their  cause,  merely  read  a  series  of  resolutions  touch- 
ing measures  of  church  reform,  Godbe  denying  Brig- 
ham's  right  to  enforce  obedience,  whether  in  matters 
secular  or  spiritual,  and  Harrison  stating  that  if  it 
was  apostasy  to  differ  conscientiously  from  the  priest- 
hood, then  he  must  be  considered  an  apostate.  "Wo 
claim,"  they  said,  "the  right  of  respectfully  but  freely 
discussing  all  measures  upon  which  we  are  called  to 
act.  And  if  we  are  cut  off  from  this  church  for 
asserting  this  right,  while  our  standing  is  dear  to  us, 
we  will  suffer  it  to  bo  taken  from  us  sooner  than  re- 
sign the  liberties  of  thought  and  speech  to  which  the 
gospel  entitles  us;  and  against  any  such  expulsion  we 
jiresent  our  solemn  protest  before  God  and  angels." 
It  remained  only  to  pass  sentence  of  excommunication, 
and  in  due  form  the  elders  were  delivered  over  to  the 
buffotings  of  Satan  for  a  thousand  years. 

But  a  few  days  later  there  appeared  in  the  Utah 
Magazine  an  account  of  the  trial,  together  with  a  pro- 
test and  appeal  to  the  brethren,  afterward  copied  in 
the  Neiu  York  Herald  and  other  leading  journals. 
"It  had  been  argued,"  remarked  the  recusants,  "that 
we  must  passively  and  uninquiringly  obey  the  priest- 
hood, because  otherwise  we  could  not  build  up  Zion. 
A  nation  built  up  on  such  a  principle  could  be  no  Zion. 
The  only  glory  or  beauty  there  could  be  in  a  Zion 
nmst  result  from  its  being  composed  of  people  all  of 
whom  acted  intelligently  in  all  their  operations." 
Supported  as  it  was  by  a  portion  of  thc^  wealth  and 
intelligence  of  Utah,  the  Walker  brothei  s  the  Tiil- 
lidgc  brothers,  Stenhouse,  Lawrence,  Uitd  Eli  B.  Kel- 
sey,"  the  reformation  gathered  weight.  On  Sunday, 
the  ICth  of  December,  18G9,  services  were  held  for 
the  first  time  by  the  reformers,  in  the  clui[)cl  of  the 
assembly-rooms  in  the  thirteenth  ward,  and  in  the 

'•Kelspy,  who  voted  against  +'•  "r  expulsion,  was  also  excotnmuuicatetl. 
Stenhouiic\t  liocny  Mountain  Sail  ■      .0. 


I 


i:il 


ill 
mi 


i 


I 


cso 


SCHISMS  AM>  AI'OSTASlhX 


evening  at  the  Masonic  liall.'*  Before  a  dense  audi- 
ence, was  sung  hy  the  choir  the  first  liynni  in  the 
Mormon  hynn»-bot)k,  conii)osed  hy  Parley  P.  Pratt: 

"Tlio  moriiiiig  l)n>aks,  tliu  bIiaiIows  &w, 
li<>l  /ioii'm  Ktaiiilanl  \»  iinftirloil; 
Tliu  (liiwiiiiig  of  a  liright(>r  day 
MajuMtic  riHos  on  the  worl'S.' 

Then  followed  speeches  by  Godbc,  Harrison,  and 
Lawrence,  in  which  the  gentiles,  who  formed  one-third 
of  the  audience,  were  assured  that  the  reformation 
would  In;  continued  with  a  purpose  that  would  swerve 
not  before  Brigham  and  his  apostles. 

The  so-called  Godbeite  movement,  however,  thoujj;ii 
for  a  time  it  excited  considcrabl(>  intt-rest  in  business 
circles,  was  a  matter  of  small  moment  to  the  chureli 
giMierrdly,  producing  little  eftect  on  the  masses  of  tlic 
members.  The  movenunt  in  its  incipieney  was  the 
immediate  occasion  ratln>r  than  the  real  cause  of 
(irodbe  and  his  adherents  li>aving  the  ciiureh.  No  man 
can  c«)nsistentlv  be  continued  a  nieinber  of  any  ehureli 
if  he  piu'sists  in  refusing  tt>  submit  to  the  final  decisions 
of  the  church  authoriti(>s.  His  arrival  at  that  j»»)int 
of  insubordination  is  almost  always  t!ie  result  o\'  a 
growth  of  greater  or  less  rapidity,  aiul  occupyinij; 
more  or  lt>ss  time  in  development.  (Jodbeism  at  first 
professi'd  to  be  an  attiMnj)t  t<»  reforuj  and  purity  the 
church,  in  part  by  the  aid  of  spiritualisnj,  but  tht< 
reforni  j)rettMi8ions  were  evani'sei'nt,  (juickly  fadiiii^ 
away,  so  that  for  many  years  nolxidy  has  looketl  upt>u 
the  movenuMit  as  a  religious  ouv.  in  any  respeet.  In 
fact  with  the  flei'ting  religious  pret<Misions  the  verv 
name  of  the  movement  soon  died  out,  and  tlu>  promi- 
nent persons  connected  with  iti^arly  manifested  a  skep- 
tical spirit  toward  religion  of  every  kind,  and  dini-ted 
their  eneriries  more  ct»mpletelv  into  channels  of  busi- 
iiess  and  monev-makinj'.  *' I  hav(>  Iwen  instni- 
mental,"  writes  CJodbe  in  1884,  "in  establishing  and 
conducting  enterprises  that  have  required  an  outlay  of 

>*For  account,  ot  wiTct.  iN^nvflt,  and  boutivol'  nt  societies  iu  Utah,  noo 
Utah  OiaetUrr,  1884,  218  'M. 


A  COMMERCIAL  STRUGGLE. 


Ml 


$1,000  a  (lay  for  ton  years,  and  have  given  employ- 
ment to  many  hundreds  of  people."'' 

The  struggle  for  the  commercial  control  of  Utah 
hogan  at  an  early  date  in  its  history.  Among  tiio 
Mormons  there  were  few  men  of  business  training, 
and  until  the  advent  of  the  overland  railroad  made 
it  certain  that  Salt  Lake  City  would  become  a  c<»iu- 
mercial  centre,  the  policy  of  Brigham  was  to  discour- 
age commerce  and  commercial  intercourse.  Nevor- 
(heloss,  gentile  merchants,  by  whom  traffic  was  mainly 
oonduc'tod,  iis  late  as  1800  were  subject  to  a  running 
lire  of  ridicule  and  condemnation  directed  aij^ainst 
(lieni  irom  the  tabernacle.  The  objection  to  them 
was  twofold:  iirst,  the  dislike  to  the  presence  of  gen- 
tiles, Im  vluiever  capacity;  and  second,  the  fact  that 
they  ul;'=?o»i'  '  the  small  amount  of  floating  capital 
that  t!u,  bre'/hren  possessed,  lie  who  should  hold 
1  rathe  with  a  gentile  was  considered  weak  in  the  faith, 
but  as  goods  ev>uld  be  purchased   from  gentile  nier- 

'•(.'(vf/x-'fl  ^SV«/rmrH^  MS*.,  20.  For  further  mention  of  tlio  (loillw  solii.siu 
mill  incidents  I'lmnoofod  witli  it,  seo  Ti<lli(liii'\i  Mmj  ,  i.  14  "mj  Stfiihoiiuf'H 
Exj'ox^of' l\ihlijmnti,  WVl-ATt;  J^ixanK  Whito  I'oiiqitcM,  i.  'J()S-I'J. 

William  S.  (iodlio,  nu  KiiKliiiliinaii  liy  birtli,  boj^iin  his  curoor  as  ii  eiiilor; 
Imt  lifter  iH'ing  twieo  Hliipwrookuii,  tiretl  of  Neiifaring  life,  niul  while  yet  li 
l:icl,  l)et4)ok  himself  to  America.  Having  iinidtt  the  ucquaintAnoe  of  several 
Monnons,  niul  l>oiiig  chnrmeil  with  tho  sterv  of  their  oilventures,  ho  deeideil 
til  e;ist  in  his  lot  with  them,  and  jouriioyot*  nearly  tho  whole  distance  on  fmit 
JHtweeii  New  York  and  Suit  Ijiko  City,  where  ho  arrived  in  18.">l,  and  found 
I'lnploynient  with  n  merchant,  named  Thoinaa  Williams,  in  a  few  vcars  he- 
eoiniittf  himself  a  I'-.iding  niri-cii.-.iit.  IJetween  I8.">7  and  188-1  ^lr  (Jodlio 
•Mossed  tho  Atlantic  21  lime-.  ;;;-.^?  ;''o  plains  over  M  times.  After  his  ex- 
I'liiuiiinnicntion  from  tho  eh  ".li,  nut  tho  eonse(|iient  lossof  hiahusiness,  lind- 
iii^  himself,  as  ho  I'lys,  $U)',(H>0  ;  i  delt,  wliereiis  a  year  hefoi-o  he  had  been 
worth  $l()*),W)0,  lie  I  illove-,!  niiuuuf 'vs  an  occupation,  and  in  I87H  ori^mii/ed 
in  liOiidon  tho  Ohicaf,  1 1  Iv' .  \ri>  ,i^  Co  .  oiio  of  the  few  iMiglisli  com]ianies 
tiiat  iiavo  jiroved  8iicct;:'«i.il  m  l.tnl'.r  Of  his  '-i-nturea  in  miiiin>;,  iiu>iition 
will  be  inndo  later.  Of  ^ll  Maf  ^,>ii,  e  ••emarks  that  he  is  'a  mttn  of  unusual 
nuMital  (inalities,  of  earnest  nati'i.,  uui  has  an  overruling  lovo  of  truth,  hon- 
esty, and  straightforwardness.' 

The  Sfntemfiit  of  William  Oodbe,  M.*^.,  contains,  in  addition  to  matter  ro- 
tating to  thoOtMllMiito  movement  and  personal  memoirs,  some  valuable  infor- 
mation on  iniiiing,  together  with  nnich  adverse  comment  on  the  Mormon 
hurarchy,  torso -uul  wdlimt,  though  hurriedly  written.  'They  don't  mako 
niniiy  converts  in  tho  United  States,'  ho  remarks;  'they  tlon't  hwk  for  them. 
Tlicy  mako  a  few  in  the  south,  where  the  condition  of  things  is  analagous, 
moro  or  less,  with  that  which  exists  iu  Europe;  but  they  mako  must  of  their 
convertji  iu  tho  laltor  c<i'  ..try.' 


i;i 


il 


p. 


652 


SCHISMS  AND  APOSTASIES. 


chants  to  advantage,  the  saints  were  tempted  soine- 
tiuies  to  trade  with  them,  and  frequently  did  so,  aiul 
that  without  the  severe  censure  on  the  part  of  the 
church,  which  has  been  often  alleged. 

Among  those  who  had  transactions  with  gentile  mer- 
chants were  the  Walker  Brothers,  who  in  18G8  were 
among  the  prominent  merchants  of  Salt  Lake  City,  and 
had  contributed  in  no  small  degree  to  its  commercial 
prosperity.  The  firm  subscribed  liberally  for  all  the 
purposes  to  which  the  church  funds  were  applied,  but 
refused  to  pay  tithes  or  to  recognize  the  right  of  the 
church  to  collect  tithing." 

During  this  year,  and  partly  with  a  view  to  placing 
the  trade  of  Utah  under  church  control,  so  far  at  least 
as  the  brethren  were  cc  v  ■  1,  the  Zion's  Coopera- 
tive Mercantile  Instituti*.  as  organized.^*  Asiile 
from  such  motives,  however,  .aere  were  good  reasons 
for  securing  to  the  country  the  benefits  of  the  co- 
operative system,  for,  as  we  shall  sec  later,  the  prices 
of  imported  commodities  were  still  extravagantly 
liigh.^'^  To  protect  the  people  from  these  high  prices 
by  importing  from  first  hands  and  in  large  quantities 
was  the  professed,  and  perhaps  the  main,  purpose  of 
the  promoters.  After  passing  through  some  financial 
difficulties,  the  enterprise  seems  to  have  obtained  a 
permanent  foothold,  and  is  yet  a  successful  competitor 
with  gentile  tradesmen,  supplying  at  wholesale  many 
of  the  settlements  in  Utah,  in  addition  to  its  local 
and  retail  trade.  In  1883  the  total  sales  exceeded 
$4,000,000,  a  half-yearly  dividend  of  five  per  cent  be- 
ing paid  in  October  of  that  year.  At  this  date  the 
association  had  a  reserve  fund  of  about  $125,000,  and 

"  W(tll:er's  Merchant  and  Miners  of  Utah,  MS.,  2. 

''Ou  tho  IGtli  of  October.  ISusiiicsa  was  opened  March  1,  18C9,  ami  tlio 
company  was  incorporated  Dec.  1,  1870.  Zion's  Coop,  Merc,  Inst.,  MS.,  I. 
Brigham  Young  was  tlic  principal  Btockhoklor,  and  Geo.  Q.  Cannon,  Geo.  A. 
Siuitli,  Wm  .Jennings,  II.  S.  Eldredge,  and  Wm  il.  Hooper  were  among  tlij 
first  ilirectoi's.  For  constitution,  by-laws,  form  of  certilicatcs  of  stock,  and 
inciiiporatioa,  see  (Itnh  llii'mionH  Pamphlets,  9,  10. 

"  See  cap.  28,  notes  29  and  31,  this  vol. 


ZION'S  COOPERATIVE  INSTITUTTON. 


633 


a  capital  of  $1,000,000,  divided  into  $100  shares,  and 
distributed  among  700  or  800  stockholders.*'  The 
head  of  the  church  continued  president  of  the  institu- 
tion after  it  was  no  longer  under  control  of  the  church, 
but  managed  simply  on  business  principles,  represent- 
ing Mormon  as  against  gentile  trading  interests.''* 
Branches  were  established  at  Ogden,  Logan,*'  and 
Soda  Springs,  and,  as  we  shall  see  later,  the  coopera- 
tive movement  spread  rapidly  throughout  the  country, 
though  most  of  these  ventures  resulted  in  failure, 
many  of  the  stores  being  compelled  to  close  during 
the  commercial  panic  of  1873. 

^"Deserct  Ev.  News,  Jan.  2,  1884.  The  main  building,  on  East  Temple 
■street,  iS.  L.  City,  was  318  by  100  ft,  the  front  l»eingof  iron,  and  tlio  roof  lire- 
proof.  It  was  furnished  with  hydraulic  ele  -tors,  fire  and  burglar  proof 
vaults,  and  all  modern  appliances.  Ziona  Co^'^i).  '!crc.  Iiixt.,  MS.,  1-2.  In 
connection  with  the  institution  was  a  tannery  and  shoe-factory,  in  which 
about  170  hands  were  employed  in  1883. 

^^  Harrison's  Crit.  Notes  on  Utah,  M3.,  58-9.  For  further  mention  of  the 
institution  and  its  origin,  see  Marshall's  Thronrfh  Amer.,  170-7;  Stetihouuf's 
L'lKjliihwoiiuiii,  371-3;  Townsend'a  Mormon  TriaU,  41-2;  TuUtdije's  Mag.,  i. 
olJ3-8;  for  cutof  buildings,  Id.,  facing  p.  385.  In  connection  with  it,  it  may  be 
mentioned  that  Horace  S.  Eldredge,  who  has  been  connected  with  the  institute 
from  its  inception,  was  appointed  president  in  1872,  and  in  188-t  was  superin- 
tendent. Mr  Eldredge,  a  native  of  New  York,  arrived  in  Utah  in  1848,  after 
passing  through  all  the  tribulations  of  Far  West,  Nauvoo,  and  Winter  Quar- 
ters. In  1808,  being  then  in  partnership  with  H.  B.  Clawaun,  he  sold  out  his 
stock  of  goods  to  the  institute. 

Hiram  B.  Clawson,  a  native  of  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  was  educated  at  the 
Utica  academy.  In  1841,  his  father  being  then  deceased,  and  the  rest  of  the 
family  having  joined  the  Mormon  church,  he  moved  with  them  to  Nauvoo, 
and  in  1848  to  the  valley  of  Great  Salt  Lane.  Though  only  22  years  of  age, 
ho  was  looked  upon  as  a  man  of  mark,  and  was  c-iploycd  in  superintending 
the  construction  of  some  of  the  first  buildings  erected  by  the  church  in  Salt 
Lake  City.  During  the  Utah  war  ho  figured  prominently  as  adjutant-general 
of  the  Nauvoo  legion,  and  just  before  tiio  departure  of  the  troops  from  Camp 
Floyd  cftccted  a  complete  reconciliation  between  the  military  and  the  church 
authorities.  Appointed  superintendent  of  Zion's  Cooperative  Mercantile  In- 
stitute, in  1873  ho  was  sent  cast  in  company  with  H.  S.  Eldredge  to  ask  for 
an  extension  of  credit,  in  view  of  the  panic  then  prevailing  in  commercial 
circles.  He  met  everywhere  with  a  favorable  response,  and  within  eight 
months  tiie  company  redeemed  its  obligations,  amounting  to  $1,100,000.  Dur- 
ing Iiis  management  Mr  Clawson  states  that  the  losses  of  the  institution  l)y 
had  debts  diil  not  exceed  a  quarter  of  one  per  cent.  In  1875  ho  resigned  the 
superintenlency,  having  purchased  from  the  directors  the  agricultural  depart- 
ment of  tho  Z.  C.  M.  I.,  to  which  ho  added  a  machinery  department,  furnish- 
ing grist  and  saw  mills  and  steam-engines  complete,  together  with  all  the 
ditl'ercnt  kinds  of  machines  commonly  in  u?e  throughout  tho  territory.  Dur- 
iui,'  the  earlier  part  of  his  c.ireer  Mr  Clawson  took  a  leading  part  in  theatrical 
aliairs,  and  to  him  and  John  T.  Cainc  are  largely  duo  the  success  and  pros- 
perity of  tho  Salt  Lake  theatre.   TuUtdije's  Mmj.,  i.  678-84. 

''  For  1883  the  sales  of  tho  Ogden  branch  were  about  $800,000t  and  of  tho 
Logan  branch,  of  whicii  Aaron  L'arr  was  manager,  about  $GOO,00(k 


1*1 


654 


SCHISMS  AND  APOSTASIES. 


ii 


m 


The  first  effect  of  this  movement  on  the  trade  of 
gentile  merchants  was  disastrous,  the  sales  of  the 
Walker  Brothers,  for  instance,  decreasing  in  a  brief 
space  from  $60,000  to  $5,000  per  month,*'  while  those 
of  the  Auerbach  Brothers  fell  off  in  like  ratio,**  these 
two  firms,  among  others,  offering  to  dispose  of  their 
entire  property  to  the  directors  of  the  Zion's  Coop- 
erative Institute  for  fifty  cents  on  the  dollar,  and  leave 
the  territory.*"  The  offer  was  refused.  Hence,  per- 
haps, as  will  presently  appear,  the  rapid  development  of 
the  mining  resources  of  the  country  after  1869,  toward 
which  purpose  several  prominent  merchants,  among 
them  Godbe  and  the  Walker  Brothers,  applied  the 
remnants  of  their  fortunes.  Soon,  however,  even  the 
Mormons  began  to  disregard  the  warnings  of  their 
leaders  against  trading  with  gentiles  or  apostates. 
The  spell  was  broken,  and  during  the  conference  of 
1870  the  stores  of  the  latter,  and  especially  of  the 
Walker  Brothers,  were  so  crowded  with  purchasers 
that  it  was  almost  impossible  for  them  to  serve  their 
patrons.  The  reformers  preached  against  and  wrote 
against  the  president,  and  the  better  to  support  their 
cause,  establiphed  a  newspaper  named  the  Salt  Lahe 
Tribune,  at  first  a  weekly  and  afterward  a  daily  pub- 

**  Walker's  Merchants  and  Miners  of  Utah,  MS. ,  3.  Samuel  Sharp,  Joseph 
Robinson,  David,  Frederick,  and  Matthew  Henry  Walker  were  in  1883  the 
membcH  of  this  firm.  Englishmen  by  birth,  being  the  sons  of  a  Yorkshire 
squire,  possessed  in  1846  of  a  coubiJernbli.  landed  estate,  but  who,  like 
thousands  of  others,  suffered  financial  shipw.'eck  during  the  railroad  panic  of 
the  following  year,  they  arrived  at  S.  L.  City  in  1852,  at  which  date  there 
were  only  five  business  houses  on  Main  street.  They  laid  the  basis  of  their 
fortune  during  the  presence  of  the  army  at  Camp  Floyd,  soon  making  their 
mark  among  the  commercial  community,  and  being  classed  a  few  years  later 
among  the  leading  merchants  of  Utah.   After  18G0  their  attention  was  chieily 

given  to  mining,  in  which  connection  further  mention  will  be  made  of  the 
rm.  Autobiog.  qfthe  Walker  Bros,,  MS. 
''  The  Auerbach  Bros.,  a  dry -goods  firm,  state  that  at  this  time  ruin  stared 
them  iu  the  face,  and  but  for  the  mining  developments  which  followed  al- 
most immediately  afterward  they  could  not  have  remained  in  the  territory. 
Fred.  H.  and  Sa.a.  H.  Auerbach,  natives  of  eastern  Prussia,  came  to  S.  L. 
City  in  1864,  after  suffering  heavy  business  reverses  in  Austin,  Nev.,  where 
they  afterward  paid  their  debts  in  full  in  gold  coin.  Their  sales  for  1885 
amounted  to  about  $500,000.  Auerbaeh'§  Edmunds  Bill,  MS.;  Utah  Biogr. 
Sketches,  MS.,  9-10. 

»  Harrison'a  OrU.  Notuon  Utah,  MS.,  62;  Walier's  Mercha$U$  and  Miners 
^f  Utah,  MS.,  8. 


THE  GODBEITES. 


655 


lication,  in  which  the  church  dignitaries  and  their 
policy  were  severely  criticised.  Thus  of  all  the 
apostasies  the  Godbeite  movement,  with  its  attendant 
incidents,  was  the  most  formidable,  and  wrought  more 
harm  in  Zion  than  any  which  had  preceded  it,  appeal- 
ing, as  it  did,  to  the  common  sense  and  the  self-inter- 
est of  the  community. 


m 


W:\ 


I 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

THE  LAST  DAYS  OF  BRIGHAM  YOUNG. 

1869-1877. 

Visit  op  Schcttler  Colfax— Godbk's  Interview  with  President  Gbakt 
— Governor  Shaffer — Military  Riot  at  Puovo — Governor  Woods 
— Judge  McKean — Burlesque  of  Justice — Arrest  of  Briguam 
Young  and  Others— George  Q.  Cannon  Chosen  Delegate— Axtell's 
Administration — Governor  Emert — Death  of  Bricham — His  Ob. 
sequies- His  Character— His  Will. 

"Will  Brighain  Young  fight?"  inquired  Schuyler 
Colfax  of  Elder  Stenhouse,  during  his  sojourn  at  Salt 
Lake  City  in  1869.'  "For  God's  sake,  Mr  Colfax." 
answered  the  elder,  "keep  the  United  States  off.  If 
the  government  interferes  and  sends  troops,  you  will 
spoil  the  opportunity,  and  drive  the  thousands  back 
into  the  arms  of  Brighara  Young  who  are  ready  to 
rebel  against  the  one-man  power.  Leave  the  elders 
alone  to  solve  their  own  problems.  We  can  do  it; 
the  government  cannot."  But  with  the  exception  of 
Abraham  Lincoln,  none  of  the  presidents  were  of  the 
opinion  that  it  was  best  to  leave  the  Mormons  alone. 
At  this  date  there  is  little  doubt  that  Grant  was  re- 
solved on  the  suppression  of  polygamy,  even  if  need 
be  at  the  cost  of  war.     Meanwhile  the  famous  Cul- 


*  Colfax  also  visited  Utah  in  1865.  For  reception  and  purpose  of  visit,  see 
JUrhanlnon's  Beyond  the  Miss.,  345-6,  348-9;  Bowlea'  Our  New  West,  203-4; 
Tutlldiie'a  Life,  of  liriijham  Young,  355-8;  Ste.nhouw'ii  Uocky  Mountain  Saints, 
61.3-15.  For  speech  of  Colfax,  in  18C9,  in  which,  probably,  the  sentence  most 
acceptable  to  the  Mormons  was  the  concluding  line,  'I  bid  you  all  good  niglit 
and  good  by,'  see  The  Mormon  Question  (S.  L.  City,  1870),  wherein  is  also  a 
reply  by  John  Taylor,  an  article  on  the  Mormon  question  by  the  vice-presi- 
dent, published  in  the  Kew  York  Independent,  and  a  rejoinder  by  Taylor. 

(6oC) 


A  PROSPECT  O^  WAR. 


687 


lom  anti-polygamy  bilP  was  before  the  representatives, 
and  the  honorable  Thomas  Fitch  was  anmsin*^  eon- 
^^ress  with  his  speeches  on  the  prospect  of  another 
Mormon  war."  Early  in  1870  mass-meetings  were 
lield  at  the  tabernacle,  by  men  and  women,  to  protest 
against  the  bill,  and  to  draw  up  a  remonstrance  against 
its  provisions.  A  memorial  was  also  prepared  and 
i'orwarded  to  congress,  setting  forth  the  revelation  on 
polygamy  and  the  duties  of  the  Mormon  church  in 
that  connection,  wherein  it  was  declared  that  the 
church  would  stand  by  its  faith  and  polygamy  institu- 
tions in  spite  of  all  human  will  and  law.*  During 
this  year,  also,  an  act  was  passed  by  the  territorial 
legislature,  granting  the  right  of  suffrage  to  women, 
but  the  measure  subsequently  adopted  in  Wyoming 
and  elsewhere  seemed  to  be  in  advance  of  the  times,"^ 
or  was  in  some  way  unpopular,  and  little  use  has  ever 
been  made  of  the  privilege.' 

Anion;'  those  wno  realized  the  danger  of  the  situa- 
tion  were  the  leaders  of  the  Godbeite  movement, 
wlio  well  knew  that,  in  the  event  of  another  Mormon 
war,  the  dramatic  farce  of  Buchanans  administra- 
tion could  not  be  reenacted,  and  that  if  the  United 
States  government  again  entered  into  the  contro- 
versy, it  would  never  withdraw  from  it  until  it  had 
cut  with  its  sword  the  Gordian  knot  of  Mormonism. 


iM 


'  For  debate  and  amendments  when  the  bill  passed  the  representatives,  see 
Coiiff.  Globe,  1809-70,  2180-1. 

"For  career  of  Thomas  Fitch  in  Utah,  see  Elliott  «fr  Co.'s  Ilist.  Arizona, 
2S9. 

•For  copy  of  memorial  and  resolutions,  see  San.  MUc.  Dor.,  41st  Conj^.  2(1 
Soss.,  no.  112,  The  Utah  Bill,  33-40,  wherein  is  a  speech  by  delegate  NV.  H. 
Hooper,  ilcli\ered  before  the  representatives  March  2.3,  1870,  and  published 
in  pamphlet  form,  as  was  also  the  speecli  of  Aaron  H.  Cragin  before  the  scii- 
nto,  May  18,  1870,  tho  two  forming  nos.  4  and  5  ia  f.'tnh  Pamph'rt.*,  Political. 
Tlio  memorial  and  resolutions  were  referred  to  a  committee  wliich  of  course 
npnrted  adversely.   //.  Com.  liept,  41st  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  i.  no.  21. 

■^  Woods''  liecollectiom^,  MS.,  67.  See,  for  rejwrt  in  favor  of  female  snfTrage, 
Utah  Jour.  Le<ji4.,  1870.  81-2;  for  act  granting  right  of  suffrage,  Utah  Actt 
L<".lid.,  1870,  p.  8;  Utah  PamphleU,  Polil.,  no.  14,  8;  Deaeret  Xews,  Feb.  16, 
1S70. 

"  At  the  municipal  election  held  two  days  after  the  passage  of  the  act  only 
B  few  of  the  women  votetl,  the  first  one  being  Seraph  Young,  u  niece  of  the 
president.    'fuUidije's  Women,  498. 
Hut.  Utah.    43 


658 


THE  LAST  DAYS  OF  BRIGHAM  YOUNO. 


Already  the  apostles  had  declared  their  intention  of 
laying  the  settlements  of  Utah  in  ashes  and  leading 
their  people  in  another  exodus;  but  an  effort  was  uiado 
to  save  them,  and  from  a  source  somewhat  unexpected. 
It  was  resolved  by  the  leaders  of  the  Godbeite  faction 
that  William  Godbe  should  proceed  to  Washington 
and  state  to  the  president  the  true  condition  of  aftairs. 
"  Mr  Godbe,"  remarked  the  latter,  fifter  listening  to 
his  arguments,  "I  am  as  solicitous  as  you  can  possibly 
be  to  preserve  the  Mormon  people;"  and  then  ho  de- 
clared that  he  would  save  them  from  their  leaders  by 
checkmating  their  policy.  During  his  visit  Godbe 
also  sought  an  interview  with  Cullom,  and  discussed 
with  him  the  provisions  of  the  bill,  section  by  section, 
pleading  his  cause  with  such  warmth  and  earnestness 
that  all  the  animus  of  the  congressman  gave  way,  and 
the  bill  was  not  brought  up  for  action  in  the  senate. 
The  substance  of  the  policy  recommended  by  the 
emissary  of  the  liberal  party  in  Utah  was  to  establish 
over  Utah  a  firm  and  efficient  federal  rule,  rather  than 
resort  to  special  legislation  or  armed  interference;  and 
in  these  views  the  president  heartily  concurred. 

J.  Wilson  Shaffer  of  Illinois,  an  old  comrade  of 
Rawlins,  then  secretary  of  war,  was  the  man  selected 
for  the  occasion,  and  on  the  resignation  of  Durkee, 
was  appointed  in  his  stead.^  At  this  time  Shaffer 
was  suffering  from  an  incurable  disease,  and  knew 
that  he  had  but  a  few  months  to  live.  Nevertheless 
he  accepted  ofHce  as  a  trust  from  the  president. 
"Never  after  me,"  he  declared,  "shall  it  be  .said  that 
Brigham  Young  is  governor  of  Utah."  0»  the  ir)th 
of  September,  1870,  the  annual  muster  of  the  Nauvoo 
legion  being  then  at  hand,  he  issued  a  proclamation 
forbidding  all  musters,  drills,  or  gatherings  of  tlio 
militia,  and  all  gatherings  of  armed  persons  of  whut- 

*  The  interregmim  between  Dnrkee's  resignation  and  the  arrival  of  Shnffer 
was  tilled  by  secretaries  Edwin  Iliggins  and  .S.  A.  Mann,  to  tlie  latter  of 
whom  the  women  of   Utah  tendered  their  thanks  for  sigwing  tho  fcnilc 
■ulTrjige  bill.  See  Deneret  NetcH,  March  2,  1870.     For  complimentary  resolu- 
tiousfrom  legislature,  see  Utah  Jour.  LcgisL,  1870,  183. 


GOVERNOR  SHAFFER. 


0.j9 


ever  description,  except  as  a  posse  coraitatus  ordered 
forth  by  himself  or  by  the  United  States  marshal. ' 

After  some  correspondence  with  General  Wells,  the 
musters  in  the  various  districts  were  postponed  until 
further  notice,  by  command  of  the  latter,  though  they 
had  been  regularly  held  for  eighteen  years,  and  re- 
turns duly  made,  in  accordance  with  an  act  of  con- 
gress approved  in  1803.  In  1870  the  militia,  which 
has  never  since  been  assembled,  included  about  13,000 
men,  most  of  them  efficiently  armed,  drilled,  and 
equipped,  while  the  United  States  troops  stationed  at 
Camp  Douglas,  Camp  Rawlins  in  Utah  county,  and 
elsewhere  in  the  territory,  numbered  only  a  few  hun- 
dred." 

The  proclamation  was  ill-advised,  and  for  what  pur- 
pose it  was  issued,  save  as  a  puerile  expression  of  the 

*  For  copy  of  proclamation,  see  MilUnnial  Star,  xxxii.  668;  SmitVit  liine, 
Prourens,  and  Traveh,  63. 

*  In  1875  the  U.  S.  government  called  for  bids  for  the  rebuilding  of  Camp 
Douglas,  or  as  it  is  now  termed,  Fort  Douglas.  The  contract  was  awarded 
to  the  Watson  Brothers.  For  description  of  bnildings,  sco  Sur<jrou-Gen. 
l.'irc.  8,  1875,  33'2-40.  In  1872  a  military  post  was  established  near  Beaver 
City.  For  reiisons  and  descriptions,  see  77.  Ex.  Dor.,  4'2d  Cong.  '2d  Ness., 
XV.  285;  Sen.  Dor.,  42d  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  i.  12.  For  list  of  military  reserva- 
tions in  1882,  SCO  7/.  Ex.  Doc,  47th  Coug.  2d  Sesa.,  xviii.  no.  4.'),  p. 
1181.  For  military  organization  for  protection  against  Indians  in  Cache 
county  in  1859-70,  sec  Tullidije's  Mag.,  ii.  122-31.  For  Indian  raid  on  lio- 
narra.  Iron  co.,  sec  Utah  Ilaial-book  of  jlr/frenrcn,  81 ;  for  Indian  depredations 
in  1870,  Utah  Co.  Sketches,  MS.,  78-80;  S.  F.  litdktin,  Juno  30,  July  G,  8, 
J 870;  for  troubles  in  San  Juan  co.  on  account  of  miners'  encroachments,  //. 
Ex.  Doc.,  43d  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  xii.  pt  2,  p.  193;  lud.  Aff.  liept,  1872,  p.  93; 
Sacramento  Union,Oct.  1, 1872;  S.  L.C.  Tribune,  Sept.  14,1872;  Deseret  S^eiM, 
Sept.  25, 1872,  A  brief  report  on  the  condition  of  Indians  at  this  date,  with 
statistics,  will  be  fountl  in  U.  S.  II.  Com.  Jtepf,  42d  Cong.  3d  Sess.,  36.")-72, 
246-50, 325-0,  414-58.  For  remarks  on  the  condition,  maniigcment,  and  wants 
of  Indians  in  1872,  see  IKAcc/er'.i  Siirrei/.f,  Prof/resa  lic/d,  1872;  II.  Ex.  Doc,  43d 
Cling.  lstSess.,xii.  no.  157;  for  condition  and  treatment  of  Indians  on  n'siiva- 
tion  in  1873-4,  Sen.  Doc.  43d  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  no.  42;  Ind.  Aff.  liept,  IS;  I.  :i-4, 
.'')2-3,  104-79,  270-1,  276-7;  for  Indian  uprising  at  Corinuc  in  1875,  S.  F. 
Chronicle,  Aug.  2,  3,  12,  1875,  Sept.  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  7,  8, 9,  17,  1875;  for  cause.  Id., 
Sept.  0,  1875;  for  Indian  outbreak  in  1875,  .S^.  /•'.  Alta,  Aug.  II,  1875;  C/iico 
( liutle)  Record,  Sept.  4,  1875.  Reports  of  agents  on  reservation  Indians  in  1  ''76 
-7  will  Imj  found  in  //.  Ex.  Dor.,  4  Jth  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  viii.  550-00,  .''•77-.S-'.  Oti- 
62,  677-717.  In  1878  congress  paid  to  Ben  Holladay  §520,789  for  propurty  de- 
stroyed by  Indians  and  losses  sustained  by  change  of  mail-route.  i\f.l'i:id 
Oreffoninn,  June  21,  1878.  For  Indian  troubles  in  IS79,  sec  Or.  DentK'lf  Zri- 
tiiiKj,  Oct. '25,  1879;  in  \S'S\,  De.trrrl  Xcim,  July  Ci,  1S81;  for  iuforinatioa  relat- 
ing to  Indian  tribes  and  reservations  in  IS8I-2,  see  //.  E.c.  Dor.,  47tli  Con  ,.  1st 
Sess.,  X.327,  344.  For  acts  concerning  Indians  in  I8S2,  see  Ulnh  L<nr^.  I  ;,S2, 
pp.  32,  40.  In  August  1884  (iov.  Murray  nuule  ;i  reipiisition  for  tru.)p.s  to 
protect  citizens  against  Utts.  S.  L.  ('.  Tiihunc,  \\\^.  14,  1884. 


1 


6C0 


THE  LAST  DAYS  OF  BRIGHAM  YOUNG. 


govenior'a  authority,  does  not  appear.  The  result, 
liowevcr,  was  most  unfortunate;  for  the  soldiery, 
among  whom  discipline  appears  to  have  been  some- 
what lax  at  this  peiiod,  now  supposed  themselves 
masters  of  the  situation.  At  midnight  on  the  23d  of 
September  a  party  of  forty  or  fifty  men  from  Caiiip 
Rawlins  entered  the  town  of  Provo,  armed  witli 
needle-guns,  bayonets,  and  revolvers,  and  crazed  with 
whiskey.  Surrounding  the  residence  of  Alderman 
W.  Miller,  they  fired  several  shots  into  his  bedroom 
window,  smashed  in  his  doors,  and  dragged  him 
from  his  chamber.  Thence  passing  up  Centre  street, 
they  tore  down  the  sign  and  stove  in  the  doors  of  the 
cooperative  store,  and  then  proceeded  to  the  house  of 
Councillor  A.  F.  McDonald,  which  they  completely 
<lcmolished,  scattering  its  contents  on  the  sidewalk. 
After  some  further  outrages,  as  parading  defenceless 
citizens  through  the  streets,  beating  them  with  ritics 
and  pricking  them  with  baj'onets,  yelling,  meanwhile, 
as  they  passed  along  the  thoroughfares,  "Come  out, 
vou  God  damned  Mormons  and  Mountain  Meadows 
massacreers,"  they  returned  to  camp.*° 

The  only  provocation  for  this  disturbance  appears 
to  have  been  the  fact  that  Miller  refused  to  grant  tln^ 
soldiers,  at  their  own  terms,  the  use  of  a  hall  in  which 
to  hold  a  social  gathering,  and  that  the  bishops  had 
counselled  the  people  of  their  wards,  and  especially 
the  vounix  women,  not  to  hold  intercourse  with  them. 
An  effort  was  njade  to  bring  the  offenders  to  Jus- 
tice,  but,  as  during  the  administration  of  Governor 
Cuniuiing,  there  was  no  harmony  between  the  chitf 
magistrate  and  the  commander  of  the  forces.  After 
waiting  several  days  for  action  to  be  taken  by  the 
military,  Shaffer  despatched  to  General  De  Trobriand. 
at  Camp  Douglas,  a  letter,  in  which  he  stated  that  if 
the  soldiery  could  not  be  restrained,  it  were  better  for 


'"A  despatch  from  A.  O.  Smoot,  mayor  of  Provo,  giviugan  accoimt  of  tlio 
outraj,'e,  together  witli  the  depositions  of  the  injured  ^)arties,  will  be  found  iu 
the  Dcmrct  Xcws,  Sept.  "S,  ISTO. 


VAUGIIAN  AND  WOODS. 


661 


tlio  territory  to  bo  loft  to  itsolf.  To  this  the  general 
ropliod  tliat  lio  waa  porfbctly  agroed ;  that  it  would 
1)0  the  best  thing  for  all  if  the  territory,  its  governor, 
legislature,  municipalitios,  and  militia,  were  loft  to 
thoniselvos;  and  that  if  the  troops  had  also  been  left 
ulone,  instead  of  being  poisoned  physically  with  bad 
whiskey  and  morally  with  bad  influences,  there  would 
have  been  no  trouble  with  them.  Both  letters  wore 
published  in  the  Deseret  iYcK's,"  and  of  course  drew 
iorth  much  comment  from  the  saints,  who  were  prob- 
ably of  opinion  that,  if  the  soldiers  had  such  procliv- 
ities, it  was  at  least  the  business  of  their  commanding 
ofHcor  to  restrain  them. 

No  further  incident  remains  to  be  chronicled  as  to 
the  career  of  Governor  Shali'or,  whoso  decease  oc- 
curred in  October  1870,'"  his  successor  being  Vernon 
II.  Vaughan,"  a  mild  and  conservative  ruler,  con- 
cerninfT  whose  brief  administration  there  is  nothiuij 
worthy  of  record."  lo  him  succeeded  Geoi'^'o  L. 
Woods,  a  Missourian  by  birth,  a  pronounced  anti- 
jMormon,  and  one  who,  as  a  ferryman  in  Idaho,"  and 
judge  and  politician  in  eastern  Oregon,  had  accumu- 
lated and  lost  a  considerable  fortune.  He  was  a  man 
who,  though  by  no  means  of  the  highest  and  purest 
morality  himself,  was,  it  seems,  exceedingly  jealous 

"  Of  Oct.  5,  1870,  and  also  in  the  Deseret  Evening  Xeton,  tho  publication 
of  wliicli  will  be  mentioned  later.  De  Trobriand  states  tliat,  as  there  was  no 
oiiiauization  of  military  districts  in  tho  department  of  the  Platte  (which  in- 
cluded Utah),  the  commanders  of  the  several  posts  must  communicate  with 
tlie  department  headquarters,  and  that  as  soon  as  he  received  the  requisite 
authority  he  proceeded  to  I'rovo  and  held  an  investigation.  His  letter  is  ex- 
tremely insulting  and  indecorous. 

'-On  tho  24th  of  this  month  Wm  II.  McKay,  with  whom  the  governor  had 
r('side<l,  and  two  others,  robbed  the  U.  S.  mail  about  100  miles  soutli  of  S.  L. 
City,  in  Juab  co.  They  were  captured  the  next  day,  and  McKay  was  scn- 
tt'Uced  to  five  years'  imprisonment.  This  was  the  first  mail-couch  robbery  iu 
I'tah.  Smith'n  llise,  Proiire.m,  and  Trards,  G4.  For  argument  between  J.  P. 
Ni'Hinan  and  Oraon  Pratt  at  the  tiibci'nacle  on  the  polygamy  (incstion  during 
the  autumn  of  tliis  year,  sec  M'dlmiiial  Star,  xxxii.  .'J!i'.)--U04,  passim. 

"  Shaffer's  secretary,  and  about  a  montli  after  his  decease  appointed  gov- 
ernor. Geo.  A.  Black,  secretary  to  Woods,  was  also  acting  governor  iu  lisTl. 
PauVn  Utah  /nriilcnln,  MS.;  Ilarrixon'n  Crit.  A'otCK  on  Utah,  MS. 

'•  I/arrison''n  Crit.  Xotcn  on  Ut'ih,  MS.,  ."Ji. 

'^At  Lcwiston,  where  he  and  his  two  partners  made  from  $-2oO  to  $300  • 
day.    Woods'  Recoil.,  MS.,  3. 


;4l 


W' 


'U-t 


II 


662 


THE  LAST  DAYS  OP  BRIOHAM  YOUNG. 


if 


for  the  morality  of  the  nation.  On  the  10th  of  March, 
1871,  Woods  took  the  oath  of  office,  and  about  six 
weeks  later  arrived  at  Salt  Lake  City,  James  B.  Mo- 
Kean  of  New  York  being  appointed  about  this  date 
chief  justice,  with  C.  M.  Hawley  of  Illinois  and  O.  F. 
Strickland  of  Michigan  as  associate  judges.^** 

The  administration  of  Governor  Woods  lasted  for 
about  four  years,  but  during  that  period  he  sought 
no  opportunity  of  making  the  acquaintance  of  Brig- 
ham  Young.  When  invited  by  the  first  councillor  to 
call,  as  had  been  the  custom  with  his  predecessors,*^ 
he  replied  that  the  lowest  subordinate  m  the  United 
States  ranked  higher  than  any  ecclesiastic  on  earth, 
and  that  he  should  not  call  until  the  president  fir.st 
called  on  him.  The  reader  may  judge  the  chief 
magistrate  by  his  own  words.  "My  first  conflict  with 
the  church  occurred,"  he  says,  "July  4,  1871.  The 
organic  act  of  the  territory  made  the  governor  com- 
ma) ider-in-chief  of  the  militia.  The  Mormon  lejjfis- 
lature,  prior  to  that  time,  usurped  that  authority,  and 
invested  it  in  Dt^niel  H.  Wells,  the  third  in  thu 
church.  (They  had  a  pantomime,  in  which  B.  Youii;^ 
played  God  the  Father,  Daniel  H.  Wells  God  the 
Son,  and  John  H.  Smith  the  Holy  Ghost.)  That 
law  was  in  force  on  my  arrival.  On  July  1,  1871, 
Wells  issued  an  order  as  commander-in-chief  to  the 
militia  of  the  territory  to  assemble  at  Salt  Lake  City 
July  4th  to  participate  in  the  celebration.  I  resented 
this  usurpation,  and  forbade  them  to  assemble,  but 
my  prohibition  was  disregarded.  Thereupon  I  or- 
dered to  the  rendezvous  three  companies  of  infantry, 
one  of  cavalry,  and  a  battery  of  artillery,  and  dispersed 
them  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet.  This  practically 
ended  the  Nauvoo  legion.     Immediately  thereafter, 

"Chas  C.  Wilson  succeeded  Titus  as  chief  justice.  Ilarrison'a  Crit.  Noten 
on  Utah,  MS.  Geo.  C.  Bate-^,  who  in  1870  succeeiled  C.  H.  Hempstoud,  i>p- 
pointed  in  1868,  was  now  district  attorney.  For  his  argument  in  tliu  Ikikcr 
ualKiaa  corpus  case  un  the  jurisdiction  of  probate  courti,  sco  Utah  Pumithlil^, 
Political,  no.  1*2.  A  list  of  federal  ot&ciats  between  1851  and  1884  is  giveu  iu 
Utah  (iazetteer,  254-8. 

"  With  the  exception  of  Shafifer.   Woods'  Recoil.,  MS.,  45, 


TRIAL  OF  P0LYGAMIST3. 


663 


by  concerted  action  of  the  federal  officials,  an  eflfort 
was  made  to  punish  judicially  the  church  criminals."*' 

The  governor  was  ably  seconded  by  the  chief  justice. 
In  October  Brigham  Young,  George  Q.  Cannon,  and 
others  were  arrested  for  lascivious  cohabitation. 
Motion  made  to  quash  the  indictment  was  overruled 
by  McKean;  "for,"  he  remarked,  "while  the  case  at 
bar  is  called  the  people  versus  Brigham  Young,  its 
other  and  real  title  is  Federal  Authority  versus  Poly- 
gamic Theocracy."  In  the  indictment  were  sixteen 
counts,  extending  back  to  the  year  1854,  thus  at- 
tempting to  give  an  ex  pest  facto  interpretation  to 
the  act  of  1862.  The  president's  health  was  feeble 
at  this  time,  and  on  the  application  of  his  attorney,  a 
continuance  was  granted  until  the  March  term.  One 
Thomas  Hawkins,  however,  was  convicted  during  this 
term,  on  the  evidence  of  his  first  or  legal  wife,  sen- 
tenced under  this  act  to  three  years'  imprisonment 
with  hard  labor,  and  fined  $500.  But  the  severest 
portion  of  the  sentence  was  the  homily.  "  Thomas 
Hawkins,"  commenced  the  chief  justice,  "  I  am  sorry 
for  you — very  sorry.  You  may  not  think  so  now,  but 
I  shall  try  to  make  you  think  so  by  the  mercy  which 
I  shall  show  you . . .  The  law  gives  me  large  discretion 
in  passing  sentence  upon  you.  I  niigho  both  fine  and 
imprison  you,  or  I  might  fine  you  only  or  imprison  you 
only. .  .It  is  right  that  you  should  be  fined,  among 
other  reasons  to  help  to  defray  the  expense  of  en- 
forcing the  laws."*® 

Two  or  three  days  before  sentence  was  passed  on 
Hawkins,  this  being  of  course  a  test  case,  Daniel  H. 
Wells  and  Hosea  Stout  wore  arrested  on  a  cliarge  of 
murder,  Brigham  Young,  William  H.  Kimball,  and 
others  being  indicted  on  a  similar  charge.^     Wells 

>»M,46-7. 

^*  DrwrH  News,  Nov.  1,  1871.  For  »ul verso  comments  of  the  press  on  the 
Hawkins  case,  see  A>  'lin  Ile.e>ie  River  R'VeiU4,  Carson.  Daily  .HtijUter,  Sacra- 
mcitlo  /tej/ortfr,  Omaha  Attn,  in  MiUennial.  Star,  xxxiii.  704-5.  In  TowmendU 
Monnoti  TrinU  is  an  impartial  account  of  McKcun's  anti-Morm'^n  crusailo. 

***  W'uUs  diiil  iStout  were  arretted  for  the  niunlcr  of  Uich.  Yat<!s.  at  th« 
mouth  of  Eclio  uaOon;  Young,  Kiml>all,  Wni  A.  Hickman,  O.  P.  Kockvell, 


664 


THE  LAST  DAYS  OF  BRIGHAM  YOUNG. 


was  admitted  to  bail,^^  Stout  and  Kimball  were  handed 
over  to  the  authorities  at  Camp  Douglas,  and  Brig- 
ham,  hearing  that  his  case  was  set  for  the  8th  of  Jan- 
uary, 1872,  immediately  set  out  from  southern  Utah, 
where  he  was  sojourning,  and  travelling  over  350 
miles  of  mountainous  country  in  midvnnter,  delivered 
himself  into  custody.  He  was  placed  in  charge  of 
the  marshal,  bail  being  refused  even  in  the  sum  of 
$500,000,  and  detained  a  prisoner  in  his  own  house, 
until  discharged  on  the  25th  of  April,  by  Justice 
White,  on  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus.**^ 

in  sore  disgust,  the  people  of  Utah  adopted  yet 
another  constitution,  which  was  forwarded  to  con- 
gress, together  with  a  memorial  for  admission  as  a 
state,  but  without  result.®*  A  bill  was  passed  appro- 
priating $50,000  toward  the  expenses  of  the  constitu- 
tional convention,  but  was  vetoed  by  the  governor, 
who  gave,  among  other  reasons,  the  open  violation  of 
the  act  of  18G2,  and  the  crimes  committed  against 
law  and  public  decency  in  the  name  of  religion."  So 
far,  indeed,  did  the  governor  push  his  privilege,  that 
he  insisted  even  on  nominating  tlic  territorial  libra- 
rian and  the  superintendent  of  common  schools.*^ 

Meanwhile  the  condition  of  affairs  in  the  superior 
courts  of  Utah   was  simply  lamentable.     During  a 


fu 


G.  D.  Gfant,  and  Simon  Dutton,  for  the  murder  of  a  man  named  Ruck,  at 
Warm  Springs.    H'oodn'  RfcolL,  M8.,  47;  MiUmniiU  Star,  xxxiii.  744,  808-9. 

"The  prosecuting  attorney  asked  that  the  bail  be  fixed  at  ^.lOO.OOO,  but 
the  judge  said  he  wouUl  Ix)  satiatiud  with  two  sureties  euch  of  ^0,000.  Den- 
tret  Aririi,  Nov.  I,  1871. 

'^'^  Mrtteniiial  Star,  xxxvii.  788-91.  In  the  case  of  Clinton  ct  al.  va  Englo- 
brecht  et  ul.,  the  judgment  rendered  for  $00,000  against  the  municipal  oHicors 
of  S.  L.  City  for  suppressini;  on  unlicensed  li(iuor  store  wus  reversed  l)y 
the  supreme  court.  jfillniuKtl  Star,  .^wxiv.  '290.  For  grounds,  sue  Snii/h'i 
Jiiite,  Prtxjreiit,  and  7Va^'e/tf,  08-0.  This  decision  annulled  indictments  against 
more  than  1*20  persons. 

'■■A  copy  of  the  '.nemoriul  and  constitution  is  contained  in  ITtah  PamphhU, 
Politifnl.  no.  8.  See  also  Dftrvt  AVjm,  March  0,  187'2;  lloune  Misc.  Doc., 
42<1 1'ong.  '2d  Seas.,  iii.  no.  105.  For  counter-petitions,  see  Id.,  iv.  no.  '20S; 
8tn.  Afhf.  Dor.,  4'2dCong.  2d  Soss.,  ii.  no.  118. 

"  WowW  Ki'colt.,  ^^>.,  .">0;  MiUninml  Star,  xxxiv.  117-80;  DeHfrrt  NrwK, 
Jan.  ;n,  187'2;  J/oiiw  Mine.  Doc,  42d  Cong.  "2d  Sess.,  iii.  no.  l.w;  Utah  Jour. 
Letjitil.,  187'2,  pp.  85-7.  For  resolution  censuring  veto,  and  in  favor  of  eon- 
vention  and  eUiCtion  of  delegates,  see  Id.,  1872,  pp.  104-5. 

^UtahJmir.  Leyisl.,  1S72,  p.  30. 


CAXNON  FOR  CONGRESS. 


665 


portion  of  McKean's  term  of  office  there  were  no 
funds  wherewith  to  defray  expenses,  and  the  so-called 
administration  of  justice  was  openly  burlesqued.  In 
1872  the  removal  of  the  chief  justice  was  urged  by 
the  legislature.^  This  was  not  yet  to  be;  but  after 
some  further  judicial  blunders,''^  he  was  finally  super- 
seded in  March  1875  by  David  T.  Lowe.* 

For  ten  years  William  H.  Hooper  had  been  dele- 
gate to  congress,  and  was  in  need  of  rest.  He  had 
done  his  duty  faithfully;  more  acceptably,  perhaps,  to 
members  of  congress  than  any  of  his  predecessors, 
and  it  was  no  easy  task  to  fill  his  place,  vreorge  Q. 
Cannon  was  the  man  selected,  although  an  apostle 
and  a  practical  polygamist.  The  election  of  Cannon 
was  contested  by  George  R.  Maxwell,  registrar  of 
the  land-office,'^  who  in  1870  had  received  a  few  hun- 
dred votes,  as  against  26,000  in  favor  of  Hooper;  but 
in  that  year  and  again  in  1874  had  no  well-grounded 
hope  of  success,  save  his  reliance  on  popular  preju- 
dice. At  the  first  session  of  the  forty-third  congi'ess 
he  prevailed  on  one  of  the  members  from  New  Yt)rk 
to  introduce  a  resolution  embodying  a  number  of 
charges  against  the  apostle.  The  reading  of  his  cer- 
tificate was  then  demanded,  in  which  it  appeared  that 
he  had  a  n»ajority  of  20,000  votes,  and  thereupon  he 
was  admitted.*^ 

»  Utah  Jour.  Leijid.,  1872,  p.  231. 

*'  In  Ilia  ehaigo  to  tlio  gruu<I  jury,  October  term,  1874,  McKean,  aftcrquot- 
ing  Muntcaquieu,  'I  shall  iirst  cxainiuo  the  rclatiuii  which  laws  have  tu  the 
iiuturu  uud  priuciplu  of  each  govcrnineut,'  'ami  i£  I  can  but  oiioo  establish  it, 
the  laws  will  soon  appear  to  llow  from  thence  as  from  their  source,'  stirjma- 

phrase  than  hail  been  iisi'il  cvuu 


tizes  the  Mormons  in  more  vile  ana  ma 


k4  tl'lAAa 


by  jiulges  Brocchus  and  Drumtnoud.  See  .Deseret  ^ews,  Oct.  14,  187-1;  Millcn- 
villi  !il(ti;  xxxiii.  550. 

'^^  Jldrrisoa'n  Crit.  Notes  on  Utah,  MS.,  38.  See,  for  opinions  of  press  on 
McKi'an's  removal,  Mitlciininl  Sl(ir,  xxxvii.  282-5;  for  message  of  tin:  presi- 
dent iin  judicial  administration  iu  Utah,  6V«.  iJoc,  42il  Confj.  .'td  Suss.,  no.  44; 
for  net  in  relation  to  judici.iry,  lloit^'e.  Ex.  />oc.,  4Gth  Cong.  3d  Sess.,  xwi.  U'JT. 

■•"  Maxwell  entered  the  union  army  when  17  years  of  age,  and  at  "Jl  was  a 
brigaiUur-gcnerid.  I)urin;,'thc  war  he  hail  both  legs  broken,  his  riyht  arm 
fractured,  lost  three  lingers  of  his  luft  iiaud  by  a  sabre-eut,  and  hail  his  collar- 
biiue  broken  l)y  grape-shot,  besides  receiving  several  Ueali  wounds.    Womla' 

"•I'or  further  particulars  as  to  tlie  ( '  lunnn-Maxwcll  contest,  see  lIoiiK  Miac. 


THE  LAST  DAYS  OP  BRIGHAM  YOUNG. 


The  contest  between  Cannon  and  MaxNvell  wag 
sharp  but  decisive,  a  thorough  canvass  being  made  by 
the  latter,  and  its  results  showing  how  completely 
the  saints  were  in  unison  with  their  church  leaders. 
Many  persons  could  have  been  found  better  qualified 
than  the  apostle,  notwithstanding  his  great  ability, 
but  Brighara  had  so  willed  it.  At  this  election,  if 
we  can  believe  the  chief  magistrate,  freedom  of  speech 
was  first  used  in  Utah,  and  by  Governor  Woods. 
Here  as  on  other  occasions'^  he  intermeddled,  playini,' 


Doc,  43cl  Cong.  Ist  Sess.,  no.  49;  Houm  Com.  Rept,  43d  Cong.  1st  Sess., 
484;  Argument  of  HaU>ert  E.  Paine,  in  Utah  Pamphkts,  Political,  no.  i;i; 
Millenmul  Star,  99-100,  104-0;  Paddock'ii  La  Tour,  292;  S.  L.  C.  Tribun,-, 
Nov.  .30,  1872.  In  1807  Hooper's  election  was  disjiuted  by  SVilliam  McGrorty. 
For  papers  in  the  case,  see  Home  Miic.  Doc.,  40th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  no.  X>; 
for  comments,  Deseret  Xcwa,  May  27,  1808.  At  the  opening  of  the  44tL 
congress  Cannon's  seat  was  also  disputed  by  a  man  named  Baskin. 

William  H.  Hooper  was  bom  at  the  old  homestead  known  as  Warwick 
Manor,  Eastern  Shore,  Md,  la  1813,  his  father,  wlio  died  during  Williain's 
infancy,  being  of  English  descent,  and  his  mother  of  Scotch  extraction.  When 
14  years  of  age  lie  obtained  a  position  in  a  store;  and  from  this  beginning  rose 
step  by  step,  until  in  1830  wo  tind  him  a  member  of  a  leading  commercial  firm 
at  Galena,  111.  During  the  crash  of  1838  the  iirm  suspended,  their  debts, 
amounting  to  $200,000,  being  afterward  paid  in  full.  In  1850  he  moved  to 
Salt  Lake  City  under  engagement  to  Messrs  Holliday  &  Warner,  comiiionciiig 
business  on  his  own  account  some  four  years  later.  In  1856  he  was  tempo- 
rarily appointed  secretary  of  the  territory  after  the  death  of  Almon  W.  lJ;ib- 
bitt,  and  in  1859,  as  we  have  seen,  was  chosen  delegate  for  Utah  at  tlic  .Stitit 
congress,  serving  in  the  same  capacity  during  the  39th,  40th,  and  4 1st  cnii- 
gresses.  In  1808  Mr  Hooper  was  appointed  a  director  of  Zion's  Cooitcrativo 
Mercantile  Institution,  and  in  1877  became  its  president,  retaining  tliat  posi- 
tion until  his  decease  at  the  close  of  1882.  For  further  particulars,  sec  Tiil- 
lid'je'a  Maq.,  i.  309-85,  427-30;  Contributor,  iv.  184-0,  suppl.  25-7;  BeadU't 
Western  IVilds,  91-2;  Dewret  News,  Feb.  8,  1800.  Hooper  was  an  able 
speaker,  terse,  to  the  point,  and  forensic.  '  If,'  he  replied  in  answer  to  a  iiu- 
morial  of  the  Salt  Lake  goutilc  lawyers,  '  congi'css  declined  to  enact  a  law 
that  would  have  enabled  Chief  .Tustice  Chase  to  pick  out  a  jury  that  should  con- 
vict Jefierson  Davis  of  treason,  ougiit  it  now  to  enable  Chief  Justice  McKcuu 
to  pick  out  a  jury  to  convict  Brigham  Young  of  polygamy  ?  It  seems  to  im; 
tliat  the  law  would  bo  a  greater  ofTcnce  against  the  spirit  of  democratic  r.*- 
publican  institutions  thain  ia  the  existence  of  the  evil  thus  souglit  to  bo 
reached.' 

"In  consequence  of  the  military  riot  above  mentioned,  the  police  were 
instructed  to  arrest  disorderly  or  drunken  aoldiera  on  slight  provocation,  :tii<l 
fine  them  or  put  them  to  work  in  chain  gangs.  After  protesting  without 
avail,  Woods  reported  the  matter  to  the  war  department,  and  thereupon 
a  general  order  was  issued  to  the  commanders  of  military  posts,  instructinj,' 
them  not  to  allow  the  arrest  of  their  men  except  for  violation  of  the  known 
laws  of  the  lan<l.  Soon  afterward  a  soldier  was  arrested  on  a  trifling  chai'^t', 
whereat,  his  release  being  refused,  the  governor  proceeded  to  tlio  jail  wuli 
Major  Gordon  and  a  detivchmcnt  of  troops,  knockc.l  out  the  wall  witli  a  liat- 
teriag-ram,  and  'amid  hurrahs  for  the  American  flag,  set  the  prisoner  free.' 
IFootfa*  Jiecoll.,  MS.,  53-5. 


WOODS,  AXTELL,  AND  EMERY^ 


667 


the  part  rather  of  a  sergeant  of  militia  than  of  a  ruler. 
A  woman  who  appeared  at  the  polls  and  offered  her 
ballot  was  refused,  and  insisting  on  her  privilei^e,  was 
removed  by  the  police,  by  order  of  Jeter  Clinton, 
judge  of  election.  Woods  protested,  whereupon  Clin- 
ton threatened  to  arrest  him,  but  after  an  unseemly 
altercation,  the  latter,  according  to  the  governor's 
account,  narrowly  escaping  being  lynched  by  ihe 
gentiles,  was  dragged  fainting  by  the  chief  magistrate 
into  a  gentile  store,  while  the  life  of  Woods  was  also 
threatened  by  the  Mormons.  The  matter  was  settled 
without  bloodshed.'''  What  business  the  chief  magis- 
trate had  at  the  polls  he  does  not  explain,  though  he 
closed  the  proceedings  by  a  defiance  of  the  Mormons 
and  their  threats,  while  illustrating  what  he  considered 
freedom  of  speech  in  phrase  which  contained  at  least 
considerable  freedom  of  lanjjuajje. 

At  the  close  of  1874  Woods  retired  from  office,'' 
his  successor  being  S.  B.  Axtell  of  California,  whose 
policy  brought  on  him  the  censure  of  the  gentile  press, 
by  which  he  was  accused  of  complicity  with  the  Mor- 
mon leaders  in  their  political  and  other  designs.^ 
He  was  removed  in  June  1875,  his  successor  bein^ 
George  B.  Emery  of  Tennessee,  who  held  office  until 
January  1880.     Emery's  policy  was  stiictly  neutral, 

"Td.,  55-9. 

^*  Sec  for  the  memorial  presented  by  the  gentiles,  setting  forth  the  im> 
morality  and  deaiwtism  of  the  Mormons  and  the  insecurity  of  life  among 
the  gentiles,  House  Mute.  Dor.,  43d  Cong.  IstSess.,  no.  1*20;  for  opinion  <? 
various  newspapers  on  the  Mormon  question,  Descret  AVuv,  Jan.  17,  1872: 
for  denial  by  gentile  merchants  of  the  disturbod  condition  of  adiiirs,  as  allegud 
in  various  newspapers,  /(/.,  May  8,  1S7'2.  In  1SG7,  and  again  during  the  nd- 
iiiiuistration  of  Woo<Is,  it  was  proposed  to  annex  Utah  to  Nevada  without 
consulting  much  the  wishes  of  cither.  For  reports  of  cummittce  of  the  senate 
of  Nevada  on  the  matter,  see  Nev.  Jour.  Ass.,  18G7,  183-4,  195-7;  At'P.  Jour. 
Sen.,  1871,  100-2;  Millenrial  Star,  xxxiii.  101-2. 

Samuel  Paul,  a  nati/e  oi  Londonderry,  Ireland,  who  served  for  four  years  aa 
a  volunteer  during  tiie  war,  and  came  to  Utah  in  18(it>,  says  that  while  tiie 
Mormons  would  render  no  assistance  to  the  governor  or  his  so-called  ring, 
ho  was  well  treated  in  all  the  settlements  which  ho  visited.  Paul'.i  Utah 
Incidfnta,  MS.  For  description  of  nnd  comments  on  the  political  ring  from  a 
Mormon  standpoint,  see  Millennial  Slai;  xxxiv.  08-70;  xxxvi.  120-2;  for  Vor- 
hecs'  and  Wheeler's  bill,  introduced  April  1,  1872,  'to  aid  the  enforcement  of 
the  laws  of  the  territory  of  Utah,'  see  Dexerrt  News,  April  17,  1872. 

*^ llarr'mn'a  Cril.  A'otea  on  Utah,  MS.,  32. 


I 


'0' 


?« 


Iri 


n 


Mt 


THE  LAST  DAYS  OF  BRIGHAM  YOUNG. 


and  therefore  he  was  roundly  abused  by  the  gen- 
tile press.**  It  is  worthy  of  note,  however,  that  as 
the  Mormons  were  now  for  the  first  time  left  un- 
disturbed, there  was  little  which  needs  record  in  their 
annals  as  a  body  [)olitic,'*  except  that  from  their  midst 
passed  one  whose  place  never  could  be  filled.  At 
the  obsequies  of  the  great  president  who  had  cut  the 
cords  of  slavery,  and  being  asked  to  banish  its  sister 
institution,  said  "  Let  them  alone,"  believing  that  in 
time  it  would  banish  itself,  none  felt  the  nation's 
loss  more  grievously  than  did  the  Mormons.  And 
now  on  the  29th  of  August,  1877,  Brigham  Young 
was  summoned  to  render  his  account  at  the  great 
tribunal  before  which  all  must  appear. 

Although  for  several  years  he  had  been  in  feeble 
health,  he  was  able  to  attend  to  his  manifold  duties 
until  six  days  before  his  death.  Retiring  at  eleven 
o'clock  on  the  night  of  Thursday,  the  23d  of  August, 
after  delivering  an  address  before  the  bishops'  meet- 
ing in  the  council-house,  he  was  seized  with  an  attack 
of  cholera-morbus,  and  sufiered  severely  till  the  morn- 
ing of  the  following  Saturday,  when  he  obtained  a  few 
hours'  sleep,  opiates  being  administered  to  relieve  the 
pain  caused  by  cramping  of  the  muscles.  During  the 
afternoon,  however,  inflammation  of  the  bowels  set  in, 
and  throughout  this  and  the  following  day  he  continued 
to  moan  at  intervals,  though  when  asked  whether  lie 
was  in  pain  he  invariably  replied,  "No,  I  don't  know 
that  I  am."  On  Monday  morning  there  were  strong 
symptoms  of  nervous  prostration,  among  which  was  ;i 
constant  moving  of  the  hands  and  twitching  of  the 

'■•See  S.  L.  C.  Tribune,  April  14,  June  2,  1877. 

"^On  the  2'2d  of  April,  1870,  Doin  Pedro,  emperor  of  Brazil,  visited  Salt 
Lake  City  on  his  way  eastward;  and  on  October  3,  1875,  President  IJiiint, 
this  being  tlie  first  occasion  on  which  a  president  of  the  United  States  set 
foot  in  llie  territory.  For  account  of  these  visits,  and  also  those  of  (jcncral 
Sheridan,  Henri  Kochefort,  Jay  Gould,  and  William  Hepworth  Dixon  iu 
1874,  James  G.  lilaino  in  1873,  generals  Garfield  and  McCIellan  and  the 
Japanese  embassy  in  187-,  see  tiles  of  the />t'.scr<(  A'eic.v;  Utah  Jour.  Lc'iisl., 
187'-';  ycitlroiniks*  Tour,  74-5;  Tullidijf's  LiJ'e  of  Youmj,  441.  Sheridan's 
visit  was  mainly  for  tlie  purpose  of  establishing  another  military  post  iu  Uuili, 
Prove  being  the  point  selected. 


DEATH  OF  THE  PRESIDEXT. 


muscles.  During  all  this  time  his  only  nourishment 
was  a  tablespoon ful  of  milk  and  brandy,  administered 
at  brief  intervals,  in  the  proportion  of  one  ounce  of 
the  latter  to  eight  of  the  former.  At  10  o'clock  on 
Monday  night  he  sank  into  a  comatose  condition, 
from  which  he  was  aroused  with  difficulty  by  stimulat- 
ing injections,  and  early  on  the  following  morning  he 
sank  down  on  his  bed  apparently  lifeless.  Artificial 
respiration  was  resorted  to,  and  hot  poultices  were 
placed  over  the  heart  to  stimulate  its  action."  Thus 
his  life  was  preserved  for  a  few  hours  longer;  but  at 
five  o'clock  on  the  afternoon  of  the  29th  of  August, 
1877,  being  then  in  his  seventy- seventh  year,  he 
passed  away  quietly,  surrounded  by  his  family  and 
intimate  friends,  the  last  rites  of  the  church  being 
administered  by  several  of  the  apostles,  to  whom  he 
responded  in  a  clear  and  unfaltering  voice,  "Amen!"^' 
At  eight  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  1st  of  Sep- 
tember the  remains  of  President  Young,  escorted  by 
members  of  his  own  family,  by  members  of  the  twelve, 
and  by  others  of  the  priesthood,  were  conveyed  to  the 
tabernacle,  the  coffin  being  enclosed  in  a  metallic  case 
draped  in  white  and  wreathed  with  flowers.  The 
funeral  rites  were  appointed  for  noon  on  the  following 
day,  and  during  each  hour  of  the  interval  a  constant 
stream  of  visitors,  numbering  in  all  some  twenty-five 
thousand,  passed  through  tlie  great  aisle  of  the  build- 
ing, all  being  allowed  to  stop  and  gaze  for  a  moment 

'^  On  the  eveniug  of  Tuesday  a  consultation  was  held  by  hia  physicians, 
S.  B.  Young,  W.  F.  Anderson,  J.  M.  Bcneilict,  and  F.  D.  Benedict,  and  it 
was  resolved  to  till  up  the  lower  portion  of  the  bowels  by  injection,  for  the 
purpose  of  causing  an  action  throuj,'li  tlic  alimentary  canal;  but  this  treat- 
ment was  discontinned  on  account  of  fainting  symptoms,  Tlio  coma  was 
attributed  to  the  pressure  of  the  swollen  bowels,  which  checked  the  circulation 
to  the  heart  and  lungs.  Dexervt  Ei:  Scwx,  Aug.  31,  1877. 

'-^  Francis  Dorr,  who  crosse'l  the  plains  in  1S.')0,  and  rendering  assistance 
to  the  Mormon  trains,  was  told  by  Brigliam  that  lie  would  ever  lie  welcome 
to  Salt  Lake  City,  paid  tho  Mormoin  a  visit  in  IS77,  and  was  kindly  received 
by  their  prominent  men.  Ho  is  of  opinion  that  Brigliam's  last  illness  waa 
partly  caused  by  fear  of  being  arri-stetl  und  tried  for  complicity  in  tlie  Moun- 
tain Meadows  matisacre.  Dorr's  Statement,  M.S.,  3.  I  iind  no  contirmation  of 
tliis  theory,  which  is  oxtremcly  iiiiiirobable,  in  view  of  the  evidence  an.)  the 
statements  of  the  counsel  for  the  iirosi!i.u;ion  at  the  Lee  trial.  See  pp.  o<3G-8, 
this  vol. 


;1* 


%'■ 


■'ii 


I 


■  Hi 


11 


{ 


670 


THE  LAST  DAYS  OF  BRIOHAM  YOUNO. 


on  the  features  of  him  who  had  been  to  them  for  so 
many  years  as  their  God  on  earth,  their  faithful  guide 
and  counsellor.  Throughout  the  territory  flags  were 
hung  at  half-mast,  and  civic  and  religious  societies 
united  in  rendering  tribute  to  one  who  had  gained 
the  respect  and  almost  outlived  the  hatred  of  the  civ- 
ilized world.  It  was  indeed  a  day  of  mourning  in 
Israel,  of  grievous  and  heart-felt  mourning,  for  to  all 
his  followers  he  had  been  a  friend  and  benefactor,  so 
far  as  they  would  accept  his  aid  and  receive  his  teach- 
ings. From  Europe,  also,  and  from  various  portions 
of  the  United  States,  came  messages  of  condolence, 
and  in  every  quarter  of  the  globe  the  death  of  Brig- 
ham  Young  excited  more  remark  than  would  that  of 
a  great  monarch. 

Throughout  the  entire  day  clouds  lowered  in  heavy 
masses  over  the  city  of  the  saints,  and  from  them  fell 
light  but  frequent  showers,  as  if  in  sympathy  with 
the  nmltitudes  that  thronged  the  tabernacle;  but  on 
the  morning  of  the  2d  the  sun  rose  over  a  clear,  un- 
ruffled sky,  ushering  in  one  of  the  calmest  and  bright- 
est sabbaths  that  had  ever  been  seen  in  Zion.  Long 
before  the  hour  appointed  for  the  services,  more  than 
thirty  thousand  persons  were  gathered  in  or  around 
the  tabernacle,  the  aisles,  the  doorways,  and  every 
inch  of  space  being  occupied.  The  building  was 
tastefully  de(^orated.  From  the  immense  arch  which 
spans  the  interior  depended  strantls  and  garlands  of 
flowers  grouped  in  rich  profusion,  in  their  midst  beinu^ 
a  massive  floral  centre-piece.  Under  the  entire  gal- 
lery wreaths  were  festooned  between  the  pillars  with 
baskets  pendent,  the  front  of  the  platform,  the  stands, 
and  the  organ  being  draped  in  black.  The  cottin, 
constructed  according  to  the  late  president's  orders,^ 

"Nearly  four  years  before  his  death,  Brigham  gave  instructions  as  to  his 
funeral,  and  at  the  same  time  a  number  of  ciders  gave  orders  as  to  tlieir  own 
interment.  'I,  Brigham  Young,  wish  my  funeniT  services  to  bo  conJiictcd 
after  the  following  manner:  When  I  breathe  my  last  I  wish  my  friends  to  i)ut 
my  body  iu  as  clean  and  wholesome  state  as  can  conveniently  be  done,  and 
preserve  the  same  for  one,  two,  three,  or  four  days,  or  as  long  as  my  Ixtily 
can  bo  preserved  in  a  gaod  condition.    I  want  my  cofiSn  made  of  plump  U- 


THE  FUNERAL  CEREMONIES. 


871 


decked  with  chaplets,  but  stripped  of  its  case  and 
drapery,  stood  on  a  plain  catafalque  in  view  of  the 
congregation.  On  the  president's  stand  were  his 
councillors,  John  W.  Young  and  Daniel  H.  Wells. 
The  apostles,  of  whom  ten  were  present,  occupied 
their  accustomed  seats,  the  north  side  of  the  plat- 
form being  set  apart  for  the  bishops  and  councillors 
of  stakes,  and  the  south  front  for  the  city  council, 
the  band,  and  glee  club;  while  to  the  family  of  the 
deceased  were  allotted  the  seats  immediately  facing 
the  stands,  his  four  brothers  being  in  front. 

Precisely  at  noon  the  vast  assemblage  was  called  to 
order  by  George  Q.  Cannon,  who,  at  the  request  of 
the  president's  family,  presided  over  the  ceremonies. 
First  was  sung  by  a  choir  of  two  hundred  voices  the 
hymn  commencing: 

"  Hark  from  afar  a  foneial  knell," 

to  a  tune  composed  for  the  obsequies  of  George  A. 
Smith,  whose  decease  occurred  in  1875,**'  and   now 

incli  redwood  boards,  not  scrimped  in  leng:th,  but  two  inches  longer  than  I 
would  measure,  and  from  two  to  three  inches  wider  than  is  conunonly  iiiado 
for  a  person  of  my  breadth  and  size,  and  deep  enough  to  place  mo  on  ii  little 
comfortable  cotton  bed,  with  a  good  suitable  pillow  for  size  and  quality;  my 
body  dressed  in  my  temple  clothing,  and  laid  nicely  into  my  collin,  and  tlio 
coffin  to  have  the  appearance  that  if  I  wanted  to  turn  a  little  to  tliu  right  or 
left  I  should  have  plenty  of  room  to  do  so.'  After  giving  instructions  as  to 
the  services  and  place  ami  method  of  interment,  he  concludes:  '  I  wish  this 
to  be  read  at  the  funeral;  providing,  that  if  I  should  die  anywhere  in  tho 
mounttvins,  I  desire  the  above  directions  respecting  my  place  of  buriiil  to  bo 
observed;  but  if  I  should  live  to  go  back  with  the  church  to  Jackson  county, 
I  >»ish  to  be  buried  there.'  Address  of  Geo.  Q.  Cannon,  in  Deseret  Newn, 
Aug.  31,  1877. 

^"•George  Albert  Smith,  cousin  to  the  prophet  on  the  father's  side,  his 
mother  being  descendeil  from  tho  Lymans  of  revolutionary  fame,  was  born  at 
Potsdam,  N,  Y.,  in  1817.  In  tho  spring  of  1833  the  family  started  for  Kirt- 
land,  where  they  were  heartily  welcomed,  and  during  the  summer  George  was 
employed  in  quarrying  and  hauling  rock,  and  other  dnties  in  connection  with 
tlio  building  of  the  Kirtland  temple.  Ho  was  also  one  of  those  who  went  up 
to  redeem  Zion  in  Jackson  co.,  Aio.,  returning  three  months  later  aftcr  travel- 
ling some  2,000  miles,  most  of  tho  way  on  foot.  Of  his  missionary  labors 
mention  has  already  been  made.  Ordained  a  member  of  the  Crst  quorum  of 
seventies  in  1835  and  an  apostle  in  1839,  he  was  one  of  the  pioneer  bund  at  the 
exodus  from  Nauvoo,  and  almost  until  the  day  of  his  dcatii  took  a  prominent 
part  in  settlingand  redeeming  the  vales  of  Deseret.  Elected  ir.cnibcr  fur  Iron 
CO.  under  the  provisional  state  government,  he  was  afterward  appointed 
church  historian,  and  represented  the  same  constituency  duriu;^  several  ses- 
sions of  the  territorial  legislature.  After  the  death  of  He1x:r  C.  Kimball  in 
18GS,  ho  was  appointed  first  councillor  to  Brigham,  having  previously  been 
elected  president  of  the  legislative  council,  which  latter  otlico  he  held  during 


672 


iJIE  L.VST  DAYS  OF  1'.R1GHAM  YOUNG. 


used  for  tiic  sccojjcl  time.  Tlion  followed  prayer  hy 
Franklin  D.  Riehards,  aft(?r  which  nddresses  were 
delivered  by  Daniel  H.  Wells,  Wilford  Woodruff, 
Erustus  Snow,  George  Q.  Cannon,  and  John  Taylor. 
A  second  funeral  hymn  was  sung,"  a  benediction  pro- 
nounced by  Orson  Hyde,  the  congregation  was  dis- 
missed, and  the  remains  of  Brigham  Young  were 
conveyed  to  their  resting-place  at  his  private  cemetery 
in  the  suburbs  of  the  city,  where  thousands  gathered 
to  witness  the  closinsr  ceremonies." 


.Some  thirty  years  had  now  elapsed  since  the  presi- 
dent of  the  church,  stricken  with  mountain  fever  and 
seekinjj  for  the  remnant  of  his  followers  an  abidiiiir- 
place,  had  stood  enwrapped  in  vision  on  the  Pisgah  of 
the  west,  and  as  he  gazed  for  the  first  time  on  the 
desert  and  dead  sea  that  lay  beneath,  forecast  the 
future  glory  of  Zion.*'  And  who  shall  say  that  he 
had  not  lived  to  see  his  vision  realized  ?  During  these 
years,  which  compassed  scarce  the  span  of  a  single 
generation,  he  had  built  cities  and  temples;  he  had 
converted  the  waste  lands  of  Deseret  into  gardens  and 
grain-fields;  he  had  laid  the  basis  of  a  system  of  man- 
ufactures and  commerce  that  was  already  the  envy 
of  older  and  more  favored  communities;  he  had  sent 
forth  his  missionaries  to  all  the  civilized  countries  of 
the  earth,  and  gathered  the  chosen  of  Israel  from  many 
nations;  he  had  rescued  myriads  from  the  sorest 
depths  of  poverty,  giving  to  all  a  livelihood,  and  to 

fix  cousecutive  sessions.  For  further  particulars  as  to  his  life,  character,  niid 
abilities,  see  Utaii  Jour.  LeffinL,  1870,  pp.  65-8;  Richards'  Nnrr.,  MS.,  !M; 
Deseret  News,  Aug.  11,  18, 18.)8,  June  16,  Sept.  8,  1875;  S.  L.  U.  Tribune,  Sept. 
4, 11,  IS75;  Tullidge't  LiJ'eof  Young,  &VL^\A.,T,  1.3;  ToionseiuVs  Mormon  J'rhU, 
47;  S.  L.  C.  Gonl'rihutor,  l8fi-2,  iiassim;  Cod  man's  Hound  Trip,2aO-S;  Bcadk'A 
Western  Wilds,  02-3  (with  cut).  In  I860  the  soaof  Geo.  A.  Smith  was  killed 
by  Navajoa.  Deseret  Xews,  Dec.  5,  1860. 

*•  Composed  for  tiic  occasion  by  Charles  W.  Penrose. 

''In  accordance  with  hia  father's  instmctiona,  a  atone  vault  had  been  built 
by  John  W.  Young  in  the  aouth-east  comer  of  the  cemetery.  It  was  of  cut 
stone,  dowcllcd  and  bolted  with  steel  and  laid  in  cement.  The  interior  wiis 
Also  cemented  and  whitened.  Deseret  Xews,  Aug.  29,  1877,  where  is  a  full 
description  of  the  obsequies,  afterward  published  in  pamphlet  form,  aud  en- 
titled Death  of  President  Brigham  Young. 

*»Seo  pp.  261-2,  this  voL 


CHARACTER  OF  BRIOHAM. 


•It 


the  deserving  and  capable  a  competence.  All  this 
he  had  accomplished,  beginning  wellnigh  without  a 
dollar,^  and  in  a  region  forsaken  by  mankind  for  its 
worthlessness,  struggling  at  times  almost  hopelessly 
against  the  unkindliness  of  nature  and  the  unkindli- 
ness  of  man. 

Esteemed  by  his  followers  as  an  angel  of  light, 
and  considered  by  his  foes  as  a  minister  of  evil,  an 
impostor,  a  hypocrite,  a  murderer,  he  was  in  fact 
simply  an  enthusiast,  a  bigoted  and  egotistical  enthu- 
siast, as  the  world  believes,  but  a  practical  and  far- 
sighted  man,  one  who  by  his  will,  ability,  and  intui- 
tive knowledge  of  human  nature  was  fitted  to  combat 
the  difficulties  that  beset  each  step  in  his  path  of  life, 
and  to  give  cohesion  to  the  heterogeneous  elements 
of  which  his  people  was  composed.  "As  I  sat  near 
his  bed,"  remarked  George  Q.  Cannon,  "and  thought 
of  his  death,  if  it  should  occur,  I  recoiled  from  the 
contemplation  of  the  view.  It  seemed  to  me  that  he 
was  indispensable.  What  could  we  do  without  him? 
He  has  been  the  brain,  the  eye,  the  ear,  the  mouth, 
and  hand  for  the  entire  people  of  the  Church  of  Jesus 
Christ  of  Latter-day  Saints.  From  the  greatest  de- 
tails connected  with  the  organization  of  this  church 
down  to  the  smallest  minutiae  connected  with  the 
work,  he  has  left  upon  it  the  impress  of  his  great 
mind."« 

Not  least  among  the  traits  in  the  character  of 
Brigham  was  the  faculty  for  accumulating  wealth; 
and  this  he  did,  not,  as  his  enemies  have  asserted,  by 

**  He  bad  aboat  (50,  then  almost  the  only  money  in  Utah. 

**For  sketches  of  the  character,  physique,  as/1  i)olicy  of  Brigham  Young, 
see,  amons  others,  Hut.  Brigham  Young,  MS.;  Utah  Early  Jtecord^*,  MS., 
passim;  Sichardt'  Bern.-,  MS.,  15;  Bichards'  Nan:,  MS.,  8.1-4;  Burton's 
City  of  the  SainU,  290-4,  300;  Hydf'a  Mormonum,  137-8;  Tullidje'a  Life  of 
Young,  456-8;  Utah  Pamphlets,  Beligious,  no.  3,  p.  19;  BowUa'  Acronn  the 
Vontinent,  86-7;  Maekay't  The  Mormons,  286;  atenliouse's  Englishwoman, 
163-7;  Young's  W^e  No.  19,  162-5;  Beadle's  Life  in  Utah,  205-7,  362; 
Rkhardmn's  Beyond  the  Mississippi,  352-3;  Rae's  IVaitwarit  by  Hail,  106-7; 
Ludlow's  Heart  of  the  CorUinent,  366-9,  371-3;  Rusting,  Across  America,  177- 
8.  Mention  is  made  of  these  points  in  more  detail  on  pp.  200-6,  this  vol.  A 
history  of  Brigham  Yonng  is  published  in  the  Deseret  News,  commencing  with 
the  issue  of  Jan.  27,  1858,  and  continued  in  subsequent  numbers. 
Hist.  Uxam.   M 


H^ 


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M 


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674 


THE  LAST  DAYS  OF  BRIOHAM  YOUNO. 


foul  means,**  but  by  economy  and  close  attention  to 
his  business  interests.  Of  all  the  business  men  in 
Utah  he  was  perhaps  the  most  capable,  but  in  the  art 
of  making  money  he  had  no  set  system ;  merely  tho 
ability  for  turning  money  to  account  and  for  takinir 
care  of  it.  Ho  purchased  saw-mills  and  thrashirii^- 
machines,  for  instance,  and  let  them  out  on  shares ; 
he  supplied  settlers  and  emigrants  with  grain  niul 
provisions;  from  the  lumber  and  firewood  which  ho 
sold  to  the  troops  at  Camp  Floyd  ho  is  supposed  to 
have  netted  some  $200,000,  and  from  other  contracts 
a  much  larger  sum.  By  many  he  is  accused  of  en- 
riching himself  from  the  appropriations  of  tithes,  and 
by  plundering  alike  both  saint  and  gentile,  whereas 
none  paid  his  church  dues  more  punctually  or  sub- 
scribed to  charities  more  liberally  than  did  the  presi- 
dent. That  with  all  his  opportunities  for  makini,' 
money  honestly  and  with  safety  he  should  put  in 
peril  his  opportunities  and  his  high  position  by  stoop- 
ing to  such  fraud  as  was  commonly  practised  amonijf 
United  States  officials  of  exalted  rank,  is  a  charge 
that  needs  no  comment.*''  He  had  a  great  advantage 
in  being  able  to  command  men  and  dictate  measures, 
but  he  did  not  rob  the  brethren,  as  many  have  as- 
serted. At  his  decease  the  value  of  his  estate  was 
estimated  at  $2,500,000,**  though  as  trustee  for  the 
church  he  controlled  a  much  larger  amount. 

**  Stenhonse,  for  instance,  relates  that  in  1852  he  balanced  his  acconi)t 
with  the  church,  amounting  to  9*200,000,  by  directing  his  clerk  to  place  tlli^l 
sum  to  his  credit  for  services  rendered,  and  that  in  1867  he  discharged  iiis 
liabilities,  amounting  to  $967,000,  in  a  similar  manner.  Rocky  Alountam 
Saints,  665.     Such  statements  are  pure  fiction. 

*'  In  the  records  of  the  internal  revenue  offict~  at  Washington  his  t<it;il 
income  for  1870  is  steted  at  4(25,500,  in  1871  at  |111,680,  and  in  ISTJ  ut 
$39,952. 

**  It  has  been  stated  in  several  books  and  many  newspaper  paragraphs  tliat 
Brigham  had  large  deposits  in  the  Bank  of  England,  the  amount  being  phici'l 
as  high  as  120,000,000.  This  is  entirely  untrue.  Stenhouse,  for  iustuiKr, 
says  that  a  New  York  journalist  who  visited  him  in  1871  inquired  as  to  tlu4 
report,  the  sum  being  then  stated  at  $17,000,000.  Brigham  replieil  that  lie 
had  not  a  dollar  outside  of  Utah,  but  that  the  church  had  some  small  ainomit 
abroad  for  its  use.  The  following  extract  from  Richardu'  Narr.,  MS.,  miy 
serve  to  explain  the  matter:  'The  rumor  that  President  Young  ever  hail  iiny 
money  in  tne  Bank  of  England  is  entirely  false.     When  I  was  in  Liveriioul  I 


tun 

orat 

and 

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bod3 

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com 


ESTATE  OF  THE  MORMON  CHIEF. 


875 


Brigham  was  certainly  a  millionaire,  but  his  for- 
tune barely  sufficed  to  provide  for  his  family  a  mod- 
crate  competence,  for  he  had  married  twenty  wives,** 
and  unto  him  were  born  more  than  fifty  children, 
f)f  whi;m  16  boys  and  29  girls  survived  him.  In  the 
body  of  his  will  the  wives  wer.-  divided  into  classes, 
and  to  each  of  them  was  given  a  homestead,  the  sum 
of  $25,  payable  one  month  after  his  decease,  and  such 
amount   payable   in   monthly  instalments  as  in  the 

pinion  of  his  executors  might  be  needed  for  their 

omfortable  support."* 


(V 


opened  an  account  with  the  branch  of  the  Bank  of  England  in  that  city,  but 
liiuling  their  charges  too  high,  transferred  it  to  the  Royal  Bank  of  LiveriMKil, 
whore  it  remained  between  18.")0  and  1807.  On  the  failure  of  tho  l)ank  I  was 
fortunate  enough  to  get  my  money.  There  wan  a  time  in  our  business  when 
tlicro  was  |"20,(X)0,  or  8.10,000  to  our  cre<lit.  This  money  camo  from  tlio  profits 
till  publications,  and  from  the  deposits  of  people  M'ho  wished  to  emigrate, 
honntions  were  also  ren<itted  to  us  from  Utah,  and  tho  company's  fund  was 
Bustaincd  by  the  emigration  business.'  Franklin  1).  Kichanfa,  the  author  of 
tills  manuscript,  waii  nephew  to  Willard  Richards,  M'ho,  as  will  be  remembered, 
«  I'i  ujniointed  secretary  of  the  Perpetual  Emigration  Fund  Company.  See  p. 
41.'),  this  vol. 

**In  1869,  at  which  date  the  Boston  board  of  trade  visited  S.  L.  City, 
Brigham  said  that  he  had  10  living  and  4  deceased  M-ives,  and  4!)  surviving 
I'liildren.  Tliis  was  the  first  time  that  Mormon  or  gentile  knew  how  ninny 
liis  family  mustered.  Utah  Noten,  MS.,  1-2.  In  Waite'»  The  Mormon  J'rojihil, 
ll»l-'J14,  is  a  burlesqued  description  of  some  of  his  wives,  and  of  their  treat- 
Tiicnt.  Wife  No.  19,  or  the  Story  of  a  Life  in  lioiidatfe,  heinq  n  Complete  Ex- 
;«  :4  of  Mormoiiigm,  by  Ann  Eliza  Young,  is,  though  the  writer  atiuuts  to  bo 
1"  partial,  rather  a  discharge  of  venom  by  a  woman  scorned.  Slie  was  of 
muture  age  when  marric<l,  and  if  she  had  not  then  sense  enough  to  under- 
Btund  the  responsibilities  she  was  assuming,  one  would  think  that,  some  years 
later,  she  ought  at  least  to  have  had  discretion  enough  to  abstain  from  in- 
flicting her  book  and  lectures  on  the  public.  The  most  valuable  part  of  the 
uork,  if  it  can  be  said  to  have  any  value,  is  tho  chapter  on  the  case  of  Young 
V3  Young,  in  which  Judge  McKean  awarded  to  tho  jilaintiff  $.500  a  month  as 
alimony,  and  committed  defendant  to  jail  for  refusing  to  pay  it.  His  decision 
was  reversed  by  Judge  Lowe. 

'"For  copy  of  will,  see  S.  L.  C.  Trihuve,  Aug.  IP,  188.^  It  has  been  al- 
lowed that  Brigham  claimed  to  be  a  prophet.  Tliis  he  distinctly  denied.  In 
Vhih  Notes,  MS.,  it  is  stated  that  the  Innie,  halt,  and  lilind  flocked  to  him  to 
1)0  healed,  and  that  he  used  great  tact  in  dealing  with  them.  One  man  who 
IiikI  lost  a  leg  came  to  him  to  he  ma<Ie  whole.  Brigham  said  it  should  Ih!  us 
lie  wished;  but  those  created  with  two  legs  would  have  two  legs  in  hejivon; 
hence,  if  he  caused  a  new  one  to  be  framed,  the  man  would  have  thnie  for 
all  eternity. 

Patriarch  and  President  John  Young,  brother  to  Brighiim,  died  April  27, 
1870.  For  biographical  sketch,  see  Deseret  AVirs,  May  4,  1870.  Thedeceasfj 
of  Joseph  A.,  Brigham's  ehlest  son,  occurred  Aug.  10,  I87"».  For  biography, 
see  Utah  Jour.  Legid.,  1876,  pp.  206-8.  On  July  10th  of  this  year  die(i 
Martin  Harris,  one  of  the  three  witnesses  to  the  authenticity  of  tho  book  of 
Mormon.  His  age  was  92.  Among  others  whose  decease  occurred  during 
tile  period  to  which  this  chapter  refers  mtiy  be  mentioned  Ezra  Taft  Benson, 


879 


THE  LAST  DAYS  OP  BRIGHAM  YOUNO. 


ft  native  of  Mendon,  Maas.,  who  worked  on  his  father's  farm  until  he  was  16 
years  of  age,  afterward  becoming  hotel-keener,  and  later  proprietor  of  a  cot 
ton-mill  in  the  aama  state.  In  1833  we  tind  him  at  Quincy,  111.,  whither  he 
had  gone  in  searoh  of  a  home,  and  where,  dcrinff  the  following  year,  he  wita 
converted  by  the  preaching  of  Oraon  Hyde  and  John  E.  Page.  In  the  autumn 
of  1840  ha  waa  ordained  an  elder,  and  in  the  summer  of  1845  an  apostle, 
most  of  the  interval  being  paaaed  in  mLisionary  work  in  the  eastern  states. 
In  April  1847  he  accompanied  the  pir/neers,  finally  settling  in  the  valley  two 
vears  later.  After  some  further  missionary  work,  he  waa  appointed,  in  18G0, 
brigadier-general  of  militia  in  the  Cache  Valley  district,  where  he  lived  until 
the  date  of  his  decease,  Sept  3,  1869,  his  death  being  probably  caused  by 
heart  disease.  When  the  provisional  government  waa  established  he  repre- 
sented Salt  Lake  countv  in  the  legislatore,  and  when  Utah  was  made  a  terri- 
tory was  chosen  a  member,  first  of  the  representatives  for  Salt  Lake  county, 
and  for  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life,  of  the  council  for  Tooele  county.  Deneret 
Jfewn,  Sept.  8,  1869.  At  his  death  joint  resolutions  were  passed  in  the  a«- 
aembly  as  r*.  tribute  of  reelect,  for  which  see  Utah  Jour.  LegM.,  1870,  ISiMi. 


CHAPTER   XXV. 

CHURCH  AND  STATEL 
1877-J886. 

CONTKBIXOC  Of  THBCHmUH— ReOBOaMZATION  OF  THK  FiBST  PRISn>SlfOr 

— John  TATLoa  Appjinted  Pbesioemt— His  Appeapancx  and  Mien — 
The  Edhcnus  Bill— Its  Penaltils— An  ^x  Post  FAO.ro  Law  -Polyo- 
AHI8TS  DisFBANCHisEO— Utah  aoaik  Refused  Admission  as  a  ^^ate — 
Operations  or  the  Utah  Commission — Oovebnok  Mubbat's  Messaqm 
— His  Adminutbation. 

Many  years  before  the  death  of  Brigham  Y"oung  it 
was  predicted  that  whenever  that  event  .Lould  hap- 
pen dissensions  would  occur  among  the  Mormons,  if 
not  entire  disintegration  of  the  sect;  for  die  when  ho 
would,  or  succeed  him  who  might,  such  absolute 
power  as  he  possessed  would  never  be  tolerated  in 
another.  He  was  elected  at  a  time  when  his  people 
were  in  distress,  and  accepting  him  as  their  deliverer, 
they  had  almost  sunk  their  individuality,  vesting  him 
with  all  the  powers  of  pope  and  potentate.  Bui  now, 
it  was  said,  all  was  changed.  Contact  with  the  gen- 
tile world,  the  establishment  of  gentile  schools  and 
churches,  together  with  other  influences  that  had  long 
buen  at  work,  were  telling  gradually  upon  their  faith. 
Already  they  had  grown  weary  of  the  yoke,  and  once 
Brigham  was  laid  in  the  tomb,  his  followers  would  no 
Integer  exist  as  a  people.  Never  was  anticipation  so 
ill-founded.  The  world  was  now  to  learn  that  the 
inherent  vitality  of  Mormonism  depended  not  on  the 
existence  of  any  one  man  or  body  of  men,  not  even 
on  the  existence  of  the  twelve.  "If  every  apostle 
was  slain  but  one,"  remarked  George  Q.  Cannon  at 

tfl77) 


I 


678 


CHURCH  AND  STATE. 


the  October  conference  of  1877,  "that  one  had  the 
right  and  authority  to  organize  the  church,  and  ordain 
other  apostles  and  a  first  presidency  to  build  up  the 
kingdom  of  God." 

On  the  decease  of  the  president  of  the  church,  there 
was  for  the  second  time  in  its  history  no  quorum  of 
t!ie  first  presidency,  to  which  authority,  and  to  no 
other,  as  the  prophet  Joseph  had  declared,  the  twelve 
were  subject.  Once  more,  therefore,  until  the  presi- 
dency was  reorganized,  the  apostles  must  step  forward 
and  take  its  duties  upon  themselves.^  At  a  meeting 
of  the  quorum,  held  two  days  after  the  obsequies  of 
Brigham,  ten  of  ^he  number  being  present,''  it  was 
unanimously  resolved  that  John  Taylor,  the  senior 
apostle  and  acting  president  of  the  apostles,  should  be 
sustained  in  his  oflfice,  and  that  the  quorum  should  be 
the  presiding  authority  of  the  church."  But  this  res- 
olution, as  well  as  the  election  of  all  the  authorities  (jf 
the  church,  from  the  twelve  down  to  the  deacons  ami 
teachers,  must  be  indorsed  by  a  vote  of  each  quorum 
of  the  priesthood  and  of  the  people  assembled  in  con- 
ference. 

The  forty-eighth  semi-annual  conference  of  the 
church  was  held,  as  was  now  the  custom,  in  the  great 
tabernacle;*  and  in  addition  to  the  general  congic- 
gation,  there  were  present  more  than  five  thousand  of 
tiie  priesthood.  First  was  presented  the  name  of 
John  Taylor;  then  in  their  order  and  separately  those 
of  each  member  of  the  twelve,  together  with  council- 
lors  John  W.  Young  and   Daniel   H.  Wells,'  the 

'  At  the  conference  above  mentioned,  George  Q.  Cannon  remarked  that  sume 
had  Ijceu  much  exercised  aVwut  the  organization  of  a  first  presidency,  'Imt 
he  wished  them  distinctly  to  understand  tiiat  whenever  God  commuiuleil  a 
firat  presidency  to  be  appointed  it  would  not  be  revealed  through  any  oni-  Imt 
his  servant,  who  was  now  Gotl's  mouthpiece.'  Deittrtt  New»,  Oct.  10,  1S77. 

*Ajiostlcs  Orson  Pratt  and  Joseph  F.  Smith  were  in  England  at  the  tilm^ 
Mi'lenuial  Slar,  xxxix.  082.  They  arrived  two  or  three  weeks  later,  bco 
Deterft  Ntir»,  Oct  10.  1877. 

*  General  Epistlo  of  the  Twelve,  in  MiUtnnial  Star,  xxxix.  680-4.  SecaUo 
Dtnerft  Ntw*,  September  12,  1377;  Miwmon  PamphUii,  Reliffiouii,  no.  10. 

'Completed  in  1870.     A  description  of  it  is  given  elsewhere  in  this  vol. 

*  Daniel  H.  Wells  was  a  native  of  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  his  father,  who  ^vIiM  a 
direct  deacvudaot  of  the  fourth  governor  of  Conneotiout,  having  served  iu  tUo 


CHURCH  CONFERENCE. 


679 


patriarch  of  th^  church,*  the  presidents  of  the  seven- 
ties, and  other  church  dignitaries,  concluding  with  the 
lessor  priesthood.  The  votes  were  cast  first  by  the 
twelve,  then  by  the  patriarchs,  presidents  of  stakes, 
and  high  councils,  after  whom  follower'  the  high 
priests,  the  seventies,  the  elders,  the  b.  ^  ops,  with 
their  councillors,  the  priests,  deacons,  and  teachers, 

war  of  1812,  while  hia  mother,  n^e  Catherine  Chapin,  waa  the  daughter  of  a 
revolutionary  soldier  who  fought  under  Washington.  In  the  spring  of  1834, 
being  then  in  '.is  twentieth  year,  he  settled  at  Commerce  (Xauvoo),  and  pur- 
chasetl  a  tract  of  80  acres,  a  portion  of  which  he  afterward  donateil  tu  the 
Mormons  as  a  site  for  their  temple.  He  was  among  the  foremost  to  aid  and 
welcome  the  saints  after  their  expulsion  from  Nauvoo,  and  indignation  at 
their  maletreatment,  rather  than  syniiwthy  with  titcirsect,  caused  him  tu  join 
the  church  a  few  weeks  before  the  commencement  of  the  exodus.  Arriving 
in  the  valley  of  Great  Salt  Lake  in  tSeptemhur  1848,  ho  was  api>ointeil  super- 
iutcndeut  of  publi>3  works,  and  was  chosen  a  mcml)er  of  the  legislative  coun- 
cil of  the  provisional  state  of  Deseret.  In  18o7  he  was  elected  second 
councillor  to  Urigham  Young.  In  18G4-5  he  was  iu  charge  of  the  European 
missions,  and  was  afterward  mayor  of  Salt  Lake  City  for  several  terms.  The 
imrt  that  he  played  in  the  history  of  Utah  as  lientgen.  of  the  Xauvoo  legion 
IS  mentioned  elsewhere  in  these  (ittges.  IKc^/^'iVucr.,  MS.,  1-8;  TuU'ulge's  Life 
(if  Drill.  Young,  suppl.  13-17 j  The  MormoM  at  llonn".  114-15;  Bradle't 
WfHtfrn  WiliU,  93. 

^John  Smith,  son  of  Hyrum  Smith,  was  a  native  of  Kirtland,  where  he 
vas  born  in  1832.  Nearly  two  years  after  the  assassination  of  his  father  iu 
(,'i.rtiiage  jail  the  boy  set  forth  from  Nauvoo  in  company  with  Ilebcr  C. 
KinlNtU's  family.  Reaching  the  encampment  on  the  Little  I'apillon,  he  be- 
car  te  acquainted  with  Col  Tnos  L.  Kane,  whom  ho  nursed  through  a  danger- 
ous sickness,  probably  saving  his  life.  In  April  1848  he  started  for  Great  Salt 
Like  in  com()any  with  his  brothers  and  sisters,  and  tiiough  only  \7i  years  of 
I'j^e,  performed  a  man's  work,  or  rather  the  work  of  several  men,  driving  a  team 
composed  of  wild  steers,  cows,  and  oxen,  with  two  wagons  tied  together, 
utaniling  guard  sometimes  day  and  night,  bringing  in  wood  and  water,  herd- 
ing cows,  or  assisting  other  teams  as  occasion  needed.  In  the  spring  of 
18o0  ho  was  enrolled  in  the  battalion  of  life-guards,  and  for  several  years 
thereafter  was  frequently  called  on  at  dead  of  night  to  set  forth  in  pursuit  of 
marauding  Indians.  In  18o2  occurreil  the  decease  of  his  step-mother,  whereby 
hu  was  left  alone  to  provide  for  a  family  of  eight  persons,  three  of  tiiem  being 
a^ed  and  infirm.  In  1855  he  was  ordained  piitriarcii,  this  In-ing  the  only 
otiice  in  the  church  which  is  handed  down  from  father  to  son  in  direct  lineage. 
Ten  years  later  he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  S'j.tiidinavia,  and  arriving  in  Liver- 
iKxd  with  a  single  guinea  in  his  pocket,  altout  sitlicient  to  procure  him  a  meal 
aud  pay  his  railroad  fare  to  I^ondon,  Ixirrowed  viie  money  for  tiic  remainder 
of  his  passage.  After  two  years  of  missionary  labor  he  returned  to  Salt  Lake 
City,  taking  charge  of  a  comjiaiiy  of  300enuf;rants  on  board  the  ship  Monnrrh 
of  the  Sva.  During  his  journey  across  tlio  plains  he  had  under  his  care  a 
hirge  party  of  Scandinavian  emigrunts,  and  was  fre(|uently  urged  by  tiie 
othcers  at  government  posts  which  he  |>asHed  en  route  to  remain  with  them 
tor  a  season,  as  the  Indians  were  at  that  time  extremely  troidilesomo.  His 
answer  was:  *I  am  used  to  Indian  warfare,  aud  have  only  provisionn  enough 
to  take  us  home  if  we  keep  moving.  We  had  lietter  run  the  risk  of  fighting 
Indians  than  starve  on  the  plains.'  After  his  return  the  patriarch  was  en. 
gaged  in  the  duties  of  his  calling  and  iu  atteudiii^;  tu  hia  buainesa  iutereata. 
Ataobiog.  ^f  John  Smith,  MS. 


i  m 


'+  IF 


It    ' 


CHURCH  AND  STATE. 


and  finally  the  entire  congregation.  During  the  pro- 
ceodingB  there  was  no  haste.  Ample  time  was  allowed 
for  objection  to  bo  made  to  any  of  the  names  proposed 
or  to  any  of  the  propositions  oil'ered;  but  throughout 
t\u  vast  gathenng  there  was  not  a  dissenting  vote. 
As  the  quorums  rose  to  their  feet,  and  with  upliftud 
hand  vowed  to  sustain  those  whom  their  leaders  had 
chosen,  the  choice  was  in  every  instance  confirmed  \>y 
assembled  Israel.  It  was  evident  that,  as  yet,  tlie 
church  was  in  no  danger  of  dissolution  J 

Addressing  the  congregation,  President  Taylor  re- 
marked that  the  apostles  were  thankful  for  the  coiiti- 
dence  and  faith  that  had  been  manifested.  For  sev- 
eral reasons  he  had  said  little  since  the  death  of  tlie 
president,  who  for  thirty-three  years  had  stood  prom- 
inently before  the  church.  In  common  with  the  rest 
t)f  the  community,  he  felt  sad  at  heart.  Moreover,  a 
multiplicity  of  cares  now  devolved  upon  the  twelvi;, 
and,  so  far  as  his  positi<m  was  concerned,  he  did  not 
wish  to  say  anything  that  might  influence  their 
choice,  but  desired  to  leave  the  minds  of  all  perfectly 
unbiased.  "If,"  he  said,  "we  could  carry  out  in  our 
lives  what  we  have  made  manifest  this  day  by  our 
votes,  the  kingdom  of  God  would  roll  forth,  and  tho 
liivor  and  blessing  of  God  would  rest  upon  us."  "No 
man  need  think  this  work  would  stop.  It  would  ^^o 
on  and  increase  until  the  purposes  of  Jehovah  wore 
accomplished,  and  no  power  on  earth  or  in  hell  couKl 
stay  its  progress."  Three  years  afterwarcP  John  Tay- 
lor was  elected  president  of  the  Ciiurch  of  Jesus  Christ 
of  Latter-day  Saints,  with  George  Q.  Cannon  aiid 
Joseph  F.  Smith  as  councillors.  The  vacancies  which 
thus  occurred  in  the  quorum  of  the  twelve  were  par- 
tially filled  by  the  election  of  Francis  At.  Lyman "  uiul 

^  For  account  of  this  confcronco,  see  Dftvrrt  \tw»,  Oct.  10,  17.  1S77. 

'  At  tho  general  conferrnco,  coinmeiiciug  tin  tlut  Otii  of  October,  IStiO. 

'FnuicJB  Mitrion,  the  ciiic^t  acm  of  Aiuusa  Lyman,  a  lUunccr,  wlio  was 
excornniuuicatwl  in  1870,  was  Imt  seven  yeurH  of  u({o  at  the  date  of  the  oxoiIuh 
from  Nauvoo.  As  an  inatauco  of  tiie  ex|M:rtenci]  of  Mormuii  cvun^cliiitH,  it 
may  Ihs  niention'.**!  that  wlien  onitTcd  on  tnib^iion  to  Kngland  in  lS.ttl,  Im  w.i.s 
coini)«U««l  to  Icaxo  kin  uf  wly  inurriud  wile  ulnioHt  UcNtitutu,  buililiuK  fui  l»  >' 


Ore 


with 
tied 
preaiil 
latur 
of  re. 


NEW  APOSTLES. 


881 


John  Henrj  Smith ,***  George  Teasdale  and  Ileber  J. 
Grant  being  chosen  to  the  upostolate  on  the  death  of 
Orson  Pratt,  which  occurred  in  October  1881." 

with  hit  own  huida  •  los  hot  of  green  timber.  In  the  apring  nf  1863  ha  aet- 
tied  at  Fillmore,  and  Uiere  remained  until  1877,  when  he  wm  a|)|M>inted 
presiiient  uf  the  Tooele  stake.  In  1800  he  waa  elected  a  member  of  the  leg's- 
lature,  aiid  on  the  death  of  Oraon  Pratt  waa  appointed  8|<«taker  of  the  liouse 
of  rc,iresentativo8. 

'*  The  son  of  George  A.  Smith,  and  a  native  of  Winter  Qaartera,  where  hu 
waa  born  Sept.  18,  1848.  The  tirat  portion  of  hi*  life  waa  apent  nmiiily  at 
I'ruvo,  where  he  worked  on  a  farm  until  1874,  when  he  waa  acnt  on  a  mission 
to  Europe,  returning  the  following  vear  on  account  of  the  aickneaa  of  hia 
father,  whoae  iluceosc  occurred  a  few  tloys  aft*.-r  hia  arrival.  In  1873,  also,  ho 
was  ordained  bishop  of  the  17th  ward  at  S.  L.  City,  in  which  capacity  he 
served  until  called  to  tlie  apostolute.  For  six  years  he  waa  a  member  of  the 
city  council,  and  in  August  1881  waa  elected  a  member  of  the  legislature, 
where  he  soon  became  one  of  the  most  prominent  debaters. 

"  Orson  Pratt,  in  1881  the  only  aurviviug  monilM-r  of  the  firat  quorum  of 
the  twelve,  was  accounted  one  of  the  most  clo<jUL-iit  preachers  iu  tliu  church; 
and  for  his  championship  of  the  cause,  as  a  speaker  and  writer,  was  known 
as  the  Paul  of  Monnonism.  At  a  general  conference  held  in  1874  he  waa  ap- 
pointed ciinrch  historian  and  rucurdcr,  retaining  this  position  until  his  d);- 
ccasc,  and  wai  also  speaker  of  the  legislative  asaembly.  He  wna  well  versed 
in  the  sciences,  including  that  of  tiie  pure  mathematics,  and  in  adtlitiim  to 
several  clcincitUxry  works,  published  A  AVio  and  Knty  Mf.lhoil  o/ Solution  of 
the  Cubic  and  Biniftdmtic  Equtitiona,  and  left  iu  MS.  a  treatise  on  tlie  diU'er- 
eutial  calculus.  S.  L.  V.  CoiUributur,  iii.  58-01.  Fur  resolutions  of  reMftect 
to  his  memory,  sec  Utah  Jour.  Lrgul. 

George  Teasdule,  a  native  of  London,  and  an  epiacojialian  by  traiuing, 
joined  the  church  iu  18«3'2  Iteing  then  in  his  '21st  vear.  After  several  years  of 
missionary  lalmr,  during  which  he  was  appointed  in  1858  to  the  luuitoial  cure 
of  three  Knglisii  conferences,  and  in  1851)  to  the  charge  of  the  Ncuttiiih  mis- 
sion, which  compristid  the  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  Dundee  confennices,  ho 
was  ordered  to  set  forth  for  Zi<m.  Borrowing  the  necessary  funds,  he  to«>k 
a  steerage  passage  for  New  York,  and  journc^ying  over  the  plains  from  Flor- 
ence, iiccomi^anied  by  his  wife,  a  retiucd  and  delicate  woiiiau,  arrived  in  Suit 
Lake  c'ity  in  1801 ,  and  looked  about  him  for  something  to  do.  Ho  was  otrert  tl 
the  'it)tli  ward  sciioiil,  a  position  which  he  at  once  accepted,  laboring  faitlifully 
for  nearly  a  twelvemonth,  after  which  ho  accopte«l  a  (HNiition  as  manager  of 
one  of  Hrigham  Young's  storea,  under  the  direction  of  llvrum  U.  Clawaon. 
In  1807  ho  was  intrusted  witli  the  charge  <>f  the  general  tithing  oUico,  but  the 
following  year  was  ordered  on  a  mission  to  England,  in  company  with  Allwrt 
(Jiin-ingt^ni,  and,  among  other  duties,  Hilled  that  of  subeditor  to  the  A/tU«'n»wi^ 
Star,  llctuniing  to  Utah  in  ISOU,  he  narrouiy  escaiwd  death  from  a  railm^ul 
accident,  in  which  several  persons  wt^ro  killed  or  fatally  injured.  After 
further  labors  aa  merchant,  niissiunary,  and  contractor,  lieing  chosen  nu-un- 
while  a  liigh-priest,  he  waa  elected  a  mcinbor  of  the  legislative  council  for  the 
ML'ssions  ot  I8S'2  and  1884.  In  188,'),  iN-iiig  then  in  his  50th  year,  he  was  still 
actixely  eiiuaged  in  forwarding  the  inti-rests  of  hia  church.  Aulobioy.  of  Uro. 
Ti nodule,  MS.,  passim. 

Hcber  Joddy  (Sraut,  the  son  of  Jedoiliah  M,  Grant,  whose  decease  occurrol 
when  the  former  was  but  nine  tlayi  old,  is  a  iiativo  of  S.  L.  City,  wIktc  ho 
wua  lN>ni  iu  1850.  At  fifteen,  the  family  Ixing  then  iu  straitened  cinuiii- 
Htunccs,  he  obtained  a  position  in  an  insiiiunt-o  olUce,  and  four  yutrr  later 
started  an  agency  for  himself.  Since  tliut  time  he  has  lieen  engaged  in  vari- 
ous enterprises,  in  all  of  which  he  has  lu'en  successful  his  income  ranging 
fi'uin  ^.'i.OUO  to  $8,000  a  year,  though  in  1>S81  he  met  n.ih  a  aeriuua  reverse 


Ml 


'm 


M 


CHURCH  AND  STATE. 


Says  Mr  Burton  in  1861:  "Austin  Ward  describes 
John  Taylor  as  'an  old  man,  deformed  and  crippled,' 
and  Mrs.  Ferris  as  a  'heavy,  dark  colored,  beetle- 
browed  man.'  Of  course  I  could  not  recognize  him 
from  these  descriptions — a  stout,  good-looking,  some- 
what elderly  personage,  with  a  kindly  gray  eye,  pleas- 
ant expression,  and  a  forehead  of  the  superior  order." '^ 
When  1  was  introduced  to  him  in  1884,  Mr  Taylor 
being  then  in  hia  seventy-seventh  year,  there  stepped 
forward  with  a  quick,  decisive,  nervous  tread,  greeting 
me  with  a  smile  and  a  cordial  shake  of  the  hand,  a 
white-haired,benevolent-lookingmanofmediumheight 
and  well-knit  figure,  long,  oval  face,  gray,  deep-set, 
penetrating  eye,  square,  broad  forehead,  and  firmly 
clasped  lips,  displaymg  a  fixed  determination,  slightly 
tinged  with  melancholy,  such  as  might  be  expected 
from  one  who  had  passed  through  many  trying  scenes, 
not  the  least  among  which  was  the  escape,  as  by  a 
miracle,  from  the  tragedy  of  Carthage  jail,  and  who 
knew  that  he  had  still  many  trials  to  undergo." 

Days  of  tribulation  were  indeed  at  hand.  The 
saints,  who  for  so  many  years  had  been  buffeted, 
afflicted,  tormented  for  opinion's  sake,  were  again, 
after  a  brief  respite,  to  be  subjected  to  so-called  chris- 
tian influence.  The  anti-polygamy  law  of  1862  was, 
as  we  have  seen,  inoperative,  although  declared  con- 
through  the  destruction  by  fire  of  the  Utah  vinegar-works  at  Ogden,  of  which 
he  was  proprietor.  In  1884  he  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  and  of  the 
S.  L.  City  council.  After  being  called  to  the  apG!>U>late,  ho  travelled  extuu- 
sively,  in  the  interest  of  the  church,  in  Arizona,  Idaho,  Colorado,  and  Nuw 
Mexico.  Though  still  but  30  years  of  age  and  in  feeble  health,  his  avcra^o 
weight  being  only  145  lbs,  while  in  stature  he  was  considerably  over  six  fiit, 
Mr  (f rant  anords  «  striking  example  of  the  energy  displayed  by  the  descend- 
ants of  the  Mormon  patriarchs.  Autobiog.  o/Heber  J.  OratU,  MS. 

"  City  of  the  Snintu,  3'28. 

**  Descriptions  of  President  Taylor's  appearance  will  be  found  in  many  of 
the  iMoks  written  on  Mormonism,  some  of  them  fair  and  accurate,  as  is  ISur- 
ton's,  and  others  varying  in  degrees  of  absurdity  from  that  of  Lady  Dulhis- 
Hardy,  who  speaks  of  him  as  a  man  'with  a  rather  large,  loose  mouth,  ami 
cunning  gray  eyes,  which  look  as  tliough  they  would  never  let  you  see  wliat 
was  going  on  behind  them,'  down  to  the  one  given  by  a  correspondent  of  tho 
Niw  York  Sun,  who  in  1879 stated  that  he  was  six  feet  high,  and  that  liis 
appearance,  manner,  and  speech  were  those  of  a  member  of  the  Britisii  narlia- 
nient.  See  Diiffiu-Ilardy't  Tkrouyh  Citiet  ami  Prairie  Landt,  117;  Vtneret 
Xewg,  Nov.  1-2,  1879. 


stit 
Un 
tha 
the 
Bot 


THE  EDMUNDS  LAW. 


683 


stitutional  by  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States. 
Under  the  !Poland  bill  only  one  conviction  was  umdc, 
that  of  George  Reynolds,  private  secretary  to  Brighani, 
the  man  being  sentenced  to  fine  and  imprisonnient.'* 
Both  these  measures  were  sufficiently  ill-advised,  and 
rank,  perhaps,  among  the  clumsiest  specimens  of  legis- 
lation as  yet  devised  by  man;  but  it  remained  for  the 
Edmunds  bill  to  cap  the  climax  of  absurdity  by  virtu- 
ally setting  aside  the  statute  of  limitations,  and  pro- 
viding for  the  punishment  of  persons  living  at  any 
time  with  other  than  their  legal  wives. 

By  the  provisions  of  this  bill,  approved  March  22, 
1882.  and  of  which  brief  mention  has  already  been 
made,^'  polygamists  were  made  liable  to  punishment 
by  fine  not  exceeding  $500  and  imprisonment  not  ex- 
ceeding five  years,  the  president  being  authorized  to 
grant  amnesty  on  such  conditions  as  he  saw  fit  to 
those  who  might  have  offended  before  the  passage  of 
the  act,  provided  the  conditions  were  afterward  com- 
plied with.  Cohabitation  with  more  than  one  woman 
m  any  territory  of  the  United  States,  whether  in  the 
marriage  relation  or  otherwise,  was  declared  a  misde- 
meanor, punishable  by  a  fine  of  not  more  than  $^00, 
or  by  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  six  months,  or 
by  both,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court.  In  all  prose- 
cutions for  bigamy,  polygamy,  or  unlawful  cohabita- 
tion— the  three  offenses  being  classed  together,  though 
differing  widely  in  law — it  was  to  be  deemed  sufficient 
cause  for  challenge  that  a  juryman  lived  or  had  ever 
lived  in  these  practices,  or  believed  it  right  for  one  so 
to  live.     No  polygamist  was  to  be  entitled  to  vote  at 


■■I 


If 


\  m 


**He  WM  indicted  and  convicted  at  B.  L.  City  in  1874.  An  appeal  was 
taken  to  the  supremo  court  of  Utah,  and  the  case  diamiMed  on  the  ground 
tliat  the  (pand  jury  had  been  illegally  constituted.  In  October  1S7.'>  lie  wus 
again  indicted,  convicted,  and  sentenced  to  two  years'  imprisonment  and  lino 
of  9.'>00.  After  a  long  but  useless  struggle,  the  case  being  argued  before  the 
supreme  court  by  the  attonieygcneral  for  the  prosecution,  and  by  Sliceks  It 
KawliuB  of  S.  L.  City  for  ap|)ellunt,  lleynolds  was  tinally  committed  to  jud 
in  Jan.  1870.  For  review  of  the  ilccision  of  the  supremo  court  by  George  Q. 
Cannon,  see  Utah  PamfMett,  FolUiccJ,  no.  10. 

''See  p.  393,  this  volumo. 


684 


CHURCH  AND  STATE. 


any  election,  or  to  hold  any  position  of  public  trust, 
honor,  or  emolument. 

All  the  registration  and  election  offices  throughout 
the  territory  were  declared  vacant,  and  all  duties  re- 
lating to  the  registration  of  voters,  the  conduct  of 
elections,  the  receiving,  rejection,  canvassing,  and  re- 
turn of  votes,  and  the  issuing  of  certificates,  were  to 
be  performed  by  persons  selected  by  a  board  of  five 
commissioners,  of  whom  three  might  belong  to  the 
same  political  party."  After  scrutiny  by  the  board 
of  the  returns  of  all  votes  for  members  of  the  legislativo 
assembly,  certificates  were  to  be  issued  to  those  who 
had  been  legally  elected,  and  on  or  after  the  first  meet- 
ing of  an  assembly,  the  members  of  which  had  been 
so  elected,  that  body  might  make  such  laws  as  it  saw 
fit  concerning  the  offices  declared  vacant,  provided  they 
were  not  inconsistent  with  the  organic  act  and  with 
the  laws  of  the  United  States.*'^ 

The  Edmunds  act,  intended  to  be  supplementary  to 
the  act  of  18G2  and  to  the  Poland  bill,  is  virtually  a 
penal  statute,  as  indicated  by  its  title,  *'A  bill  to 
amend  section  5352  of  the  revised  statutes  of  the 
United  States,  in  reference  to  bigamy,  and  for  other 
purposes."  It  is  also  an  ex  post  facto  law,  a  bill  of 
pains  and  penalties,  wherein  the  judicial  function, 
after  being  misinterpreted,  is  usurped  by  the  legisla- 
ture and  the  executive — one  that  might   not  have 

"The  secretary  of  the  territory  wu  to  be  the  secretory  of  the  board,  keep 
a  jonmal  of  its  proceedings,  stnd  attest  its  action. 

"  For  copy  of  the  Edmunds  act,  tee  Unitrd  Slates  Statutes,  47th  Cong,  lut 
Scsfl.,  .30-2;  Utah  Comminsion,  1-5;  8  F.  Vail,  Feb.  17, 1882.  As  soon  as  its 
passage  became  known  iu  Utah,  (letitions  asking  congress  to  send  a  deputation 
to  investigate  matters  before  enforcing  hostile  legislation  were  signed  by 
75,000  persons,  some  refusing  to  sign  (he  |)etition,  amons  them  Fred.  11.  aiul 
8am.  U.  Auerbach,  who,  though  declining  merely  ou  tlie  ground  that  tiny 
did  not  wish  to  interfere  with  politics,  i^uffered  in  consequence.  On  the  otlnr 
band,  a  mass-meeting  called  by  the  aitti-polygamy  society  was  held  at  tim 
methodist  chnrch,  among  the  speakers  beuiji  Uov.  Murray  and  Judge  Vorv- 
man.  For  resolutions,  we  Hand-Book  <^f  atormonum,  87.  For  principles 
adopted  by  the  liberal  party  at  their  convention  in  October  1882,  see  Itn/Hir- 
tatU  Doc.  Bearing  on  PotU.  QueM.  in  Utah,  10^-13;  for  declaration  of  prinvipleii 
by  people's  partv.  Id.,  7-9.  The  speeches  of  Vest,  Morgan,  Call,  Brown, 
Pendleton,  and  Lamar  against  the  bill  during  the  final  deuate  in  the  senate 
were  afterward  publishetlin  the  form  of  a  pamphlet  entitled  D^ence  of  thu 
CoHditiUional  am  Jteliyiout  Rmldt  of  the  PtOjAe  (\f  Utah. 


conil 
of 


THE  MORMONS  DISFRANCHISED. 


68S 


been  amiss  in  the  days  of  the  star-chamber,  but  is 
directly  at  variance  with  the  spirit  and  letter  of  the 
American  constitution;  and  the  more  so  when  we 
consider  that  the  Mormons,  driven  by  persecution  out 
of  the  United  States,  settled  in  what  was  then  no 
portion  of  the  territory  of  the  United  States,  though 
aiding  in  the  conquest  and  settlement  of  that  terri- 
tory, as  did  the  colonists  of  Rhode  Island,  in  1G36, 
when  they  fled  from  the  sectional  intolerance  of 
Massachusetts. 

But  not  only  were  the  Mormons  to  be  judged  as 
criminals  by  an  ex  post  facto  law — one  that  barred 
the  statute  of  limitations,  and  if  strictly  enforced 
would  bring  within  its  pale  no  inconsiderable  portion 
of  the  adult  male  population  of  the  United  States — 
they  were  also  to  be  stripped  of  the  franchise,  and 
made  ineligible  for  office.  It  was  argued  in  the  sen- 
ate tha''  this  was  no  penalty,  and  it  may  be  admitted 
that,  as  a  rule,  to  deprive  men  of  the  suffrage,  and 
disqualify  them  for  office,  is  not  a  severe  punishment; 
but  in  Utah,  where  at  least  five  hundred  lucrative 
positions  would  have  been  laid  open  to  a  hungry  horde 
of  gentile  office-seekers,  the  suffrage  was  worth  more 
than  houses  and  lands,  for  by  the  ballot  alone  could 
be  held  in  check  the  greed  of  demagogues,  who  sought 
the  control  of  the  territory  as  a  field  for  plunder  and 
oppression.  The  bill  virtually  proposed  to  disfran- 
chise a  people,  and  to  govern  them  by  a  committee  of 
five  men,  or  at  least  to  create  a  government  by  a 
minority  over  a  lai^e  majority ;  for  it  was  not  to  ba 
expected  that  these  five  men,  of  whom  a  quorum  be- 
longed to  the  same  political  faction,  would  decide  im- 
partially on  the  electoral  qualifications  of  the  people. 
It  was  so  expressed,  and  its  measures  were  indorsed 
by  the  congress  and  president  uf  the  United  States, 
the  question  being  not  whether  congress  had  power 
to  repeal  any  or  all  of  the  laws  in  each  of  the  terri- 
tories, and  intrust  the  legislative,  executive,  and  ju- 
dicial functions  to  whomsoever  it  pleased — this  was 


■1 


CHURCH  AND  STATE. 


not  disputed — but  whether  it  was  at  liberty  to  vio- 
late for  any  purpose  the  rights  guaranteed  in  the 
constitution. 

If  there  be  anything  sacrod  in  the  American  con- 
stitution, or  in  the  annals  of  American  jurisprudence, 
it  is  that  in  criminal  prosecutions  the  accused  should 
be  tried  by  an  impartial,  and  not  by  a  packed,  jury — 
by  men  opposed  to  him  through  interest  or  prejudice, 
and  on  whom  a  religious  test  is  imposed  as  a  qualifi- 
cation. Under  the  Poland  bill  it  was  orderea  that 
grand  and  petit  juries  should,  if  possible,  be  composed 
in  equal  proportions  of  Mormons  and  gentiles,  or  non- 
Mormons.  The  latter  included,  in  1 874,  about  twenty- 
two  per  cent  of  the  entire  population,  and  as  this 
measure  gave  to  them  the  same  representation  in 
juries  as  was  allowed  to  the  remaining  seventy-eight 
per  cent,  its  injustice  is  sufficiently  apparent.  But 
under  the  Edmunds  act  juries  might  be  composed 
entirely  of  gentiles,  thus  giving  to  twenty-two,  or  at 
that  date  perhaps  twenty-tive,  per  cent  of  the  popula- 
tion the  control  of  the  entire  criminal  proceedin«T.s 
in  Utah,  although  more  than  seven  eighths  of  the 
arrests  made  in  the  territory  were  among  gentilo 
citizens." 

Before  striving  to  regenerate  the  Mormons,  it  woukl 
seem  that  congress  should  have  attempted  the  regen- 
eration of  the  gentile  portion  of  the  population  of 
Utah.  At  the  time  when  the  Edmunds  bill  was 
passed,  all  the  keeiiers  of  brothels,  and  nearly  all  the 
gamesters  and  saloon-keepers,  were  gentiles.  Two 
Iiundred  out  of  the  two  hundred  and  fifty  towns 
and  villages  in  the  territory  contained  not  a  single 
bagnio."  Until  gentiles  settled  in  Salt  Lake  City 
there  were  seldom  heard  in  its  streets  or  dwellings  oaths, 
imprecations,  or  expletives;  there  were  no  place- 
hunters  or  beggar-politicians;  there  was  no  harlotry; 

'*For  criminal  statistics,  taken  mainly  from  the  census  of  1880,  see  p.  S04, 
this  vol. 

'•  Utah  ami  Uh  Peopfe,  21.  Of  the  gamblers  08  per  cent  were  gentiles,  anil 
of  the  saloon-keepers  U4  per  cent. 


anc 

Th( 

— u 

the 

mos 

the 


WORK  OF  THE  COMMKaiOW. 


687 


and  there  was  neither  political  nor  judicial  prostitution. 
The  Mormons  were  a  people  singularly  free  from  vice 
— unless  that  can  be  called  a  vice  which  forms  part  of 
the  tenets  of  their  church — and  they  were  one  of  the 
most  industrious,  sober,  and  thrifty  communities  in 
the  world. 


Partly  with  a  view  to  avoid  the  operation  of  the 
Edmunds  act,  the  Mormons  once  more  asked  that 
Utah  be  admitted  as  a  state.  Seventy-two  delegates 
from  the  different  counties  met  at  Salt  Lake  City,  and 
during  a  nine  days'  session  drew  up  a  constitution,* 
which  was  duly  presented  by  Delegate  John  T.  Uaine, 
but  with  the  usual  result;  and  now  the  Mormons  were 
left  to  the  tender  mercies  of  the  commission.  The 
members'*  went  to  work  vigorously;  between  1882 
and  1884  some  twelve  thousand  persons  were  dis- 
franchised,** and  at  the  latter  date  all  the  municipal 
and  other  officers  in  the  territory  living  in  polygamy 
or  unlawful  cohabitation  were  superseded,  each  elector 
being  also  required  to  swear  that  he  was  not  so  living. 
It  would  be  £j,  curious  subject  for  speculation  to  esti- 
mate how  many  voters  would  be  disqualified  if  the 
law  against  illicit  cohabitation  were  enforced  in  other 
portions  of  the  United  States. 

The  commission  was  seconded  by  Governor  Eli  H. 
Murray,  who  succeeded  Emery,  arriving  in  Salt  Lake 

*>For  copy,  see  Constit,  State  0/  Utah,  Its  provisions  were  directed 
mainly  acainat  the  Edmunds  bill. 

*'  Their  names  wore  Alex.  Ramsey  of  Minnesota,  Algernon  S.  Paddock  of 
Nebraska,  O.  F.  Godfrey  of  Iowa,  Ambrose  )i.  Carletonof  Indiana,  and  James 
H.  Pcttigrcw  of  Arkansas.  For  brief  biographical  sketches  of  these  men,  see 
CorUrib.,  iii.  315-16. 

**  Special  Jiept  Utah  CommisHion,  1884,  p.  18.  In  Barclay's  Mormonum 
Expoxtd,  18,  the  number  is  erroneously  given  at  18,000.  Mormoninm  Ex- 
jH>te(l,  The  Other  Side,  an  Engl'uih  View  oj  the  Com,  by  James  W.  Barclay,  is 
a  pamphlet  originally  published  in  the  Nineteenth  i  'entnry  Afatjaziiie,  and  con- 
taining a  brief  and  impartial  statement  of  affairs.  Mr  liarclay  was  a  mem- 
ber of  tho  British  parliament.  Though,  as  ho  admits,  he  went  to  Uteh  with 
strong  prejudices,  ho  comes  to  this  conclusion:  'Mormonisn:.  apart  from 
polygamy,  which  seems  to  mo  a  temporary  excrescence,  will,  in  r^^y  opinion, 
grow,  and  proliably  be  the  religion  of  the  settlers  or  farming  clnssea  in  tho 
mountainous  country  botwoen  the  great  plains  east  of  the  Hocky  Mountains 
and  California  on  thu  west.' 


fi 

ii 
f 


68S 


CFUr.CH  AND  STATE. 


City  on  the  28th  of  February,  1880,  and  in  1884  was 
again  appointed.  U'ls  niessu^rc  tor  1882  wuh  in  thu 
mood  of  former  governors  of  Utah.  "In  no  sonHo, 
even  in  the  filightcst  degree,"  ho  remarked,  "is  tho 
sovereignty  of  ehurch  over  state  in  unison  with  thu 
language  or  spirit  of  the  constitution,  or  your  country's 
Jaws.  That  poHtical  power  is  wielded  by  church 
authority  throughout  Utah  is  a  fact;  that  officers  of 
the  cliurch  exercise  authority  in  temporal  affairs  is  a 
fact;  that  the  sovereignty  of  the  church  is  supremo, 
and  its  practices  followed,  the  laws  and  courts  of  the 
United  States  to  the  contrary,  is  a  fact.  These  being 
true  in  whole  or  in  part,  I  submit:  Do  you  beliuvo 
that  the  government  of  the  United  States,  with  all 
its  humanity,  will  much  longer  forbear  to  assert  its 
authority  in  support  of  its  absolute  and  undoubted 
sovereignty?  Abiding  peace,  so  much  needed,  ami 
abundant  prosperity,  with  its  attendant  blessings,  can 
never  belong  to  the  good  people  of  Utah  until  tiiu 
symbol  of  the  United  States  is  universally  regarded 
as  the  symbol  of  absolute  sovereignty."  Touching,' 
the  matter  of  tithing,  he  said:  "The  poor  man  who 
earns  a  dollar  bv  the  sweat  of  his  brow  is  entitled 
to  that  dollar.  It  is  the  reward  of  honest  toil,  and  ho 
should  be  protected  in  the  full  enjoyment  of  it.  Any 
exaction  or  undue  influence  to  dispossess  him  of  any 
part  of  it,  in  any  other  manner  than  in  payment  of  a 
legal  obligation,  is  oppression.""  One  would  thijik 
that  after  two  years'  residence  in  Utah  the  governor 
ought  to  have  learned  at  least  that,  among  the  saints, 
the  payment  of  tithes  is  an  optional  matter. 

Among  the  first  important  acts  of  Go\  ornor  Mur- 
ray was  to  grant  to  Allan  G.  (^ampbell  a  certificate 
of  election  as  delegate  to  congress,  although  he  re- 
ceived only  1,350  votes  as  against  18,5G8  polled  for 
George  Q.  Cannon,**  and  to  declare  that  the  latter 

**The  governor'!  meaa&f^ea  for  each  year  vrill  be  foand  in  Utah  Jour. 
LfijuL,  and  of  late  veara  have  been  printed  in  pamphlet  form.  See  also  tlie 
filea  of  the  JJfKfrrt  New»,  and  otiicr  Utah  journals. 

**Barclay'»  MormoHwm  ExiKnttd,  18-10.     The  oeitifioate  was  rejecte<l  by 


ing 


ACTS  OF  GOVERNOR  MURRAY. 


089 


was  not  a  citizen  of  the  United  StatcH,-'  notwitlistand- 
inj]f  tiiat  he  hold  a  ccrtiricato  of  citizenship.  Thus  tho 
diicf  magistrate  touk  upon  himself  a  function  alto- 

I  on^-eu.  For  papers  in  tho  case,  aee  //on/m*  Mine.  Doe.,  47th  Cong.  Ist  Ress., 
no.  '2'>.  Tho  neat  was  dvcUred  vncant,  and  in  1882  John  T.  Caino  was  clvctcd. 
In  I8!)4  lie  waa  retilectcd.  Mr  Cuine  was  a  native  of  Kirk  Patrick,  in  tho  Islo 
(if  Man,  whcru  ho  was  born  in  i8'J0.  Arriving  in  Now  York  in  1840,  not  an  a 
]iro8olyte,  but  aa  an  emigrant,  ho  joined  tho  chnrch  in  tho  spring  of  1847, 
about  tho  time  when  the  nionoers  act  forth  from  Council  Dluffx.  In  Sopteni- 
bor  18.V2  ho  reached  Salt  Luke  City,  and  found  occupation  aa  a  school-teacher 
at  Big  Cottonwood.  Soon  afterward  he  was  employed  in  tho  office  of  the 
trustee  in  trust,  and  in  that  capacity  won  tiio  confidence  of  Brigham  Youns. 
Sent  on  a  mission  to  the  Sandwich  Islands  in  l8o4,  he  ^los  appointed  after  hia 
return  assistant  aecretai^  of  tho  legislative  council.  In  1874  ho  was  elected 
a  member  of  that  body,  being  reulected  for  the  three  ensuing  terms.  Tullidyr'i 
Mail.,  ii.  408-73. 

i''or  laws  regulating  oloations,  seo  Utah  Election  Lawn,  1878,  1882.  In 
1884  the  Utah  logi8latur«>  consisted  of  12  counsellora  and  24  representatives, 
elected  biennially  on  tho  first  Monday  in  August  of  every  odd  year,  the  ses- 
sions commencing  on  the  second  Monday  in  January  of  every  oven  yo.r,  and 
lusting  for  not  more  than  00  days.  For  list  of  members  elected  in  188.1,  seo  Utah 
Oazeltf-rr,  1884,  p.  208.  In  1878  a  criminal  procedure  act  was  (MiSHcd,  and  in 
1870  a  civil  practice  act,  tho  toxtof  which  is  given  in  Utah  Lairi,  1878,  OO-lOo; 
Utah  Arts  LfijUl.,  17-124.  For  further  acts,  proceedings,  and  niemoriuls  of 
the  Utah  legislature,  see  Utah  LaxcitanA  Utah  Arts  Leifi4.,  1870,  pp.  11-12, 
133,  140,  148;  1872,  25-0,  41-2;  1H78,  27-37.  100-70;  1880,  45,  '.KVO;  1S82, 
100,  passim;  Utah  Jour.  Lnjisl.,  1872,  pp.  23-4,  1870,  24-5,  31,  104-5;  l.s78, 
30,  45-0,  225-0,  .339,  pawim. 

".S*.  /'.  (W/,  Jan.  y,  1881.  As  tho  reader  is  probably  aware,  tho  Edmunds 
act  waa  declared  constitutional  by  the  supremo  court  of  tho  United  States. 
For  decision,  seo  S.  F.  Alta,  Marcli  24, 188.5.  For  arguments  against  tho  act, 
see.  imong  others,  tho  spooch  of  Gen.  Jos.  K.  Brown  of  Georgia,  Jan.  11,  1884, 
ill  Voug,  It'Mje;  Utah  Defence  Conntit.  and  Rfllgioun  HighUi;  SHUmaii'ii  The 
Mormon  Que»tion;  Barclay's  Mormoni»m  Ex}x»e<l;  Utah  and  il»  Peoule  (liy 
un  ex-U.  S.  official);  Goodrich's  Mormoii'mm  Unveiled;  Black's  Federal  Juris- 
diclioH  in  the  Territories.  Senator  Brown's  argument  is  very  forcilile,  thoni;h 
perliaps  a  littlo  s'tained.  Quoting  the  clause  in  tho  constitution,  mIucIi  reuds, 
'Nor  shall  any  rwrson  bo  deprived  of  life,  lilwrty,  or  property  witliout  duo 
process  of  law,' no  cites  Blackstone's  Comm.,  30,  '  Offices  w'hich  are  a  riglit  to 
exercise  a  nublic  or  private  employment,  and  to  take  tho  fees  and  emoluments 
tiiercto  liclonging,  are  also  incor|iorcal  hereditaments,'  etc.  So  tho  chief 
justice  in  2  Ala.,  N.  S.,  p.  31,  remarks,  'An  office  isaa  much  aspecicsof  prop- 
erty as  anything  else  capable  of  being  held  or  owned.'  Comparing  other  pro- 
visions of  the  act  with  the  U.  S.  constitution,  he  quotes  Judge  Strong  in  the 
cose  of  llulxtr  V8  Reily,  in  Smith's  Pennsylvania  Uepts,  iii.  117.  'Tiiero  arc,  it 
XA  true,  many  things  which  they  [judges  of  election]  may  determine,  such  as 
age  and  residence  of  a  person  oflcring  to  vote,  whctlicr  ho  has  paid  taxes.' 
'  But  whether  ho  has  been  guilty  of  a  criminal  ofTcnce,  and  as  a  couscqucuco 
forfeited  his  right,  is  an  inquiry  of  a  different  cliaracter.  Neither  our  consti- 
tution nor  our  law  has  conferred  upon  the  judges  of  elections  any  such  judi- 
ei:il  functions.'  Thus  with  other  features  of  the  bill.  As  the  senator  remarks, 
'Tlierc  are  probably  twenty  times  as  many  persons  practicing  prostitution,  or 
illegal  scxuul  intercourse,  in  tho  other  parts  of  tlie  union  as  the  wliolo  nuiii- 
licr  will)  practice  it  in  Utah.'  For  arrests,  prosecutions,  and  convictions  under 
the  Kdinunds  act,  and  cases  of  persons  committed  for  contempt  for  refusing 
to  answer  (picstions  under  Chief  Justice  Zune's  ruling,  see  <S.  L.  C,  Tribune, 
Nov.  4.  7,  1884;  8.  F.  Alta,  Oct.  4,  8,  1884;  Jan.  25,  Apr.  14,  1885;  S.  F. 
Chronicle,  Jan.  31,  Apr.  30,  May  10,  23,  1885;  H.  F.  Call,  Nov.  8,  May  23, 
Hut.  UrAB.    li 


!  I 


-'m 


%  V 


l.iii 


i  'i. 


eoo 


CHURCH  AND  STATE. 


gcther  outside  the  intent  of  the  national  legislature 
08  expressed  in  the  Edmunds  act,  which  was  at  best 
but  a  temporary  and  ill-judged  measure,  and  one  that 
iti  the  opinion  of  some  of  the  ablest  lawyers  in  the 
United  States  was  unconstitutional. 

Not  content  with  this  puerile  display  of  authority, 
the  governor,  at  the  conclusion  of  what  he  terms 
"the  faithful  labors  of  the  commissioners  appointed 
under  the  Edmunds  act,"  recommended  that  the  legis- 
lature bo  abolished,  and  that  Utah  be  placed  entirely 
under  control  of  a  commission  to  be  selected  by  the 
president,  not  as  was  done  with  the  territory  of 
Louisiana  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  but  to  reduce 
its  inhabitants  to  the  condition  of  serfs;  "for,"  lie 
remarks,  "I  confidently  believe  that  from  such  action 
by  congress  and  a  council  composed  of  men  loyal  to 
th'^  eonstitution  and  the  laws,  there  would  come  that 
adjustment  of  wrongs  and  termination  of  contentions 
so  earnestly  prayed  for  by  those  in  Utah  who  possess 
the  intelligence  and  one  third  of  the  wealth  of  the 
territory."-''  To  tho  Mormons,  as  it  would  seoiii,  lie 
denied  tlio  attribute  of  intelligence ;  and  by  such  ruiurs, 
with  scarce  an  exception,  has  this  people  been  mis- 
governed— a  people  which  to  iinpartial  observers  lias 
been  subjected  to  abuse,  calumny,  and  persecution 
such  as  are  almost  without  parallel,  even  in  their 
1  lebrew  prototype. 

1S84,  May  11,  20, 1883;  S.  F.  DuUetin,  Apr.  21,  ISSfl;  Sarramento  Per..U>mn, 
Apr  •2\  May  23.  Oct.  7,  lbS4;  'an.  2i,  22,  ?.j.  Feb.  6,  U.  11,  Maivli  i;),  Ki, 
Apr.  1:7.  28,  ;«),  Muy  I,  12,  14,  Iff.  20,  21,  22,  20,  .30.  Juno  4.  29,  188r».  lor 
firoHOfUliims  in  Arizona,  •««.!  Id.,  Sept.  29,  Nov.  28,  1884;  Apr.  8,  1.1,  IHs,"). 
At  IWi*,  Id.,  |>olyt{aiiu«U  refiiHtea  irriat.  Id.,  May  12,  l.\  21,  1885.  Iii  ISSO 
f  urtlit  r  ultorationa  wuro  mode  in  the  tjriit  and  tltird  judiuial  diitriuts,  for  \viii>  li. 
■cu  l!:tih  Law»,  1880.  pp.  67-8. 

"•N.  //.  City  Tribune,  Nov.  28,  1883.  The  govornur'i  policy  wo«  iiidormcl 
liy  PrcNJilunt  Artliur.  au<l  of  coune  by  tlie  gentile  coinmuuity  of  Utah.  .See 
I'd.,  l;t)o.  23,  1883. 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

SETTLEMENTS,  SOCIETY,  AND  EDUCATION. 
1862-1880. 

POPPLATIOH  AND  STATISTICS— SaLT  LaKK  CiTT— THE  TEMPT  rf— THE  NeW 

Tabkrnaolb— TuE  MoHKUM— Condition  of  the  Inbajh-ajits— Dis- 
tinctive Features— S.iLT  Lake  Cocnty— Davis  County— Ooden— 
Cache  County— Rich  Codnty— Summit  County— Bbioiiam  City— 
Nephi—Provo— Uintah,  Emery,  San  Juan,  Garfield,  and  I'iitk 
Cocmties — Sanpete  and  Sevier  ConNTiES — Iron,  Kane,  and  Wash- 
ington Counties — Sohoouh—The  University  uf  DhusKRKT- The  De»- 
KBET  Alphabet— LiBF'.KiES—JouRNAU  and  Journalism. 

In  all  the  stages  of  her  existence,  Utah  has  been 
constantly  expanding,  her  growth,  far  froni  (hjploting 
her  resources,  only  adding  to  her  strength.  (3rigi- 
nally  one  of  the  most  barren  spots  on  the  face  of  na- 
ture, with  nothing  to  attract  even  attention,  the  land 
has  become  as  fruitful  a  field,  and  her  people  as  busy  a 
comnum wealth,  as  can  bo  found,  with  few  excei)tions, 
t'lsewhero  on  the  Pacific  slope.  With  her  uidcindly 
soil,  her  extremes  of  temperature,  the  thermometer 
varying  between  110°  above  and  20"  below  zero,'  her 
slight  and  uncertain  rainfii  without  foliage,  except 
such  as  was  found  hero  and  there  in  narrow,  rock- 
ribbed  gorges,  with  fuel  almost  inaccessible  at  points 
wl\erc  habitation  was  possible,  with  no  nearer  sources 
of  ^»eneral  supply  than  the  small  and  scattered  commu- 
nities on  the  l*acific  coast,  and  witli  ah  sounres  of  sup- 
I)ly  off.en  practically  cut  off— amid  this  forbidding  and 

•  On  ob.  8,  1849.  the  mercury  iito<xl  at  .W  bclov  zero  at  S.  L.  City.  The 
mean  tf  nperaturo  for  10  years  was  51°  1)',  and  the  hi^jhost  104"  in  1871.  For 
inoteon  togi<  <kl  tabloa,  see  MrUor  linj.,  piuisinii  Siiryfon-Ufu.  t'irc,  ^',  Iti7d, 
pp.  S3f  4U,  343;   Wh»eUr'$  Survij/i,  ii.  635  ct  soq. 


i'l'  i  i 


ill 


SETTLEMENTS,  SOCIETY,  AND  EDUCATION. 


inhospitable  rcjjion,  the  Mormons  built  up  their  settlo- 
Djcnts,  which,  nevertheless,  grew  with  a  steady  aiu! 
stalwart  growth.  As  year  followed  year,  the  magic 
wand  of  progress  touched  into  life  these  barren  and 
sand-girt  solitudes,  and  in  their  i)lace  sprang  up  a  coun- 
try teeming  with  the  wealth  of  gardens  and  granaries, 
of  mines  and  mills,  of  farms  and  factories.  To  show 
how  this  has  been  accomplished,  and  more  especially 
to  explain  the  industrial  and  social  condition  of  tlio 
people  during  the  first  years  of  the  present  decade, 
will  be  my  task  in  the  concluding  chapters  of  this 
volume. 

At  the  cloye  of  1883  the  population  of  Utah  was 
estimated  at  178,121,  of  whom  92,081  were  males, 
8G,040  females,  123,506  of  native  and  54,615  of 
foreign  birth."  In  1880  there  were  14,550  persons 
employed  in  agriculture,  4,149  in  trade,  and  10,2 1 J 
miners,  mechanics,  and  factory  operatives;  thouj^li 
notwithstanding  the  industrial  activity  of  the  settlers, 
the  j)ercentage  of  bread-winners  was  smaller  than  in 
any  state  or  territory  of  the  union  with  the  excepti<tii 
of  West  Virginia,  this  fact  being  due  mainly  to  tlio 
large  proportion  of  women  and  young  children.  A 
noteworthy  feature  in  the  community  was  the  small 
amount  of  debt,  crime,  and  pauperism,  the  entiio 
public  debt,  city,  county,  and  territorial,  being  in  187'J 
only  $110,251,  and  the  number  of  criminals  and  pau- 
pers being,  uh  elsewhere  noticed,  much  below  the  aver- 
aj;e  throughout  the  United  States.'  The  death-rate 
for  a  series  of  years  averaged  about  sixteen  per  thou- 
sand, though  for  1880  it  was  somewhat  higher  on 
account  of  the  prevalence  of  diphtheria.* 

'  rtah  Gazfttrrr,  1884,  p.  300,  where  the  population  is  given  by  countits. 
In  tlio  ci'iwiiM  report  for  ISSO  the  total  population  is  given  at  14.1,UG.1,  nt-arl/ 
2U,(tOO  uf  the  foreigners  Wing  Knghsh,  nml  almut  8,000  ScandinuvianM. 

•  In  1S7'.>  tiiero  were  .Tl  ]>aupcr8  and  00  criminals.  Tho  nuinl>cr  of  prison- 
ers ut  tho  I'tah  penitentiary  for  eacii  year,  Mitli  various  statistic!),  will  lio 
fuun<l  in  the  reports  uf  tho  warden  and  directors  in  Utah  Jour.  LfgM.,  {uu-siin. 
In  later  years  we  hear  littlo  of  such  outrages  as  were  alleged  to  huTo  boi'U 
coinniittod  alM)ut  tho  time  of  the  Utah  war. 

'In  IS77-S  diphtheria  was  also  common.  See  Utah  Skrlchex,  MS.,  'J7. 
Dtjcription  (\f  IJunUnlle,  MS.,  0.     For  mortality  in  S.  L.  City  between  IbTO 


POPULATION.  893 

Of  the  progress  of  settlement  up  to  the  close  of 
1 862  mention  has  already  been  made."  At  that  date 
nearly  all  the  available  land  in  Utah  had  been  taken 
up,  and  in  1883  colonies  had  been  pushed  forward 
into  adjoining  territories,  until  they  extended  from 
T»orth  to  south  in  an  unbroken  line  of  about  1,000 
miles,  all  of  them  under  the  religious  and  political 
control  of  the  Mormon  priesthood.** 

and  1878,  see  Dfserrt  Newn,  Jan.  8,  187i).  In  1870  there  were  281  tleaths  in 
S.  L.  City,  in  1878,  4U7,  the  latter  being  the  largetit  number  recordeil  during 
the  interval.  The  principal  hospitals  at  S.  L.  (Jity  were  the  Deserut,  Iluly 
Cross,  and  8t  Marli's,  the  last  tMO  being  mainly  supported  by  the  contribu- 
tions of  miners,  who  are  untitled  to  its  beuetita.  It  was  not  until  1880  that  a 
territorial  insane  nflylnm  was  i-MUiblisiied,  thougii  one  was  projected  in  IH(tft. 
SSec  fJtah  Laws,  IHHO,  57-0">;  Utah  Jour.  Ley  int.,  1801),  rJI-T);  und  for  grand 

Jury  report  on  asylum,  wiiich  is  built  on  a  high  bluff  of  the  Wasatcii  near 
'rovo,.S'.  L.  C.  Trihuvo,  Nov.  '2'2,  1884. 
"See  caps.  xiii.  and  xxii.,  this  vol. 

•In  1880  there  were,  according  to  the  census  report.  S.ft  5  Mormons  in 
Idaho,  1,.338  In  Arizona,  800  in  Nevada,  *J34  in  Washington  Terr.,  and  'Jll  in 
(Colorado.  There  were  also  1,1.'M  in  California,  4.'t I  in  Wyouiiiij,',  .V»4  in  .Mon- 
tana, 3!)4  in  Iowa,  '208  In  Nebraska,  and  ilOO  in  New  York.  TJiese  are  probably 
below  the  actual  ligures  at  that  date,  and  certainly  much  below  «lie  ligurcs  for 
]88j.  The  Uannuck stake,  in  the, Snake  Uiver  country,  Idaho,  uh)no  contained, 
for  i '^*M.nce,  on  January  31,  188.'),  1,770  semis  Injing  diviilcd  into  eight  wards 
—  A1UI  .  Uo,  Menan,  Lyman,  Kuxburg,  Teton,  Wilford,  I'arker,  and  Sulem. 
TL  fi  •  Mormon  who  visited  the  SiiaKe  Uiver  country  with  a  view  to  Hettle- 
ment  M'as  John  H.  IVkjIo  of  Ogden,  who  went  tin  re  in  Feb.  1870,  nnd  on  his 
return  reported  favorably  to  tranklin  \).  Kichards.  Tlio  lirst  family  to  m-t 
tie  there  was  that  of  Jos.  d.  Fisihcr,  who  in  March  187!)  located  at  (\-dur 
lluttes  Island,  l)eing  joined  soon  afterward  by  l'(M>le  and  otiiers.  J{irL-H,  Itan- 
ttarjt  ^{iiilr,  MS.,  passim.  For  account  of  .Morinonu  in  Uiu-ida  co. ,  icu  iSilrrr 
''itij  Avalamhf,  Sept.  17,  1870,  March  27,  187.');  in  Hear  Lake  Valley,  lioix4 
'lit'l  StateHmnn,  Oct.  1(>,  1870;  for  agitation  on  the  poiy^amy  ((Uestion  in 
idiiho,  /(/.,  Sept.  3,  1870,  1)oc.  0,  IJ),  187'J;  0;///f/t  Firrnin,,,  F,,b.  28,  1870. 
The  first  attempt  to  settle  the  country  l>ordering  on  the  Little  ('olorado  in 
Arizona  was  made  in  1873,  but  tiio  party  returned,  discouraged  by  the  tor- 
bidding  aspect  of  the  place.  .Some  three  years  lattT  miHHion-.irics  were 
ordered  to  m.tke  permanent  settlements  in  tliii4  region,  ami  at  a  mei'ting  luld 
at  Salt  Lake  City  in  January  I87U,  comiianies  were  organized  und  captains 
aiipoiuted  for  this  purpose.  The  lirHt  teams  arrived  iit  the  Sunnet  crosain,'  of 
the  Little  Colorado  on  the  2.')d  of  March,  und  after  the  brethren  hud  explored 
the  neighborhood,  W.  C.  Allen  and  hit  company  rcsulvcd  to  form  a  Hcttleincnt 
about  20  miles  to  the  south-east  of  the  crossing,  to  bo  iiaiiied  after  the  c.iptaiii; 
tiet».  Lake  und  his  bund  settled  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  two  miles  to 
the  south-west  of  Allen,  on  a  spot  which  they  culled  Obed,  near  whit  h  were 
Hprings  und  meudow-land;  Lot  Smith  und  his  oompnny  formed  u  eolony  three 
miles  iiortii-eust  of  tlio  crossing,  at  u  piaci!  wiiieli  was  eaiied  Sunset,  and 
.Icsse  O.  liullinger,  with  his  party,  settled  about  four  miles  norll;  of  the 
crossing  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  t!ie  Hetllement  being  nameil  lliilliiiver. 
The  bretiircn  proceeded  to  plough,  eon.-<truct  <!auH,  and  put  in  i'rnps,  but  en 
countered  many  dilUeultius,  the  river-bottom  l>eing  treueiierous  ami  lull  of 
^juicksumls.  At  Obeil  eiiills  and  fever  prevailed,  the  settlers  lieing  forced  to 
obandon  the  place  und  jniu  the  other  colonies.  In  Novendur  ls77  u  number 
tif  proselytes  arrived  from  tiie  southern  states  in  u  destitute  condition;  Imt 


894 


SETTLEMENTS,  SOaETY,  AND  EDUCATION. 


As  Paris  is  said  to  be  France,  so  it  has  been  said  of 
Salt  Lake  City  that  it  is  Utah,  for  there  the  coiu- 

though  all  the  camps  were  acantily  •upplied,  their  wants  wore  at  once  relieved. 
Dui'iuu  this  season  sufliciciit  grain  luul  been  raised  to  lost  with  economy  until 
the  fulluwiug  liarvest,  and  meanwhile  other  settlements  had  been  started,  mio 
'2.~>  miles  up  the  river  from  Allen,  to  which  was  given  the  name  of  Wo<><l- 
ruir,  nud  ouo  00  miles  soutli  of  WoodrutF.  which  was  culled  Forest  Dale,  tlio 
name  Unllinger  being  now  changed  to  Brigham  City,  and  Allen  to  8t  Josci)li. 
In  tliis  year,  also,  the  colonies  of  eastern  Arizona  were  divided  into  two  pruni- 
denc'ies,  those  on  the  Little  Colorado  being  west  of  the  dividing  lino.  Accord- 
iii(^  to  a  stake  report,  dated  Aug.  31,  1878,  thore  were  at  Sunset  1 14  soulx,  at 
Briuham  City  23U,  at  8t  Josepu  and  Woodrulf  each  07,  and  including  utlur 
snuul  settlements,  a  totai  of  587.  The  harvest  of  1878  was  severely  daniai;i  d 
by  floods,  but  tliat  of  1870  was  a  bountiful  one.  In  1880  the  crops  again  Hiif- 
fured  from  excessive  rains  and  freshets.  StUleiiuntu  on  the  Little  Volonido. 
M.S.  The  St  Joseph  stake  at  I'ima,  Ar.,  was  organized  in  Feb.  188:1,  thu 
place  being  6rat  settled  in  1870  by  families  from  eastern  Arizona.  St  Dux  id 
was  founded  in  1878,  Philemon  C.  Merrill  b«-ing  the  first  settler;  Curtis  in 
1881  by  the  Curtis  family;  (jiniham,  so  named  troni  the  |icak  a  few  milt-.t  to 
thu  sotith,  in  1881;  Thatcher,  named  after  Apostle  Moses  Thatcher,  in  ISN.', 
bv  John  M.  Moody;  Central,  in  the  same  year,  by  Joseph  ClutFand  others; 
NlcDonald,  named  in  honor  of  A.  F.  McDonald,  president  of  the  Maiicopu 
stake,  by  Henry  J.  Home  and  others;  Lay  ton,  named  after  President  ('. 
Ljiy tun,  by  John  and  Adam  Wclker,  lien.  Peel,  and  a  few  others.  All  thisD 
Bctth^nicuts  are  in  Arizona.  The  Mesa  settlement,  belonging  to  the  Maricnpa 
stiike,  was  founded  by  companies  from  Hear  I^ke  co.,  Id.,  and  S.  L.  co., 
I't.-kli.  Leaving  S.  L.  City  inmicdiutidy  after  the  death  of  Drigham  Younj^', 
they  reiiulied  Suit  Uiver  in  Jan.  1878,  and  soon  afterward  begun  the  constriu'- 
tion  of  tt  cuuul  to  tlie  present  site  of  the  town.  After  a  year's  lulM>r,  only  a 
small  Htrcnm  of  water  was  obtained,  barely  sulDcieut  for  planting  gurdciiH,  ai 
the  ditch  was  cut  through  a  very  ditlicult  fiirmation.  The  settlcrM  porsovorcil, 
Itouever,  their  labors  diniiuisliing  as  their  numbers  iucrcused,  and  in  is.s'>  ,k 
I  anal  lind  Ix'vn  built  canning  5,U()U  inches  of  water,  ut  u  costof  l?t;t,(N)0.  L<  lii, 
fonncrly  Joncsville,  also  near  Salt  Uiver,  was  founded  in  1877  by  a  party  of 
71  settlers.  In  the  autumn  of  thisyeurulcw  meml>erHof  tliu  company  bcLaiim 
dissatisiicd  with  thu  location,  and  net  forth  for  San  Pcilro  lUvrr,  where  tin  y 
founded  the  settlement  of  St  Duvid,  so  named  by  Prest  A.  F.  MclJonalil  allrr 
Diivid  Putten,  whom  the  Mormons  regard  us  a  uiurtyr.  Muricopa  Sliik<;  MS. 
In  the  (iila  Vulley  the  settlers  bought  stpiutter  claims  of  Mexicans,  and  in 
lSH^  had  constructed  over  00  miles  of  ennuis  from  8  to  10  feet  wiile,  In'Miili  h 
a  number  of  smuUer  ditches.  Thu  soil  ii«  a  fertile,  sundy  loam,  iinMliu  in;; 
two  crops  or  more  a  yeur,  excellent  for  gra|K>s  and  fruit,  and  of  fuir  quality 
for  uU  farm  products.  Sorghum  produces  three  cuttings  from  one  plaiitiii<, 
and  liicern  is  cut  five  or  six  times  a  year.  Not  more  than  five  [ler  cent  of  tlm 
land  is  arable,  the  remainder  IxMng  gnuingdond.  Mnrlineitu'ii  SHlletnmli  in 
Arizona,  MS.  For  moiioganiiu  settleinentH  in  Montana,  see  GalvtMon  X<ir<, 
Dec.  I,  1884.  In  the  full  of  1877  Klder  John  Morgan  ie<l  a  colony  of  miiiiti 
from  the  southern  stat'js  to  Pueblo,  Colorado,  where  tlicy  wintered.  In 
March  of  the  following  yeur,  Juincs  H.  Stuart,  U^ing  ordered  to  visit  tliu  coin 
nistw,  found  them  living  as  U'st  thev  could,  and  working  at  whatever  tiny 
could  lind  to  do.  Muimy  through  the  elilcr's  efl'orts,  two  settleinents  wiic 
founded,  to  which  were  ufterward  uiven  the  names  of  Kphruiin  and  Munax^a. 
Stiiiirt'')  Coloniziilion  in  <\ttoruito,  MS.  In  1884  the  Monnons  cstabllMJicd  a 
colony  at  l^us  Cruoes,  Sonora,  Mex.  At  the  same  time  their  Icudern  umuA 
a  proclumntiou  stating  that  no  general  nii^'rution  to  .Mexico  wiis  iiitciidtii 
7Vic  MfxiciiH  Finamltr,  Jan.  ."(I,  I88,'i.  In  La  Xufvn  Kin,  Paso  del  Norlr, 
Chihuahua,  Apr.  H,  I8H.*>,  p.  '2,  it  in  statod  that  'iOO  Mormons  had  establiiiliid 
a  colony  at  Corralitos,  Uukauu,  in  that  statu. 


SALT  LAKE  CITY. 


605 


merce,  arts,  industries,  and  interests  of  the  territory 
are  mainly  centred.  In  1883  the  capital  contained 
a  fixed  population  of  about  25,000,  its  corporate  limits 
including  about  fifty  square  miles/  divided  into  five 
nmnieipal  and  twenty-one  ecclesiastical  wards.  The 
city  was  well  supplied  with  all  modern  comforts  and 
conveniences,  including  gas  and  electric  lights,'*  street- 
railroads,"  hotels,"  markets,  libraries,  theatres,"  clubs, 
and  saloons,  where  men  might  drink,  smoke,  and  dis- 
cuss politics  and  religion.  Through  all  the  streets, 
which  were  about  double  the  usual  width,  ran  the 
limpid  waters  of  City  Creek,  the  Jordan,  lied  Butte, 


*  Ten  from  caat  to  west,  anti  ilvo  from  north  to  suuth,  allowini^  for  t  "o 
^n^,,»ro  tiiilck  -.,ccni)ic(l  bv  tlio  Fort  Douglas  roservation.  By  net  of  Jan.  IS, 
1807,  tliu  wcstiTU  iHiUuilurv  wu«  removed  from  thu  buniis  of  tlio  Jonlun  to  a 
linu  running  Uuc  north  ana  south  about  two  niiloa  west  of  the  nvur.  ISy  act 
of  187'J  the  8outli  lino  was  removed  to  Tenth  South  street. 

*  In  1877  (iuorgo  Erb  organized  the  liocky  Mountain  (Uoctrio  Light  Co.  at 
Salt  Lako  City,  afterward  extending  his  operations  to  Ojjdcn,  Aibui|Ucr(|Uo, 
Cheyenne,  Silver  City,  and  Tucson,  where,  in  18S4,  ail  tlio  works  were  in  isuu- 
cussful  operation.  Erb'n  EUctric  lAjhtn,  MS.  Erb,  a  iiativo  uf  IVnu.,  enlisled 
as  a  volunteer  in  tho  union  army  in  ISUl,  being  then  1(<  years  of  u/o.  After 
serving  for  thrco  years  he  removed  to  soutiiern  Utnli,  cud  in  1^77  to  S.  I.. 
City.  For  acuount  of  city  gas-works,  see  Jieittret  Newt,  Auk.  -">  l87;J.  Tiio 
city  was  first  lighted  by  gas  July  7,  1873. 

*iu  I87'J  tho  8.  L.  0.  Street  llailroad  Co.  was  organiiod.     It  was  in  run 
ning  oi-4lur  in  June  of  tho  same  year,  its  length  lM!iiig  nboiit  seven  iiiil''!<.   It. 
K.  Anderson,  in  Utnh  Jotlimjn,  MS.     in  1883  liorHe-cuia  nn  every  liulf-hour 
in  ui),'litdiircivnt  directions.  Unt/ium'H  Utah  Ltirert.,  i^83-t,  l'S4. 

'"  Among  thu  princiiuil  hotels  in  S.  L.  (^'ity  in  1SK3  weru  tlie  Wiilker  Mouho 
and  t!iu  (.'outiiientnl,  formerly  thu  Townscnd  House.  Thu  former  wtm  ixiilt 
in  Is7-,  at  a  cost  of  fUU.UlX).  WalLrr'a  Mi nhiinti  anil  Minim  </  Ui'nh, 
MS.  Forili'scrijition,  see  A.icrc' A'cic^,  .Si'pt.  4,  I.s7i!;  H.L.C  Tril>ii.'ii',Sv\>t. 
7,  187-;  .uu^ii  America  J{>vii'iftl, '2\H)~4;  fur  mention  of  llio  (iaiilo  House, 
aonietimes  niuknaincd  thu  Aiuflia  I'ulaee,  seu  Dall'»  Ftrd  lloinluy,  lul-:i; 
D>(ffitn-llaril  I'a  TItrouijh  Citicii  and  I'niirir,  1 13. 

"  .An  ttccuuiit  of  the  various  libraries  is  given  later  in  this  olmpter.  Tlio 
theatre  ut  tlio  corner  of  First  South  and  First  East  Htrevts  was  17<'>  by  8U  ft, 
with  u  Htago  ti'2  by  .'i'2  ft.     It  wa.sof  rock  and  a<lolH',  witli  ^luiiite  liiiiHJi,  lluted 

fiillurs,  and  massivo  cornices,  io!4t  i^'.'()(l,U(K),  and  bad  a  statin;;  ('a|>a>  iiy  of  at 
east  l.oOO  lu  I88'J  the  Walker  Uros  built  thu  opmi-lioiiho,  at  a  lo.st  of 
fl.'Ui.lXM).  within  a  few  yanls  of  their  luink.  Its  dimeiisioiii  wtnu  1*17  by  <I7 
feet,  with  u  height  of  (lU  feet.  Thu  interior  was  tostittully  dccoruti'd  and  up 
holstiiiHl,  and  tho  stage  well  supiilicd  with  Hcoiierv  and  apitoininuiit^),  tliA 
drop-scenu  lieing  remarkably  liaiKlHoini'.  H'ltlhr'n  MirJt"iii.i  itml  Mim  i-h  nj' 
Uliih,  MS.;  Uiiihain'H  Ulttli  J'inrl.,  ISSM  I,  liW.  F..r  lurthir  nieiilion  of 
theatres  and  theatrii'als,  see  p.  ."i.H4  ■">,  tlii.-«  \ol. ;(  neili '«  J'ki'itr.  iiml  Snr.  Ajthint 
in  I'tilh,  MS,;  tidiilH  A.r/M.-, ,.  It»;  llnhmr's  /toiiiitl  Ihe  n\irlil,  HI);  liiHi'lrn' 
Our  .\i'ii>  iVentt'l'M-'M;  A'i.  Aii;</.<o»'«  lii  yn^nl  ikf  ,UiMitiit'<i/<iii,%'iyi-\t;  Itnutiin/n 
Afrit"*  Amrr  ,  I7H-81;  Unultt'ii  Lijr  ill  Ctiih,  'H'yti;  Lmllow'ii  llnut  vj'lhr 
(•(m/»i(.»r,  3;*4-7,  :»0.V7:  Hu,'^  W, "i'ii'.uiU<;i  li'iil,  KWK);  MilliniiialSt>ir,xxit. 
70-3i  UtM.rcl  A'cw*,  Mojch  '21,  1807;  Oii.lai-d  MuiUhly,  v.  5J7U-tf. 


1^ 


696 


SETTLEMENTS,  SOCIETY,  AND  EDUCATION. 


and  Emigration  cafions,"  cooling  tho  air,  cleansing 
the  thoroughfares,  and  giving  lite  to  verdure.  The 
adjacent  lands  were  cultivated,  and  most  of  tho 
houses  were  surrounded  with  orchards,  so  that  in 
early  summer  Zion  wore  the  appearance  of  Eden  in 
bloom.  The  flowers  were  full  of  beauty  and  fra- 
grance, surpassing,  if  possible,  in  this  respect,  the 
ancient  towns  of  Mexico,  or  tho  modern  capital  in  the 
days  of  Cortds. 

Aside  from  the  templo  and  the  tabernacle.  Salt 
Lake  City  thus  far  hat',  little  to  boast  of  in  tho  way 
of  architecture,  nor  was  that  little  interesting.  The 
temple,  when  finished.,  was  to  cost  several  millions,'^ 
and  the  walls  of  gray  granite,  more  than  six  feet  in 
thitkness,  with  a  length  of  200  and  a  width  of  100 
feet,  were  to  reach  a  height  of  100  feet."  It  was 
determined  that  this  buildinjj  should  bo  of  ok'<rant 
design,  magnificent  proi»ortions,  and  unique  pattern, 
a  marvol  of  beauty,  strength,  and  solidity.'*  As  a 
structuro  in  which  a  vast  assemblage  can  see  and 
hear,  the  new  tabernacle,  wi;st  of  the  templo,  com- 
pleted in  187C,  is  a  remarkable  edifice.  It  is  elliptical 
in  shape,  with  a  primitive  diameter  of  233  feet,  a  con- 
jugate of  133  feet,  and  a  heiglit  of  70  feet,  its  huge 
dome-shaped,  or  as  some  term  it,  dish-cover  roof  of 
heavy,  bolted  lattice-work  renting  on  sandstone  pil- 


lai 

bul 

an4 

Arc 

or 

nac 

anil 

gall 
can  I 

the 
end  I 
C 

asse 
Halt 


'^nyact  of  Fi-b.  20,  18S0,  in  Ulih  Lnwo,  1880,  55-0,  amending  the  city 
clmrtiT,  till!  city  council  wii.s  .■lutliiiriz.'.l  t.i  IxinviW  JJ.iO.iKM)  for  tiio  »<n»lriic- 
tion  '>f  a  cunul,  tupping  tliu  .i(>i'clau  n  a  |M)iiit  'J'l  inilod  m>ut)i  of  tliu  >  uy,  for 
ivrigiition  purpowes,  thus  lelciiNinn  ii.  anf  an<I  lielifr  Mumx's  of  Hup|il>  for 
:li>nii'Htic  \\M'.  It  WUM  tiliiiilieil  in  ISHI,  iit  a  >  oitt  of  .^i.HW.tNh).  In  1NS4  ihurc 
Were  l.'t  miles  of  main  pipes,  wiiicli  ucro  tu|ipe<l  a^  regakr  intvrvuU  \>\  liy 
clrantM,  so  us  to  insure  a  suHicient  HUiiply  in  case  of  liiis.  Thoi'ity  lia<l  n  very 
ciiicient  lire  <ki>artment    Ai>-  Ut-ih  )Hi>rt.  mid  (Inz.,  lS7-t,  177,  Itt'JWiO.  M. 

'^  ill  IHWi  it  luul  ah- .  tly  tost  bouio  «?-»,r»iK».0(X). 

'*  In  I8S4  they  were  over  00  feet  ahovo  the  ^Tound. 

'•'  I'nihir  I'resiilent  Taylor's  uiliniiiistmtiiin  more  work  in  tho  sjime  time 
w;iH  (lone  on  the  temple  than  ever  iH'fnri'.  f'nh  Xoti-ii,  MS.  For  c<inilition  of 
tile  temple  I'ui'  ling  in  l.S(»it,  secji.  "iS'.',  this  vol. ;  at  other  ilutea,  Jt^ttrt/Xfirs, 
Kov.  -Jtt,  \m;,  Aug,  '.'0,  InT.J,  Nlay  I'T.  IST-l.  Anj:.  -J.H,  IH7(i,,Fuly  .1.  Nov.  'JO, 
IsTN;  Miflriiiiiiit  Si(ii\  \\  \vi.  v;7;t-.">;  Unr/iii'  .l/'i;;.,  .Vng.  iHS.'i  In  ouarrv 
iiig  the  granite  at  Little  Cottonwood  canon,  the  workmen  disltMiu''  'I  ho. 
liowlihi'i  froio  the  mountain  side,  and  sent  them  cranhin^'  down  to  ilie  iiil- 
roud  track,  adeucciitof  "(Ktf'^ct.     One  of  these  l»«jwil«i«tni  wnij^hud  .1 1  .UK)  luiu*. 


THE  TABERNACLE. 


607 


lars.  Its  seating  capacity  ia  about  9,000,"  and  in  the 
building  are  twenty  doors,  some  nine  feet  in  width, 
and  all  of  them  opening  outward,  so  tlmt  in  case  of 
fire  a  full  congregation  can  make  its  exit  in  three 
or  four  minutes.  As  was  the  case  in  the  old  taber- 
nacle,*^ the  acoustic  properties  are  romarkably  good, 
and  it  is  said  that  one  standing  \u  the  east  end  of  the 
gallery  and  uttering  a  few  words  in  his  lowest  tone 
can  be  distinctly  heard  in  the  amphitheatre  where 
the  church  dignitaries  are  seated,  at  the  opposite 
end  of  the  building.*' 

On  the  site  of  the  old  tabernacle  now  stands  the  new 
assembly  hall,"  which  is  also  tiie  stake  house  for  the 
Salt  Lake  stake  of  Zion.  It  is  built  of  rough-hewn 
granite,  the  rock  being  taken  from  the  samo  quarry 
that  supplies  material  for  the  temple,  and  with 
frescoed  ceiling,  represent  I  :i;i  important  rvcnts  in 
church  history.  Though  churcli-like  in  uppfarancc,  it 
is  considered  one  of  the  njost  Hightly  structiuvs  in  the 
city.*'  Of  the  endowment  house  and  otlic^r  buildings 
on  temple  block  n)cntion  has  been  made  elsewhere 

On  South  Temple  street  is  the  museum,  where  are 
specimens  of  home  art,  in  painting  and  sculptun*,  also 
homo  products  and  manufactures,  as  in  cotton,  wo«»l, 
silk,  cloth,  paper;  gold  and  silver  bullion  and  coins, 
with   samples   of  the  ores   and   miinrals   of   Utah; 

^* liirharil-<'  Utah  Miitall.,  MS.  In  Utah  Xotr^,  VS.,  2,  it  in  Kivi-n  m  Im 
a!)  T.UUO.  Other  authorities*  wiy  l'.!.(HK)  to  i:t,(HN).  hui  rucont  t-ittiiiiiitc^  kIidw 
tliiH  tu  l>oaii  exaggeration,  tliougli  including  Htitm  ling -room,  tliu  former  ligure 
iii  about  correct. 

"  For  mention  of  the  oM  tAbcrnaole  ami  ila  organ,  «po  p.  2ff2,  this  v«)l. 

"For  I'urtlier  doicriptionii  of  tliix  tuliernucle,  xeo,  auKni^  (lihcrs,  Snla'a 
Arnff.  Reriiitril.'Mi-iii  liiiiiieii^k''<  Morin'tim  ami  A'l/or  Miiim,  U>-I7;  M'lr- 
n'lnlfi  'f/irOiHih  Amer.,  1(15N;  lUiff.*-  llnrily'^  T/ir'ni'/h  <'ili>>i  and  /'riiirir, 
li:»-ir>;  Ve  i:uj)trt'»  Vnl.  and  -Woiv»  ,  i:W-4«i;  l>-<rrt  Xfr»,  .May  4,  IH70, 
oil  viiich  date  wore  <lelivcrcil  the  inuiigiirul  ll.lll^^«H. 

'"Tlio  corneriitiino*  were  laid  Sept.  '-'S,  1S77,  ftiid  it  wa«  d«»«licated  -Ian.  0, 
ISH'J,  tliougli  public  mcrtingH  were  held  in  it  asteuly  uh  Apr  •«,  IHSO.  I'ntil 
Ajir.  I.S7'.)  it  Was  c:dled  th"  new  or  little  tubeniaile,  its  n.-mie  U-iim  i  Imi.^ed 
III  that  date  to  the  Salt  Luke  Asxembly  Mull,  h  is  I'M  by  U'H  ti>et,  an<l  oiui 
^.  at  :»,0(K)  people.    IMinnW  I'tnk  Mitrrll.    MS. 

•»tV.</»  .V../ci«,  .MS.,'J;  Sh'ius  rtnh  i,(iz>tt>fr,  1*<H4,  204.  The  hnil.ling 
i-*  I'Jt)  by  lis  ft,  the  heigiit  of  the  tuwer  which  elites  friiiii  the  ceiitn'  being  l.iO 
ti.  It  luH excellent aciiuMtIc properties,  raiitniiii  u  lorguurgan,  ricUand  swoet 
ill  toue,  and  W'm  dediculvd  in  tlio  Hpriug  <>l  l>M>0. 


m 


808 


SETTLEMENTS,  SOCIETY,  AND  EDUCATION. 


putri factions,  fossils,  and  obsidian;  Indian  weapons, 
scalps,  ornaments,  pottery,  wampum,  and  the  boat  in 
wliicii  Kit  Carson  crossed  the  waters  of  great  Salt 
Lake — the  first  craft  launched  by  white  man  into  the 
Dead  Sea  of  the  West." 

Other  prominent  buildings  in  Salt  Lake  Cit}',  and 
many  points  of  interest  within  easy  reach  of  the  capi- 
tal, US  Great  Salt  Lake,  the  mineral  springs.  Fort 
Douglas,  Parley's  park,  the  Cotton  woods,  Entsign  uiid 
Twin  peaks.  Echo  cailon,  American  Fork  caiiun — tlio 
so  culled  Yoscmite  of  Utah — have  been  described  for 
the  most  part  in  other  portions  of  this  volume,  and  in 
many  (if  the  countless  volumes  that  have  been  written 
concerning  the  Mormons. 

In  order  to  see  Salt  Lake  City  at  its  best,  one  should 
stmll  about  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  throuj^h 
Main  and  Temple  streets,  which  arc  to  this  city  wimt 
Market  and  Kearny  streets  are  to  San  Francisco. 
At  that  time  the  spacious  sidewalks  are  crowded 
with  well-dressed  women  passing  to  and  fro  among  tlio 
HhojKs,  promitient  among  which  stands  out  the  Zion's 
cooperative  store,  or,  as  it  is  usually  termed,  "Zion's 
CiKip."  In  no  part  of  the  city,  or  elsewhere  iit  lUali, 
are  then;  ^signs  of  abject  poverty,  and  there  aie  I't-w 
beggars,  tramps,  or  drones,  the  idle  and  dissolute  beii.g 
discountenanced  by  the  community." 

"■V<i/<»'i  Amrrira  llirinilfif,  ii.  20.');  Hoiiwi(k'»  Mormon*  r.id  Sili/fr  Minn, 
I8-'JI:  (l<z.  of  Uinh,  1874,  178;  S.  L.  C.  Tiihuue,  Juii.  1,  5,  ISTS;  S.  L.  ( '. 
Ilernil,  Si-pf.  l.'l,  1878.  In  IS82<)ccurn><l  t!\o  di-ath  of  Joseph  L.  BiirltM.t,  fur 
■ovL'i'ul  yi'iit'41'iirntor  of  tlut  iiuinuuiii.  Ilorii  ut  Warwick  (.'antic,  Kiiglaml,  iiii'l, 
OM  liu  L-luiiiiuil  buloru  liia  ilouuttMc,  logitiinuto  liuir  to  oiio  of  thu  gruutt'Ht  tail- 
doiiiM  ill  tlio  rualiii,  liin  niiucHtry  biuiig  tnux-ii  liack  on  tlio  fuUii-r'H  Hiilc  to 
KolM'i't  linico  of  Scotland,  und  on  tliu  niollii;r'H  tu  liisliop  Hidlcv,  ho  ciili^tiMl 
in  tliu  niarincM.  prolNibly  on  uccoiint  of  ■oine  family  (juarrol.  Hia  dimliaipi 
\mi\,l  pritonn'il,  ho  joined  hin  father,  who  was  RU|)crinti!ndent  of  tlio  Mormon 
Million  in  I^fndon.and  in  1 8r)().)oito|)h  joined  the  Mormon  church.  S.  I..  ('ii;i 
Conhihiiior,  iii.  '2M  '1',  Cainnliell,  Circular  Notu,  i.  iS'l,  Btates  that  hia  fatinr 
WOK  nterely  tutor  at  Warwick  Custlo. 

"For  deacriptioaa  of  S.  L.  City  in  1883-4,  Bfo  Thf  Mormon  MvtropoI'm 
in  1881,  Sttln'it  Anwr.  Rfi-initril,  200-317  (with  cut);  /hlliiitfr'H  Iln.  nii,l  M- 
tract,  iff  Utiili,  73-4i;  in  1870,  A'.  1'.  Ohm-wr,  in  i'orttaiid  WUy  <  'hriil.  Aih-oi:, 
¥vU.a,  1870;  in  1878,  Mar»MC*  Thi-owjli  Ainrr.,  Ui3-82;  in  1877,  A«.V"  ♦ 
/roinihieiit  to  Orridrnl,  fll-3;  Mmnfr'n  FniilHof  Mormoiiium,  3,  II;  /,(>/"'« 
Cat.,  74  ."),  01  rt,  103;  Tonlor'n  Siimmi-r  S<i><„nf,  20-1;  in  IH70,  .htckoon*  ISUi 
^f  Tractl  at  Uomv,  10  22;  in  187r»,  WdUamt'  Pac.  Tonrut,  132-40,  iJO  2; 


SALT  LAKE  COUNTY. 

While  not  coiumunists,  the  elements  of  socialism 
enter  strongly  into  all  their  relations,  public  and  pri- 
vate, social,  commercial,  and  industrial,  as  well  as 
religious  and  political.  This  tends  to  render  them 
exclusive,  independent  of  the  gentiles  and  their  gov- 
ernment, and  even  in  some  respects  antagonistic  to 
them.  They  have  assisted  each  other  until  nine  out 
of  ten  own  their  farms,  while  commerce  and  manufac- 
turing arc  to  a  large  extent  cooperative.  The  rights 
of  property  are  respected;  but  while  a  Mormon  may 
sell  his  farm  to  a  gentile,  it  would  not  be  deemed 
good  fellowship  for  him  to  do  so. 

Salt  Lake  county  contained,  in  1883,  nearly  one 
fifth  of  tiio  population  of  Utah,  the  eastern  side  of 
the  valley,  where  the  streams  of  the  Wasatch  Moun- 
tains are  utilized  for  irrigation,  being  the  principal 
farming  section;  while  tlie  western  portion,  in  tho 
neighborhood  of  the  Oquirrh  Range,  was  but  sparsely 
settled.  In  this  county  were  found,  with  tho  excep- 
tion perhaps  of  coal,  nearly  all  the  minerals  tluit  con- 
tribute to  the  wealth  of  comnmnities.  Alta,  the 
mining  town  of  Little  Cottimwood,  contained  a  con- 
siderable population  until  the  spring  of  1878,  when  it 
was  almost  uestroye<l  by  fire.  Bingham,  about  thirty 
miles  south-west  of  the  capital,  was  surrounded  by 
productive  mines;  and  Sandy,  where  the  Bingham 
eaiion  and  Cottonwood  ores  were  forwarded  for  sam- 
pling, was  a  thriving  village." 

Ciirfiii'  Pottingt,  lS-28;  in  1872,  lionwiek'*  ^formonl>  nwl  Silver  J/inc*,  8-10; 
WuHhiiiiiloii  •'^tar,  ill  JJrufrrt  Xtirit.  July  10,  IS72;  Oakland  Monthli/  J'cv.,  i.  no. 
I,  IH-11(;  in  1871,  lluhitei't  Itouiiil  Ihf  Wt,rl<l,  7»>-S«);  llreiuieiKHl'n  Xcio  Life, 
i;»7-8.  l»-_»-4;  in  1870,  Xordhof^l'n'.,  40-2;  AeUon'ii  Pict.  (luihlioi'k,  l!>--'."); 
Kmeluml'it  Wointrra  of  Voiemitf,  l'J-2I;  Odrlaud  Mmithly,  v.  270-;i,  27");  in 
l8(Ji>,  Ihw't^  Wentwnrdhy  Rail,  104-12;  in  ISdS.Ooddanl'H  W'hnrlo  Kiiii'jrn/e, 
l.">2-;»;  Hoii'Ivh'  Par.  Kuilrvml,  40-51 ;  Ludlow's  Heart  of  the  ( 'oiitiite.it,  '.U.'t  28; 
liniille'H  Li/eiii  Utah,  240-7;  in  1867,  l/»/nrorth  IHxoiCh  Xew  Amer.,  l.'W-41; 
M,(  hin'H  3,000  Miten  Throui/h  the  1,'wky  Ml»,  lAi-G  (with  out);  in  KS(i«,  A'mi- 
liiiif'M  ArroMH  Amr.r.,  HSli-Q;  Li/e  ai>iO'i'j  the  MormotiK,  H'i-'.i'i;  in  IHdt'i,  Hoirlm' 
(ti'ir  Xew  We»t,  202-3.  200,  210-22  (» ith  cut);  liarnr*  From  Atlantie  to  Pac^jic, 
54  a;  llichttrdaon'a  Iteyoiid  the  JtiMiMijipi,  347  (with  cut);  in  1800-2,  pp. 
&77  00,  tliis  vol.  iwitli  plan). 

^Aniuu^  otiivr  growing  Mttlemeuts  in  Salt  Lake  co.  at  tbia  time  were 


# 


TOO 


SETTLEMENTS,  SOCIETY,  AND  EDUCATION. 


Of  the  establishment  and  progress  of  other  settle- 
ments, up  to  the  close  of  1862,  mention  has  already 
been  made.**  Davis  county,  north  of  Salt  Lake,  was 
settled  by  quiet  pastoral  and  agricultural  communi- 
ties oi  the  old-fashioned  type.  Farmington,  Centre- 
ville,  Kaysville,'*  and  the  three  towns  named  Bounti- 
ful,*"  were,  in  1886,  reasonably  prosperous,  resemblinjj 
somewhat  small  English  villages,  except  for  the  fact 
that  no  ale-houses  were  to  be  seen  in  their  midst. 

Ogden,  or,  as  it  was  sometimes  erroneously  called, 
Junction  City,  the  site  of  which  was  purchased,  as 
the  reader  will  remember,  in  1848,  for  some  $2,000  or 
$3,000,  ranked  in  1883  next  to  Salt  Lake  City  in 
population.^  In  the  centre  of  a  network  of  railroads 
and  of  a  prosperous  agricultural  region,  with  excellent 

Hill  Creek,  East  Mill  Creek,  Big  Cottonwoml,  South  Cottonwood,  Union, 
North  Jordan,  South  Jordan,  West  Jorilan,  Brighton,  Butlerrillu,  Granite, 
Dra|)er,  Hcrriman,  Mountain  Dell,  and  rieasant  Green. 

'*>S«u  caps  xiii.,  xxi.,  this  vol. 

'^  So  culled  after  a  bishop  and  early  settler  named  William  Kay,  «-ho 
owned  n  largo  portion  of  it«  site.  Alx)iit  the  year  18r>7  the  bishop's  interest 
was  purchased  by  John  S.  Smith,  an  EnKlishmau  by  birth,  who,  landing  in 
Cunad.t  in  1S4I,  afterword  proceeded  to  Nauvoo,  and  was  one  of  those  who 
took  iMirt  in  the  exodus.  Mr  Smith  is  now  one  of  the  principal  farmers  in 
Davis  CO.  Among  other  prominent  men  in  that  county  may  be  mentioned 
the  following:  Joseph  Barton,  a  native  of  St  Helens,  Lancashire,  England, 
settled  at  Knysville,  his  present  home,  in  1862,  being  then  only  14  years  of 
age.  In  1809  he  was  elected  county  surveyor,  and  smce  that  date  has  held 
the  appointments  of  city  recorder  of  Kaysville,  county  clerk,  and  prosecuting 
attorney,  the  last  two  of  which  offices  he  filled  in  1885.  In  18^  he  was  a 
member  of  the  territorial  legislature,  and  almost  throughout  his  career  in 
Utah  has  occupied  positions  of  trust,  though  they  have  come  to  him  un- 
sought, and  somewhat  against  his  will.  N.  T.  Porter,  a  native  of  Vermont, 
was  one  of  the  first  settlers  in  Centre ville,  where  he  took  up  his  abode  in  1849, 
after  sutrering  all  the  hardships  of  the  expulsion,  and  of  a  long  residence  ut 
Winter  Quarters.  Jos.  Egbert,  a  native  of  Salina  co.,  Ind.,  was  a  pioneer, 
sliaring  the  blanket  of  Orson  Pratt  during  the  journey,  and  driving  the  first 
team  tliat  entered  the  valley.  John  R.  Baines  of  Kaysville,  a  native  of  lied- 
fordshire,  Enghind,  arrived  in  Utah  witli  a  capital  of  10  cents,  and  afterward 
accnmukted  a  fortune  of  $100,000  by  farming  and  traffic.  The  president  uf 
tlie  Davis  stake  was  W.  R.  Smith,  wlio  was  for  several  years  a  member  of  tiie 
legislature,  and  for  nine  years  probate  judge.  He  was  born  iu  Ontario, 
Cajiada. 

'^ South,  East,  and  West  Bountiful.  The  last  was  sometimes  cnlKil 
Wood's  Cross.  Bonntiful  was  a  city  in  the  book  of  Mormon,  liirhnnln' 
Utah  Afuic,  MS.,  4-5.  Prominent  among  the  citizens  of  West  Bountiful  was 
W.  S.  Muir,  a  Scotchman  by  birth,  who,  accepting  the  Mormon  faitli,  set 
forth  for  Nauvoo,  and  in  1847  was  a  corporal  in  tiie  Mormon  battalion.  In 
the  following  year  ho  started,  in  connection  with  Sam.  Brannan,  the  first  store 
ever  opened  at  the  mines  of  California. 

*'  In  1883  it  contained  about  8,000  inhabitants. 


WEBER  COUNTY. 


701 


manufacturing  facilities,  and  with  man^  of  the  at- 
tractions and  conveniences  of  modern  cities,  including 
a  theatre *"  and  one  of  the  best  hotels  in  the  country, 
with  gentile  churches  and  schools,  both  protestant 
and  catholic,  the  western  terminus  of  the  Union 
Pacific  was  probably  the  most  cosmopolitan  town 
in  Utah.*  Among  the  other  settlements  of  Wtber 
county  the  most  prominent  were  North  Ogdon,*'Har- 
risville,  Huntsvillo,"  Lynne,"  Slaterville,  Uintah, 
Plain  City,  Hooperville,  and  West  Weber." 

"Opened  Jan.  4,  1870.  Slan/ord't  Ogden,  MS.,  10. 

**  For  act  to  incorporate  Ogdcn,  see  Utah  (.'ompikd  Law»,  740-54;  Dtumt 
Jfewx,  Jiiii.  .30,  1861.  For  act  amending  charter  of  iiicornuratiDn,  avo  Utah 
Lawn,  1880,  4-5.  In  1885  the  mayor olUgden  was  David  II.  I't'ery,  a  Vir- 
L'iuian,  who  during  the  civil  war  served  aa  oasistant  commissary  under  <  ieiieral 
Marsliall.  In  \8M,  after  Leiug  iionurahly  di.clmrged  from  the  coufcdirata 
army,  he  arrived  in  Utah  with  the  sum  of  $1,400,  saved  from  the  wreck  of  his 
pniperty.  In  1885  he  was  the  owner  of  several  blocks  of  business  buildiuj^.<*, 
and  was  worth  al>out  9150,000,  being  at  that  date  a  menilier  of  tlie  territorial 
legislature.  In  1880  the  city  and  county  built  a  bridge  over  the  Wcbir,  ut  a 
cost  of  ^10,000,  and  in  the  same  year  tlic  city  constructed  a  reservoir  on 
lyourt-'iouse  liill  to  collect  the  waters  of  several  small  springs  wliiuU  were 
conveyed  in  pipes  to  Main  street.  Stai\ford'»  Ogden,  MS.,  15-IU.  For  sketcli 
of  the  business  growth  of  Ogden,  set  Tidlvhje^s  Maij.,i.  478-84.  For  descrip- 
tion of  town  ot  various  dates,  see  liouwick'H  Silvir  Mine^,  '22-.3;  MiUfnuial 
Star,  x.Nxi.  518;  8.  L.  V.  Tribune,  Sua.  1,  1878,  July  0.  1870,  Jan.  1,  I8SI; 
Trlcgraph,  May  18,  July  8,  Dec.  19,  1800;  Ihrcdd,  Deo.  12,  1877.  Topograph- 
ical plan,  in  }\Keder'»  Survey*,  ii.  471. 

'"With  a  population  in  1880  of  050.  Stanford's Ogdm,  MS.,  8;  about  000. 
Amos  Maycock,  in  Utah  Sketches,  MS.,  115.  In  1883  it  was  about  ^'JOO,  and 
in  1880  some  1,500. 

*'  Hurrisville  was  an  agricultural  settlement  containing  in  1880  about  00 
families,  most  of  them  Scandinavians.  Though  subject  to  early  frosts,  cereals 
were  raised,  with  the  exception  of  wheat,  and  in  the  neighborhood  was  good 
pasture.  A  considerable  income  was  also  derived  from  the  sale  of  biiinglcs 
ond  railroad  ties.  Stafford's  Wefter  Co.,  MS,,  5, 11-12.  In  the  l)e»cr'i}>tionof 
UuHturilte,  MS.,  1-6,  and  Utah  Sketches,  MS.,  are  particulars  as  to  the  re- 
sources and  growth  of  Hur.tsville  from  1860,  when  it  was  founded,  until  1880. 

**  An  agricultural  settlement  two  miles  north  of  Ogden,  containing  iu  1880 
about  500  inhabitants.  Staii/ord'a  IViber  Co.,  MS.,  1. 

"Slaterville  was  organized  as  a  county  precinct  in  1864.  Population  in 
1880  alwut  400.  Uintah,  at  the  western  entrance  of  Welder  caDon,  was  first 
known  as  East  Weber,  the  name  being  changed  to  Easton  early  in  18(J7.  nnd 
in  the  same  year  to  Uintah.  At  Plain  City  the  raising  of  fruit  and  ve;;etublcs, 
especially  strawberries,  was  the  principal  industry.  Hooperville,  settled  iu 
1860,  had  in  1880  about  100  families.  West  Wellcr,  organized  as  a  ward  iu 
1877,  mustered  at  the  same  date  nearly  700  inhabitants.  There  Mere  also 
small  settlemonts  at  Mound  Fort,  a  mile  north  of  the  Weber;  Eilen,  near 
Huntsvillo;  Marriotaville,  three  miles  north-west  of  Ogden;  Riverdale,  two 
miles  south  of  Ogden;  and  several  others.  Id.,  passim. 

In  i\w  Brief  II tstorical  Sketch  of  the  Settlements  in  Weber  CoMUy,  by  Jo^e])h 
Stanford,  MS.,  are  given  in  minute  detail  the  loading  incidents  in  the  history  of 
all  the  f  mcipal  settlements  of  Weber  co.  from  their  foundation  until  the  year 
1880.       lie  JJistorical  Sk^tch  q/'  Oydiu  City,  MS.,  by  this  author,  covers 


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702 


SETTLEMEKTS,  SOCIETY,  AXD  EDUCATION. 


In  Cache  county  were  added  to  the  settlements  al- 
ready mentioned  Richmond,  a  farming  town**  on  the 
line  of  the  Utah  and  Northern  railroad;  Lewiston 
on  the  west  bank  of  Bear  River,  opposite  Richmond ; 
Benson,  eight  miles  south-west  of  Logan;  and  Newton, 
a  thriving  village  a  little  to  the  north-west  of  the 
same  town.^'  The  corner-stones  of  the  Logan  temple 
were  laid  in  1877,  its  site  being  chosen  by  Brigham  a 
few  weeks  before  his  death.  The  structure  is  of  stone, 
painted  and  plastered  in  variegated  tints,  and  capped 
with  an  iron  roof  ^ 

Rich,  or  as  it  was  first  termed  Richland,  county,  in 
the  north-eastern  corner  of  the  territory,  was  organ- 
ized in  1864,  being  carved  out  of  Cache  county,'^ 
Randolph,  the  county  seat,  near  its  centre,  and  sur- 
rounded with  excellent  pasture-land.  Garden  City  at 
its  extreme  north-west,  and  Woodruff^  on  Bear 
River,  being  now  the  principal  settlements.  The 
limits  of  Summit  county  on  the  south  were  extended 
in  1872  by  an  act  of  the  Utah  legislature,  and  in  1886 
it  was  bounded  on  the  north  by  Wyoming  and  Morgan 
county,  and  on  the  south,  east,  and  west  by  Uintah, 
Wasatch,  Morgan,  and  Salt  Lake  counties.  In  1883 
Park  City,  the  centre  of  supply  for  the  Ontario  and 
other  mines,  was  the  most  considerable  town.'* 

Brigham  City,  the  county  seat  of  Box  Elder,  west 
of  Cache  county,  and  on  the  line  of  Utah  and 

the  same  period,  commencing  with  the  time  when  its  bi  was  purchased  by 
Captain  Brown  from  Miles  Qoodyear. 

•'Incorporated  Feb.  6,  1868. 

'''At  the  southern  end  of  Cache  Valley  is  the  town  of  Paradise,  and  scat- 
tered  throughout  the  valley  are  several  small  settlements.  For  descriptive 
sketch  of  Cache  co.  settlements,  see  S,  L.  G.  Herald,  Nov.  3,  10,  1877.  In 
1880  Paradise  had  490  inhabitants.  Orson  Smith,  in  Utah  Sketches,  MS.,  1-2. 

'"  See,  for  ceremony  of  laying  the  corner-stones,  Deseret  News,  Sept.  20, 
1877;  for  dedication,  Biog.  Lorenzo  Snow,  452-3;  for  act  incorporating  Logan 
City,  Utah  Compiled  Laws,  711-18;  for  description  of  the  city,  Deseret  Neivs, 
Oct.  15,  1873,  July  23,  1879;  8.  L.  Weekly  Herald,  March  31,  1881. 

"  For  organic  act,  see  Utah  Acts  Legisl.,  1863-4,  18-19.  The  county  was 
named  after  Apostle  Chas  C.  Rich. 

"  Named  alter  Apostle  Wilford  Woodruff.  Richards'  Utah  Miscell,  MS.,  4. 

"The  other  principal  settlements  besides  those  mentioned  elsewhere  were 
Echo  and  Wanship,  both  on  the  line  of  the  Utah  Eastern  railroad.  Wanship 
was  named  after  an  Indian  who  was  much  respected.  Richards*  Utalt  Aliacell., 
MS..  3. 


COUNTIES  OF  UTAH, 


703 


Northera  railroad,  together  with  Willard  City,  seven 
miles  farther  to  the  south,  had  in  1886  become  places 
of  note.  The  site  of  the  former  was  remarkably 
picturesque.*"  Tooele  and  Grantsville,  in  Tooele 
county,  south  of  Box  Elder,  had  each  in  1830  a  pop- 
ulation of  about  1,200,  and  Corinne,  incorporated  in 
1870,  about  400."  Nephi,  the  county  seat  of  Juab 
county,*^  contained  in  1880  a  thriving  population  of 
about  2,500,  most  of  them  farmers,  though  the  manu- 
facturing interests  of  this  town  were  not  inconsider- 
able, the  Tintic  mines  furnishing  a  market  for  surplus 
lumber  and  produce.*' 

Utah  county,  with  two  lines  of  railroad,"  excellent 
farming-lands"  and  manufacturing  facilities,  and  the 
largest  fresh-water  lake  in  the  territory,**  ranked  sec- 
ond in  population  to  Salt  Lake  county,*'  and  first  in 
its  yield  of  cereals  and  fruits.    By  persistent  effort,  the 


m ! 


by 


In 
-2. 

20, 

jan 
ivs. 


,4. 
ere 
lip 


*"Waiard  City  is  named  after  Willard  Richards.  Richards'  Utah  Misedl. 
MS.,  7;  Brigham,  of  course,  after  President  Young.  Both  were  incorporated 
in  1867.  See  Utah  Compiled  Laws,  737-9,  743-5.  At  Brigham  City  choice 
fruit  was  raised  in  abundance.  In  1880  there  was  a  lar^e  tannery  and  a 
woollen  factory  in  operation.  Near  Willard  City  grain,  fruit,  and  vegetables 
were  raised,  but  the  facilities  for  manufacture  were  meagre.  A.  Christunscn 
and  G.  W.  Ward,  in  Utah  Sketches,  MS.,  45-104.  For  descriptions  of  Brigham 
City  at  various  dates,  see  McClure'a  3,000  Miles  beyond  the  liocky  Mountains; 
Deseret  News,  July  24,  1862,  Jan.  16,  1878.  In  1883  Call's  Fort,  already 
mentioned,  had  only  35  families.  Among  other  settlements  were  Honey  ville 
on  tho  line  of  the  Utah  and  Northern  railway,  organized  as  a  ward  in  1877, 
and  Snowville,  a  stock-raising  centre,  fifty  miles  north-west  of  Corinne,  settled 
by  A.  Goodliife  and  others  in  1876. 

*'  For  acts  incorporating  these  towns,  see  Utah  Compiled  Laws,  740,  843- 
52.  Grantsville  was  named  after  Col.  Geo.  D.  Grant.  Richardii"  Utah 
MisceL,  MS.,  6.  In  the  neighborhood  of  Tooele  many  kinds  of  farm  and  or- 
chard products  were  raised.  At  Grantsville,  also  a  farming  settlement,  there 
were  25  artesian  wells.  F.  M.  Lyman,  John  Rowberry,  and  Harrison  Severe, 
in  Utah  Sketches,  MS.,  29,  151.  For  historical  sketch  of  Corinue,  see  Tul- 
lidge's  Mag.,  ii.  243-6. 

*'' Juab  is  Indian  or  Spanish-Indian  for  flat.  For  acts  defining  and  extend- 
ing the  limits  of  the  county,  see  Utah  Ads  Legist.,  1868,  pp.  41-2;  1870, 
127. 

*'  Mona,  eight  miles  north  of  Nephi,  Juab,  on  the  Utah  Central,  and  Levan, 
seven  miles  east  of  Juab,  were  also  promising  settlements.  At  Nephi  there 
were  in  1880  two  hotels,  a  furniture  factory,  and  a  large  cooperative  store. 
Geo.  Teasdaie,  in  Ctafi  Sketches,  MS..  112. 

**  The  Utah  Central  and  Denver  and  Rio  Grande. 

«» In  1880  there  were  over  40,000  acres  in  tilth. 

**Utah  Lake  is  40  miles  in  length,  with  an  average  width  of  10  miles. 

*'In  1883  Salt  Lake  co.  had  41,800  and  Utah  co.  23,472  iiibabitantn. 
Utah  Oatetteer,  1884,  300. 


7^ 


SETTLEMENTS,  SOCIETY,  AND  EDUCATION. 


inhabitants  of  Provo,  the  county  seat,  built  up  a  set- 
tlement that  ranked  among  the  leading  towns  of  Utah, 
with  handsome  public  and  private  buildings,  a  theatre, 
a  large  tabernacle,  and,  as  will  presently  be  mentioned, 
the  largest  woollen-mill  in  the  territory.  Prominent 
among  its  industries  was  the  drying  of  fruit,  of  which 
several  hundred  tons  were  forwarded  yearly  to  markot/* 
In  1883  the  other  principal  towns  were  fairly  prosper- 
ous, several  of  them,  as  Payson,*'  Spanish  Fork,'*  and 
Springville,^^  having  wealth  and  population  sufficient  to 
support  a  number  of  schools  and  churches,  a  theatre,^^ 
and  the  inevitable  young  men's  and  young  women's 
mutual  improvement  associations.^ 

Uintah  county,  in  the  eastern  portion  of  Utah,  was 
organized  in  1880,^  with  Ashley  as  the  county  seat. 

*'See,  for  act  incorporating  Provo,  Utah  Acts  Leffitl,,  1866,  120  5;  for 
names  of  municipal  oUicers  between  1861  and  1877,  sec  Provo  City  Revised  Or- 
dinances, iv.-v.;  in  1880,  t7<aA(Sie<cAes,  MS.,  where  is  a  brief  historical  sketch 
of  the  town.  Among  the  most  prominent  men  in  Provo  may  bo  mentioned 
Abraham  O.  Smoot,  a  native  of  Owen  co.,  Ky,  who  joined  tho  church  in  183J, 
being  then  in  his  21st  year,  and  a  few  months  later  was  ordained  an  eldor.  Of 
his  missionary  labors,  and  the  part  that  he  played  during  the  exodus  and  tho 
Utah  war,  mention  has  already  been  made.  Chosen  mayor  of  Salt  Lake  CiLy 
in  1857,  ho  was  reappointed  to  that  office  at  each  election  until  18G6,  when, 
declining  tlie  mayoralty,  he  served  for  twelve  years  in  the  legislature.  In 
18C8  he  removed  to  Provo,  where  he  was  also  elected  mayor,  holding  that 
office  for  twelve  years,  and  receiving  no  pay  for  his  services  in  that  capacity 
in  either  city.  In  1884  he  was  president  of  the  Provo  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, the  Provo  Bank,  the  Provo  branch  of  Zion's  Cooperative  Mercantile 
Institute,  and  the  Utah  county  stake.  [Tlah  Early  Scenes  in  Church  Hist., 
17-31;  7'««t«/.7c's  J/ajr.,  iii.  297-9. 

^•At  Payson  there  was  a  cooperative  store  established,  mainly  by  tho 
efforts  of  Wm  Douglas,  who  arrived  in  Utah  in  1848.  See  for  act  incorpo- 
ratuig  Payson,  Utah  Acts  Legist.,  1865,  42;  for  act  extending  limits,  Utah 
Laws,  1882,  pp.  18-19. 

'"Among  the  prominent  citizens  of  Spanish  Fork  may  be  mentioned  the 
bishop  of  ward,  Ceo.  D.  Snell,  a  descendant  of  one  of  tlie  pilgrim  fathtrs 
and  a  native  of  New  Brunswick,  whence  he  removed  to  Utah  in  1854.  In 
1878  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  legislature.  VVm  Career  of  the  same 
city,  and  an  Englishman  by  birth,  was  also  a  member  of  the  legislature  in 
1883,  and  served  on  some  of  the  most  important  committees.  In  1882  the 
limits  of  Spanish  Fork  City  were  altered.   Utah  Laics,  1882,  8. 

"  Tlie  first  mayor  of  Springville  was  G.  D.  Wood,  who  came  to  Utah  in 
1848,  and  in  1884  was  still  mayor,  though  76  years  of  age.  His  son,  L.  S. 
Wood,  was  also  one  of  the  prominent  men  of  Spring\'ille. 

'^  Tlie  Payson  theatre  was  the  second  largest  in  Utah,  and  had  a  seating 
capacity  of  800. 

'^  Midway  betweer  Payson  and  Utah  Lake,  on  the  line  of  the  Utah  Cen- 
tral, the  settlement  of  Benjamin  was  founded  in  1870.  Utah  Gazetteer,  1884, 
156. 

''For  organic  act,  see  Utah  Laws,  1880,  11-12. 


GARFIELD,  SAN  JUAN,  AND  SANPETE. 


705 


In  the  same  year  Emery  and  San  Juan  counties,  and 
in  1882  GariSeld  county,  were  organized,  with  Castle 
Dale,  Bluff  City,  and  Panguitch  as  their  several 
seats."  Emery  county  was  noted  as  an  agricultural 
and  mineral  district,  full  of  inherent  wealth  and  re- 
source. In  Garfield  county,  below  the  junction  of 
the  Green  and  Grand  rivers,  is  first  encountered 
the  weird  scenery  of  the  Colorado.  Toward  the  south 
and  in  San  Juan  county  the  traveller,  standing  on 
the  cliffs  that  overhang  its  banks,  after  making  his 
way  over  leagues  of  sandstone,  where  there  is  no  blade 
of  grass  or  drop  of  water,  sees  below  him  the  stream 
which  Captain  Cdrdenas  discovered  in  1540,'*  still 
gliding  peaceably,  after  a  lapse  of  more  than  three 
centuries,  through  valleys  as  yet  untrodden  by  man. 
Near  the  point  below  which  the  waters  of  the  Green 
and  Grand  are  named  the  Colorado,  ran  the  eastern 
boundary  line  of  Piute  county,  organized  in  1865,^^ 
and  of  which  Junction  was  the  county  seat."  Beaver 
City,  in  the  county  of  that  name  west  of  Piute,  had 
in  1883  a  population  of  about  2,000,  and  was  one 
of  the  principal  manufacturing  centres  of  southern 
Utah.«> 

In  Sanpete  county,**  south  of  Utah  and  Uintah 
counties,  Manti  was  in  1883  the  largest  and  one  of 
the  most  prosperous  towns.  Built  on  a  solid  rock 
near  its  suburbs,  and  at  an  elevation  of  several  hundred 
feet,  stood  the  walls  of  an  unfinished  temple,  facing 
toward  the  west,  and  destined  when  finished  to  be  one 

^^For  organic  acts,  see  Utah  Lawn,  1880,  4-5,  10-11,  1882,  98-101.  Em- 
ery CO.  was  named  after  Gov.  Emery,  and  Garfield  after  President  Garfield. 
Emery  and  San  Juan  were  both  bounded  on  the  east  by  Colorado. 

"See  p.  1-5,  this  vol. 

"  Utah  Acts  Ltgid.,  1865,  16. 

^  Utah  Laws,  1878,  48.  Circleville,  settled  in  1860,  was  the  county  seat 
until  1868,  when  it  was  removed  to  Bullion.  Utah  Acts  LegisL,  1874,  U; 
thence  to  Marysville,  and  again  to  Junction. 

B* Beaver  was  incorporated  in  18G7.  Utcih  Acts  Legist.,  1867»  4-5.  For 
plan,  see  WheeUr's  Qtog.  Surveys,  ii.  491. 

**  For  act  changing  the  limits  of  Sanpete,  Utah,  and  Wasatch  counties, 
see  Utah  Laws,  1880,  18-19.     By  act  of  1864  the  county  seat  of  Sanpote  co. 
was  removed  from  Manti  to  Moroni,  and  by  act  of  1865  again  tixed  at  Manti. 
Utah  Acts  Legist.,  1863^4,  21;  I860, 16. 
Hux.  Utah.   iS 


ill 


:111ffl 

li 

_. 

1 

706 


SETTLEMENTS,  SOCIETY,  AND  EDUCATION. 


of  the  finest  in  existence.*^  Ephraim  City,  incorpo- 
rated in  1868/"  contained  in  1883  about  2,500  inhabi- 
tants,  and  rivalled  the  county  seat  in  aggregate  wealth, 
all  its  citizens  being  men  of  means,  though  none  very 
rich.  Among  other  towns  and  villages  may  be 
mentioned  Spring  City,  nine  miles  north-east  of 
Ephraim,  incorporated  in  1870;  Mount  Pleasant,  sec- 
ond to  Manti  in  population,  incorporated  in  1868;  and 
Fairview,  in  the  northern  section  of  the  county,  incor- 
porated in  1872,  with  an  area  of  twenty  square  milu.s,*^ 

In  1864  Albert  Lewis  and  ten  other  citizens  from 
Manti  pitched  their  tents  on  a  spot  later  forming  a 
portion  of  Main  street  in  Richfield,  Sevier  county, 
Lewis  soon  afterward  building  a  hut  of  cottonwood 
logs,  cedar  posts,  and  mud.  During  this  and  tlio 
following  year  it  is  related  that  600  bushels  of  wheat 
were  harvested  from  10  acres  of  land.  In  1865,  the 
settlement  being  then  reenforced,  a  canal  wis  made, 
eleven  miles  in  length,  tapping  the  waters  of  the 
Sevier.  In  this  year,  also,  Sevier  county  was  organ- 
ized.*'* After  the  cessation  of  Indian  raids  in  1865-(), 
of  which  mention  has  already  been  made,  other  por- 
tions were  occupied,  several  villages,  among  them 
Salina,  Glenwood,  Vermilion,  and  Joseph,  being  built 
on  the  banks  of  the  river. 

Parowan,  the  seat  of  Iron  county,  south  of  Sevier, 
had  in  1883  a  population  of  800,  the  leading  interests 
being  farming  and  lumbering.  Cedar  City  had  about 
the  same  number,^  and  Summit,  six  miles  south-west 
of  Parowan,  and  Kanarra,  formerly  in  Washingt 


on 


•'  The  site  of  Manti  temple  was  chosen  by  Brigham,  and  ground  was  broken 
Apr.  30,  1877.  The  corner-stones  were  laid  Apr.  14,  1879.  Deseret  A'cms, 
May  7, 1879.     For  condition  in  1882,  see  liobimon'a  Sinnera  and  Saints,  ICIJ-i"). 

"  Ulah  Compiled  Laws,  828. 

*•  Chester,  about  four  miles  west  of  Spring  City,  was  settled  in  1882  by  IJ. 
N.  AUred  and  others;  Maytield,  ten  miles  south  of  Manti,  by  families  liom 
Ephraim  and  Fort  Gunnison  in  1873-5.  In  1880  there  were  16  considcialilo 
towns  and  villages  in  Sanpete  co.    J.  B.  Maiben,  in  Utah  Sketches,  MS.,  17.'!. 

••  Wm  Morrison,  Paul  Poulson,  and  James  M.  Peteraon,  in  Utah  Skekhc.i, 
MS.,  134-6;  Utah  AcU  Leijisl.,  1865,  16. 

"^For  acts  incorporating  Parowan  and  Cedar,  see  Utah  Compiled  LawD, 
1868,808-11. 


SCHOOLS  OF  UTAH. 


707 


county,  were  prosperous  fiirmlng  villajres.  In  Kane 
county,  south  of  Iron,  the  first  scttiument,  named 
Kanab,  was  estabhshed  in  1870.^  St  George,  the 
county  seat'^  of  Washington,  and  a  few  miles  north  of 
the  Arizona  line,  was  in  1886  one  of  the  principal 
cities  in  southern  Utah,  and  though  built  on  alkaline 
sands  and  artificial  soil,  was  one  of  the  garden  spots  of 
the  country.  In  its  suburbs  was  a  temple  built  of  red 
sandstone,  and  dedicated  in  1875,  its  baptismal  font 
being  presented  by  Brigham." 


6S 


In  common  with  all  the  leading  towns  of  Utah,  St 
George  was  well  supplied  with  schools,  containing  in 
1883  no  less  than  five  school-houses,  one  of  whieh 
belonged  to  the  presbyterian  mission.  At  that  date 
there  were  in  the  territory  411  district  schools,^''  and 
the  total  expenditure  for  school  purposes  was  in  1879 
about  $293,500,  or  some  $6  per  capita  of  the  school 
children,'**  the  term  lasting  on  an  average  little  more 
than  four  months  in  the  year. 

Upon  the  establishment  of  schools  belonging  to 
other  religious  denominations,  or  as  they  were  usually 
termed  in  Utah,  mission  schools,  educational  results 
were  more  satisfactory,  and  if  much  was  professed, 
much  was  actually  taught.  The  Saint  Mark's  gram- 
mar-school, founded  in  1887  in  connection  with  the 


hrokcn 
103-0. 

|by  1?. 

In  mi 

Cl'illllo 

it:). 

jUWH, 


••  Utah  Sketches,  MS.,  100.  Among  other  settlements  were  Johnson,  some 
ten  niilca  east  of  Kanab,  Pahreah,  near  tho  junction  of  Pahrcah  River  and 
Cottonwood  Creek,  settled  in  1872,  and  Orderville,  on  tho  west  bank  of  the 
Virgen,  in  1875.  In  1809  the  seat  of  Kanoco.  M-aa  removed  from  Kockvilleta 
Toquerville.  Utah  Acta,  18G9,  17. 

"'  For  act  to  incorporate  St  Gcorpc,  see  Utah  Compiled  Lawi^,  814-20.  It 
was  made  tho  county  scat  in  1803.    Utah  Acta  Lcriid.,  1SG2-3,  5-0. 

**  For  dedication  and  description,  see  Millennud  Star,  xxxvi.  252-5;  Dcs- 
tret  News,  Apr.  8, 1874,  Jan.  17,  Apr.  20,  Sept.  l.'^,  1870.  For  plan  of  St  George, 
see  Wheeler's  Geog.  Stirveys,  ii.  491.  Si::  miles  from  St  George  was  the  village 
of  Washington,  and  three  miles  north  of  IlaiTiSburg  tho  town  of  Leeds,  first 
settled  in  1868-9  by  R.  H.  Ashley  and  others.  Pinto,  in  tho  nortliern  part  of 
the  county,  was  settled  by  Jacob  Haniblin  and  others  in  1856.  Tho  mining 
camp  of  Silver  Reef  was  about  one  mile  from  Leeds. 

•*  Of  these  111  were  primary,  60  intermediate,  and  240  mixed.  Utah  Oaz- 
etleer,  1884,  293. 

'"^  liept  Dist  Schools,  1880,  p.  11.  The  value  of  district  school  property 
was  in  1879  $393,984.67,  of  private  school  property  $175,000. 


708 


SETTLEMENTS,  SOCIETY,  AND  EDUCATION. 


episcopal  church,  the  Salt  Lake  seminary,  established 
by  the  methodists  in  1870,  and  others  founded  later 
by  various  denominations,'*  received  so  much  of  pat- 
ronage that  it  became  necessary  for  the  Mormons  to 
bestir  themselves  in  the  matter,  and  there  was  after- 
ward more  eflBciency  in  the  school  system,  private 
institutions  being  also  founded  by  the  saints,  among 
them  the  academy  at  Provo,"'  and  the  Brigham  Young 
college  at  Logan.'* 

For  many  years  a  great  advantage  to  Mormon  as 
against  gentile  schools  was  the  fact  that  they  were 
allowed  to  use  their  meeting-houses  for  public  school 
purposes.  In  1880,  when  the  legislature  passed  an 
act  creating  school  districts,'*  and  authorized  a  tax 
for  the  erection  and  repair  of  school  buildings,  these 
meeting-houses  were  constituted  legal  district  schools, 
though  retained  for  religious  purposes,  the  gentiles, 
none  of  whose  children,  with  rare  exceptions,  attended 
them,  being  also  taxed  for  this  purpose.  Hence,  legal 
conflicts  arose,  the  decision  of  the  courts  being  that 
Mormon  school  trustees  could  not  collect  such  taxes 

"  Presbyterians,  congregationalists,  and  catholics.  Ilarrison^a  Crit.  Noic^ 
on  Utah,  MS.,  63.  Among  tliem  was  the  Salt  Lake  Collegiate  Institute 
founded  by  the  presbyterians,  the  Salt  Lake  Acatlemy  by  the  congregation- 
alists, and  St  Mary's  Academy  by  the  catholics.  The  presbyterians  a  one  had 
in  1883  33  schools  and  2,200  pupils.    Utah  Gazetteer,  1884,  280. 

"Opened  Jan.  1876,  burned  Jan.  1884,  and  rebuilt  the  same  year,  LI., 
278-9;  Albert  Jones,  in  Utah  Co.  Sketches,  MS.,  59-60,  64,  states  that  it  was 
founded  for  the  children  of  members  of  the  church  in  good  standing,  though 
others  are  admitted,  and  that  in  1880  it  had  431  pupils.  See  also,  for  fac- 
ulty, course  of  instruction,  etc.,  Contributor,  ii.  179-80,241-2,272-3;  Decent 
News,  April  17,  187S.  Feb.  5,  1879;  Utah  .four.  Legial,  1880,  401-5,  489-93. 
Among  the  professors  in  1883  was  Elder  Karl  G.  Mwser,  formerly  of  the 
Budig  institute,  Dresden.  'Vhi!e  presiding  over  the  European  mission  in 
ISiiJ,  F.  D.  Richards  heard  that  he  was  desirous  of  I)eing  informed  as  to  the 
faith  and  doctrine  of  the  saints,  and  a  few  months  later  visited  that  city  l)y 
invitation  in  company  with  elders  Wm  H.  Kimball  and  Wm  Budge,  baptiziiit; 
eight  persons  and  organizing  the  first  branch  of  the  church  in  Saxony.  Ma'^er 
was  left  in  charge,  and  when  the  government  banished  the  saints  from  father- 
land, as  wo  have  seen,  he  and  most  of  the  other  converts  gatheacd  to  Utah. 
Richards'  MmcHL,  MS.  Mr  Richards  states  that  the  B.  Y.  academy  is  one  of 
the  best  and  most  popular  educational  institutes  in  the  territory. 

"  Opened  in  Sept.  1878,  the  number  of  pupils  in  1880-1  being  160.  In 
1877  a  tract  of  nearly  10,000  acres  south  of  Logan  City  mtis  deeded  for  this 
purpose  to  a  board  of  trustees  by  Brigham.  Utah  Gazetteer,  1884,  28.3-4.  In 
1883  Mariner  W.  Merrill  presided  over  the  educational  afiaira  of  Logan 
temple. 

'*  A  copy  of  it  will  be  found  in  Reyt  DiH  Schools,  1880.  71-8a 


UNIVERSITY. 


700 


while  the  buildings  stood  on  record  as  church  prop- 
erty. Many  of  the  ward  meeting-houses,  therefore, 
were  transferred  to  school  trustees.'" 

The  University  of  Deseret,  founded,  as  we  have 
seen,  in  1850,  and  incorporated  the  same  year,'*  the 
curriculum  of  which  was  to  include  all  living  lan- 
guages and  sciences,  had  but  a  nominal  existence  until 
1869.  At  the  former  date  there  were  no  efficient 
private  schools  in  the  territory,  no  public-school  law 
had  as  yet  been  passed  by  the  legislature,  and  there 
were   few   competent   teachers.      As   the  university 

^^  Harrison's  Crit.  Noten  on  Utah,  MS.,  67-71.  The  first  gentile  elected 
school  trustee  in  Utah  was  Bc-njamin  Grundy  Raylndd.  a  native  of  Birming- 
ham, England,  who  came  to  Utah  in  18C2.  Finding  no  other  occupation,  he 
began  his  career  among  tlio  sjiints  as  a  hod-carrier;  then  he  turned  cariientcr; 
then  postmaster;  then  journalist;  and  finally,  in  1866,  found  employment 
with  the  Walker  Bros,  to  whom  iu  1885  he  was  confidential  clerk.  A  brief 
history  of  the  Mormon  school  system  from  1850  to  1875  will  be  found  iu  U.  S. 
Educ.  Bept,  44th  Cong.  2dSesa.,  458-60.  See  also,  for  further  information. 
Id.,  42d  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  21,  383-4,  800-4;  42d  Cong.  3d  Scss.,  377-80,  410, 
608-13,  942-97;  43d  Cong.  Ist  Sess.,  xxii.-cxxiii.  460-3,  475,  510-12,  728; 
43d  Cong.  3d  Sess.,  xiii.,  cxxv.,  500-2,  .507,  526-.34,  733;  44th  Cong.  Ist  Sess., 
xxvi.-ccxxiii.  610-14,  548-54;  44th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  passim;  //.  Ex.  Doc., 
4Gth  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  vol.  xi.,  cxxvii. ;  Utah  Jour.  Lvqisl.,  1859-60,  22-0; 
1860-1,  78-9;  1861-2,  65;  1863-4,  96-9;  1864-5,  110-14;  1865-6,  17-18,  170 
-3;  1869,  14-15,  108,  176-8;  18/0,  191-9;  1872,  228-30;  1876,  28-9,  78-9; 
1878,  .^"1-4,  345-80;  1880,  442-60;  Utah  School  Repts,  passim;  Bien.  Bent 
Supt  Dist  Schools,  1880,  1882,  1884;  Utah  Sketches,  MS.,  passim;  Stanfonh 
Weber  Co.,  MS.,  1-23;  Linforth' a  Route  from  Liverpool,  104,  110-11;  Rcmu's 
Jour,  to  O.  S.  L.  City,  ii.  177-94;  Burton's  City  of  the  Saints,  512-16;  Gnnni- 
soii's  The  Mormons,  80-1;  Ward's  JJusb.  in  Utah,  264-6;  HoUisUr's  Bes.  o/ 
Utah,  72-3;  Utah  Pioneers,  33d  ann.,  30-4;  Utah  Besources,  55-8;  Todd's 
Sunset  Land,  179;  Utah  Gazetteer,  39-40,  175-6;  1884,  278-94;  Contrib- 
utor, i.  84;  ii.  240, 270;  iv.  182-3,  352-3;  Millennial  Star,  xxxiii.  651;  Deseret 
News,  Oct.  19,  Nov.  16,  1850,  Feb.  22,  1851,  March  19,  1833,  Jan.  11.  1855, 
Apr.  1, 1857,  Apr.  11,  Oct.  24,  Dec.  5, 1860.  Jan.  15, 1868,  Apr.  17,  1872,  Feb. 
13,  1878,  March  26,  1879;  S.  L.  G.  Tribune,  Nov.  1,  1873,  March  25,  Aug. 
29,  1876,  March  3,  20,  Apr.  21, 1877,  March  20,  Sept.  21,  1878,  Apr.  23,  May 
22,  Sept.  6,  Nov.  20, 1879;  Herald,  Jan.  30,  Apr.  13,  1873.  For  disbursement 
of  school  revenue,  see  Utah  Jour.  Legist.,  1880,  409-81;  for  evening-scliools, 
Deseret  News,  Dec.  28,  1854,  Dec.  6,  12,  1860;  Sunday-schools,  ilnrrison's 
Crit.  Notes  on  Utah,  MS.,  71-3;  Cannon's  Sunday-schools  in  Utah,  MS.,  3; 
Juv.  Inst.,  XV.  89;  Deseret  News,  Apr.  14,  1869.  Mr  Harrison  states  that  un- 
til there  were  gentile  churches  in  Utah  the  Sunday-school  was  almost  un> 
known.  This  the  Mormons  deny,  saying  that  Sunday-schools  have  been 
taught  in  Salt  Lake  City  since  1857,  the  Sunday-school  Union  being  established 
in  1866.  For  gentile  churches  and  missionary  work  in  Utah,  see  Hand- Book 
of  Mormonism,  77-86;  Utah  Oaz.,  208-11;  Marshall's  Through  Amer.,  230. 

'^With  Orson  Spencer  as  chancellor,  Dan.  Spencer,  Orson  Pratt,  Juo.  M. 
Bemhisel,  Sam.  VV.  Richards,  W.  VV.  Phelps,  Albert  Carrington,  Wm  I. 
Appleby,  Dan.  H.  Wells,  Itobt  L.  Campbell,  Hosea  Stout,  Elias  Smith,  and 
Zerubbabel  Snow  aa  regents,  and  David  Fullmer  as  treasurer.  De».  Univ., 
MS.,  3. 


I'i  i  »■ 


;  \v,- 


Ii! 


;S'  ■; : 


l\ 


TIO 


SETTLEMENTS,  SOCIETY,  AND  EDUCATION. 


could  be  of  little  service  without  preparatory  s3ho<)ls, 
and  the  grant  of  $5,000  a  year  had  been  made  from 
an  empty  treasury,  it  was  converted  into  a  parent 
school,  of  which  mention  has  before  been  made,^^  the 
attendance  being  invited  of  all  who  wished  to  qualify 
themselves  as  teachers,  or  for  other  reasons  to  ac- 
quire a  somewhat  liberal  education.^*  In  1852  the 
parent  school  was  closed  for  lack  of  funds, "°  and  from 
that  date  until  fifteen  years  later  nothing  further  was 
attempted,  although  meanwhile  valuable  tracts  of 
land  had  been  set  apart  for  the  future  state  by  con- 
gress for  the  establishment  of  a  university."  During 
most  of  this  interval,  however,  the  board  of  regents 
exercised  a  general  supervision  over  the  schools  of  the 
territory.^^ 

In  the  autumn  of  1867  an  educational  institute 
was  established  by  the  board,  and  conducted  at  the 
council-house,  mainly  as  a  commercial  academy,**^  un- 
til 18G9,  when  classical,  scientific,  and  normal  depart- 
ments were  added,  though  at  this  date  it  was  in  fact 
rather  a  high-school  than  a  university.®'     Students  of 

"  See  p.  324,  this  vol. 

'"It  was  opened  Nov.  II,  1850,  at  the  house  of  Mr  Pack,  in  the  17th  ward 
of  S.  L.  City,  Cyrus  Collins  being  appointed  teacher,  but  succeeded  the  same 
year  by  Orson  Spencer  and  W.  W.  Phelps.  The  terms  were  i. J  a  quarter. 
Id.,  G,  10;  Utah  Gazetteer,  1884,  287. 

•»y>M.  Univ.,  MS.,  24;  Utah  Jour.  Legist.,  1853-4,  115. 

*"By  - cct  of  1855  a  grant  was  confirmed  of  nearly  a  section  of  land  lying 
east  of  S.  L.  City.  By  contributions  of  labor  and  produce,  nearly  all  of  it 
viSii^  enclosed  with  a  stone  wall.  A  building  was  also  commenced  in  the  13th 
wed  for  the  use  of  the  parent  school.  Den.  i/«ji;.,  MS.,  8-9;  Utah  Acts  Lp(jUI., 
18GG,  110.  By  act  of  congress,  approved  Jan.  21,  1855,  two  sections,  in- 
cluding 4G,086  acres,  were  reserved  for  a  university,  said  lauds  to  be  disposed 
of  under  the  direction  of  the  territorial  legislature.  Utah  Laws,  1878,  17-. 
In  1859  the  legislature  passed  an  act  to  provide  for  the  selection  of  two  town- 
ships for  this  purpose.  Utah  Acta  Legist.,  1860,  93-4. 

**'  By  act  of  1851  the  chancellor  and  board  of  regents  were  authorized  to 
appoint  a  superintendent  of  primary  schools,  to  be  under  their  control,  his 
salary  not  to  exceed  $1,000  a  year.  By  act  of  18G6  the  right  of  making  such 
appointment  was  transferred  to  the  legislature.  Dea.  Univ.,  MS.,  4-5,  24. 

*'  Of  which  David  O.  Calder  was  principal. 

"  The  course  lasted  four  years  in  the  classical  and  two  in  the  normal  de- 
partment. In  connection  with  the  normal  department  was  a  '  model  school,' 
where  pupils  were  prepared  for  the  college  course.  The  charges  were  §20  per 
term  for  tiie  classical,  $15  for  the  normal  and  commercial,  ami  $8  for  the  pre- 
paratory course,  with  extra  charges  for  modern  languages,  music,  etc.  Tlio 
rates  for  tuition  were  afterward  reduced.  For  studies  and  faculty,  see  Catal. 
Univ.  o/Deseret,  1868-9,  5,  14-16;  for  list  of  text-books.  Id.,  1869-70,25-6. 


CNIVERSITY  OF  DESERET. 


711 


both  soxes  uuro  aclniitted,  the  total  attendance  in 
1870  being  54G ,"  while  in  1884  the  number  was  but 
298,  the  decrease  being  due  to  want  of  sufficient 
appropriations,  suitable  buildings,^^  and  preparatory 
schools.  In  1882  the  university  included  an  academic, 
a  normal,  and  a  preparatory  department.  In  the  first 
the  courses  included  elcuientary  mathematics,  a  little 
Greek  nnd  Latin,  and  a  smattering  of  ancient,  mediae- 
val, modern,  and  natural  history,  physical  science, 
political  economy,  logic,  and  English  literature.  On 
completing  any  one  course,  and  keeping  only  three 
terms,  the  student  was  entitled  to  a  certificate  of 
graduation.  In  the  normal  department  the  curricu- 
lum, apart  from  the  theory  of  teaching,  was  about 
the  same  as  in  the  junior  classes  of  a  San  Francisco 
high-school,  and  in  the  preparatory  department  al- 
most identical  with  the  subjects  usually  taught  in  the 
lower  grades  of  a  grammar-school.^®  Although  the 
standard  is  somewhat  low,  it  is  probable  that  in  the 
University  of  Deseret  more  has  been  accomplished,  at 
an  average  cost  for  each  pupil  of  ^50  or  $G0  a  year 
per  capita,  than  in  many  similar  institutions,  where 
the  pretensions  were  greater  and  the  expense  in  pro- 
portion.*^ 

••There  were  307  males  and  239  females.  Id.,  18C9-70,  21.  Des.  Ciniv., 
MS.,  27. 

"At  the  session  of  1879-80  the  legislature  appropriated  $20,000  for  the 
university,  and  soon  afterward  the  city  council  donated  to  the  regents  the 
finest  public  square  in  the  city.  A  building  was  at  once  commenced,  but  the 
appropriation  was  almost  expended  before  the  basement  was  liuished,  under 
tlie  expectation  that  the  legislature  of  1881-2  would  vote  a  sum  sutiicient  to 
complete  it.  Such  a  bill  was  passed,  but  failed  to  receive  tlio  governor's  sig- 
nature. At  the  beginning  of  1884  the  walls  and  roof  had  been  completed, 
and  a  portion  of  the  building  was  ready  to  be  occupied,  tlie  money  being 
raised  by  contribution.  For  the  two  years  ending  Dec.  31,  1879,  the  receipts 
were  $18, 151.44,  of  which  $9,200  was  from  territorial  appropriations,  and 
$.'»,986,80  from  tuition  fees.  The  salary  of  the  president,  J.  R.  Park,  wa.s 
$2,400  a  year.  At  this  date  the  institution  was  $3, 384. 14  in  debt.  Uifuii. 
Rept  Chancellor  Univ.  Dexerct,  1878-9,  11-13.  In  1834  Orson  llyde  was 
appointed  chancellor,  in  1857  and  1801  Albert  Carrington,  the  interim  being 
tilled  by  Orson  Pratt,  elected  in  1858;  in  1809  Dan.  H.  Wells  and  in  1878 
Geo.  Q.  Cannon  were  appointed.  Des.  Univ.,  MS.,  35, 

8«See  Circ.  Acc.d.  JJept  Univ.  of  Daeret,  1880-2,  9-10. 

•^  In  1870  a  school  in  connection  with  the  university  was  established  at 
Provo,  with  Myron  Tanner  of  that  city,  A.  K.  Tiiurber  of  Spanisli  Fork,  and 
L.  £.  Harrington  of  American  Fork  as  executive  committee,  and  Warreu 


' 


'■<     !i:i 


■ 


712 


SETTLEMENTS,  SOCIETY,  AND  EDUCATION. 


At  a  meeting  of  the  board  of  regents,  held  in  Octo- 
ber 1853,  Parley  P.  Pratt,  Hcber  C.  Kiiuball,  and 
George  D.  Watt  were  appointed  a  committee  to  pre- 
pare a  small  school-book  m  characters  founded  on  some 
new  system  of  orthography,  whereby  the  spelling  and 
pronunciation  of  the  English  language  might  be  made 
uniform  and  easily  acquired.  A  further  object  was  cx- 
clusiveness,  a  separate  people  wishing  to  have  a  sepa- 
rate language,  and  perhaps  in  time  an  independent  lit- 
erature. After  some  previous  discussion,  it  was  agreed 
that  each  regent  should  prepare  an  alphabet  of  his 
own  contrivance  and  present  it  to  the  board.  Parity 
Pratt  was  in  favor  of  adopting  one  in  which  each  let- 
ter should  represent  a  single  sound,  but  as  some  of 
the  letters  represent  no  sound  except  when  in  combi- 
nation with  other  letters,  and  others  are  of  uncertain 
sound,  depending  on  such  combination,  the  task  would 
seem  a  difficult  one.  Finally,  at  a  session  held  in  De- 
cember of  this  year,  characters  were  adopted,  under 
the  style  of  the  Deseret  alphabet,  the  number  of  let- 
ters, or  rather  sounds,  being  thirty-two,  of  which  tlie 
so-called  vocal  sounds  were  eleven,  including  six  long, 
with  short  sounds  to  correspond,  four  double  and  one 
aspirate,  and  twenty-one  articulate  sounds.  Thus  the 
long  sound  of  the  letter  e  in  meter  was  represented  by 
a  character  resembling  the  Greek  sigma  reversed,  the 
double  sound  of  woo  in  wood  by  one  resembling  omega, 
the  aspirate  by  phi,  and  the  articulate  sound  of  /  by 
rho.  While  these  characters  are  apparently  bor- 
rowed from  the  Greek,  this  is  also  the  case  in  the  plates 

Dusenl)erry  principal.  It  lasted  only  a  few  years.  Deseret  Univ.,  MS.,  27-8. 
In  1884  a  deaf-mute  department  was  opened  in  connection  with  the  univer- 
aity.  Annual  of  Univ.  of  Deseret,  1884-.5,  36-7.  For  further  items  con- 
cerning the  university,  see  the  circulars  and  reports  above  quoted.  Denerel 
tT/KP.,  MS.,  passim;  Utah  Jour.  Leqisl.,  1870,  168-72,  1876,  121-7,  1878, 
295-6,  355-7,  381-91;  Ann.  Univ.  Deseret,  1884-5,  7-38;  Smith's  Rise,  Prog- 
ress, and  Travels,  24-5;  S.  L.  C.  Contributor,  ii.  13-16,  48,  82,  110,  14.'; 
Deseret  Neio8,Jxme  9,  1869,  Jan.  5,  1871;  S.  L.  C.  Tribune,  Aug.  13,  1876, 
March  9,  1878;  Herald,  Nov.  17,  1877,  Nov.  22,  1878,  Jan.  30,  1881. 

Most  of  the  details  given  in  the  text  are  taken  from  the  Deseret  Univer- 
sity,  MS.,  1-35,  which,  besides  a  brief  historical  sketch  of  that  institution, 
contains  some  valnable  items  concerning  the  district  schools  and  the  district 
school  system  of  Utah. 


DESERET  ALrilAHET. 


713 


- 


V  flJsatJi  ^ipsiaji. 


tA>ng  Sound*. 
Letter,       Name.  Sound. 

O o- as  in cat. 

C a  "  ate. 

C ah  "  art. 

0 aw  "  ought. 

0 o  "  oat. 

0 oo  "  ooze. 

Short  Sound»  of  the  alove. 


+ 

as  in 

ft. 

J 

u 

et. 

J 

**' 

at 

J 

u 

ot 

r 

u 

ttt 

s 

u 

book. 

I 

i 

....as  in... 

fee. 

a... 

....  ow 

« 

Ott'l. 

u... 

....woo 

v.... 

...je 

f..... 

....h 

Letter. 
1 

a 

1 

0 ^ 


Mam*. 
.••.•.>.  p 

......b 

1 

d 


Soond. 


Q. . .  ....>..^.>..  che ...  as  in ... .  cheese. 

7 g 

O Js 

O ga ^^as  u grate. 

P ...f 

G y 

L eth»...a8  in. th\^h. 

K the         "  thy. 

8 8 

6 z 

D esh......  as  in . .». .  ^esh. 

O zhe        '*         vision. 

t. ur  "  burn. 

L I 

J m 

H n 

]/\ ...eng...as  in....le7igrth. 


!    If!:! 


^■IM 


Characters  of  Deseret  Alpha  "rr. 


714 


SETTLEMENTS,  SOCIETY,  AND  EDUCATION. 


from  wliich  the  book  of  Mormon  is  saiJ  to  have  been 
translated,  where  the  letters  pi,  rho,  tau,  phi,  chi, 
some  of  them  as  in  manuscript,  and  others  as  in  printed 
Greek,  can  be  distinctly  traced. 

Type  was  ordered,  and  with  a  view  to  durability, 
made  so  as  to  contain  neither  the  top  nor  tail  ex- 
tensions of  the  letters.  At  a  meeting  of  the  board  of 
regents,  held  in  March  1854,  some  of  it  was  presented 
to  the  members;  and  between  that  date  and  1869  were 
published  in  the  Deseret  alphabet  a  primer,  the  book  of 
Mormon,  and  the  first  book  of  Nephi.  Some  attempt 
was  made  to  introduce  into  the  public  schools  books 
thus  printed,  but  without  success.  The  tailless  char- 
acters, and  the  monotonous  evenness  of  the  lines,  made 
t  he  words  difficult  to  distinguish,  and  it  was  found  im- 
possible to  insure  uniform  pronunciation  and  orthog- 
raphy. Within  a  few  years  the  alphabet  fell  into 
disuse,  and  is  now  remembered  only  as  a  curiosity.** 

In  connection  with  the  university  may  also  be  men- 
tioned its  library,  containing  at  the  close  of  1875  about 
10,000  volumes,  later  reserved  for  the  use  of  students, 
but  for  many  years  open  to  the  public.*'  The  terri- 
torial library,  for  which,  as  we  have  seen,  an  appro- 
priation was  made  by  congress  in  1850,  further  grants 
beinjr  made  by  the  Utah  legislature  from  time  to 


^Richards'  Utah  Miac,  MS.,  13-18;  Dta.  Univ.,  MS.,  16-18;  Richards' 
Incidi'iits  in  Utah  IJist.,  MS.,  03.  The  preparation  and  use  of  the  alphabet 
were  ordered,  or  at  least  suggested,  by  BrigKam  Young,  wlio,  in  his  address  to 
the  legislature  of  1853,  thus  gives  his  reasons:  'While  the  ^orld  is  progress- 
ing witli  steam-engine  power  and  lightning  spei:?  in  the  accumulation  of 
wealth,  extension  of  science,  commuuicution,  and  dijsemination  of  letters  and 
principle,  why  may  not  the  way  be  paved  for  the  easier  acquisition  of  the  Eng- 
lish language,  combining,  as  it  does,  great  extension  and  varied  expression 
with  beauty,  simplicity,  and  power,  and  being  unquestionably  the  most  use- 
ful and  beautiful  in  the  worlcf.  But  while  we  freely  admit  this,  we  also  have 
to  acknowledge  that  it  is  perhaps  as  much  abused  in  its  use,  and  as  complex 
in  its  attainment,  as  any  other.'  In  the  Deseret  News,  Aug.  19,  1868,  the 
wecding-out  of  objectionable  literature  is  stated  as  an  additional  reason.  In 
1855  $2,500  was  voted  by  the  legislature  for  the  new  type  and  for  printing 
books  in  the  Deseret  characters.  Utah  Acta  Lenid.,  \\0-l\.  In  1859-^0  the 
Deseret  alphabet  was  used  in  keeping  Brigham  s  ledger,  and  to  some  extent 
in  the  historian's  office  and  in  journalism.  In  1877  an  attempt  was  made  to 
have  the  book  of  Mormon  printed  in  Pitman's  phonotype,  and  Orson  Pratt 
started  for  England  for  this  purpose,  but  returned  at  the  death  of  Brigham  in 
August  of  that  year.    No  further  effort  was  made. 

^Des.  Univ.,  MS.,  29;  Utah  Gazetteer,  228. 


TJBRARIES  AND  NEWSPAPERS. 


71» 


time,*'  contained  in  1883  about  4,500  volumes.  At 
the  same  date  the  masonic  library,  established  in  1873, 
contained  nearly  6,000  volumes,  the  odd-fellows'  about 
1,500,  and  there  were  smaller  libraries  in  connection 
with  various  literary,  benefit,  secret,  and  mutual  im- 
provement societies.*^ 

Like  citizens  of  the  United  States  elsewhere,  the 
setters  of  Utah  have  always  been  patrons  of  news- 
papers— and  except  that  their  columns  are  cumbered 
with  church  matters,  interesting  only  to  the  saints, 
their  journals  compare  very  favorably  with  others 
published  on  the  Pacific  slope.  The  news  is  fairly 
reliable,  but  the  editorial  and  other  comments  must 
be  taken  at  the  reader's  own  valuation.  In  freedom 
from  journalistic  scandal-mongering,  they  certainly 
rank  among  the  foremost,  and  if  sometimes  dull,  they 
are  never  silly  or  obscene.  As  a  rule,  the  Mormon 
journals  are  less  rabid  in  politics  and  religion  than 
the  gentile  newspapers.  Of  several  of  the  former 
mention  has  already  been  made.  In  1867  was  first 
published  and  issued  daily  the  Deseret  Evening  News, 
the  weekly  having  been  first  issued  in  1850.  The 
Daily  Telegraph  first  tvppeared  on  the  4th  of  July,  1864, 
under  the  parentage  of  T.  B.  H.  Stenhouse,***  and  in 
1869  was  removed  to  Ogden,  where  it  expinxl  during 
that  year.  The  Juvenile  Instructor,  an  illustrated  Sun- 
day-school periodical  published  semi-weekly  at  Salt 
Lake  City,  was  established  by  George  Q.  Cannon, 
the  first  number  appearing  January  1, 1866.  The  Salt 
Lake  Daily  Herald  came  into  existence  in  June  1870, 

"The  last  one  in  1882. 

•'  For  mention  of  sucli  societiea,  see  Contributor,  ii.  27-0,  31-2,  61,  92-4, 
159,  222,  287,  350;  Deseret  News,  Aug.  7,  Nov.  20, 1878;  UtahGnzetterr,  1884, 
218-25.  For  further  details  aa  to  .libraries,  see  Id.,  228-30;  liurlon'»  Citi/  oj 
the.  Saints,  286-7;  Deseret  News,  Aug,  20,  1862;  S.  L.  G.  Tiikune,  March  15, 
Nov.  22,  1873,  Deo.  18,  1875;  Reno  Gazette,  Dec.  6,  1880;  Bonanza  City  [Id.), 
Yankee  Fork  Her.,  Sept.  25,  1879;  observatories,  Wheeler's  Oeorf.  Siirt'ei/s,  ii. 
7-9,  401-7,  469-71.  The  offico  of  imperintendcnt  of  meteorological  observa- 
tions created  by  act  of  1857  was  abohalied  by  act  of  1870.  Utah  Jour.  LeyisL, 
1870,  179-80. 

**  The  author  of  Bocky  Mountain  Sainta.    Hia  decease  occurred  in  1882. 


m 


r?  r 


7W 


SETTLEMENTS,  SOCIETY,  AND  EDUCATION. 


Edward  L.  Sloan  being  the  first  editor.  The  Woman's 
Exponent,  a  semi-monthly  woman's-rights  paper,  was 
first  issued  June  1, 1872,  under  the  care  of  Mrs  Louise 
L.  Green  Kichards,  and  afterward  transferred  to  Mrs 
Emeline  B.  Wells.  The  Salt  Lake  Daily  Times,  a 
theatrical  and  advertising  sheet  of  which  John  C. 
Graham  was  e-iitor  and  proprietor,  commenced  Decem- 
ber 24, 1875,  and  in  March  1881  its  publication  ceased. 
The  first  number  of  Tullidge's  Quarterly  Magazine 
appeared  in  October  1880.  This  publication  is  embel- 
lished with  steel  engravings,  and  has  been  favorably  re- 
ceived, not  only  in  Utah,  but  in  the  eastern  states  and 
in  England.  Considerable  sums  have  been  subscribed 
for  the  publication  therein  of  city  and  county  histories. 
The  Ogden  Junction  was  first  issued  as  a  semi- 
weekly  in  charge  of  F.  D.  Richards  on  the  1st  of 
January  1870.  Mr  Kichards  associated  with  himself 
C.  W.  Penrose,  to  whom  he  resigned  the  editorship, 
subsequent  editors  being  John  Nicholson,  Joseph 
Hall,  and  Leo  Haefli.  Soon  after  its  first  appear- 
ance the  paper  became  a  daily  and  its  name  was 
changed  to  the  Ogden  Herald.^^  The  Provo  Dailij 
Times,  which  started  into  being  August  1,  1873,  has 
had  a  varied  experience,  being  successively  called  the 
Provo  Tri-  Weekly  Times,  the  Utah  County  Times,  the 
Utah  County  Advertiser,  and  the  Territorial  Inquirer, 
the  last  being  its  present  name.^*  The  Beaver  Enter- 
prise was  instituted  early  in  1874,  Joseph  Field  being 
editor;  the  Southern  Utonian  was  also  published  at 
Beaver  City  in  March  1881,  with  F.  R.  Clayton  as 
editor,"^  and  the  Beaver  County  Record,  at  first  a 

"  Among  those  who  early  took  an  interest  in  newspapers  may  be  men- 
tioned Sidney  Stevens,  who  in  1885  was  still  one  of  the  largest  proprietorii 
of  the  Herald.  Mr  Stevens,  a  native  of  Somersetshiro,  Englana,  came  to 
Utah  in  1863,  settling  two  years  later  at  North  Ogden,  where,  and  at  Ogden 
City,  he  has  ever  since  been  actively  engaged  in  business.  Among  other  ven- 
tures, he  has  been  largely  interested  in  the  shipment  of  produce  to  the  eastern 
states,  forwarding  as  many  as  470  car-loads  in  a  single  year.  To  hia  enter- 
prise the  terminus  of  the  Union  Pacific  ia  in  no  small  degree  indebted  for  its 
recent  growth. 

**  It  has  been  edited  at  Tarious  dates  by  R.  T.  McEwan,  B.  O.  Sleater, 
J.  T.  McEwan,  and  John  C.  Graham.  Richard*'  Bibliog.  qf  Utah,  MS.,  18. 

**  Later  Dan.  Tyler  became  editor.  Ibid, 


UTAH  JOURNALISM. 


717 


weekly  and  afterward  a  semi-weekly,  m  1883,  with 
F.  R.  Clayton  and  R.  Maeseras  editors.  In  addition 
to  the  above,  and  to  those  already  mentioned,  numer- 
ous daily,  weekly,  monthly,  semi-weekly,  and  semi- 
monthly publications  were  issued  at  the  capital  and 
elsewhere  in  the  territory,  some  of  them  having  but 
an  ephemeral  existence,  and  some  being  in  existence 
to-day.  For  an  account  of  them,  I  refer  the  reader 
to  the  note  subjoined,**  where  it  will  be  seen  that 

"Additional  list  of  publications,  showing  name,  where  located,  frequency 
of  issue;  and,  where  possible,  date  of  eatabushment  and  suspension: 

Location.  Name.  Eatabllshed. 

Alta  City Cottonwood  Observer,  s. w 1870  et  seq. 

Beaver Enterprise,  w 1S73. 

"      Beaver  County  Record,  8.  w June  8, 1883,  et  seq. 

"      The  Southern  Utonian,  w March  1881  et  seq. 

Bear  Lake Democrat,  w.  (Mor.  pub.,  but  pub.  in 

Idaho) Oct.  1880  et  seti- 

Bloomington The  Union  and  Village  Echo,  m 1882. 

Camp  Douglas. . .  .Union  Vedette,  d.  (trans.  toS.  L.  City).  18C4-7. 

Corinue Daily  Reporter,  d 18G7. 

*♦      Daily  Journal,  d 1871. 

"      Mail,  d 

"      Utah  ISeporter,  d.,  s.w.  (changed  to) . . . 

"      Corinne  Republican,  t.w.,  w 

Diamond Rocky  Mountain  Husbandman,  w 

Frisco Times,  w 

Logan Leader,  w.  (changed  to) Sept.  1879-82. 

"     Utah  Journal,  s.w  Aug.  1,1 882,  ot seq. 

"     The  Northern  Light,  w May  1879. 

(Transferred  and  changed  to) 

Oxford,  Id Idaho  Banner,  w 1879. 

Ogdeu Amateur 

"      Daily  Morning  Rustler,  d 

"      Evening  Dispatch,  d 

"      Ogden  Herald,  d.,  s.w .1881  et  seq. 

"      Ogden  Freeman,  d.,  s.w 

"      Ogden  Junction,  d.,  s.w Jan.  1870. 

"      Ogden  Pilot,  d 

"      Ogden  Telegraph,  s.w 

"      Ogden  Times,  s.w 

"      UtahTalsmand 

Park  City Record,  w 

Provo  City Territorial  Inquirer,  s.w 

••         Times,  d 

"         Utah  County  Times,  t.w 

"         The  Utah  County  Advertiser Jan.  13,  1876. 

Richfield Sevier  Valley  Echo,  w Any.  1884  et  seq. 

gait  Lake  City ....  Anti- Polygamy  Standard,  m Apr.  '80  to  Sept.  ^82. 

....Bikuben,  w Aug.  1, 1870  et  seq. 

.. .  .Circular,  w 1874. 

....City  Review 

.. .  .College  Lantern,  m May,  1870. 

;. .  .Deseret  News,  d.,  s.w.,  w June  1S50  et  seq. 

....  Deseret  Home,  m Jan.  '82  to  Aug.  '^ 

....Diogenes Jan.  1871. 


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718 


SETTLEMENTS.  SOCIETY,  AND  EDUCATION. 


about  one  hundred  newspapers  and  periodicals  have 
been  published  since  June  15,  1850,  when  the  first 


Kame. 


IkUbllabed. 


Location. 

Salt  Lake  City.. .  .Enoch's  Advocate 1874. 

"  ....Evening Chronicle,  d 

"  ...  .Evening  Mail,  d 

"  ...  .Foot-Lights 

....  Grocer  and  Trade  Journal,  m May  1, 1881 ,  et  seq. 

...  .Juvenile  Instructor,  s.m Jan.  1, 1866,  etseq. 

. . .  .Keep-a-Pitchin-in,  s.m 1869. 

Kirk  Anderson's  Valley  Tan,  w Nov.  '58  to  Feb.  '60. 

...  .Life  and  Home,  m Aug.  1884. 

....  Mining  Gazette,  w 1873  et  seq. 

....  Monthly  Record,  ra 

., .  .Morgenstjernen,  s.m 1882  et  seq. 

.. .  .Mormon  Expositor 

....  Mormon  Tribune,  w 

. . .  .Mountaineer,  w Aug.  27,  1859. 

....  Mormonen  Zeitung,  w Aug.  26,  1882. 

....New  Endowment,  d Feb.  17,  1873. 

.. .  .Parry's  Literary  Journal,  m Oct.  1884 etseq. 

...  .Peep  O'Day,  w Oct.  20,  1864. 

....  Press,  d 1874. 

.. .  .Real  Estate  Circular 

....  Real  Estate  and  Min'g  Gazette,  s.  m.,  m. 

...  .Rocky  Mt  Christian  Advocate,  m 1876. 

....  Salt  Lake  Herald,  d.,  s.  w June  5, 1870,  et  seq. 

....  Salt  Lake  Independent,  d ... 

....Salt Lake  Journal,  d 1872. 

. . .  .Salt  Lake  Leader,  w 

. . .  .Salt  Lake  Reporter,  d May  11,  1868. 

....Salt Lake  Review,  d 1871. 

...  .Salt  Lake  Telegraph,  d.,  s.w.,  w July  4,  1864. 

. . .  .Salt  Lake  Times,  a 

. . .  .Salt  Lake  Tribune,  d.,  w 1870  et  seq. 

. . . .  Skandinav 

...  .The  Contributor,  m Oct.  1879  et  seq. 

...  .The  Utah  Farmer,  m Feb. '80 to Sept.^Sl. 

. . .  .TuUidgo's  Quarterly  Magazine,  qty 1880  et  seq. 

....Union  Vedette,  d.,  w 1864. 

(Trans,  fr.  Camp  Douglas  iu  1867.) 

....  Utah  Commercial,  m 

.. .  .Utah  Educational  Journal,  m July  1875. 

...Uteh  Mail,  d 

. . .  .Utah  Magazine,  w 1867. 

....  Utah  Miner 

....  Utah  Mining  Journal,  d June,  1872. 

....UtahPosten Dec.  187.3. 

....Woman's  Exponent,  s.m June  1,1872, etseq. 

Silver  Reef Silver  Reef  Echo,  s.w 

"         Silver  Reef  Miner,  s.w.,  chgd  to  w....  1879. 

Spring  Lake  Villa. Farmer's  Oracle,  s.m May  22,  1863. 

St  George Cactus,  w 1862. 

....Enterprise,  m 1869. 

. . . .Our  Dixie  Times,  w.  (changed  to) Jan.  22,  1868. 

....  Rio  Virgen  Times,  w 

....  Pcndogist,  m 

....  Pomologist  and  ( Jardener,  m 1870. 

....  The  Union 1 878. 


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SNOW  AND  PENROSE. 


719 


number  of  the  Deseret  News  announced  to  the  sainta 
the  death  of  John  C.  Calhoun.®^ 


•'  For  further  mention  of  Utah  jonmalism,  see  Richards^  Bihliog.  of  Utah, 
MS.;  Millennial  Star,  xxxvL  731-2;  xxxix.  127;  liemy'a  Jour,  to  O.  S.  L. 
City,  i.  180-90;  Beadle's  Life  in  Utah,  534-8;  Jiichanlson's  Beyond  the  J/is- 
eissippi,  351;  Smith's  Rise,  Progress,  and  Travels,  27;  Bonwick's  Mormons  and 
Silver  Mines,  160-2;  Tucker's  Mormonism,  246-7;  S.  L.  C.  CoiUributor,  ii. 
209-10,  iv.  352;  PettenoeWs  Newsp.  Direct.,  1856. 

In  connection  with  Utah  literature  may  be  mentioned  Eliza  R.  Snow,  the 
sister  of  Apostle  Lorenzo  Snow,  and  the  second  of  the  seven  children  of  Oliver 
Snow^,  a  native  of  Mass.,  and  a  farmer  by  occupation,  though  one  much  occu- 
pied by  public  business  and  holding  many  responsible  positions.  Wliile  still 
almost  a  young  girl,  Sister  Snow  commenced  writing  for  various  publications, 
under  an  assumed  signature,  and  later  in  life  published  nine  volumes,  two  of 
them  being  of  poetry,  and  several  reaching  a  second  edition.  Miss  Snow  was 
baptized  as  a  Mormon  in  1835,  and  the  following  year  removed  to  Kirtland, 
residing  in  the  family  of  Joseph  Smith  and  teaching  his  children.  After  a 
brief  residence  at  Adam-on-Diahman  and  Quincy,  she  repaired  to  Nauvoo, 
and,  at  the  expulsion,  crossed  the  Mississippi  with  the  first  parties,  reaching 
the  valley  of  Great  Salt  Lake  with  Parley  P.  Pratt's  companies.  Snow's  Anto- 
bioij.,  MS.,  passim;  Richards'  Narr.,  MS.,  llG-7;  Tullidge's  Mag.,  116-17. 

In  connection  with  the  press  of  Utah  may  be  mentioned  Chas  W.  Penrose, 
who  was  called  to  the  ministry  at  the  London  conference  of  1850,  being  tlien 
only  in  his  18th  year.  Mr  Penrose  commenced  his  literary  career  as  a  con- 
tributor to  the  Millennial  Star,  of  which  he  was  editor  about  1867,  having 
before  that  date  passed  several  years  in  Utah,  where,  however,  he  found 
little  encouragement  ai  a  journalist.  Returning  in  1870,  he  was  appointed  to 
tlie  editorial  charge  of  the  Ogden  Junction,  which  position  ho  filled  for  seven 
years,  after  which  he  became  editor  of  the  Deseret  News.  In  1876  lie  was 
elected  member  of  the  legislature  for  Weber  co.,  in  which  body  he  was  for 
several  sessions  a  tireless  worker.  Among  the  measures  that  he  introduced 
was  one  to  remove  the  political  disabilities  of  women,  which  passed  both 
houses,  but  failed  to  receive  the  governor's  signature.  Tullidge's  Mag.,  ii. 
27-30. 


I;    I' 


-f 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

AGRICULTURE,  STOCK-RAISING,  MANUFACTURES,  AND  MINING. 

1852-1886. 

AaBIOULTURAL  PRODUCTS  AND  YiELD  PBR  ACBK — IrRIOATION — CHARACTER 

OF  THE  Soil — Fruit  Culture — Viticulture — Sericulture — Timber 
AND  Timber-lands— Bunch-grass — Cattle-raisino — Dairy  Products 
— Horses — Sheep — Woollen  Manufactures — Leather — Other  Man- 
ufactures— Iron-mining— Coal-mining — Copper — Sulphur— Gypscm 
and  Mica— Other  Minerals — Building  Stone — Gold  and  Silver— 
The  West  Mountain  District — The  Rush  Valley  District— The 
Cottonwood  District — The  American  Fork  District — The  Tintic 
DiSTRicr — The  Ontario  Mine — Other  Mining  Districts — Mining 
Products— Milling,  Smelting,  and  Reduction-works. 

The  progress  of  agriculture  in  Utah  will  best  be 
understood  from  the  following  figures:  In  1849,  as 
we  have  seen,  nearly  130,000  bushels  of  cereals  were 
raised  from  about  17,000  acres  of  land,*  then  valued 
at  $6.50  per  acre.  In  1883,  which  was  by  no  means 
a  favorable  year,  more  than  1,600,000  bushels  of 
wheat,  and  some  722,000  of  oats,  305,000  of  barley, 
193,000  of  corn,  together  with  215,000  tons  of  hay, 
and  800,000  bushels  of  potat<jes,  were  produced  from 
about  215,000  acres,^  the  value  of  which  varied  accord- 
ing to  location  from  $25  to  $100  per  acre;  the  yield 


'  See  p.  328,  this  vol.  Three  fourths  of  the  crop  was  wheat,  and  there 
were  10,000  bushels  each  of  corn  and  oata.  Most  of  it  was  produced  on  the 
banks  of  Jordan  River  and  its  affluents,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  Utah  Lake. 
In  Utah  SkeUfies,  MS.,  passim,  it  is  stated  that  land  was  cultivated  in  San- 
pete CO.  in  1848,  and  in  Tooele  and  Utali  cos.  in  1849.  Some  4o,000  bushels 
of  potatoes  were  also  raised  in  1849,  besides  other  vegetables,  together  with 
40  pounds  of  hops  and  70  of  tobacco. 

''  For  tabulated  statement  of  cereal  and  farm  products  for  each  county  in 
1883,  see  Utah  Gazcleer,  1884,  297-8. 

(730) 


FARMS  AND  CROPS. 


721 


of  wheat  being  m  1883  about  20  bushels,  of  oats  33, 
of  barley  25,  and  of  corn  IG  bushels,  to  the  acre; 
though  in  Willard  county  the  average  of  wheat  was 
57,^  of  oats  in  Cache  and  Utah  counties  53  and  58 
bushels,  and  of  barley  in  the  latter  nearly  41  bushels.* 
When  the  pioneers  entered  the  valley  in  1847  their 
hearts  sank  within  them  at  the  hopeless  prospect.  The 
land  seemed  barren  beyond  redemption;  but  from  less 
than  seventeen  acres  of  its  soil  were  raised,  in  1880, 
more  thai;  1,250  bushels  of  grain." 

According  to  the  census  returns  for  1880,  there 
were  9,452  farms  in  Utah,  with  a  total  area  of  655,- 
524  acres,  of  which  416,105  were  in  tilth,  their  value, 
including  improvements,  being  estimated  at  $14,015,- 
178;  the  total  value  of  all  farm  products  at  $3,337,410, 
and  of  farming  implements  and  machinery  at  $946,- 
753.  The  agricultural  products  of  Utah  in  1883  more 
than  suflSced  for  her  needs,*  and  as  there  was  no  very 
reliable  market  for  the  surplus,  there  was  little  incen- 
tive to  further  exertion  in  this  direction.  It  v/as 
claimed,  however,  that  with  more  careful  cultivation 
the  yield  could  be  at  least  doubled  on  the  same  acreage, 
and  it  is  certain  that  there  were  several  million  acres  of 
farming  land  untouched  and  almost  unthought  of,  on 

■  Utah  CO.  produced  over  30  and  Cache  over  29  bushels  per  acre. 

*  Agricultural  statistics  for  Utah  will  be  found  in  the  census  reports  for 
1850,  1860, 1870,  1880.  For  intervening  years,  see  the  files  of  the  Utah  Direc- 
tory and  Uazetteer;  Utah  Gazetteer;  Deserel  Xews;  Smith's  Hise,  Prof)re88,  and 
Travels,  23;  Fabian's  Utah,  6,  8-9;  Utah  Jiesourcrs  aitd  Attractions,  18-19; 
Sac.  Union,  Jan.  9,  1873;  S.  L.  C.  Tribune,  March  30,  1879;  JJeserel  Neus, 
Nov.  9,  1881;  House  Ex.  Doc,  46th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  40,  503. 

*  By  S.  A.  Woolley.  Of  wheat,  426  bushels  were  obtained  from  6§  acres, 
517  of  barley  from  5|  acres,  and  310  of  oats  from  3^  acres.  Sloan's  Utah,  4. 
For  an  essay  entitled  Utah:  Ilcr  Attractions  and  llesources,  as  Inviting  the 
Attention  of  Tourists  and  Those  SeeUmj  Permanent  Homes,  a  prize  was  awarded 
in  1881  by  a  committee  of  Mormons,  among  whoTi  were  Joseph  R.  Walker 
and  Wm  Jennings,  to  Robt  W.  Sloan  of  the  S.  L.  <J.  Herald.  It  was  after- 
ward  published  as  a  paraphiet,  and  contains  much  reliable  information  in  a 
compact  form.  Mr  Sloan  is  also  the  compiler  of  the  Utah  Gazetteer,  and  Direc- 
tory of  Logan,  Ogden,  Provo,  and  Salt  Late  Cities  for  1SS4,  in  which  is  a 
valuable  compendium  of  the  agricultural,  manufacturing,  mining,  railroad, 
and  commercial  interests  of  Utah,  together  with  a  chronological  table  and  a 
description  and  brief  historical  sketch  of  the  various  counties  and  settlements. 

'The  consumption  of  wheat  was  estimat<j<l  at  900,000  to  1,000,000  bushels 
a  year,  or  about  G^  bushels  per  capita  of  the  population. 
Hut.  Utab.    40 


I 


932 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


account  of  an  insufficient  rainfall/  or  through  lack  of 
irrigation. 

There  are  few  parts  of  the  world  where  irrigation 
has  been  pushed  forward  more  systematically  and 
with  better  results  than  in  Utah.  In  1865,  277  ca- 
nals had  already  been  constructed,  at  a  cost,  includ- 
ing dams,  of  $1,766,939,  with  a  total  length  of  1,043 
miles,  irrigating  153,949  acres;  and  there  were  others 
in  progress  at  this  date,  the  cost  of  which  was  esti- 
mated at  $877,730.*  During  each  succeeding  year 
thousands  of  acres,  before  considered  worthless,  were 
brought  under  cultivation,  canals  being  built  in  all 
directions,  the  waters  that  had  run  to  waste  down 
the  mountain  sides  and  through  the  cafions  deposit- 

^  The  average  annual  precipitation  at  Beveral  places  and  periods  covered  by 
observation  is  as  follows:  S.  L.  City  and  Camp  Douglas  15.72  inches  for  19 
years;  Harriaburg  13.74  inches,  2  years;  Saint  Greorge  11.39  inches,  3  years; 
Camp  Floyd  7.33  inches,  2J  years.  Consult  Sloan's  Utah  Oazetteer,  1884,  p. 
189;  Powell's  Lands  of  the  Arid  Rerjion,  in  //.  Ex.  Doc,  45th  Cong.  2d  Sess., 
73,  49,  79;  also  Schott's  Tables  of  Precipitation,  72,  116.  In  the  year  ending 
June  30,  1879,  37.71  inches  of  rain  are  reported  at  S.  L.  City.  u.  S.  Signal 
Officer,  in  //.  Ex.  Doc,  46th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  i.  pt  1,  92.  The  greater  rain- 
falls at  S.  L.  City  and  Camp  Douglas  arc  due  to  the  modifying  influence  of  G. 
S.  Lake,  which  is  only  local.  From  May  to  October  there  is  almost  a  total 
absence  of  rain.  Stansbury's  Expedition,  140.  Burton,  who  visited  Great  Salt 
Lake  City  in  1860,  says  the  rain  tliat  year  extended  to  the  middle  of  June, 
and  attributes  the  change  to  cultivation  and  settlement.  City  of  the  Saints, 
335.  About  two  thirds  of  the  districts  under  cultivation  require  irrigation. 
Utah  Direc,  1879-80,  17. 

*  Smith's  Rise,  Progress,  and  Travels,  23.  For  act  incorporating  the  Big 
Cottonwood  Canal  Co.,  see  Utah  Acts  Legist.,  1855,  277-9;  for  progress  of 
work,  Deseret  News,  Aug.  29,  1855,  March  25,  1857.  In  1856  the  Davis 
Co.  Canal  Co.  was  incorporated.  Utah  Acts  Legist.,  1855-6,  34-5.  For  an 
account  of  the  Weber  River  canal,  see  Deseret  News,  Aug.  20,  1856,  Oct.  10, 
ISGO;  of  the  Logan  canal,  Tullidge's  Mag.,  i.  534-5;  and  of  the  Jordan  canon 
canal.  Id.,  Sept.  21,  1864.  In  this  year  it  was  first  proposed  to  bring  the 
waters  of  Utah  Lake  into  Salt  Lake  co.,  where  there  was  not  one  third  of  the 
water  needed  for  irrigation.  The  cost  of  making  a  canal  for  this  purpose,  32 
miles  in  length,  20  feet  broad  at  the  bottom,  3  feet  deep,  and  capable  of  irri- 
gating about  30,000  acres  per  week,  was  estimated  at  $485,580.  Id.,  Nov.  30, 
1804.  Tlie  enterprise  was  termed  the  Deseret  Irrigation  and  Navigation  Co. 
The  governor  refused  to  grant  a  franchise.  See  Utah  Jour.  Legist.,  1864-.'), 
110-17;  but  it  was  incorporated  in  1867.  The  act  of  incorporation  will 
be  found  in  Utah  Acts  Legist.,  1867,  pp.  30-2.  See,  for  statistics  of  iiTigation 
for  each  county  in  1865,  Pac.  Coast  Direct.,  1867,  151-3;  for  reports  on 
extent,  cost,  and  value  of  canals  at  this  date,  with  other  statistics,  Utah 
Jour.  Legist.,  1864-5,  130-3,  1865-6,  149-53;  for  various  acts  regulating 
irrigation,  Utah  Compiled  Laws,  879;  for  act  to  provide  right  of  way  for  S. 
L.  City  canals,  Utah  Laws,  1880,  85-8;  for  act  regulating  water  rights.  Id., 
36-41;  for  other  acts  concerning  irrigation,  Id.,  1882,  119;  for  names,  length, 
and  cost  of  canals  in  Weber  co.,  Stanford's  Brief  Hist.  Sketch  of  Weber  Co., 
MS.,  22. 


IRRIGATION. 


723 


ing  on  the  farm-lands  rich  particles  of  fertile  soil.* 
Two  or  three  waterings  a  year  would,  in  most  locali- 
ties, secure  good  crops,  and  the  millions  devoted  to 
Eurposes  of  irrigation  throughout  the  territory  paid 
etter  interest,  directly  and  indirectly,  than  capital 
invested  in  any  other  description  of  enterprise.  Nev- 
ertheless, the  supply  was  insufficient,  more  water 
being  still  allowed  to  run  to  waste  during  the  spring 
and  winter  months  than  was  utilized.*" 

The  winter  rains  swell  the  streams,  sometimes  to 
overflowing,  when  considerable  damage  occurs  to  farm- 
ing-lands along  the  river-bottoms.  Snow  falls  to  a 
depth  of  from  two  to  twenty-five  feet,  but  does  not 
usually  melt  before  summer  is  well  advanced.  Wind- 
storms are  often  violent,  and  occasionally  destroy 
growing  crops."  The  altitude  of  Utah  renders  the 
high  lands  liable  to  night  frosts  during  the  summer 
months,  and  on  the  more  elevated  plateaus  no  attempt 
is  made  to  plant,  the  surface  being  devoted  entirely  to 
grazing  purposes.  At  times  in  winter  a  very  low  tem- 
perature is  registered.  Often  the  valleys  are  colder 
at  night  than  the  more  elevated  adjacent  regions,  and 


•The  necessity  for  irrigation  of  course  reduces  the  size  of  farms,  which  in 
ISS3  probably  did  not  average  more  than  25  acres.  See  IloUister'e  Res.  and 
Attract,  of  Utah,  16. 

'"  See,  for  remarks  on  facilities  for  irrigation,  Wheeler's  Surveys,  Progress 
Kept,  1872,  28-33;  for  report  on  water  supply,  character  and  quantity  of  ir- 
rigated and  irrigable  land,  etc.,  in  1876,  House  Ex.  Doc.,  45th  Cong.  2d  Sess., 
73,  passim;  for  report  on  existing  system  of  irrigation  and  needed  improve- 
ments, Powell's  Lands  of  the  Arid  Region,  passim. 

**  The  Kings  of  Kingston,  in  Piute  county,  one  year  sowed  300  acres  with 
wheat,  and  the  wind  blew  the  crop  away.  What  was  not  actually  displaced 
was  kept  cut  close  to  the  ground  by  the  perpetual  passage  of  waves  of  sand. 
They  planted  an  orchard,  but  some  gooseberry  bushes  alone  remained.  Shade 
trees  were  set  out  about  their  houses,  but  tlie  wind  worked  them  around  so 
that  they  could  not  take  root.  Robinson,  Sinners  and  Stunts,  209.  In  1S8V 
occurred  the  most  violent  storm  ever  known  in  Utah.  A  description  of  it  is 
given  in  the  S.  L.  C.  Herald,  July  29,  1880.  For  accountof  flood  at  Parowan 
in  1857,  see  Deseret  Netos,  Sept.  30,  1857.  In  Nov.  1860  there  was  a  violent 
hurricane  which  caused  great  destruction  of  property.  See  Deseret  News,  Nov. 
21,  28,  1860;  Sac.  Union,  Dec.  1,  1860.  In  1860  there  were  heavy  floods 
in  various  parts  of  Utah.  See  Little's  Jacob  Hamhlin,  75-7;  Deseret  A'ews, 
Jan.  15,  22,  Feb.  12,  May  7,  July  9.  1862;  Utah  Jour.  Lerjid.,  1803-4.  For 
other  remarkable  storms,  see  S.  F.  Bull.,  May  25, 1877;  S.  F.  Chron.,  Apr.  25, 
1883.  The  prevailing  winds  are  westerly.  Powell's  Lands  of  the  Arid  Region, 
in  H.  Ex.  Doc.,  45th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  73,  68. 


724 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


growing  crops  are  occasionally  nipped  by  trost  when 
those  on  the  bench-lands  escape  altogether." 

The  havoc  wrought,  as  we  have  seen,  by  crickets 
and  grasshoppers  among  the  growing  crops  of  the 
first  settlers,  and  again  in  1855-6,"  was  repeated  at 
brief  intervals  in  later  years.  Seldom  was  a  harvest 
gathered  in  Utah  that  was  not  more  or  less  injured 
by  this  scourge.** 

Of  the  nature  of  the  soil,  slight  mention  has  already 
been  made."  The  early  settlers  discoursed  in  glowing 
terms  of  its  fertility,  though  passing  emigrants  spoke 
of  it  as  a  "mean  land,"  hard,  dry,  and  fit  only  for  the 
plodding,  thrifty,  sober  Mormon.  The  main  draw- 
back was  the  alkaline  matter,  which  was  so  abundant 
in  spots  as  to  form  a  white  efflorescence  on  the  surface, 
and  wherever  this  efflr  »Gscence  appeared,  vegetation 
died.  Otherwise  its  composition  was  favorable  to 
fertility,  being  formed  principally  of  the  disintegrated 
foldspathic  rocks  of  the  mountain  ranges,  mingled  with 
the  debris  and  decomposed  limestone  of  the  valleys.^' 

At  the  annual  fairs  held  by  the  Deseret  Agricul- 
tural and  Manufacturing  Society,  discontinued  after 
1881  on  account  of  inability  to  secure  permanent 
grounds  and  buildings,  prizes  were  awarded  for  nearly 
all  the  varieties  of  grain,  fruits,  and  vegetables  that 

"Says  Burton:  'The  spring  vegetation  is  about  a  fortnight  later  on  tlio 
banks  of  Jordan  than  above  them;'  and  he  also  asserts  that  the  presence  of 
ealcratus  or  alkaline  salts  is  another  cause  of  cold.  City  of  the  Saints,  345. 

"See  pp.  270-81,  498  (note  36),  this  vol, 

"In  1859  great  iniury  was  done  to  the  crops  in  Juab  co.  and  elsewhere. 
Deaeirt  Xews,  June  29, 1859;  and  in  Carson  Valley.  Sac.  Union,  June  23, 1859. 
For  damage  by  crickets  and  grasshoppers  in  other  years,  see  Deseret  Netc, 
May  2, 1800;  S.  F.  Call,  July  22,  1864;  Deseret  News,  Aug.  7, 14,  Sept.  4, 1867, 
May  13,  1868;  S.  F.  Bull.,  May  21,  June  30,  1868;  Huntmnlle,  Descrlpt.  of, 
MS.,  6;  Utah  Sketches,  MS.,  27;  8.  F.  Times,  Aug.  10,  1869;  8.  F.  Call, 
Aug.  18,  1869;  Deseret  N eras,  June  29,  1870,  May  17.  1871;  8.  F.  Bull.,  Oct. 
4,  1872.  In  the  Second  Kept  Entomol.  Comm.,  45th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  there  is 
also  a  report  on  their  ravages,  with  suggestions  as  to  their  extermination. 

"Seep.  322,  this  vol. 

'•  For  further  mention  of  the  soil  of  Utah,  see  U.  8.  Agr.  Repl,  1869,  p. 
617,  1870,  557  et  seq.,  //.  Ex.  Doc,  42d  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  325;  Mess,  and 
Doc,  1808-9  (abridg.),  831;  U.  S.  Land-Off.  Kept,  1869.  170-1;  King's  Geol. 
Survey,  v.,  p.  xlviii.;  Ludlow's  Heart  of  the  Continent,  202-3;  Marshall's 
Through  Amer.,  237;  8.  L.  WMy  Tribune,  Feb.  14, 1880;  Mutstr's  Fruits  of 
Mormoniam,  27. 


FRUIT  CULTURE. 


25 


were  raised  in  California  and  Oregon."  With  tlio 
exception  of  Indian  corn,  all  the  cereals  raised  in 
Utah  thrive  vigorously  when  under  irrigation,  fall 
wheat  requiring  only  one  watering  a  year.  In  the 
basin  of  Great  Salt  Lake  the  fruits  of  the  temperate 
zone  grow  to  good  size,  and  are  of  excellent  flavor, 
the  crop  being  remarkably  sure.  The  value  of  orchard 
products  in  1883,  including  apples,  of  which  there 
were  at  least  ninety  varieties,  pears,  quinces,  cherries, 
peaches,  currants,  plums,  and  berries  of  many  descrip- 
tions, was  estimated  at  $157,000.  The  yield  of  apples 
was  about  90  bushels  to  the  acre,  of  pears  75,  of 
peaches  120,  of  plums  165,  and  of  cherries  75.'*  Pro- 
duction was  largely  in  excess  of  the  demand,  most  of 
the  surplus  being  dried  for  shipment,  though  for  want 
of  a  market  thousands  of  tons  were  fed  to  hogs,  or 
allowed  to  rot  on  the  ground.^" 

On  the  Rio  Virgen  and  elsewhere  in  southern  Utah 
below  the  rim  of  the  basin  were,  in  1883,  a  few  vine- 
yards, but  viticulture  was  not  a  profitable  industry, 
as  both  grapes  and  wine  were  slow  of  sale,  the  latter 

"  See,  for  list  of  prizes  awarded  in  1879,  DeserH  Nrirn,  Oct.  22,  1879;  for 
report  of  directors  in  18G0,  Id.,  Oct.  17,  18G0;  forcxliibitioniii  that  year,  S^c. 
Union,  Oct.  20,  ISCO;  for  condition,  operations,  and  financial  cxliibits,  i'fnh 
Jour.  Legist.,  1863-4,  pp.  5£  0;  18G4-5,  79-81;  18G5-C,  82-4,  123;  1870,  177 
-8;  1876,  133-4;  for  rules  and  rcgula:'ons,  Deserct  At/r.  and  Man.  Soc. — /-i-t 
of  Premiums;  S.  L.  Dy  Herald,  July  19,  Aug.  9,  1879;  for  description  of  last 
fair,  S.  L.  Wkly  Herald,  Oct.  6,  1881;  for  agricultural  fair  held  at  Provo  in 
1870,  De-ttret  Neies,  Oct.  12,  1870;  for  Utah  co.  fair  in  1800,  /d,  Oct.  3,  1800; 
for  fairs  at  various  settlements  and  prizes  awarded.  Id.,  Oct.  8,  1802;  for  com- 
plete list  of  agricultural  societies,  Id.  Aug.  21, 1872.  In  I860  lands  and  funds 
were  appropriated  for  an  agricultural  college.  See  Utah  Jour.  Legist.,  I8C0-G, 
p.  40;  Utah  Acta  Legisl.,  1865,  p.  88. 

•"  Utah  Gazetteer,  1884,  p.  46.  These  figures  are  for  1875.  Of  late  years 
apples,  peaches,  vegetables,  and  grain  have  been  infected  with  worms,  and  the 
trees  with  noxious  insects,  four  or  five  large  worms  being  sometimes  found  in 
a  single  ear  of  corn.  Jennings'  Mat.  Progr,  0/  Utah,  MS.,  7;  llolliater'n  lien, 
and  Attract,  of  Utah  (1882),  18. 

"Sec,  for  review  of  fruit  culture  in  Utah,  Deseret  News,  March  20,  18G1; 
for  tables  showing  area  under  fiiiit,  product,  yield  per  acre,  and  sketch  uf 
fruit-growing  interest  for  1875-9,  S.  L.  C.  Tribune,  Apr.  2,  1879;  for  other 
statistics  and  reports  on  horticulture,  yjewrc^  jVcH'-f,  Dec.  31,  1850;  Utah  Juur. 
Legist.,  1800-7,  pp.  159-02;  1808,  103-8.  Among  the  leading  men  engaged 
in  the  wholesale  fruit  business  may  be  mentioned  II.  L.  Gritlin,  who  com- 
menced operations  iu  1881  and  met  with  fair  success.  Mr  Grillin,  a  Pennsyl- 
vanian  by  birth,  came  to  Utah  in  1879,  liaving  previously  resided  for  many 
years  in  Kansas,  to  which  state  ho  removed  alter  liia  father  was  crippled  iu 
the  war  of  the  rebellion.  OriJJiH'a  Fruit  (J alt.,  MS. 


I 


U  M 


;  i 


726 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


on  account  of  its  inferior  quality,  and  because  the 
Mormons  seldom  use  stimulants.  In  1875  there  wuro 
only  544  acres  in  grapes,  the  total  yield  being  about 
1,700  tons,  and  the  average  a  little  more  than  three 
tons  per  acre.'"' 

In  1883  nearly  700,000  bushels  of  potatoes  were 
raised  from  about  8,500  acres  of  land,  the  value  of 
market-garden  produce  for  this  vear  being  less  than 
$G5,000.  The  small  volume  of  business  in  these  and 
in  orchard  products  is  duo  to  the  fact  that  most  of 
the  settlers  raised  their  own  fruit  and  vegetables. 

Of  experiments  in  the  raising  of  cotton  in  southern 
Utah  between  1855  and  1859,  mention  has  already 
been  made.^^  Of  flax  fibre  there  were  raised  in  1871) 
a  few  thousand  pounds  in  Washington  county,  and  of 
flax  straw  about  1,170  tons  in  various  counties. 

That  sericulture  will  eventually  become  a  leading 
feature  in  the  industries  of  Utah  seems  almost  beyond 
a  pcradventure,  as  portions  of  the  country  are  well 
adapted  to  this  industry,  and  nowhere  else  in  the 
United  States  can  the  labor  of  women  and  children  bo 
obtained  so  cheaply  and  in  such  abundance.  In  18G8 
a  large  cocoonery  was  built  some  four  miles  south  of 
Salt  Lake  City,^^  and  about  thirty  acres  planted  in 
mulberry-trees,  but  through  mismanagement,  and  also 
on  account  of  the  dampness  of  the  building,  whicli 
was  of  adobe,  the  first  experiments  resulted  in  failure. 
After  some  further  efforts,  a  company  was  organized, 
styled  the  Utah  Silk  Association,  and  incorporated 
under  the  laws  of  the  territory.^     Ground  was  leased 

*"  Sloan,  Utah,  II,  says  that  grapes  yield  five  tons  to  the  acre,  but  this  is 
doubtless  an  exaggeration.  For  grape  culture  in  Utah,  see  Oijdcn  Freeman, 
Feb.  21, 1879;  for  wine-making,  soo  Sac.  Unior  Nov,  2,  18G1;  for  viticulture 
at  St  Ueorge  in  ISSr,  see  RobinnoH'a  Simierg  and  Saintg,  218. 

74,  this  vol.  A  little  cotton  was  raised  nntil  1864.  Sea 
1801;  ScK.  Union,  March  4,  1802;  Ual.  Farmer,  March 
at  date  its  culture  seems  to  have  been  practically  dis- 


"Seep.  599,  no 
DsKeret  Aewft,  Oct.  . 
11,  1804;  but  after 
continued. 

*'*  Experiments  w 
21,  1863,  a  correspond 
— a  small  scarf — from 

MIn  1880  William 
A.  M.  Musser  secreta- 


I  made  before  this  date.     In  the  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Aug. 

nt  states  that  he  saw  the  first  silk  fabric  made  in  Utah 
Ik  raised  at  Centrcville. 

innings  was  president,  Eliza  R.  Snow  vice-president, 
,  and  Paul  A.  Schcttler  treasurer,  the  firat  three  being 


Sn,K  AND  LUMBER. 


727 


at  the  mouth  of  City  Creek,  where  a  neat  brick  build- 
ing was  erected  and  fitted  with  machinery  for  the 
manufacturing  purposes.  Samples  of  raw  silk  were 
sent  to  New  York,  to  Florence  in  Italy,  and  Florence 
in  Massachusetts,  and  were  found  to  be  well  reeled 
and  of  good  strength  and  quality.  Though  the  in- 
dustry IS  as  yet  in  its  infancy,  the  Mormons  are 
confident  that  it  will  soon  develop  into  a  source  of 
wealth.^ 

One  of  the  main  drawbacks  to  the  industries  of 
Utah  has  been  the  scarcity  of  timber  for  hard  and  fin- 
ishing woods.  In  the  mountains  and  caflons  there  was 
a  fair  supply  of  conn  i  ion  timber  for  ordinary  use,  though 
in  the  valleys  and  plain:,  there  was  no  forest  growth, 
sage-brush  having  been  often  used  for  fuel  during  the 
first  years  of  settlement,  willow  brush  for  fencing, 
and  adobes  for  building.  In  later  times  the  black 
balsam  and  red  pine,  indigenous  to  the  Oquirrh  and 
other  ranges,  were  largely  used  for  posts  and  railroad 
ties,  the  scrub  cedar  and  piiion  pine,  found  in  many 
portions  of  southern  and  western  Utah,  being  made  to 
servo  the  same  purpose.  Though  the  people  were  not 
allowed  to  acquire  title  to  timber-lands,  and  were  even 
nominallyforbidden  to  use  the  timber  except  on  mineral 
lands,  an  1  then  only  for  domestic  purposes,  they  ob- 
tained all  that  they  needed  without  even  paying  stump- 
age,  except  in  a  few  localities.  In  1883  there  were  a 
hundred  or  more  saw-mills  in  operation  in  various 
parts  of  Utah,  the  price  of  building  and  fencing  lum- 
ber generally  ruling  at  from  $20  to  $25,  and  of  floor- 
ing and  finishing  lumber  $40  to  $45,  per  thousand  feet.'" 

directors.  The  other  members  of  the  board  were  Wm  II.  Hooper,  Zina  D. 
Young,  Alex.  C.  Pyper,  and  M.  I.  Ilorno.  S.  L.  C.  Confribulor,  ii.  ll.'».  In 
1878  ^1,500  was  appropriated  by  the  legislature  for  the  purchase  of  machin- 
ery. Snoiv's  AiUobiog.jMS.;  Utah  Laws,  1878,  56. 

^'Forfurthermentirn  of  sericulture  in  Utah,  see  /(/.,  lir>-IC;  S.  L.  Dy  Tel., 
Dec.  "),  1SG8;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  July  22,  ISGS;  Sac.  Union,  Nov.  2J,  I8(i8. 

'■'^  JIoinstiT's  Re^.  and  Attnirt.  of  Utah,  18;  Utah  Gnz.,  11.  See,  for  re- 
marks on  the  scarcity  of  timber,  iftnh  Early  Record-^,  MS..  20;  Ilowe  Ex. 
Doc,  4Gth  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  xxii.,  p.  ri04;  Beadle^s  U/e  in  Utah,  4G1-2;  for 
extent,  charauter,  and  statistics  of  tinibcr-lauds,  PovotlVa  Lands  of  the  Arid 


m 


i 


728 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


Bunch-grass,  on  which  the  countless  flocks  and 
herds  of  Utah  muinly  subsist,  first  makes  its  appear- 
ance on  the  western  slope  of  the  Black  Hills,  and 
thence  is  found  at  intervals  as  far  as  the  eastern  slope 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Growing  in  clumps,  as  its  name 
implies,  and  on  the  most  unkindly  soil,  in  thirsty 
sand  or  on  barren  hills,  it  gives  value  to  millions  of 
acres  which  would  otherwise  be  absolutely  worthless. 
Its  growth  commences  in  early  spring,  and  though  in 
May  or  June  it  dries  up,  it  is  still  nutritious,  having 
then  the  appearance  of  a  light-yellow  straw.  Within 
its  withered  stalk  it  puts  forth  a  green  shoot  after  the 
first  autumnal  rains,  and  its  pyriform  seed,  resembling 
the  oat  but  of  smaller  size,  is  the  favorite  food  of 
cattle.  In  winter  it  gathers  juice  and  nourishment 
beneath  the  snow,  and  except  in  the  late  summer 
months,  when  it  is  still  of  fair  quality  on  the  moun- 
tains and  hio'h  in  the  canon  ravines,^  serves  as  pasture 
for  stock  vxie  year  round,  producing  large,  sinewy 
limbs  and  strong,  elastic  muscles,  and  giving  to  the 
beef  and  mutton  an  excellent  flavor."^ 

As  elsewhere  on  the  Pacific  slope,  before  1886  the 
range  for  cattle  decreased,  lands  once  common  for 
grazing*^  being  taken  up  for  agriculture,  while  sheep- 
raising  was  found  to  be  a  more  profitable  industry. 
Hence  the  introduction  of  alfalfa,  in  which  many 
thousands  of  acres  were  seeded,  the  yield  being  three 
to  four  tons  on  inferior  and  poorly  irrigated  laud,  and 
ten  tons  under  more  favorable  conditions. 


Region,  in  House  Ex.  Doc,  45th  Cong.  2d  Scss.,  xiii.  no.  73,  pp.  14-19,  27-8, 
98-102;  U.  S.  Agr.  Rept,  1875,  331-2;  for  tenure  of  timbcr-lanJa,  IIoiiKe  Ex. 
Doc,  4Gth  Cong.  2d  Scsa.,  xxii.,  pp.  497-8;  for  depredations  committed  on 
tisubcr-Iaiids,  S.  L.  C.  7'ribune,  June  26,  1875. 

*"  L.  B.  Adams,  in  1884  a  resident  of  Ogden  and  the  owner  of  one  of  the 
best  winter  ranges  for  stock  about  20  miles  south  of  Kozcl,  says  that  feed  is 
I  lentiful  througliout  tlie  summer. 

^^  JJurton'a  Vity  of  the  Saints,  171-2;  Beadle's  L^e  in  Utah.  For  further 
mention  of  pasture-lands  in  Utah,  see  House  Ex.  Poc.,  42d  Cong.  2il  Sess., 
325,  2:<3  ct  Bcq.,  no.  32G,  243  ut  seq.  In  1877  thu  islands  of  Great  Salt  Lake 
were  used  as  herd-grounds. 

'■'*Iu  18.")0 several  acts  were  passed  granting  'herd-grounds'  to  various  par- 
ties. Sou  Utah  Acts,  1855-0,  passim.  In  1860  more  than  30  of  these  giants 
Were  revoked.  Id.,  ISotMH),  26-30. 


STOCK-RAISING. 


m 


The  herds  which  the  Utah  settlers  brought  with 
them  frora  Illinois  were  largely  increased,  as  we  have 
seen,  during  the  California-bound  migration,  especial- 
ly between  1849  and  1854,  when  thousands  of  steers 
and  cows,  broken-down  and  sore-footed,  but  of  excel- 
lent breed,  were  bartered  for  provisions,  mules,  and 
Indian  ponies.  The  emigrant  roads  from  the  Sweet- 
water to  the  Humboldt  were  lined  with  enterprising 
traders,  who  secured  this  lame  stock  on  their  own 
terms;  and  after  fattening  their  cattle  on  the  rich 
grasses  of  Utah,  sent  thom  to  California,  where  they 
were  exchanged  for  gold-dust  or  for  Mexican  mus- 
tangs, which  were  again  traded  off  for  cattle.  Thus 
herds  multiplied  rapidly  in  the  land  of  the  saints; 
moreover,  the  natural  increase  was  enormous,  for  as 
yet  pasture  was  abundant  and  the  inhabitants  con- 
sumed but  little  meat.  There  was  no  difficulty,  how- 
ever, in  disposing  of  the  surplus.  When  California 
became  overstocked,  large  numbers  were  driven  to 
Nevada,**®  afterward  to  Idaho  and  Montana,  and  still 
more  recently  to  Wyoming  and  Colorado.  Gradually. 
howcver,some  of  these  markets  became  glutted,  though 
there  was  still  a  considerable  demand,  and  in  later  years 
farmers  who  had  before  paid  little  attention  to  grading, 
as  they  found  that  an  inferior  beast  sold  for  almost  as 
much  as  a  well-bred  animal,  made  some  effort  toward 
raising  better  and  larger  stock,  such  as  would  find 
ready  sale  in  eastern  cities.^  Short-horn,  Devon, 
Hereford,  Jersey,  or  Ayrshire  cattle  crossed  with 
other  breeds  were  then  to  be  found  on  most  of  the 
principal  ranges.  In  1883  the  total  number  of  cattle 
was  estimated  at  abuat  160,000,"^  and  tbcir  value,  at 
an  average  of  $30  Der  head,  at  $4,800,000.     At  that 


11 


::ii 


"As  early  as  1856  cattle  were  diivuii  to  Truckee.  Hujjfaher'a  Early  Cattle 
Trade,  MS.,  1-2. 

*"  Stock- liaisiiiff  in  Utah,  AIS.,  5.  Burton  remarks  that  stock-breeding  was 
one  of  Brigham's  hobbies,  and  that  the  dift'enmco  between  Utah  cattle  and  the 
old  Spanish  lierds  of  California  waa  very  romarkablo.  Citti  of  the  .'^aint.i,  '285. 

"  Accnrdinjj  to  a  carefully  compiled  table  in  Sloan's  Utah  Gazclliet;  1SS4, 
296.  In  l.lie  govcrnor'a  niessago  of  1882  tlio  number  was  placed  at  '200,000, 
probably  too  high;  in  the  census  report  for  1880  at  03,581,  certainly  too  low. 


Ei     !    i 


730 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


date  there  were  fewer  cattle  in  Utah  than  for  several 
preceding  years,"^  the  operations  of  large  stock  com- 
panies'' having  forced  the  price  to  a  maximum  figure, 
and  caused  large  droves  to  be  sent  out  of  the 
country.'* 

The  dairy  products  of  Utah  for  1883  were  about 
630,000  gallons  of  milk,  1,300,000  pounds  of  butter, 
and  125,000  pounds  of  cheese.  Of  eggs  the  yield 
was  more  than  1,100,000  dozen,  of  honey  more  than 
130,000  pounds,  and  of  wax  about  2,300  pounds.  The 
home  consumption  of  all  these  articles  was  very  large, 
yet  heavy  consignments  of  eggs  were  made  to  San 
Francisco,  where  they  sold  at  much  higher  rates  than 
eastern  eggs.  Some  of  the  butter  found  a  market  in 
Idaho  and  Montana,  though  imports  of  eastern  but- 
ter were  still  considerable. 

The  number  of  horses  and  mules  in  the  territory  at 
this  date  was  estimated  at  not  less  than  75,000,*^  the 
most  prominent  breeds  of  horses  being  the  Norman, 
Clydesdale,  and  Hambleton.  From  the  cross  of  the 
mustang  with  the  American  horse  were  produced  ani- 

**  According  to  statistics  compiled  by  order  of  the  legislative  assembly  in 
1875,  there  were  at  that  date  over  170,000  head.   Utah  Jour.  Leginl.,  1870,  285. 

•*  Among  them  may  be  mentioned  the  Weber  Co.  Land  and  Live-Stock  Co., 
organized  in  1SS4  by  J.  M.  Langsdorf,  of  which  F.  A.  Hammond  was  presi- 
dent, and  J.  W.  Guthrie  vice-president,  with  Langsdorf  as  secretary  and 
treasurer.  They  secured  a  large  tract  some  15  miles  from  Ogden,  intciuling  to 
raise  the  Hereford  breed  of  cattle.  Langsdorf't  Stock-Jiaising  in  Weber  i  'o. ,  M8. 

"  For  further  particulars  as  to  the  cattle  interests  of  Utah,  see  Stock-Baiaing 
in  Utah,  MS.,  passim;  Land-Office  Kept,  1809,  173;  Utah  Gaaxtteer,  1884, 
47-8;  IloUiiter^s  Jies.  and  Attract,  of  Utah,  19-20;  for  cattle-raising  on  Greeu 
River,  in  northern  Utah,  and  Tooele  co.,  see  House  Ex.  Doc,  46th  Cong.  2d 
Sess.,  xxii.  500,  509,  614-16;  in  eastern  Utah  and  Col.,  Id,,  42d  Cong.  2d 
Scss.,  XV.  248-57;  for  general  sketch  of  cattle  and  sheep  interests,  S.  L.  C, 
Tribune,  Apr.  2,  July  18,  1879;  for  act  equalizing  taxes  on  passing  herds, 
Utah  Laws,  1878,  49.  Li  1860  there  was  a  recorder  of  marks  and  brands, 
who  rendered  annual  accounts  to  the  legislature.  Utah  Jour.  Legid.,  1809, 
68.  In  1874  the  church  owned  large  herds  o^  stock.  Tullidge^a  Mag.,  i. 
600.  In  1879  church  sales  of  stock  amounted  to  $58,557.85.  8.  L.  C.  Tribune, 
Apr.  7i  1880.  In  1873  the  epizootic  appeared  in  Utah.  8.  F.  Alta,  Jan.  25, 
1873.  Among  the  prominent  stockmen  of  Utah  may  be  mentioned  Ezra  T. 
Clark  of  Farmington,  Davis  co.  Mr  Clark  came  to  Utah  in  1848,  crossing 
the  plains  in  charge  of  a  company,  and  the  same  year  settled  on  his  farm. 
About  1869  be  engaged  in  stock-raising  in  Idaho.  He  was  the  owner  of  a 
flouring  mill  in  Morgan  co.  Ho  crossed  the  plains  eleven  times,  and  travelled 
60,C0O  miles  as  a  missionary,  always  paying  nis  own  expenses. 

*^  In  Stock- Railing  in  Utah,  MS.,  4,  the  number  of  horses  alone  is  given  at 
70.000. 


SHEEP  AND  WOOL. 


731 


ing 
rm. 
fa 
Bled 


mals  with  remarkable  powers  of  endurance;  and  it 
was  claimed  that  those  raised  in  Utah  had  better 
lungs,  hoofs,  and  muscles  than  could  be  found  in  most 
parts  of  the  United  States.  The  lungs  gain  strength 
from  the  mountain  air,  the  hoofs  from  the  dry  cli- 
mate, and  the  muscles  from  the  distance  to  be  trav- 
elled for  grass  and  water." 

Until  1870  most  of  the  sheep  gathered  in  Utah,  apart 
from  the  ?jw  herds  which  the  early  settlers  brought 
with  them,  came  from  New  Mexico.  Since  that 
date  ewes  of  the  Spanish-merino  breed  have  been 
introduced  from  California,  together  with  long-wool 
bucks  from  Canada,  and  fine- wool  rams  from  Ohio, 
the  Cots  wold,  Kentucky,  and  other  breeds  being  also 
represented.^  Though  Utah  wool  sold  at  higher 
rates  than  that  produced  in  neighboring  states,  the 
breed  still  might  be  better.  The  fleece  was  dry  and 
dusty,  readily  absorbing  alkali,  though  after  the  in- 
troduction of  the  merino  the  wool  improved  consid- 
erably as  to  fineness  of  texture.  In  value  it  usually 
ranged  from  15  to  20  cents  a  pound,  and  as  the  num- 
ber of  sheep  in  Utah  was  estimated,  in  1883,  at  not 
less  than  450,000,"  the  clip,  allowing  five  pounds  per 
fleece,**  may  be  estimated  at  about  $500,000.  For 
many  years  sheep  were  exempt  from  taxation,  and 
hence  large  amounts  of  capital  were  invested  in  this 
industry,  some  of  the  largest  ranges  being  in  Cache 
Valley,  where  they  get  little  fodder  in  winter,  and 
under  favorable  conditions  this  industry  yielded  a  profit 
of  40  per  cent  a  year.** 

'•In  a  letter  of  H.  J.  Faust  to  the  Spirit  of  the  Times,  it  is  stated  that  one 
of  these  horses  travelled  113  miles  in  14  hours,  over  plains  and  mountains 
where  there  was  no  road;  another  made  65  miles  in  CJ  hours,  and  a  third, 
bclunsinu  to  the  pony  express,  22  miles  in  1  hr  20  miu.  6Yoc/b- /Jautn'/  in  L'Uih, 
MS. 

"  In  1869  $5,000  was  appropriated  for  importing  improved  breeds.  Utah 
Compiled  Laws,  186. 

»« Utah  QateUeer,  1384,  296.  IfoUister'a  Res.  and  Attract,  of  Utah,  1882, 
iJO,  places  the  number  at  about  400,000;  the  governor,  in  liis  message  of  1882, 
at  600.000.     In  Slock-Rauing  in  Utah,  MS. ,  0,  800,000 is  given  as  tlio  number. 

"Although  there  aro  many  herds  that  shear  10tt)8  to  the  fleece.  Id.,  6, 
where  the  average  is  placed  at  6  lbs.  For  wool-clip  of  1884,  see  ■!>'.  L.  Dy 
Tribune,  Aug.  16,  1884. 

'^lu  former  years,  especially  in  lSGO-1,  sheep  were  sometimes  almost  de< 


732 


AGRICULTURE  AXD  MANUFACTURES. 


About  one  fourth  of  the  total  clip  was  used  for 
mannfacturing  purposes,  supplying  not  more  than  one 
eighth  of  the  demand  for  textile  fabrics,  most  of  the 
remnining  three  fourths  being  sent  out  of  the  terri- 
tory, not  only  unworked  but  even  unwashed,  to  be 
returned  in  the  shape  of  clothing  and  blankets,  with 
all  the  added  charges  of  freight,  commissions,  and 
manufacture.  In  1882  Utah  possessed  ten  woollen- 
mills,  which  were  worked  only  to  half  their  capacity, 
one  of  which — the  Rio  Virgen  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany— also  produced  cotton  fabrics.  They  contained 
at  that  date  about  twenty  sets  of  cards,  with  120 
looms  and  perhaps  5,000  spindles,  the  value  of  goods 
produced  being  estimated  at  $300,000.  For  several 
years  the  Provo  Manufacturing  Company  had  the 
largest  woollen-mill  west  of  the  Missouri.  It  was 
built  in  1872,  on  the  cooperative  plan,  the  people  of 
Utah  county  being  asked  to  contribute  money  or  labor 
for  the  purpose,  and  the  material  obtained  at  small 
expense."  Utah  also  claims  to  have  established  the 
pioneer  woollen-mill  of  the  Pacific  slope,  for  in  the 
De.scret  News  of  April  19,  1853,  we  read  that  Mr 
Gaunt  "has  commenced  weaving  satinets  at  his  factory 
at  Western  Jordan,  and  very  soon  he  will  full  and 
finish  some  cloth."" 

Btroyed  in  winter.  Later,  people  learned  bow  to  take  care  of  them.  Jenninrjif 
Mat.  Pro'jr.  of  Utah,  MS.,  3.  For  clip  and  value  between  IST  J  and  1879.  sco 
lloUiatifn  lies,  and  Attract,  of  Utah,  1879,21-2;  for  account  of  the  sheep  in- 
dustry between  1870  and  1879,  >S'.  L.  Dy  Tribune,  Apr.  2,  1879;  for  sheep- 
raising  on  White  River,  House  Ex.  Doc,  46tli  Cong.  2d  Ses3.,  xxii.,  p.  49o; 
for  damage  done  by  wolves,  De^eret  News,  March  12,  1802.  In  1871  the 
Utah  Cashmere  Goat  Company  was  organized.  For  description  of  its  opera- 
tions, see  Deseret  News,  Oct.  28,  1874. 

*'  For  further  mention  of  the  Provo  Mannfacturing  Company,  see  Stan- 
forfV'i  Ogden,  MS.,  7;  lliUdCA  Com.  and  lud.  Pac.  Coast,  447-8;  UlahSketrhct, 
MS.,  GO-1;  for  grant  of  water  rights,  Provo  City  Revised  Ordinance/^,  129-30. 

*'For  further  mention  of  woollen-mills,  see  Deneret  Nrws,  Sept.  14,  18sl. 
In  Sloan's  Utah  Qazctteer,  1884,  53,  it  is  stated  that  Brigliam  brought  the 
first  carding-machine  into  Utali  in  1849.  Others  were  imported  between 
lSo2-4.  After  the  latter  date  thiy  wire  manufactured  in  the  country.  The 
Deseret  mills,  located  in  Parley  I'afion,  were  built  by  lirigham  Young;  the 
Wasatch  woollen-mills  by  A.  0.  Smoot,  John  Sharp,  and  R.  T.  Burton.  In 
1870  mills  were  built  at  Rrigham  City  and  Beaver.  Joim  R.  Murdock  took 
a  prominent  part  in  cstablisJiing  the  latter.  Mr  Murdock  came  fri)m  Cali- 
fornia iu  IS  17,  having  been  honorably  (lischargccl  from  service  in  tho  Mexi- 
can war.     In  1883  he  was  president  of  tlio  lii'avor  stake.     In  1871  there  was 


fr 


MANUFACTURES. 


733 


The  volume  of  manufactures  in  Utah  increased 
from  about  §300,000  in  1850  to  at  least  $5,000,000  in 
1883,  the  value  of  all  materials  used  at  the  latter  date 
being  estimated  at  about  $2,400,000,  of  labor  at  $700,- 
000,  the  number  of  hands  employed  at  2,500,  and  the 
amount  of  capital  invested  at  $3,000,000.  The  chief 
items  apart  from  textile  fabrics  were  flour,  lumber, 
furniture,  leather  and  leathern  products,  machinery, 
lead  and  leaden  pipes,  and  malt  liquors.*'  There  were 
at  least  seventy-five  flour  and  grist  mills,  100  lumber- 
mills,  eighteen  furniture  factories,  twenty  boot  and 
shoe  factories,  and  seven  founderies  and  machine- 
shops," 

A  great  drawback  to  the  leather  interests  is  that 
nearly  all  the  materials  used  for  tanning  have  to  be 
imported  in  the  shape  of  extracts,  at  a  cost  that  leaves 


i  j 


a  factory  in  operation  at  Ogden,  owned  by  Randall,  Pugsley,  &  Co.  There 
were  also  mills  in  Cache  co.,  in  which  John  Stoddard  waa  largely  interested. 
Mr  St(Kldard,  a  Scotc'iman  by  birth,  came  to  Utah  in  ISoO,  settling  in  Iron 
CO.,  whence  he  moved  to  Cache  Valley  in  ISOO,  where  he  also  engaged  in  tho 
lumber  buniness,  removing  to  Ogden  in  1SS4,  to  follow  tlio  samu  business. 
During  his  career  he  was  four  years  employed  in  fighting  ludiaus,  suffering 
great  liardships,  and  waa  also  one  of  those  who  went  out  to  meet  Johnston's 
army  in  June  1858. 

"The  Utah  breweries  by  1886  made  about  20,000  barrels  a  year.  In 
1864  Henry  Wagener  started  the  first  largo  brewery  in  the  territory,  about  a 
mile  and  a  half  from  Fort  Douglas.  The  iirst  year  he  made  only  400  barrels, 
and  in  1884  7,000  liarrels.  Mr  Wagener,  a  German  by  birth,  came  to  Utah 
in  1804,  having  previously  resided  in  California  and  Nevada. 

**  According  to  tho  census  returns  between  ISoO  and  18S0,  which  cannot, 
however,  be  accepted  as  the  exact  ligures,  there  were  in  the  fonner  year  14 
manut^turing  establishments,  with  51  hands,  $44,400  of  capital,  and  $'291,- 
22:}  of  pnxlucts;  in  1860,  48  establishments,  with  389  hands,  $443,356  of 
capital,  and  §900, 153  of  products;  in  1870,  533  factories  employing  1,534  hands, 
$1,491,848  of  capital,  and  producing  $-2,'J48,510  of  goods;  and  in  1880,  1,060 
factories,  3,221  operatives,  $2,839,403  of  capital,  and  ^,217,434  of  products. 
See,  for  list  of  saw-mills  in  1865,  P(tc.  Cotuit  Direct.,  1867,  153-4;  of  grist- 
mills in  1809,  Id.,  1871-3,  151-2;  for  further  mention  of  saw  and  grist  milJa 
and  lumber  manufactures,  Utah  Sketches,  MS.,  iMissim;  S.  L.  Dy  TcL,  Dec. 
16,  1868;  TuUiclge's  Hag.,  i.  558-9,  iii.  34-6.  As  early  as  1850  there  was  a 
machine-shop  in  the  temple  building.  Dtseret  Xews,  Sept.  14,  1850.  For 
account  of  the  Deseret  Iron  Co.  in  1852,  see  BertrancVa  Mem,  Morm.,  81-2; 
of  wagon  and  carriage  manufactory  in  1868,  S.  L.  Dy  Tel.,  Dec.  12,  1868;  of 
soap  factory  in  1878,  S.  L.  G.  Herald,  Dec.  29,  1878;  of  boot  and  shoo  fac- 
tories, Z)c.sfre<  Ev.  Xews,  Jan.  2,  1884;  .S'.  L.  C.  Herald,  May  2, 1879;  TulUdge's 
Mag.,  i.  205-8.  Tiie  first  nail  factory  in  Utah  worthy  tiio  name  was  built 
nnder  the  superintendence  of  James  Finlayson  in  1859,  a  little  south  of  S.  L. 
City.  Before  this  date  nails  sold  at  50  ceuts  a  pound.  Mr  Payson,  a  Scotch- 
man by  birth  and  a  millwright  by  occupation,  came  to  the  country  during 
this  year  and  settled  at  Payson,  of  which  town  he  waa  elected  mayor  in  1882. 


\     l'    %■: 


\     ' 


734 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


little  profit  for  the  manufacturer.  Pine  barks  are  used 
to  a  small  extent,  but  chestnut,  oak,  hemlock,  and 
sumac  are  not  found  in  Utah.  Nevertheless  there 
were  in  1883  about  25  tanneries  in  operation,  pro- 
ducing leather  valued  at  $'"50,000.  During  this  year 
some  200  car-loads  of  hides  and  pelts  were  shipped  to 
the  eastern  states,  sufficient  to  supply  almost  the  en- 
tire demand  of  Utah  for  leathern  products.  The 
leather  used  for  harness  and  saddlery,  trunks  and 
valises,  of  which  the  manufacture  amounts  to  not  less 
than  $150,000,  is  almost  entirely  imported.  The 
same  condition  of  affairs  exists  among  the  furniture 
and  carriage  and  wagon  factories,  which  import  nearly 
all  of  their  material,  paying  for  it  the  same  rates  of 
freight  as  on  imported  vehicles  and  furniture,  while 
labor  is  considerably  higher  than  in  the  eastern  states." 

Under  such  disadvantages,  it  was  greatly  to  the 
credit  of  the  settlers  that  they  undertook  to  compete 
to  any  considerable  extent  with  eastern  manufac- 
turers, and  that  the  production  of  goods  should 
increase  steadily  from  year  to  year,  with  occasional 
set-backs  caused  by  dull  markets  and  over-production. 
Manufacturing  is  seldom  a  profitable  industry  in  new 
countries,  even  from  materials  native  to  them,  and 
under  the  most  favorable  conditions.  It  is  doubtful 
whether  this  branch  of  enterprise,  throughout  the 
Pacific  slope,  yielded,  on  an  average,  f'x  per  cent  on 
the  entire  capital  invested,  and  it  is  doubtful  whether 
even  this  average  was  obtained  in  Utah. 

The  production  of  iron — not  only  of  pig-iron,  but  of 
iron  and  steel  rails — and  of  mill,  mining,  smelting, 
and  railroad  machinery,  bids  fair  in  1886  to  be  foremost 


*^  Nevertheless  James  B.  Glass,  who  opened  a  carriage  mannfactory  and 
repository  at  S.  L.  City  in  1879,  reports  that  between  that  date  and  1884  liis 
sales  increased  eightfold.  For  further  general  mention  of  Utah  manufactures, 
see  Hollister'a  Rea.  and  AUract.  of  Utah  (IS82),  65-6;  Gov.  Message,  1882,  pp. 
7-8;  S.  L.  WUy  Herald,  Nov.  17,  1881;  Dy  Telegraph,  Dec.  1,  1868;  Tnh- 
une.  May  3,  24,  1873;  Sloan's  Utah,  7,  13-14;  Utah  Gazetteer,  1884,  fiO,  299. 
In  March  1882,  $5,000  was  appropriated  by  the  legislature  as  a  premium  to 
be  paid  to  the  producer  of  7,000  lbs  of  merchantable  brown  sugar,  made  in 
Utah  from  material  produced  in  the  country.  Utah  Laws,  1882,  44-5. 


IRONWCRKS. 


735 


among  the  manufactures  of  Utah.  In  1883  the 
product  of  her  founderies  and  machine-shops  was  esti- 
mated at  over  $360,000,  being  second  only  to  that  of 
her  flouring  and  grist  mills.  With  suitable  and  abun- 
dant fuel,  there  is  probably  no  state  west  of  the  Mis* 
souri  with  better  facilities  in  this  direction,  among 
them  being  a  great  variety  of  rich  and  pure  ores,  labor 
and  supplies  at  moderate  rates,  a  climate  that  seldom 
interferes  with  out-door  work,  a  central  location,  a 
net-work  of  railroads,  a  fair  demand,  and  a  freight 
tariff*'  that  almost  prohibits  the  shipment  of  crude  or 
manufactured  iron  from  more  distant  sources  of  sup- 
ply, whether  to  Utah  or  the  surrounding  states. 

At  a  very  early  date  it  was  ascertained,  as  will  be 
remembered,  that  there  were  immense  deposits  of  iron 
in  various  parts  of  Utah.  At  Smithfield,  in  Cache 
county,  there  were  beds  of  hematite  sixty  feet  in 
thickness.  On  the  Provo  near  Kamas,  on  the  Weber 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Ogden,  on  the  Wasatch  near 
Willard  and  Bountiful,  at  Tintic,  at  City  Creek  canoti 
in  the  Cotton  woods,  on  many  of  the  mountain  slopes, 
and  on  much  of  the  desert  land,  ores  were  found  in 
almost  every  variety  except  in  the  form  of  carbonates. 
The  largest  deposits  were  in  Iron  county,  and  in  what 
may  bo  termed  the  southern  prolongation  of  the  Wa- 
satch Range,  about  two  hundred  miles  south  of  Salt 
Lake  City.  The  most  remarkable  outcrops  were  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Iron  Springs,  Iron  City,  and 
Oak  City.  In  the  Big  Blowout,  as  it  is  termed,  a 
solid  mass  of  magnetic  ore  near  Iron  Springs,  with  a 
length  of  1,000  feet  and  half  that  width,  it  is  esti- 
mated that  there  are  3,000,000  tons  near  the  surface. 
Other  deposits  have  each  1,000,000  in  sight,  and  in 
this  district  there  are  probably  some  50,000,000  tons 
above  or  near  the  surface,  while  the  ledges  are  prac- 
tically inexhaustible  and  of  excellent  quality.*^ 

**  Varving  from  |20  to  $40  per  ton. 

"  Blodgett  Brittan,  a  prominent  Philadelphia  iron-master,  who  analyzed 
five  specimens  of  ore  from  this  district,  the  analyses  being  only  for  iron,  phos- 
phorus, and  sulphur,  reporbs  that  they  averaged  C4  per  cent  of  iron,  12  per 


736 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


Between  1872  and  1882  about  70,000  tons  of  coke 
were  brought  into  Utah  at  a  cost  of  $1,800,000,  and 
during  the  same  period  500,000  tons  of  coal  were 
brought  from  Wyoming  at  a  cost  of  nearly  $4,000,000. 
The  future  of  the  iron  interests  of  Utah  appears  to 
depend  mainly  on  the  question  whether  coking  coal 
can  be  produced  of  sufficient  consistency  for  the  smelt- 
ing of  pig-iron.  As  yet  it  has  not  been  produced,  or 
not  in  considerable  quantity;  but  the  coal  regions  arc 
of  vast  extent,  have  been  but  slightly  explored,  and 
it  would  seem  almost  a  certainty  that  deposits  wiU 
somewhere  be  found  that  answer  the  purpose.  It  is 
well  known  that  the  best  coal  for  coking  is  that  which 
has  been  subjected  for  ages  to  pressure  under  the  ap- 
plication of  heat.  The  coal-beds  of  Utah  are  of  re- 
cent and  not  of  what  is  termed  the  true  coal  formation, 
but  such  coal  sometimes  makes  excellent  coke.  At 
Wales,  in  Sanpete  Valle}',  in  Pleasant  and  Castle  val- 
leys to  the  east  and  south,  on  Cedar  Mountain,  and 
elsewhere,  coking  coal  has  been  found  which  serves 
for  the  smelting  of  lead,  but  not  for  iron,*^  though  it 
is  believed  that  coke  will  soon  be  produced  that  can 
bear  the  weight  of  the  charges  in  pig-iron  smelting. 

In  January  1854  the  Utah  legislature  offered  a 
reward  of  $1,00C  to  any  resident  who  would  open  a 
vein  of  coal  not  less  than  18  inches  thick  within  40 


cent  of  phosphorus,  and  of  sulphur  a  trace.  W.  A.  Hotlgea  of  S.  L.  City  ob- 
tained from  a  specimen  of  magnetic  ore  62.60  of  iron,  .12  of  sulphur,  and  4.3 
of  silica;  from  a  specimen  of  hematite,  60.90  of  iron,  .08  of  sulphur,  and  o.? 
of  silica.  HolliKter  s  Iks.  and  Attract,  of  Utah,  45.  For  description  of  Groat 
Western  iron-works  at  Iron  City,  incorporated  in  1873,  see  Ikseret  Xetii*, 
Oct.  13,  1875;  of  the  Ogden  iron-works,  at  which  operations  were  commenced 
systematically  in  1882,  Ilolliater'a  Kes.  and  Attract,  of  Utah,  51 ;  for  further  men- 
tion of  iron  deposits  in  Vtoh,  see  Deseret  News,  Aug.  20,  1874,  Aug.  17, 1S81 ; 
S.  L.  Wk'y  Herald.  June  23,  1881;  S.  L.  O.  Tribune,  Oct.  24,  1874,  Apr.  10, 
13,  17,  Nov.  2,  1879,  Dec.  3,  1880,  Jan.  1,  1881;  S.  F.  Bull.,  Jan.  17,  1882; 
S.  F.  Alta,  Sept.  4,  1873;  Amtin  Reexe  River  Reveille,  Nov.  21,  18G6;  Mur- 
phy^a  Alin.  Res.  of  Utah,  8. 

•■  From  an  analysis  of  Castle  Valley  coal,  Mr  Brittan  reported  48.21  per 
cent  of  fixed  carbon,  1.88  of  ash,  and  40.61  of  volatile  matter;  from  coko 
produced  from  this  coal,  94.05  of  fixed  carbon,  3.25  of  ash,  and  2.70  of  volatile 
matter.  From  an  analysis  of  Sanpete  Valley  coal,  the  samples  licing  taken  40 
feet  l)elow  the  surface,  A.  P.  Bouton  obtained  50.7  per  cent  of  coke,  34.2  of 
bitumen,  13.3  of  ash,  and  1.8  of  moisture.  Iloltiater's  Res.  of  Utah,  47. 


COAL  MINES. 


787 


miles  of  Salt  Lake  City,  and  where  it  could  bo  profit- 
ably worked.*'  Between  that  date  and  1880,  120,000 
acres  of  coal-lands  had  been  surveyed  in  various  coun- 
ties,'*''and  in  1C33  the  total  area  of  such  lands  was 
estimated  at  20,000  square  miles.  The  largest  de- 
posits are  found  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Wasatch, 
extending  at  intervals  from  the  Uintah  reservation 
through  Sanpete,  Pleasant,  and  Castle  valleys,  as  far 
south  as  Kanab,  and  its  vicinity.  In  considerable 
areas  the  formation  is  broken  or  destroyed  by  erosion, 
among  others,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Iron  City, 
where  veins  are  plentiful,  though  too  small  to  be  prof- 
itably worked.  On  the  Weber  and  its  tributaries  in 
Summit  county,  for  12  or  15  miles  above  Echo  City, 
there  is  coal  of  fair  quality  for  household  and  steam- 
making  purposes,  which  has  been  worked  since  1867, 
some  of  the  mines  being  opened  in  1883  to  a  depth  of 
1,100  or  1,200  feet.  From  the  Coalville  mines,  a  few 
miles  south  of  Echo,  were  drawn  until  recent  years 
most  of  the  supplies  needed  for  Salt  Lake  City  and 
the  northern  settlements.  At  Evanston,  also  in  Sum- 
mit county  and  on  the  line  of  the  Union  Pacific,  there 
is  a  vein  of  bituminous  coal  from  17  to  19  feet  in  thick- 
ness. In  11  out  of  the  24  counties  of  Utah  coal- 
lands  had  been  surveyed  in  1880,  varying  in  extent 
from  120  to  35,696  acres,  and  in  several  others  it  was 
known  that  coal  existed.  Perhaps  the  most  valuable 
deposits  are  in  the  Sanpete  Valley,  where  the  seams 
vary  from  6  inches  to  6  feet  of  bituminous  coal,  which, 
when  a  better  plant  is  used  in  the  mines,  may  pro- 
duce a  serviceable  coke,  while  in  the  mountains  to  the 


*•  Utah  Actif  Legist.,  1855,  393.  The  reward  was  claimed  in  1800  by 
Win  H.  Kimball  and  John  Spriggs,  whose  petition  was  referred  to  a  com- 
mittee and  refused,  on  the  ground  that  tlie  mine  was  more  than  40  miles  dis- 
tant and  the  coal  of  inferior  quality.  See  Utah  Jour.  LetjisL,  1860-1,  73, 
186*2-3,  65-6.  In  1863  a  mine  bad  been  opened  40  miles  from  the  capital, 
the  coal  selling  at  $40  per  ton. 

^  For  list  of  counties,  locations,  and  number  of  acres  in  each,  sec  Utah 
Oazeltetr,  1884,  62.      For  coal-lands  taken  up  in  1876-0.  according  to  the 
surveyor-general's  report,  see  S.  L.  C,  Herald,  Nov.  26,  1879. 
UiBT.  Utah.    47 


tl  W 


■  '    it 


'    fl 


!  4 


!     ;H'i  I 


7M 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


south  and  east  veins  are  being  worked  from  10  to  12 
feet  in  width.^* 

In  estimating  the  value  of  these  deposits,  it  must  be 
remembered  that  veins  less  than  tliree  or  four  feet 
wide  can  seldom  be  worked  at  a  profit,  except  when 
near  to  market  and  under  favorable  circumstances, 
and  that  the  Utah  veins  are  of  smaller  average  width. 
Thus  the  yield  for  1869,  though  there  were  several 
mines  in  operation  at  that  date,  was  but  4,500  tons, 
in  1876  and  1877  45,000  tons,  and  in  1878  60,000 
tons,'"  or  little  more  than  one  half  of  the  consumption, 
even  for  the  last  of  these  years.  It  will  bo  observed, 
however,  that  there  are  large  coal-beds  in  close  prox- 
imity to  the  principal  iron  deposits;  and  with  a  ready 
market,  cheap  and  reliable  labor  and  supplies,  access 
by  railroad,  and  other  advantages,  it  is  probable  that 
the  coal  and  iron  industries  of  the  territory,  far  re- 
moved as  it  is  from  the  manufacturing  centres  of  Eu- 
rope and  America,  will  rank  among  the  foremost. 

There  are  few  of  the  metals  or  minerals  known  to 
science  which  are  not  represented  in  Utah.*'  Copper 
is  found,  usually  in  connection  with  other  metals,  in 

*'  For  act  incorporating  the  Sanpete  Coal  Co.,  see  Utah  Acts,  185.>-6, 
33-4;  for  further  mention  of  Sanpete  mines,  S.  L.  G.  Tribune,  May  29,  1875; 
for  report  on  condition  of  Utah  coal  mines  in  1859,  UtaJi  Jour.  Lei/isl., 
1859-60,  32,  64-5;  for  discovery  of  coal  near  Provo,  JDesfret  News,  March 
14,  1860;  near  Ogden,  Id.,  Aug.  13,  1862;  at  Farmington,  Id.,  May  16,  I860; 
for  extent  of  coal  strata  in  Green  River  basin,  King's  Surveys,  iii.  455-8;  for 
mines  opened  at  Coalville  and  their  operations  in  1870,  Id.,  iii.  467-73;  fur 
Plea.sant  Valley  mines,  Heno  Gazette,  Nov.  12,  1881;  for  additional  details 
as  to  coal  mines,  lands,  discoveries,  and  interests,  Murphy's  Mill.  Hes.  of 
Utah,  8;  IloUiater's  Bex.  and  Attract,  of  Utah,  45-51;  Utah  Gazetteer,  1884, 
61-2;  S.  L.  C.  Tribune,  Jan.  18,  1873,  Oct.  27,  1879;  S.  L.  C.  Herald,  May 
12,  Dec.  22,  1877,  March  30,  1878,  Jan.  28,  1880;  Herald,  Nov.  17,  1881; 
S.  L.  Mail,  May  17.  1870;  S.  F.  Bull,  Jan.  17,  1882;  Alta,  March  15,  187;{, 
April  6,  1875;  Stock  Report,  April  26,  1875;  Sac.  Union,  May  30,  1860,  Dec. 
19,  1863;  Austin  licese  River  Reveille,  July  19,  1864. 

"  House  Ex.  Doc,  46th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  3,  157.  In  BalcVa  The  Mines, 
Miners,  and  Minintj  Int.  of  the  U.  S.  in  1882,  1040,  the  output  for  18S0 
and  1881  is  given  at  275,000  tons.  This  statement  is  taken  from  Saward's 
Coal  Trade,  and  is  no  doubt  very  much  above  the  actual  figures. 

*'In  Utah  Gazetteer,  1884,  67-8,  is  a  complete  list  of  the  minerals  and 
metals  found  in  Utah.  It  does  not  include  tin,  which,  however,  is  said  ti) 
liave  been  discovered  near  Ogden  in  1871.  See  S.  L.  Rev.,  Oct.  27,  1871;  ■*>■ 
F.  Call,  Oct.  10,  24,  1871;  Scient.  Press,  Oct.  28,  1871.  Other  lists  will  bo 
found  in  Wheeler's  Surve>/s,  iii.  652-61;  S.  L.  Semi-  IVkly  Herald,  Jan.  3, 1880; 
Silver  Re^  Miner,  Jan.  10,  1880. 


fe; 


VARIOUS  MINERALS. 


739 


111 


18«0; 
;  for 
;  for 
ictails 
es.  of 
18S4, 
May 
1881; 
1873, 
Dec. 

Unen, 
1880 
arJ's 

and 
id  to 
1;  .S. 
11  be 

1880; 


most  of  her  mining  districts,  from  the  Weber  to  the 
Colorado,  where,  in  the  sandstone  formations,  some 
very  rich  ores  have  been  discovered.  It  is  most 
abundant  in  southern  Utah,  but  the  only  mines  devel- 
oped in  1883  were  in  the  extreme  north-western  por- 
tion of  the  territorv,  where  veins  averajjinj'  seven  or 
eight  feet  in  width,  enclosed  in  micacious  shale  and 
intermingled  with  porphyry,  yielded  in  spots  as  much 
as  fifty  per  cent  of  metal." 

Beds  of  sulphur  were  found  both  in  northern  and 
southern  Utah,  the  largest,  with  an  area  of  about  300 
acres  and  a  depth  of  not  less  than  twenty  feet,  being 
in  Millard  county.  In  the  hills  of  Beaver  county, 
some  fourteen  miles  south  of  Frisco,  there  are  also 
large  deposits  of  singular  purity  among  fissures  of 
silicious  flint;  but  though  much  of  it  would  yield  fifty 
per  cent,  and  some  even  98  per  cent,  of  pure  brimstone, 
it  has  no  commercial  value,  and  is  not  even  utilized 
for  local  consumption.  Near  Brigham  City  there  are 
sulphurets  of  antimony,  averaging  at  least  four  feet  in 
thickness,  and  yielding  from  twenty  to  thirty  per 
cent  of  metal.  In  Piute  and  Garfield  counties  are 
purer  and  larger  deposits.  Gypsum  and  mica  abound 
in  southern  Utah,  the  latter  being  found  also  in  Salt 
Lake  and  Davis  counties.  East  of  Nephi,  in  Juab 
county,  is  a  vein  of  gypsum  1,200  foot  long  and  100 
in  width.  In  Washington  and  Sanpete  counties  it  is 
also  encountered,  both  in  the  crystallized  and  oxydized 
state.  Cinnabar,  cobalt,  and  bismuth,  the  last  in  pay- 
ing quantities,  are  met  with  in  Beaver  county  and  at 
Tintic.^  Near  Salt  Lake  is  a  solid  mountain  of  rock 
salt.''*     West  of  the  lake  are  large  deposits  of  saleratus. 

'•  Among  other  localities,  copper  was  found  in  the  San  Francisco  district. 
Big  Cottonwood,  the  Snake  district,  Cupper  gnlch,  Red  Buttn  aud  Bingham 
cafions,  Antelope  Island  in  G.  8.  Lake,  in  many  parts  of  Beaver  co.,  and  in 
tlie  granite  range  between  Ogdcn  and  S.  L.  City.  For  account  of  copper  mines 
near  Milfordand  at  Grand  gulch,  see  Silver  /he/ Miner,  June  8,  Oct.  15,  1881. 
Murphy  states  that  in  1872  the  only  places  where  it  would  pay  to  work  were 
in  the  Bingham,  Tintic,  and  Lucin  districts,  the  last  being  partly  in  Box 
Elder  co.  and  partly  in  Nevada.  Min.  Hen.  of  Utah,  8. 

'*  For  further  mention  of  bismuth  deposits,  see  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Apr.  27, 1872. 

w  For  description,  see  Nilea'  Beyiiter,  Ixxv. 


w 


740 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


At  Emif^ation  cafion  carbonate  of  soda  is  found  on 
the  surface,  and  was  used  by  the  first  settlers  lor 
making  bread.  In  the  iron-beds  red  and  yellow  ochre 
are  abundant.  Under  the  shale-beds,  which  cover  a 
surface  of  1,000  square  miles,  occurs  what  is  termed 
mineral  wax,  some  of  it  being  rich  in  gases  and  paraf- 
fine."'  At  Promontory  Range,  so  called  because  it 
projects  into  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  in  Sanpete  county, 
are  vast  beds  of  alum  shale,  alum  in  combination  with 
other  minerals  being  found  in  all  parts  of  Utah, 
though  as  yet  without  value. 

Building  stone  is  exceedingly  plentiful  throughout 
the  territory,  and  in  orreat  variety.  At  Little  Cotton- 
wood there  is  granite;  at  the  Red  Buttes  near  Salt 
Lake  City  there  is  red  sandstone;  in  Sanpete  county 
is  white  sandstone;  and  at  Logan,  limestone,  easily 
quarried  and  strongly  impregnated  with  iron.  Mar- 
bles, black,  white,  gray,  cream-colored,  variegatetl, 
and  some  of  them  capable  of  receiving  a  fine  polish, 
are  found  among  other  points  on  the  islands  of  Great 
Salt  Lake,  near  Provo,  at  Logan,  Tooele,  Frisco, 
Alpine  City,  and  Dry  canon,  the  Logan  marbles  be- 
ing in  most  demand.  On  Antelope  Island,  also  in 
Great  Salt  Lake,  there  is  a  large  quarry  of  green  and 
purple  slate,  which  for  some  purposes  is  preferred  to 
eastern  slate.  Clays  of  various  descriptions,  as  brick 
clays,  potter's  clays,  and  porcelain  clays,  are  found  in 
Beaver,  Davis,  and  Sevier  counties,  west  of  Utah 
Lake,  and  at  several  of  the  mines. 

Mining  of  most  descriptions,  and  especially  of  gold 
and  silver,  was  discouraged,  as  we  have  seen,  by 
the  dignitaries  of  the  church,  partly  with  a  view  to 

{)revent  the  rush  of  gtn  -iiles  which  would  surely  fol- 
ow  the  discovery  of  gold,  and  also  because  the  very 
existence  of  the  Mcriaons  as  a  community  depended 
on  their  unremitting  exertions  in  producing  the  neces- 

*'  HollUter'a  Re*,  and  Attmct.  of  Utnh,  52;  S.  L,  C.  Tribune,  May  27, 1879; 
8.  F.  Post,  March  18,  1879;  Silver  Re%f  Miner,  Jan.  10,  1880. 


Lia 


79; 


MIXING. 


711 


sarics  of  life.  The  first  systematic  efforts  at  prospect- 
ing^, made  by  permission  of  General  Connor,  when  in 
command  at  Camp  Douglas,  were  ridiculed  in  the 
tabernacle;'^'  and  later,  when  mining  projects  were 
brought  forward  by  gentiles,  they  were  steadily  dis- 
countenanced. In  1863  Captain  A.  Heitz  and  a 
party  from  Camp  Douglas  discovered  argentiferous 
galena  and  copper  in  Bingham  caiion,  on  the  east 
slope  of  the  Oquirrh  Range,  near  the  Jordan,  and 
about  thirty  miles  south  of  Salt  Lake  City.  A  mine 
was  located  in  September  of  that  year  by  a  man 
named  Ogilbie,  and  in  December  following,  a  mining 
district  was  established,  named  the  West  Mountain, 
and  including  the  portion  of  the  range  between  Black 
Rock,  at  the  southern  end  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  and 
the  fortieth  parallel.  In  1871  this  district  contained 
thirty-five  mines.^* 

The  first  shipment  of  ore  from  Utah  was  a  car-load 
of  copper  ore  from  Bingham  canon,  hauled  to  Uintah 
on  the  Union  Pacific,  and  forwarded  by  the  Walker 
Brothers  to  Baltimore  in  June  1868.  In  1864  free 
gold  was  discovered  in  this  district  by  a  party  of 
Californiana  returning  from  Montana  to  pass  the 
winter  in  Salt  Lake  City.  Between  1865  and  1872 
the  production  of  gold  was  estimated  at  $1,000,000, 
and  up  to  1882  the  total  product  was  500,000  tons  of 
ore  and  100,000  of  bullion,  from  which  was  extracted 
§1,500,000  in  gold,  $8,800,000  in  silver,  and  $5,000- 
000  in  lead.  The  surface  was  a  broken  quartzite  for- 
mation, the  mineral  belt  broad  and  containing  many 
fissure  veins  believed  to  be  permanent,  the  ore  being 
partly  galena,  largely  silicious,  and  decomposed  on  or 
near  the  surface.*' 

''' Harrison's  Orit.  Notts  on  Utah,  MS.,  48.  In  1857,  and  perhaps  at  an 
earlier  date,  it  was  known  that  there  were  silver  mines  near  G.  S.  Lake.  See 
Surijeon-Gen.  Circ.  8,  1875,  338-9;  Sac.  Union,  Nov.  30,  1S58. 

"*  A  list  of  them  with  particulars  will  be  found  iu  Murphy's  Min,  Res.  qf 
Utah,  facing  p.  14. 

"'For  further  information  as  to  this  district,  see  /(/.,  2;  HoltUt''rs  Res. 
and  Attract,  of  Utah,  28-30;  S.  L.  C.  Tribune,  July  13,  Aug.  3,  13,  1879, 
Jan.  3,  1880;  S.  L.  U.  Herald,  July  18,  1879;  Mining  and  Scientific  Press, 
July  17,  1873. 


"I 

ill 


f 


I  \- 


i 


742 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


On  the  western  side  of  the  Oquirrh  Range,  on  the 
margin  of  Rush  Lake,  in  Tooele  county,  the  Rush 
Valley  district  was  organized  in  1863,  being  segre- 
gated from  the  West  Mountain  district,  and  two  years 
later  about  400  claims  had  been  taken  up,  40  of  them 
being  in  what  was  afterward  known  as  the  Ophir  dis- 
trict, though  both  were  more  commonly  termed  the 
Stockton  mines,  from  the  town  built  near  their  loca- 
tion.** The  ores  were  sulphurets  and  carbonates  of 
argentiferous  lead,  with  occasionally  a  trace  of  gold, 
selected  specimens  assaying  over  $1,200  per  ton,  and 
the  average  being  $50  to  $60.  In  the  Ophir  district 
rich  chloride  ores,  assaying  in  spots  $500  to  $5,000, 
were  afterward  discovered."* 

The  first  discovery  of  silver-bearing  rock  in  the 
Wasatch  Range  was  made  by  General  Connor  in  per- 
son, at  the  head  of  Little  Cottonwood  canon.  The 
first  ore  encountered  was  galena,  and  afterward  car- 
bonate of  lead,  both  being  found  in  chimneys.  The 
first  shipment  was  made  by  the  Walker  Brothers  in 
July  1868;  but  it  was  not  until  the  completion  of  tiio 
Utah  Central  to  Salt  Lake  City,  early  in  1870,  that 
the  mines  were  systematically  opened.  Among  them 
were  the  Emma,  of  evil  fame,  and  the  Flagstaflf,  the 
latter  producing  up  to  the  close  of  1882  more  than 
100,000  tons  of  ore,  averaging  $30  to  the  ton.*"  Tho 
former  was  located  in  1869,  the  vein  for  the  first  100 
feet  being  only  eight  to  twelve  inches  wide,  but  in- 
creasing with  depth  to  thirty-five  feet,  and  yielding 
from  $135  to  $250  per  ton  in  silver,  the  output  for  the 
eighteen  months  ending  with  the  close  of  1872  being 
over  $2,000,000.**     The  unsavory  transactions  con- 

^^  For  liat  and  plan,  writh  developments,  etc.,  in  1872,  see  Murphy's  Miii. 
Bee.  of  Utah,  facing  p.  20. 

*'  For  further  mention  of  the  Rash  Valley  and  Ophir  district,  see  Id. ,  20- 1 , 
29-31;  l/oUister's  Res.  and  Altract.  of  Utah,  31;  Utah  OazHlter,  1884, 80  91. 
In  1882  tho  town  of  Stockton  was  destroved  by  fire.  S.  F.  Call,  Sept.  6, 1882. 

**  In  1872  the  production  was  about  80  tons  a  day.  Paul's  Ula/i  Incid.,  M.S. 

•«  The  first  year  it  paid  in  dividends  $1,000,000.  Oodbe's  Statement,  MS., 
4-5.  The  Walker  Bros  purchased  a  fourth-interest  for  $30,000,  and  fur- 
nished muney  and  supplies  for  opening  it.  Halter's  MerchaiUs and  Miners  of 
Utah,  MS.,  4. 


MINES  OF  GOLD  AND  SILVER. 


743 


nected  with  it  after  its  sale  to  a  party  of  English  capi- 
talists, for  the  sum  of  $5,000,000,  have  no  parallel  in 
the  history  of  mining  swindles,  except  perhaps  in 
connection  with  the  Comstock  lode.®^  The  Big  Cot- 
tonwood district  lay  immediately  to  the  north  of  its 
namesake,  both  being  near  Alta,  in  Salt  Lake  county, 
and  from  8,000  to  9,000  feet  above  the  sea-level.  In 
1871  none  of  the  mines  promised  well,  but  a  year 
later  several  were  yielding  largely,  and  some  hundreds 
of  claims  were  located."* 

In  the  American  Fork  district,  south  of  Little 
Cottonwood,  many  locations  were  taken  up  in  1870 
and  1871,  some  of  considerable  value — one  mine, 
named  the  Pittsburg,  being  afterward  sold  for  $20,000, 
and  one  called  the  Miller  for  $190,000.  The  most 
prominent  mine  in  1882  was  the  Silver  Bell,  in  which 
a  strong  vein  of  milling  ore  was  encountered  at  a 
depth  of  300  feet.  In  geologic  features  this  district 
resembled  the  Cottonwoods,  and  was  on  the  same  min- 
eral belt.®^  In  connection  with  it  may  be  mentioned 
the  Silver  Lake  district,  on  Deer  Creek,  containing 
several  promising  locations,  and  now  merged  in  the 
American  Fork  district. 

On  the  extreme  southern  end  of  the  Oquirrh 
Range,  and  on  its  western  face,  was  the  Tintic  district, 
overlooking  the  Tintic  Valley,  where  the  first  minu, 
named  the  Sunbeam,  was  located  in  1869,  the  district 
being  organized  a  few  months  later.     On  the  Sun- 


l^t 


"'*  See  farther,  for  history  and  description  of  Emma  mine,  Beadle's  Wenterti 
Wilds,  120;  S.  F.  Call,  March  II,  1870;  S.  L.  C.  Tribune,  Jan.  11,  1872. 
March  25,  April  8,  1876;  of  swindle,  /(/.,  Nov.  30,  1875;  of  lawsuit,  t'oaMt. 
Jx'ev.,  1872,  vol.  ii.,  no.  5,  192,  no.  G,  J  !0-l;  8.  F.  Bull.,  Jan.  7,  1875;  S.  F. 
Post,  June  8,  1872. 

"For  further  mention  of  tho  Cottcnwood  mines,  see  Godhe'a Statement, 
MS.,  4-5;  PauV»  UtaJt  lurid.,  M&. ;  S.  L.  (.'.  Tribune,  Jan.  1,  1881;  Tribune, 
Jan.  a,  1880;  8.  L.  Herald,  Jan.  a,  1680;  8.  F.  Alta,  Fob.  9,  20,  1873;  Jlay- 
den's  Oeol.  Surv.  Kept,  1872,  100-8, 

•'  For  further  details,  nee  Murpht/s  Min.  Rett,  of  Utah,  32-4.  In  this 
work  are  descriptions  of  all  the  mining  diatticts  of  Utah  up  to  1872,  and  of 
tho  leading  districts  to  1882,  in  Jluliis/ir's  Hcs.  and  Attract,  of  Utah,  1882, 
22-41.  In  the  former  are  also  the  names  uf  tho  productive  mines  in  each 
district,  with  no.  of  feet,  assays,  etc.  In  Utah  Qazeiteer,  1884. 73-104,  there 
is  also  a  descrintion  of  the  various  districta. 


744 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


beam  ledge  there  were  in  1882  nine  locations,  se- 
lected ores  from  all  of  them  carrying  80  to  100 
ounces  of  silver,  besides  gold,  copper,  and  lead. 
Among  the  leading  mines  at  that  date  were  the  Cris- 
mon.  Mammoth,  and  Eureka  Hill,  the  former  with  an 
ore-chimney  100  feet  wide,  averaging  about  $35  per 
ton  in  gold  and  silver,  and  7  or  8  per  cent  of  copper, 
the  latter  producing  ores  of  several  descriptions, 
which  yielded  about  the  same  average,  and  paying 
occasional  dividends.^ 

In  the  Uintah  and  Blue  Ledge  districts,  both  at 
Park  City,  near  tributaries  of  the  Weber  and  Provo 
rivers,  is  the  famous  Ontario  mine,  discovered  in 
1872,""  and  in  1883  developed  to  a  depth  of  800  feet. 
The  vein  is  in  a  quartzite  formation,  the  pay-chute 
being  several  hundred  feet  in  length,  and  about  three 
in  width.  Up  to  the  close  of  1883  the  total  output 
exceeded  $17,000,000,  of  which  about  $6,250,000  had 
been  disbursed  in  dividends,  the  ore  producing  on  an 
average  about  $106  per  ton  in  silver,  and  the  yield 
being  remarkably  uniform.  The  cost  of  mining  and 
milling,  with  other  expenses,  was  $33  to  $34  per  ton, 
and  was  largely  increased  by  the  flow  of  water,  which 
was  at  the  rate  of  2,000  gallons  per  minute.  A  huge 
pumping-engine  of  the  Cornish  pattern  had  been 
erected  at  the  mine,  with  power  to  drive  a  double 
line  of  20-inch  pumps  at  a  depth  of  2,000  feet.'" 

In  the  San  Francisco  district  in  Beaver  county, 
fifteen  miles  west  of  Milford  and  about  240  south  of 
Salt  Lake  City,  the  leading  mine  was  the  Horn  Silver, 
the  outcrop  of  which  resembled  the  top  of  a  hay-cock, 


•*Tho  Tintic  mines  are  further  described  in  the  S.  L,  C.  Tribune,  Aug.  5, 
19,  1871,  Feb.  29,  1880,  Jan.  1,  1881;  Wklt/  Tribune,  March  C,  1880. 

*•  For  account  of  discovery,  see  Balch'n  The  Mines,  Miners,  and  Minimi 
Int.  of  the  U.  S.  inl8S.i,  788;  .S.  L.  WIcly  Tribune,  Dec.  4,  1880. 

'"In  Aug.  1885  this  mine  paid  its  1 10th  monthly  dividend,  the  amount 
being  $75,000,  and  the  total  to  that  date  ^,050,000.  S.  F.  UnUetin,  Aug.  'JS, 
1885.  Additional  items  relating  to  tin  Ontario  mine  will  be  found  in  liipt 
Ontario  Silver  Mjf  Co.,  Apr.  1,  ll^SJ,  to  Xov.  SO,  ISS.t;  Robinson'x  Sinners  and 
Saitits,  '249-59;  Utah  Gaz.,  (i;  Vnllejn  Chronicle,  May  14,  1880.  For  other 
mines  iu  these  districts,  see  iS'.  L.  Tribune,  Jan.  3,  1880. 


SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


745 


and  was  discovered  by  accident.'^  In  1882  it  had 
been  opened  to  a  depth  of  500  feet,  the  ore  being  a 
decomposed  argentiferous  galena,  some  50  feet  in 
thickness,  from  which  at  the  close  of  that  year  about 
$6,000,000  worth  of  silver  and  lead  had  been  ex- 
tracted,''  and  $1,500,000  paid  in  dividends.  The 
Frisco  Mining  and  Smelting  Company,  in  the  same 
district,  owned  the  Carbonate  mine  at  the  town  of 
Frisco,  the  Cave,  Bigelow,  and  other  locations  in  Gran- 
ite Range,  and  a  large  tract  of  auriferous  ground  in 
Osceola  county,  Nevada.  The  vein  of  the  Carbonate 
was  found  to  be  composed  of  one  part  of  rich  argen- 
tiferous galena  to  three  or  four  of  trachyte,  and  it  was 
of  course  necessary  to  concentrate  the  ores.  The 
Cave  mine,  which  was  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Horn 
Silver,  and  consisted  of  a  series  of  limestone  caves, 
containing  limonite  ore  near  the  surface  and  argentif- 
|ji  erous  galena  at  greater  depth,  produced  a  considerable 

amount  of  bullion,  and  in  1884  was  capable  of  yielding 
100  tons  a  day,  but  was  not  worked  to  its  full  capacity 
pending  the  construction  of  a  branch  railroad."  The 
mine  in  Osceola  county  covered  an  area  of  700  acres, 
and  was  believed  to  contain  very  rich  deposits  of  gold, 
but  lay  idle  for  lack  of  water,  the  nearest  supply  be- 
ing 17  miles  distant.  During  the  year  1885  it  was 
expected  that  arrangements  would  be  made  for  work- 
ing the  ground  by  the  hydraulic  process.'* 

The  Harrisburg  or  Silver  Reef  district  was  in  Wash- 

"The  discovery  of  this  mine  ia  mentioned  in  the  Silver  Re^ Miner,  July 
30,  187j. 

''^S.  V.  I'ooly,  express  agent  at  S.  L.  City,  gives  as  the  product  for  1881, 
l,2r.<-,.,WJ  •'  of  silver  and  16,343,9".K-j  lbs  of  lead,  valued  at  ?  1,807,00-2. "20. 
Af  ^r  n.s'tir  hia  property,  W.  S.  Godbe  obtained  a  contract  for  smelting  ore 
i'vo^.i  iW-.  'li!  ir\,  rod  icii'g  in  all  some  '20,000  tons.  Godbe'H  Slatemeiit,  MS.,  7. 

''■  Tiio  .'ave  inina  origi;  illy  belonged  to  Mr  (Jodbe,  who  in  1885  was  still 
lnrg'3l> 'nt  tst"  iuit.  /i/.,  7,  9.  In  1884  there  were  300  men  employed  by  the 
Frisco  oompuoj'.  Rock  was  shipped  to  the  reduction-works  near  Salt  L:iku 
City,  and  moat  of  the  bullion  i,o  Chicago.  JliU'n  Mines  unit  My  in  Utah,  M.S. 
In  1881  the  company's  mincj  at  Frisco  prwluced  '221,840  oz.  of  silver  and 
2,0*23,213  lbs  of  lead,  worth  $330,3'2'J.38.  For  further  iiarticuhirs,  see  ,S.  L. 
Wkly  Tribune,  Jan.  3,  18tW. 

"The  owners  of  this  mine  v.-ere  W.  S.  (io«lbe  and  three  others,  the  former 
being  confident  that  the  deposit  was  worth  several  milUoua  of  dollars.  Uodbe'a 
StutemeiU,  MS.,  10-11. 


I      17 


ii  I 


746 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


ington  county,  south  of  Milford,  and  in  the  basin  of 
the  Colorado.  The  town  of  Silver  Reef  in  this  dis- 
trict was  so  named  from  a  silver-beaming  sandstone 
reef  100  miles  in  length,  and  yielding  in  places  $30  to 
the  ton.  The  Leeds  Silver  Mining  Company,  a  San 
Francisco  organization,  was  the  pioneer  location  of 
this  district,  and  from  its  ground  about  $800,000  have 
been  extracted.  From  the  Christy  Mill  and  Mining 
Company's  locations,  16  in  number,  about  50,000  tons 
were  taken  out  during  the  four  and  a  half  years  end- 
ing with  the  close  of  1882,  the  yield  of  bullion  being 
over  $1,275,000.  At  that  date  the  Stormont  Silver 
Mining  Company  and  the  Barbee  and  Walker  Mill  and 
Mining  Company,  both  New  York  organizations,  had 
produced  eaeU  a  round  million,  the  former  having  dis- 
bursed $145,<  "/"' '  dividends.  The  silver-bearing  part 
of  the  reef  w^as  .ast  15  miles  in  length,  and  there 
were  hundreds  ol  .  jcations  as  yet  unworked,  which,  if 
consolidated  and  provided  with  mills,  could  probably  be 
developed  into  dividend-paying  properties.'* 


"Silver  Reef  City  was  incorporated  in  1878.  Utah  Laws,  1873,  2H-6.  For 
further  mention  of  Silver  Reef  mines,  see  S.  L.  C.  Tribune,  March  30,  1871); 
Wkly  Tribune,  Jan.  3, 1880;  Ruby  JlillMgNeu-s,  Sept.  19, 1881;  ^.  /".  Chroni- 
cle, Nov.  14,  1880.  In  the  Lucin  district,  on  the  dividing  line  between  Utah 
and  Nevada,  there  were  several  good  locations.  Among  other  gold  and  silver 
mining  districts  in  Utah  may  bo  mentioned  the  Lincoln,  where  was  discovered 
the  first  silver  mine  in  Utah,  named  the  Rollins,  and  containing  a  heavy  de- 
posit of  argentiferous  galena.  The  Star  District,  a  few  miles  west  of  Milford, 
formerly  produced  considerable  bullion,  but  the  exhaustion  of  the  surface  de- 
posits, distance  from  railroads,  and  the  fall  in  the  price  of  lead  caused  smelting 
operations  to  be  suspended,  though  in  1883  development  was  still  progressing 
with  good  results.  The  Rocky  and  Beaver  Lake  districts,  north  of  the  Star, 
abounded  in  ores  containing  gold,  silver,  and  copper,  the  O.  K.  and  Old  Hickory 
being  the  prominent  mines  in  1882.  In  the  Tiuunons  or  Nelx)  district  in  Juab 
county  there  were  large  botlies  of  low-grade  galena  ore.  At  the  Pine  Grove 
district,  30  or  40  miles  west  of  Frisco,  the  Carrie  Lucille  mine  had  been  opened 
at  that  date  to  a  depth  of  200  feet  and  snowed  strong  veins  of  high-grade  ore. 
In  the  Ohio  and  Mount  Baldy  districts,  at  Marysvale,  in  Piute  county,  the 
leading  mine  was  the  Deer  Trail,  at  which  there  were  100,000  tons  of  ore  in 
sight  in  1882,  averaging  about  an  ounce  of  gold  and  15  oz.  of  silver  to  the  tou. 
There  were  several  othergood  mines  and  prospects,  but  capital  waa  needed 
for  their  development.  For  further  mention  of  this  district,  see  Silver  Her/ 
iliner,  May  14, 1879;  for  account  of  Clifton  mining  district,  A'.  L.  V.  Tribune, 
Aug.  15,  1874;  of  Camp  Floyd  district,  Utah  GaaeUeer.  1884,  80-1;  of 
Walker  River  placer  mines  in  1857-9,  Sat.  Union,  Aug.  1,  29,  Sept.  7,  1857; 
Apr.  26,  29,  May  24,  26,  Dec.  11,  17,  1858;  July  23, 1859;  of  Ruby  mines,  *'. 
F.  Alia,  Apr.  4,  1873;  for  gold  discoveries  on  Bear  River,  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Apr. 
30.  1864;  on  New  River,  Sac.  Union,  Apr.  5,  1858;  on  the  Sweetwater, 


PRODUCT  OF  THE  MIXES. 


747 


For  1869  the  product  of  all  the  Utah  mines  in  gold, 
silver,  and  lead  did  not  exceed  $200,000.  In  1871  it 
had  risen  to  $3,000,000,  and  in  1875  to  $7,000,000. 
For  1883  it  was  $7,017,682.  Between  1870  and  1883 
there  were  produced  $2,150,000  in  gold,  $45,790,272 
in  silver,  258,000  tons  of  lead,  worth  at  the  Atlantic 
seaboard  $23,220,000,  and  1,000  tons  of  copper  which 
sold  in  New  York  for  about  $300,000.  The  total  out- 
put for  this  period  was  $71,502,772,  or  an  average  of 
more  than  $5,500,000  a  year."**  At  the  close  of  1883 
there  were  at  least  95  districts  in  Utah  where  mining 
of  various  descriptions  was  in  progress,  all  of  them 
contributing  more  or  less  to  the  total  yield,  though 
the  great  volume  of  production  was  confined  to  a  few. 
The  entire  annual  expense  of  these  districts  may  be 
roughly  estimated  >t  $10,000,000,  while  the  output 
is  far  below  that  figure.  It  does  not  follow,  of  course, 
that  this  industry  has  proved  unprofitable,  for  the 
amount  of  capital  invested  was  trifling  when  com- 
pared with  otiier  states  on  the  Pacific  slope,  and 
the  difference  between  output  and  outlay  may  be 
fairly  considered  as   so   much   money  expended   on 

Deseret  News,  Sept.  11, 1867;  for  description  of  Willard  mines,  S.  L.  C.  Trih. 
viir,  Aug.  8, 1880;  of  silver  mines  near  Pahraganat  Valley,  U.  S.  Ind.  Aff.  liept, 
180."),  156-7.  For  historical  sketches  of  mining  in  Utah,  see  Tullidge'n 
■ilai}.,  i.  179-90;  Stenhouse'a  flocki/  Mountain  SiiiiUif,'4l3-3-l;  for  lists  and  re- 
ports of  various  districts  between  1S70  and  1880,  with  operations,  prosi^cts, 
etc.,  li'tieeler's  Surveyx,  Progress  Ript,  1872,  13-26,  51;  i'ec.  Int.  Bept, 
42d  Cong.  3d  Sess.,  pt  i.  16('-7;  Fabian's  Utah,  4-5,  7-8;  Raymond's  Stat, 
of  Mines,  1873,  242-64;  Coast  Jiev.  1872-9,  passim;  Utah  Direct,  and  Gaz., 
1879-80,  passim:  Raymond's  ann.  repts,  in  House  Ex.  Doc,  42d  Cong.  1st 
Sess..  no.  10,  218-23;  43d  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  141,  218-23;  43d  Cong.  IstSess., 
141,  255-33;  43d  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  177,  328-57;  44th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  159,  269- 
81 ;  Professor  Newberry's  reports,  in  S.  L.  C.  Tribune,  Aug.  21,  26,  1879;  Aug. 
28,  1880;  Delegate  Cannon's  statement,  in  House  Misc.  Doc.,  45th  Cong.  2d 
Sess.,  54,97-100;  Wheeler's  Geog.  Surcei/s  Rept,  1878,  L'O-l;  Codman'><  Round 
Trip,  185-93,  203-6,  222-3,  250-1.  For  Utoh  mines  placed  on  the  London 
market,  sec  London  Times,  July  24,  187';  fcr  legislation  concerning  mines, 
see  Utah  Laws,  1878,  8,  42. 

'•Professor  J.  E.  Clayton,  in  Utah  Gazetteer,  1884,56.  In  Gov.  Mess., 
for  1882,  8,  the  average  output  o.'  gold,  silver,  and  lead  between  1870  and 
1882  is  given  at  §6,500,000.  This  is  probably  too  high,  as  between  1870  and 
1874  inclusive  it  was  less  than  §3,000,000  and  in  no  year  did  the  product 
much  exceed  §7,000,000.  For  other  estimates  during  portions  of  this  period, 
see  Balch's  The  Mines,  Mint-rs,  and  Minimf  Int.  of  the  U.  S,  in  ISSJ,  passim; 
JIaydena  Gt  West,  317-18;  Neir  Mejc.  Mg  World,  Dec.  1.  1882,  83,  Nov.  1, 1884, 
136;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Jan.  3.  1882;  Utah  Direct,  and  Gaz.,  1879-80,  36. 


M 


iii 


748 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


developments.  That  as  a  rule  "  it  requires  a  mine 
to  flevcli)[)  a  mine,"  of  whatever  nature,  is,  however, 
no  less  true  of  Utah  than  of  other  mineral  sections. 

Of  mininsf  at  Carson  Valley  and  other  districts  in 
Nevada  which  were  formerly  portions  of  Utah,  men- 
tion is  made  in  my  Hifitorij  of  Nevada.  It  is  worthy 
of  note  that  from  the  tailings  of  the  Raymond  and 
Ely  mine,  near  Pioche,  W.  S.  Godbe  and  his  asso- 
ciates had  extracted  bullion  to  the  amount  of  $750,- 
000  up  to  the  close  of  1884,  and  it  was  believed  that 
the  value  of  that  which  remained  in  the  pit  exceeded 
$1,250,000.  The  tailings  were  worked  by  Russell's 
leaching  process,  the  distinctive  feature  of  which  is 
the  use  of  sulphate  of  copper  as  an  extract  solution. 
By  this  process,  which  has  now  been  in  use  for  several 
years,  it  is  claimed  that  a  very  high  percentage  of 
metal  can  be  extracted,  and  that  ores  of  low  grade  can 
be  profitably  worked.''  At  an  earlier  date  Kustel's 
process  of  leaching  chloridized  ores  with  a  solution 
of  hyposulphide  of  soda  was  somewhat  in  favor,  and 
it  is  the  opinion  of  many  practical  miners  that  the 
leaching  process  will  eventually  be  substituted  for 
the  usual  pan  amalgamation.'^ 

At  the  close  of  1883  there  were  seventeen  smelting 
and  reduction  works  in  Utah,  producing  more  than 
2,000  tons  of  bullion  per  month,  and  twenty  quartz- 
mills,  with  at  least  350  stamps,  the  cost  of  a  chloridiz- 
ing-mill  being  ^3,000  to  $4,000  per  stamp,  and  of  a 
gold-mill  perhaps  $1,000  per  stamp.^®      All  of  the 


''  Godbe's  Statement,  MS.,  8-9.  Mr  Godbe  is  of  opinion  that  the  leaching 
process  will,  when  its  merits  are  better  known,  be  of  vast  benefit  to  the 
mining  world. 

'*In  1871  Joshua  R.  Nichols,  who  came  to  S.  L.  City  with  the  exclusive 
right  for  Kroin's  patent  separating  and  concentrating  machinery,  organi/.ed  a 
company  for  the  introduction  of  tiiis  process  in  connection  with  smelting, 
amalgamation,  and  chlorination.  Mr  Nichols,  a  native  of  Onondaga  co. ,  N.  Y. , 
followed  at  Detroit,  Mich. ,  the  several  occupations  of  fann-boy,  errand-boy, 
clerk,  and  store-keeper  until  1865,  when  he  engaged  in  the  railroatl-snpply 
business  until  July  1869,  being  tlien  appointed  assistant  superintendent  on 
the  Union  Pacific.  Removing  to  Utah  in  1871.  he  became  engaged  in  mining 
and  railroad  enterprises.  Nichols'  Mining  Alnch.,  MS. 

''The  Fioueer  quartz-mill  of  15  stamps,  for  the  reduction  of  silver  ore,  the 


REDUCTION-WORKS. 


740 


smelting  and  reducing  works  were  of  modern  pattern, 
and  with  modern  improvements,  tlieir  capacity  vary- 
ing from  20  to  250  tons  of  ore  per  day.  The  largest 
in  operation  at  this  date  were  the  German ia  lead- 
works,  where  most  of  the  base  bullion  was  refined, 
and  the  Francklyn  smelting-works.  The  former  were 
at  South  Cottonwood,  seven  miles  from  Salt  Lake 
City,  and  on  the  line  of  the  Utah  Central  and  Den- 
ver and  Rio  Grande  railroads.  Their  refining  capacity 
was  forty  tons  a  day,  and  they  contained  all  the  ap- 

Earatus  needed  for  converting  galena  ores  into  Dord 
ars,  litharge,  and  marketable  lead.""  The  refining 
capacity  of  the  Francklyn  works,  a  mile  distant,  was 
55  tons  a  day,  or  about  250  tons  of  crude  ore.^^ 

The  average  cost  of  mining  and  hauling  in  Utah, 
including  dead- work,  up  to  1884,  was  probably  not  less 
than  $10  per  ton;  and  of  milling  silver  ore  at  least  as 
much,  though  there  were  districts  where  it  did  not 
exceed  $4  per  ton.*'^  When  purchased  at  the  smelting- 
works,  the  silver  and  lead  in  the  base  bullion  were  es- 
timated at  New  York  prices.  Five  per  cent  on  silver 
and  ten  per  cent  on  lead  were  deducted  for  loss  in 
smelting;  $10  to  $12  per  ton  for  the  cost  of  smelting, 
$1G  to  ^18  for  refining,  and  about  $25  per  ton  for 
freiirht  to  New  York.     When  it  is  remembered  that 


first  one  in  Utah,  \ras  built  by  Walker  Bros,  at  the  Ophir  mining  district. 
When  that  district  was  considered  a  failure  tlic  mill  was  removed  to  the 
Alice  mine  in  Montana,  five  stamps  being  added,  and  a  GO-stanip  mill  erected 
by  its  side.  Walker' >t  Merchants  ami  Miners  of  Utah,  MS.,  5.  Nevertheless, 
at  the  close  of  1883  tiiere  were  three  nulls  in  this  district,  named  tlie  I'ioneer, 
Enterprise,  and  Fairview.  At  this  date  the  Ontario  mill,  at  Park  City,  Uintah 
district,  had  40  stamps,  and  tlie  Marsac  mill  at  the  same  city,  30  stamps. 
Among  others  may  be  mentioned  the  MeHcnry  mill  at  Parley  Park,  the 
Stewart  mills  in  the  West  Mountiiin  district,  ancl  one  belonging  to  the  Tintio 
Mining  and  Milling  Co.,  the  last  with  10  stamps. 

*"  Including  common,  refined,  white,  sheet,  pipe,  shot,  and  test  lead. 
HoUuti'r'ii  Rex.  and  Attract,  of  Utah,  43.  For  further  mention  of  the  Ger- 
mania  works,  see  S.  L.  C.  Trihnne,  Dec.  14,  1S72,  Jan.  4,  1873. 

"  For  description  of  otlier  smelting  and  refining  works,  see  Utah  Gazetteer, 
1884,  70-1 .  The  first  smelting  furnace  was  erected  by  Gen.  Connor  at  Stock- 
ton in  18(i4.  Murphy's  Min.  A'ci.  of  Utah,  '1.  Araong  the  sampling-works 
may  be  mentioned  those  of  J.  C.  Conkliu  at  S.  L.  City,  and  Scott  &  Anderson 
at  Sanily,  the  former  with  a  capacity  of  200  and  the  hitter  of  500  tons  a  day. 

'^  As  in  the  Silver  Reef  district 


'I! 


lit'    1 

h  :l  1 

^  '   i 

1  ;i. ' .  ii 

'  1 

Ijljl  ^1 

750 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


the  average  yield  of  galenp.  ores,  which  form  the  bulk 
ot  the  deposits,  is  less  than  $30  per  ton,  it  will  bo 
seen  that  they  could  not  be  worked  at  a  profit  With 
the  exception  of  the  Ontario,  Horn  Silver,  and  per- 
haps one  or  two  others  where  the  ore  was  exceptional!  v 
rich,  none  of  the  mines  paid  steady  dividends  of  anv 
considerable  amount. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 


COMMERCE  AND  COMMUNICATION. 

1852-1885. 

CouHOM  Roadways— Railroads— The  Union  and  Cenibal  PAcmo— The 
Utah  Central— The  Utah  Southern— The  Ut^h  and  Northern — 
The  Utah  Eastern — The  Salt  Lake  and  Western — The  Utah  and 
Nevada— The  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Western— Imports  and 
Exports — Commerce  and  Trade — Banking — Insttrance — Taxation 
AND  Revenue- Mails  and  Mail  Services— The  First  Teleguafhio 
Message— The  Deseret  Telegraph  Company. 


W'A 


In  1860  the  principal  route  from  the  Missouri  to 
Utah  was  still  the  old  emigrant-road  which  had  been 
mainly  used  during  the  Utah  and  California  migra- 
tions, and  which  was  traversed  by  the  army  of  Utah 
in  1857.  Between  Utah  and  California  there  were 
three  principal  lines  of  travel — the  northern,  the  cen- 
tral, and  the  southern.  The  first  skirted  the  upper 
edge  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  thence  after  crossing 
an  intervening  stretch  of  desert  followed  the  valleys 
of  the  Humboldt  and  Carson  rivers,  being,  in  fact, 
almost  identical  with  the  Fremont  route  of  1845. 
Notwithstanding  its  length,  it  was  still  preferred  by 
travellers,  as  pasture  and  water  were  fairly  plentiful, 
and  only  two  small  tracts  of  desert  land  were  met 
with.*  The  central,  better  known  to  the  settlers  of 
Utah  by  the  name  of  Egan's  and  to  the  California- 
bound  emigrants  as  the  Simpson  route,  though  the 
two  were  by  no  means  coincident,  varied  but  a  few 
miles  from  the  fortieth  parallel  until    reaching  the 

*  For  descriptions  of  this  route,  see  Tfom'a  Overl.  Ouide;  Kelly'8  Excurs. 
to  Col.,  Remy'8  Jour,  to  Q.  S.  L.  Cxtij,  passim. 

(78X) 


Mr 


7;.2 


COMMERCK  AND  COMMUNICATION'. 


Hastings  pass  in  the  Iluuiboldt  Mountains,  whore 
it  branched  off  in  a  south-westerly  direction  toward 
Carson  lake  and  river,  and  from  Carson  City  south 
to  Genoa.''  The  southern  route  was  by  way  of  th<^ 
Sevier,  Santa  Clara,  and  Virgen  rivers,  striking  the 
Freniont  trail  near  Las  Vegas,  thence  partly  across 
desert  tracts  to  the  junction  of  Indian  River  and  the 
Colorado,  and  from  that  point  to  San  Bernardino.^ 
On  neither  of  the  last  two  were  grass  and  water 
abundant,  but  the  southern  route  had  the  advantage 
of  being  rarely  blocked  with  snow,  except  for  the  por- 
tion of  it  that  lay  between  Salt  Lake  and  the  Rio 
Virgen. 

At  the  close  of  1883  there  were  more  than  3,000 
miles  of  common  roadway  in  Utah,*  and  1,143  miles 

'In  18.19  J.  H.  Simpson  of  the  topographical  engineers  received  instruc- 
tions from  Gen.  Johnson  to  explore  the  great  basin,  witli  a  view  to  tinil  a 
direct  wagon  ronto  from  Camp  Floyd  to  (ienoa,  in  Carson  Valley.  An  .ac- 
count of  the  expedition  will  be  found  in  liis  Hopt  Explor.  Gt  lid-ihi.  For 
about  300  miles  his  route  was  identical  with  Egau's,  except  for  a  few  unim- 
portant deviations;  but  soon  after  reaching  Ruby  Valley  it  tended  more 
toward  tlie  south.  Egan's  line  was  preferred,  however,  as  on  the  one  taken 
by  Simpson  grass  and  water  were  scarce.  Howard  Egan,  a  major  in  the 
Nauvoo  legion,  and  a  well-known  guide  and  mountaineer,  was  for  some  years 
engaged  in  driving  stock  to  Cal.  in  the  service  of  Livingston  &  Kinkead,  and 
afterward  became  a  mail  agent.  Durton''n  City  of  the  Saints,  550.  See,  for  an 
account  of  tlie  explorations  of  E.  F.  Beales  between  Fort  Defiance  and  the 
Colorado,  and  F.  W.  Lander  between  Green  and  Bear  rivers  in  1857,  War- 
ren's mem.  in  Pac.  R.  li.  Rept,  xi.  91 ;  for  remarks  on  the  advantages  of 
different  routes,  WheAer''s  Surveys,  Progress  Rept,  I»72,  33-0;  for  J.  W. 
Powell's  exploring  and  surveying  expeditions,  Appleton's  Jour.,  xi. ;  Smith- 
sonian Rept,  1877,  07-82;  for  further  matters  relating  to  govenimcnt  roads, 
J  louse  Ex.  Doc,  34th  Cong.  latSess.,  i.,  pt  2,  504-7;  35th  Cong.  2d  Sess., 
ii.,  pt  2,  12,  149-51,  202-6,  pt.  3,  1300-3;  36th  Cong.  Ist  Sess.,  Mess  and 
Doc,  pt  2,  1.3-15,  131-2,  194-5,  200-4,  221-30;  House  Rept,  34th  Cong.  Ist 
Sess.,  i.  185;  Sen.  Doe.,  35th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  nos.  39,  40.  Appropriations 
were  made  at  various  dates  for  the  building  and  repair  of  bridges,  for  which 
see  Utah  Jour.  Leijisl.  and  Utah  Laws,  passim.  In  1882  the  sum  of  ^,000 
was  appropriated  toward  building  a  bridge  across  the  Weber  at  Riverdale, 
and  $l,000for  a  bridge  across  the  Provo  at  P  vo  City.  For  description  of 
Provo  caflon  bridge  in  18.")8,  see  Deseret  News,  Oct  13,  1858;  for  condition  of 
bridges  and  roads  in  1859,  Id.,  July  6,  1^59. 

'  Portions  of  this  route  were  traversed  by  Chandless  and  Remy,  by  whom 
it  is  described  in  their  respective  works. 

*  For  reports  of  commissioners,  appropriations,  work  done,  condition,  and 
other  matters  relating  to  local  roads,  see  Utah  Acts,  1855-6,  44-0;  Utah  Jour. 
Le<iixl.,  1859-60,  96-8;  1860-1,  58-9,  11:1-14.  149,  165,  168;  1861-2,59,  70, 
73*  104,  116-17,  121,  132,  144;  1862-3,  29-30,  45,  51,  63;  1863-4,  54-5,  85, 
108,  131-2:  1864-5,  53-6,  73,  140-1;  1865-6,  20-3,  29,  53,  70-1,  102,  122, 
156-7;  18(i6-7,  20,  23-5,  28-9.  01-3,  66;  1868,  21-2.  25,  4!-6,  75-6,  92, 
116-18,  129;  1809,  20-1,  23-4,  55-0.  71-2,  79-80,  82-3,  88,  93-4,  102,  112, 


RAILROADS. 


733 


of  railroad,'  of  which  207  belonged  to  the  Union 
Pacific,  150  to  the  Central  Pacific,  386  to  the  Denver 
and  Rio  Grande,  280  to  the  Utah  Central,  and  30  to 
the  Sanpete  Valley. 

In  1854,  as  we  have  seen,  a  memorial  was  addressed 
to  congress  by  the  territorial  legislature,  urging  the 
construction  of  an  overland  railroad.  In  18G0  a  sec- 
ond memorial  was  presented,  to  the  same  purport,"  and 
though  neither  of  them  was  regarded,  none  rejoiced 
more  heartily  over  the  advent  of  the  railroad  than 
did  the  settlers  of  Utah.  They  felt  now  strong 
enough  to  have  let  in  on  them  the  advancing  tide  of 
civilization  without  being  swept  away  by  it.  Brig- 
ham  had  lonjj  foreseen  that  the  railroad  would  brinsf 
with  it  a  new  and  manifest  destiny  to  his  people. 
Being  himself  a  man  of  destiny,  he  quickly  adapted 
himself  to  the  altered  condition  of  affairs,  and  de- 
clared that  he  believed  in  it.  As  all  Utah  believed 
in  Brigham,  it  followed  that  his  people  would  do 
their  utmost  to  help  it  to  completion.  They  were  for 
the  most  part  too  poor  to  subscribe  money,  but  what- 
ever of  aid  or  material  their  land  and  labor  could  sup- 
ply was  cheerfully  furnished. 

In  May  1868  a  contract  was  made  between  Brig- 

172;  1870, 03-4,  79,  84-8,  108,  118;  1876,  20-30;  Utah  Laws,  1878,  57;  1882, 
102-4;  Deseret  News,  Nov.  23,  1859,  Jan.  22,  1802;  liae's  Westward  by  Rail, 
99. 

*In  1860  there  was  a  weekly  stage  to  S.  L.  City,  conducted  by  Russell  & 
Waddell,  who  during  the  same  year  started  a  pony  express.  In  1861  they 
were  bought  out  by  Ben  HoUiday,  and  in  tliat  or  the  following  year  a  daily 
line  was  established  to  S.  L.  City.  In  1866  Wells,  Fargo,  &  Co.  purchased 
HoUiday's  interest,  believing  that  the  railroad  would  not  be  completed  for 
six  or  seven  years.  They  lost  by  the  transaction,  among  their  purchases  be- 
ing $70,000  worth  of  new  coaches  which  they  never  used,  and  afterward  sold 
to  Gilmer  &  Salisbury  for  one  fourth  of  the  cost.  John  T.  Gilmer  commenced 
staging  in  1859  under  Russell  &  Waddell.  In  18G4  he  was  appointed  division 
agent  at  Bitter  Creek  by  Ben  Holliday.  Aboui:  1876  he  began  mining  in  the 
Buck  Hills,  Utah,  and  afterward  in  Nev.,  Id.,  Ariz.,  and  Gal.  He  wn^  !  > 
connected  with  the  Stewart  mine  in  Bingham  ca&on,  and  others.  T  S '  I 
he  was  conducting  a  staging  business  in  Utah,  Id.,  Ariz.,  and  Cal.  (j>'d.n:r'i 
AlaiU  and  Starjiug  in  Ulaft,  MS.  Descriptions  of  stago-coach  travel  in  Utah 
in  the  years  before  the  opening  of  the  railroad  will  bo  found  in  almost  every 
book  that  treats  of  Mormonism  up  to  that  time.  Among  others,  see  Burtons 
City  of  the  Saints;  Remy^s  Jour,  to  O.  S.  L.  City;  ChatuUer's  Visit  to  S.  Lake; 
Bowles'  Across  the  Continent;  Dilke's  Orenter  Britain;  Oreeley's  Overl.  Jour. 

■See  Utalt  Acts,  1858-9,  37-8;  House  Misc.  Doc,  36th  Cong.  2d  Seas.,  34. 
Hbt.  Utah.   i8 


t'l 


m  i 
1  i 


754 


COMMERCE  AND  COMMUNICATION. 


ham  and  a  superintendent  of  construction  on  the 
Union  Pacific,  for  grading  and  other  work  on  '  o 
road  between  the  head  of  Echo  carton  and  the  t*  i- 
nus  of  the  line,  yet  to  be  located.  At  Weber  canon, 
through  which  point  it  entered  the  vallev,  there  was 
much  tunnelling,  blasting,  and  mason-worL  to  be  done, 
including  the  heavy  stone-work  of  the  bridge  abut- 
ments. The  contract  amounted  to  about  $1,000,000, 
gave  employment  to  500  or  600  men,  and,  accordLig 
to  its  terms,^  eighty  per  cent  of  the  payments  were 
to  be  made  monthly  as  the  work  progressed,  and  the 
remainder  when  it  was  completed  and  accepted.  As 
soon  as  the  contract  was  closed,  the  superintendent 
urged  that  the  work  be  commenced  immediately, 
promising  that  if  men  and  teams  were  collected  he 
would  have  the  line  surveyed  and  made  ready  for 
them  within  a  few  days.  On  this  understanding, 
workmen  were  concentrated  at  various  points  on  the 
line,  but  weeks  passed,  and  still  the  line  was  not  sur- 
veyed. Many  of  the  sub-contractors  were  thus  com- 
pelled to  wait  until  the  cost  of  their  operations  was 
largely  increased  by  the  severity  of  the  weath'  and 
to  incur  debt  from  bankers,  merchants,  and  ^rs, 

who  supplied  them  with  funds,  goods,  grain,  autt  ma- 
terial, thinking  that  the  money  due  from  the  pro- 
moters of  the  Union  Pacific  would  be  promptly  paid; 
but  the  payments  were  not  made  as  specified. 

Notwithstanding  these  drawbacks,  the  contracts 
were  faithfully  executed,  and  it  was  acknowledged  by- 
all  railroad  men  that  nowhere  on  the  line  could  the 
grading  compare  in  completeness  and  finish  with  the 
work  done  by  the  people  of  Utah.  Before  the  last 
tie  was  laid,"  all  the  contracts  with  the  Union  and 

^  Particulars  will  be  fonnd  in  the  Decent  News,  May  27.  1868.  See  also 
S.  P.  Call,  May  22,  1868;  S.  F.  Times,  May  22,  1868.  At  this  date  it  was  yet 
uncertain  where  the  junction  between  the  U.  P.  and  C.  P.  R.  R.  would  be 
located.  For  act  to  fix  th6  point  of  junction,  see  House  Ex.  Doc.,  46th  Cong. 
3d  Sess.,  973. 

*  For  celebration  at  S.  L.  City  on  the  completion  of  the  railroad,  see  Deseret 
News,  Miiy  12,  1866.  On  Marcli  8th  a  railroad  celebration  was  held  at  Ogden, 
an  accountof  which  ia  given  in  /(/.,  March  8,  1869;  TuUidije'a  Mag,,  i.  476-7. 


UNION  AND  CENTRAL  PACinC. 


7» 


Central  Pacific,  including  forty  miles  of  road  between 
Ogden  and  the  promontory,  had  been  completed 
and  accepted;  but  on  the  10th  of  May,  18G9,  it  was 
claimed  by  the  saints  that  the  former  company  was 
indebted  to  them  in  the  sum  of  $1,000,000,  and  the 
two  companies  about  $1,250,000.  Toward  the  close 
of  the  year  John  Taylor,  Joseph  A.  Young,  and  John 
Sharp"  went  eastward,  with  a  view  to  bringing  the 

III  1868  Oen.  Connor  bnilt  and  launched  a  small  steamer,  named  the  Kute 
Connor,  for  carrying  railroad  ties  and  telegraph  poles  from  tlio  southern  to 
the  northern  shore  of  the  G.  8.  Lake.  lira,  and  Attract,  of  Utah,  03.  The 
tics  were  for  the  Union  Pacific.  Tliis  appears  to  have  been  the  first  steamer 
that  navigated  the  lake,  though  in  the  S.  F.  Bulletin,  July  29,  18.'>0,  it  is 
stated  that  there  was  one  at  that  date.  In  18C9  an  excursion  steamer  was 
built,  and  in  1870  a  boat  costing  $45,000,  first  named  the  City  of  Corhine.  and 
tlicn  the  General  Garfield.  In  1879  the  latter  was  still  used  mainly  for  ex- 
cursions, as  there  was  little  freight  to  bo  liad.  At  this  date  there  was  a  con- 
siderable yachting  fleet  on  tho  lake,  the  first,  and  for  some  years  tlie  only 
yacht,  being  built  by  the  Walker  Bros.  For  description  of  excursions  on  (». 
8.  liako  in  1879,  see  Marshall's  Through  Amer.,  191;  for  navigation  on  the 
Colorado  in  1805,  Austin  lieese  Jiiver  Jiereilld,  June  27,  1865;  iu  1873,  Pre»- 
coU  Miner,  Jan.  18,  1873. 

'  Bishop  8harp,  known  in  Utah  also  as  the  railroad  bishop,  was  bom  in 
1820  at  the  Devon  iron-works,  Scotland,  and  wlien  eight  years  of  ago  went  to 
work  in  a  coal-pit.  In  1847,  being  then  a  con' miner  iu  Clackmannanshire, 
ho  was  converted  to  Morinonism,  and  the  f (allowing  year  sailed  for  New  Or- 
leans with  his  two  brothers,  who  hud  also  joined  tho  faith.  They  reached  8. 
L.  City  in  1850.  Here  Sharp  was  first  employed  in  quarrying  stone  for  the 
tabernacle  and  tithiug-office,  and  was  soon  afterward  made  supcriiitcndont  of 
tho  quarry.  In  1854  iie  was  ordained  a  bbiiop,  and  ten  years  later  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  superintendent  of  public  works.  When  the  contract  was 
inado  with  tlio  Union  Pacific  by  Brigham,  as  above  mentioned.  Sharp  was 
one  of  tho  principal  sub-contractors.  In  1871  he  became  superintendent  of 
tho  Utah  Central,  and  in  1873  president,  having  previously  been  elected  vice- 
president  of  the  Utah  Southern.  While  employed  as  purchasing  agent  for 
tlio  latter  company  in  the  eastern  states,  he  became  associated  witli  tlie  direc- 
tors of  the  Union  Pacific,  by  whom  he  was  afterward  elected  a  member  of  tlie 
board.  Among  those  who  were  awarded  contracts  by  the  Central  Pacific  was 
Lorin  Farr,  who,  with  Benson  and  West  as  partners,  graded  200  miles  of  tlie 
road,  Aaron  F.  Farr  being  employed  as  superintendent.  Lorin  Farr  also  took 
an  active  part  in  the  building  of  the  Utah  Central  and  Utah  Northern,  of  which 
more  later,  and  was  one  of  the  prime  movers  in  bringing  the  Denver  and  Itio 
Grande  into  Ogden.  In  1808  he  built  the  Ogden  woollen-mills  in  conjunction 
With  Randall  Pugsley  and  Neil,  and  for  20  years  was  mayor  of  that  city. 
Aaron  F.  Farr  was  for  six  years  probate  judge  of  Weber  co.,  and  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Utah  legislature. 

In  connection  with  the  Central  Pacific  may  be  mentioned  the  name  of  James 
Forbes,  their  agent  at  Ogden  between  1869  and  1884,  and  in  connection  m  ith 
the  Union  Pac&c,  A.  G.  Fell,  at  the  latter  date  superintendent  of  division  in 
the  same  city.  Forbes,  a  native  of  Conn.,  came  to  Cal.  when  16  years  of  a^e, 
and  after  being  engaged  in  mining  for  several  years,  was  appointed  agent  for 
the  C.  P.  R.  R.  at  Elko,  Nov.,  soon  after  the  line  was  opened,  removing 
tlience  to  Utah  a  few  mouths  later.  Fell,  a  native  of  Ontario,  Can.,  and  in 
]8U7  employed  in  the  train-despatcher's  office  at  Montreal,  also  removed  to 
Utah  in  1807. 

Joshua  R.  Nichols,  appointed  assist  super.  U.  P.  R.  R.  in  July  1809,  says 


ffi: 

m 


I'  III  m 


756 


COMMERCE  AND  COMMUNICATION. 


matter  to  an  issue,  and  so  vigorousl}'^  and  adroitly  did 
they  press  their  claim,  that,  in  the  absence  of  funds, 
rolling  stock  and  material  to  the  value  of  $000,000 
were  assigned  to  them  in  payment. 

On  the  17th  of  May,  one  week  after  the  completion 
of  the  transcontinental  railroad,  ground  was  broken 
near  the  Weber  River  for  a  line  between  Ogden  and 
Salt  Lake  City,  to  be  named  the  Utah  Central."* 
The  road  was  built  and  equipped  mainly  with  the 
material  and  rolling  stock  transferred  from  the  Union 
Pacific;  for  even  at  this  date  there  was  little  money 
in  Utah,  mining  and  traffic  being  as  yet  undeveloped, 
and  the  entire  floating  currency  of  the  community  was 
probably  less  than  $5,000,000.  This,  the  pioneer  line 
of  Utah,  is  the  only  one  which  has  preserved  its 
original  identity,  and  that  it  has  done  so  is  perhaps 
due  to  the  fact  that  it  forms  the  main  connecting  link 
between  the  ronte  of  transcontinental  traffic  and  the 
principal  distributing  point  for  the  country. 

In  May  1871  ground  was  broken  at  Salt  Lake  City 
for  the  Utah  Southern,"  the  line  being  pushed  for- 
ward at  intervals  both  north  and  south  through  some 
of  the  richest  lands  in  Utah,  until,  in  June  1879,  its 
northern  terminus  was  at  Prove,"  and  its  southoni 
limit  at  Juab,  105  miles  south  of  the  capital."     Later 

that  for  three  months  after  that  date  no  director  or  manager  dare  travel  on  tlie 
line  without  a  body-guard.  Nichols'  Mininrj  Alach.,  MS. 

'Tor  act  granting  right  of  way,  see  IfotiM  Kx.  Doc,  46th  Cong.  3d  Sess., 
xxvi.  974;  Cong.  Olobe,  1870-1,  p.  220:  Zabriakie'a  Land  Laws,  1877,  suppl.  1!); 
Grunt's  Itujlds  ahd  Priv.  Utah  Vent,  R.  I(,  Co.,  in  which  last  are  the  articles 
of  association,  by-laws,  and  a  copy  of  the  mortgage  executed  by  the  company 
to  Hocuro  its  first-mortgage  bonds.  Brigham  Young  was  president,  W.  Jen- 
nings vice-president,  Dan.  H.  Wells  treasurer,  and  Jo'.iaW.  Young  secretary; 
the  lirst  three,  together  with  Feranior/  Little  and  Christ.  Layton,  forming 
the  board  of  directors.  The  original  capital  was  $1,000,000,  divided  into 
15,000  shares  of  $100  each.  It  does  not  appear  that  tlie  directors  had  mu^h 
fuith  iu  the  imdcrtaking,  for  none  of  them,  except  Brigham,  Bubscril)ed  for 
more  tlian  twenty  shares,  while  Layton  took  only  10,  and  Littlts  H  shares.  Fur 
celebration  when  ground  was  broken,  see  .">'.  F.  Bulletin,  May  19,  18(jl);  Tid- 
lilije's  Mwj.,  i.  477;  for  ceremonies,  etc.,  when  the  road  was  completed,  Dcs- 
tret  XrwH,  Jan.  12,  1870;  S.  F.  Abend  Post,  Jan.  12,  1876;  Scientific  Press, 
Jan.  15,  1870;  TuUidne's  Life  of  Young,  362-3. 

^^Deserft  News,  May  3,  1871. 

'■'  Vo:  bill  granting  right  of  way,  see  Cong.  Olobe,  1874-6;  for  tpecial  priv- 
ileges, Proeo  (Ji/y  lii'.vked  Ordin.,  '27-9. 

"  For  further  items  as  to  the  Utah  Southern,  see  WiUiama'  Pac.  Tourist, 


UTAH  SOUTHERN  AND  NORTHERN. 


757 


during  this  year  the  Utah  Southern  Extension  was 
commenced  at  the  latter  point,  completed  during  the 
following  spring  as  far  as  Milford,"  and  a  few  weeks 
later  to  Frisco,  the  location  of  the  Horn  Silver  mine, 
its  distance  from  Juab  being  138  miles.*®  In  1881 
both  these  lines  were  incorporated  with  the  Utah 
Central.*' 

The  Utah  and  Northern  was  organized  in  1871, 
ground  being  broken  at  Brigham  City  in  September 
of  that  year,  and  the  road  completed  to  Logan  at  the 
close  of  January  1873,  and  to  Fraiklin,  Idaho,  by 
way  of  Ogdcn,  early  in  the  following  year."  The 
means  for  building  this  line  were  raised  by  the  people 
of  northern  Utah  with  great  difficulty,  and  after  be- 
ing maintained  for  years,  first  at  a  loss  and  then  with 
meagre  returns,  it  was  sold  to  the  Union  Pacific  for 
an  insignificant  sum,  in  February  1877,*"'  extended 
through  Idaho  into  western  Montana,  and  in  1883  had 
become  one  of  its  most  profltable  branches. 

During  Emery's  administration  a  bill  passed  the 
legislature  authorizing  the  counties  of  Salt  Lake, 
Davis,  Summit,  and  Tooele  to  issue  bonds  for  the 
purpose    of  constructing  a   road    from  Coalville    to 


I  :  i 


131-2;  Desfrrt  News,  Dec.  3,  J8T3,  Jan  27,  1875,  Jan,  20, 1876;  8.  L.  C.  Her- 
ald, March  20,  1878:  S.  F.  Alia,  May  11,  1872;  S.  F.  Pout,  Nov.  11,  1873; 
Pres'ott  Miner,  Jan.  20,  1877. 

^'Tho  (list  train  ran  through  to  Milford  in  May.  S,  L.  WUy  Triune, 
May  22,  1 880. 

"  Utah  Gazetteer,  1884, 108.  See  also  S.  L.  Herald,  Jan.  1,  1870;  S.  L.  C. 
2Vi7>U7je,  July  8,  1879. 

"  In  the  Contributor,  iv.  182,  is  a  report  of  freights  received  and  forwarded 
over  tho  Utah  Central  for  eleven  ami  u  half  months  in  1882. 

"  Tho  road  from  Ogdcn  to  Fraiikl'  -  was  hiiilt  entirely  by  the  eettlers.  Dod- 
ihidge's  U.  <t  X.  It.  II.,  MS.  For  act  granting  right  of  way  through  fiuhlio 
lands  of  Utah,  Idaho,  and  Montana  in  IST.'I,  see  Zdhrhkle'n  Laml  Lmrs,  siippl., 
1877,  p.  57;  llouxe  Ex.  Doe.,  40th  Cong.  3d  Suss.,  47,  l)t2,  U70-7.  In  1772  an 
act  was  passed  granting  right  of  way  thnmgli  to  the  Utah,  Idaho,  and  .Mon- 
tana road,  whicu  wiia  to  connect  with  tho  Utah  and  Nuithcrn.  /</. ,  975. 

"During  1879  the  income  had  increased  to al)out$8<t, (KM)  a  month.  Deiwrrt 
Newn,  July  10,  1879.  For  fartlicc  items  concerning  tlio  Utah  and  N'orthorn, 
Bco  Id.,  Oct.  10,  1877;  S.  L.  C.  lhra\l,  Nov.  '.M.  1877:  I'ortht<,d  /■,>.  '/VV- 
gra)',.  May  .3,  July2J.  1871);  Utah  Uazellier,  1884,  108-9;  l)<)ildril<y*  U. 
d)  iV.  R.  It.,  MS.  W.  U.  Dod'lridge,  a  na  ivo  of  CircleviMo,  O.,  came  to 
Ogden  in  1807,  and  though  only  19  years  of  age,  readily  obtained  employ- 
ment on  tho  U.  P.  11.  U.  in  188-  ho  was  appoiuted  to  the  charge  of  the  Idaho 
division. 


758 


COMMERCE  AND  COMMUNICATION. 


Salt  Lake  City,  the  main  object  being  to  obtain 
a  supply  of  coal  at  cheaper  rates  than  was  charged  for 
fuel  taken  from  the  Wyoming  mines  of  the  Union 
Pacific.  The  bill  was  vetoed  by  the  governor;  but  iti 
1880  an  effort  was  madu  to  build  the  line  by  private 
enterprise,  among  the  subscribers  being  many  who 
could  ill  afford  such  a  venture.  Like  others  of  the 
Utah  lines,  it  was  thus  commenced  on  a  slender  capi- 
tal, but  through  the  aid  of  wealthy  stockholders  in 
the  Ontario  mine,  it  was  completed  as  far  as  Park 
City,  a  distance  of  twenty-fivo  miles  from  Coalville. 
Soon  afterward  a  parallel  branch,  named  the  Echo 
and  Park  City,  was  built  by  the  Union  Pacific,  and  in 
1883  the  control  of  the  former,  which  was  known  as 
the  Utah  Eastern,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  latter.''' 
The  Salt  Lake  and  Western,  fifty-seven  miles  in 
length,  and  later  a  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific,  was 
built  in  1874-5  from  Lehi  junction,  a  mile  north  of 
Lehi  Citv,  to  the  Tintic  mines.  It  was  at  first  in- 
tended  to  push  the  line  through  tc  California,  tapping 
some  of  the  rich  mining  districts  of  Nevada;  but  this 
project  was  abandoned.  In  1883  it  was  used  mainly 
for  hauling  gold,  silver,  and  iron  ore.'^'^  The  Utah  and 
Nevada,  first  named  the  Salt  Lake,  Sevier  Valley,  and 
Pioche  Railroad,  was  commenced  in  1872,  the  inten- 
tion beiny:  to  build  the  line  throuj;h  the  minin*;  and 
agricultural  lands  of  the  Sevier  Valley  as  far  as  Pioche, 
ill  south-eastern  Nevada.  After  some  twenty  miles 
had  been  completed,  work  was  abandoned  in  1873,  but 
resumed  later,  and  the  road  completed  as  far  as  Stock- 
ton, in  Tooele  count}),  its  terminus  in  1883,  at  which 
date  it  was  also  under  control  of  the  Union  Pacific. 
On  account  of  the  failure  of  the  Pioche  mines,  and 
for  other  reasons,  there  seems  little  prospect  of  the 
original  project  being  executed.  The  Sanpete  Valhty 
Railroad,  built   in    1880,   between   Nephi,  in   Juab 


"5.  L.  C.  Tribune,  Dec.  28,  1S79. 

»•  Willianu'  Par.  TourUt,  147;  .S'.  L.  0.   Trihimf,  Deo.  19,  1874;  8.  F. 
BuUefin,  J\x\y  G.  1881;  Utah  daietlen',  1884,  p.  110. 


DENVER  AND  RIO  GRANDE. 


750 


county,  and  Wales,  in  Sanpete  county,  its  length 
being  thirty  miles,  was  constructed  by  an  English 
company  for  the  purpose  of  securing  a  market  for  the 
output  of  its  coal  mines." 

The  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Western,  the  Utah 
division  of  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  system  of 
railroads,  first  began  work  here  in  1881,  and  in  1883 
had  386  miles  of  road  in  operation,  running  through 
Emory,  Utah,  Salt  Lake,  Davis,  and  a  portion  of 
Weber  counties,  with  branch  lines  named  the  Little 
Cottonwood  and  Bingham  Caiion,  the  fornier  running 
east  into  the  Wasatch  Mountains  and  the  latter  west 
into  the  Oquirrh  Range,  both  being  built  solely  to 
facilitate  mining  operations."  Ninety  miles  of  the 
Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Western  were  built  entirely 
by  local  enterprise,  including  fifty  miles  of  the  main 
line  extending  through  Spanish  Fork  canon,  com- 
pleted by  the  citizens  of  Springville,  and  first  known 
as  the  Utah  and  Pleasant  Valley  Railroad.^ 

During  the  years  immediately  preceding  the  com- 
pletion of  the  overland  railroad,  the  imports  of  Utah 
seldom  exceeded  12,000  tons,  while  the  exports  were 
of  trifling  amount.  Commerce  with  the  east  and  west 
was  entirely  insignificant,  su[)plics  beingdrawn  i  aiiily 
from  St  Louis  and  San  Eiaiicisco,  and  |)ai(l  for  in  i)art 
with  the  money  received  for  surplus  grain,  stock,  ami 
garden  produce  from  passing  emigrants,  u  li<>,  to^j^cther 
with  the  soldiery  and  the  stage  lines,  furnished  almost 

«5.  L.  C.  Ilercdil,  .luno  17-  1880;  Utah  Oavlletr,  1884,  IK). 

"'■'Companies  were  organized  tu  build  both  tliese  roada  in  IS7'2,  anil  they 
were  coustructetl  by  local  enterprise,  afterward  beuomiu^  tributary  tu  thn 
Denver  and  Rio  Grande. 

'*In  adtlition  to  the  alwve  rotida,  there  were  two  short  lines,  formerly  In 
operation,  and  known  as  the  Siiniinit  ( "iniiity  and  Amerioim  Kurk.  Roth  liavo 
been  aband'/ueu.  For  f"rther  particnliirs  us  to  tiie  Utiih  r.-iilruails,  «ee  Hal 
t'mtfr's  lif»  and  Attract.  ot'Utnh,  .")8  (i.');  f'tith  Onzilt,;,;  IHSI,  lO.'i  I  I ;  ('i-i<l'iitV* 
(hvrl.  Tourist,  l-J(>-42;  Utah  l(rH.,^[\-S;  lliujdi-nAUt\Vist,-M{);  Ihiffaull  /;'/i/'« 
Throuqh  CditM,  97;  Utah  Law*,  1878,  1.1,  IH8'.',  P-'-18;  Utah  dour.  L. h-hI., 
1880,  i;W-7;  Seu.  ltd.  Uept,  4-.M  ("onj;.  .'M  Sess.,  pt  i.,  107:  Sen.  Er.  Dor., 
4'ithConf<.  '2d  Seas..  40.  In  18Vt  the  bonded  debt  <>f  the  Utah  Central  wan 
14,900.000,  of  the  Utah  Ka8ternSKM).0(HI.  ..f  the  Uuiliand  Northern  «!!t7J,000, 
of  the  Salt  Lake  ami  Uestcrn  $!|.(I80,IKM).  of  the  San^Mitc  Valley,  $;7''>t'.000. 
The  Utah  and  Nevada  had  uu  bonded  debt. 


i 


i 


ii 


ii: ' 


760 


COMMERCE  AND  COMMUNICATION. 


the  principal  cash  receipts  of  Utah.''*  In  1871  the 
volume  of  domestic  imports  and  exports  had  increased 
to  80,000  tons,  and  since  that  date  has  averaged  about 
125,000  tons,  of  which  two  thirds  were  imports,  and 
nearly  one  half  consisted  of  material  needed  for  minin;^ 
operations. 

The  total  value  of  imports  for  1882  was  es' '.elated 
at  $11,410,000,  and  of  exports  at  $11,525,000,  the 
chief  items  among  the  former  being  dry  goods,  gro- 
ceries, clothing,  lumber  and  other  building  material, 
agricultural  implements,  leather  and  leathern  manu- 
factures; among  the  latter,  gold,  silver,  lead,  copper 
matte,  live-stock,  beef,  wool,  hides,  pelts,  furs,  and 
tallow,''^  the  exports  of  metals  alone  amounting  to 
$9,000,000.  The  shipment  of  iron  ore  and  charcoal 
to  Utah,  which  at  one  time  were  important  factors  in 
the  imports,  has  now  practically  ceased;  but  the  ter- 
ritory must  always  import  more  or  less  of  lumber, 
agricultural  implements,  wagons,  and  furniture;  for 
there  are  no  hard  or  finishing  woods  of  native  growth, 
and  lumber  of  good  quality  cut  from  native  timber  is 
scarce  and  difficult  to  obtain.  Imports  of  leathern  and 
woollen  goods  will  doubtless  decrease  with  the  growth 
of  manufactures,  though  for  reasons  that  are  explained 
elsewhere,  the  leather  produced  in  Utah  is  of  inferior 
quality. 

While  Utah  could  without  difficulty  produce  a  large 
surplus  of  many  agricultural  products,  distance  from 
market  and  an  exorbitant  freight  tariff  make  it  almost 
impossible  for  her  to  compete  with  the  Pacific  and 
western  states.  Several  efforts  have  been  made  in 
this  direction,  but  the  results  were  not  satisfactory, 
and  it  is  doubtful  whether  Utah  has  yet  sent  away  in 
all  more  than  1,000,000  bushels  of  grain.     The  ex- 

"  Flour,  meat,  and  vegetables  were  also  exchanged  for  groceries,  clothing, 
etc.  Brown's  Statement,  MS,,  3.  In  184!)  the  sottlers  were  anxious  to  open  a 
higliway  to  San  Diego,  whence  they  intended  to  obtain  supplies.  In  iMi"  it 
was  proposed  to  use  tho  Colorado  route  for  tratiic.  See  Uayea'  Scraps,  San 
JJi'>io,u.  171-93. 

^'' lIolliHler's  J}ex.  and  Attract,  of  Utah,  07-8;  Utah  Gazetteer,  1884,  113, 
where  are  tables  of  imports  and  exports  for  1882. 


EXPORTS  AND  IMPORTS. 


761 


periment  was  first  tried  on  a  large  scale  in  1878,  when 
a  ship  was  laden  at  San  Francisco  with  64,000  bushels 
of  Utah  wheat,  the  cargo  being  sold  before  the  vessel 
put  to  sea.  A  few  months  later  a  ship  was  chartered 
lor  England  with  78,000  bushels,*'  but  though  a 
Bmall  profit  was  realized,  it  was  not  sufficient  to  en- 
courage further  operations. 

If  to  the  $11,410,000  of  imports  there  be  added  25 
per  cent  as  the  profits  of  jobbers  and  retailers,  we 
have  a  total  of  about  $14,250,000,  which  represents 
approximately  the  general  business  of  Utah.  It  is 
worthy  of  note  that  while  this  large  amount  of  busi- 
ness is  transacted,  the  averarfe  number  of  failures  for 
the  eight  years  ending  1883  did  not  exceed  fourteen, 
with  liabilities  averaging  about  $1 1,000.*^  The  credit 
of  Utah  merchants  is  for  the  most  part  exceptionally 
good;  not  that  they  are  considered  more  upright  than 
other  merchants,  but  because  a  very  large  proportion 
of  cash  is  now  employed  in  their  transactions;  and 
while  many  import  on  a  small  scale,  the  bulk  of  the 
business  is  done  by  a  few  large  firms,  which  trade  on 
a  sufficient  capital  and  do  not  require  much  credit. 

In  1883  it  waG  estimated  that  the  Zion's  Cooper- 
ative Mercantile  Institution,  with  its  800  stock- 
holders, its  cash  capital  of  $1,000,000,  its  surplus  of 
$150,000,  and  its  branches  at  Ogden  and  Logan,  im- 
ported at  least  one  third  of  all  the  merchandise  con- 
sumed in  Utah.  Soon  after  this  association  was 
established,  cooperative  stores  were  opened  in  every 
large  town,  and  in  nearly  every  village  and  farming 
settlement,  all  of  them  purchasing  from  the  so-called 
parent  institution,  and  througli  its  agency  disposing 
of  the  produce  received  in  barter.  Every  one  who 
could  '^lurchase  or  earn  a  share  of  stock  contributed 
his  labor  or  capital,  and  though  many  of  them  suc- 
cumbed through  opposition  or  over-anxiety  to  dis- 

"  The  names  of  the  vesbcls  were  the  MauUJen  and  Ivy,  both  being  char* 
terecl  by  S.  W.  Sears. 

"  See  reports  of  11.  G.  Dun  &  Co.  's  agency. 


1 


762 


COMMERCE  AND  COMMUNICATION. 


burse  large  dividends,  it  is  probable  that  at  least  two 
thirds  of  the  settlers  patronize  them  at  this  day.*" 

The  progress  and  development  of  trade  in  Utah 
from  the  days  of  1848,  when  probably  the  entire  cash 
capital  of  the  community  did  not  amount  to  $3,000, 
present  some  interesting  and  anomalous  features.  At 
first,  as  we  have  seen,  the  Mormons  desired  to  avoid 
all  traffic  with  the  outside  world;  but  as  emigrants 
passed  over  their  roads  and  through  their  settlements, 
goods  were  exchanged  with  advantage  to  both  sides. 
It  was  not  until  two  years  after  the  pioneers  entered 
the  valley  that  the  first  store  was  opened  at  an  adobe 
house,  in  the  seventeenth  ward  of  Salt  Lake  City, 
by  the  firm  of  Livingston  &  Kinkead,^  whose  stock 
was  worth  some  $20,000.  In  1850  the  firm  of  Holli- 
day  &  Warner  established  a  branch  of  their  business 
in  the  capital,  through  their  agent,  William  H. 
Hooper,  who  opened  a  store  in  a  building  erected  for 
school  purposes,  on  the  block  occupied  by  Brigham 
Young,  thence  removing  to  the  structure  later  occupied 
by  the  museum.** 

Soon  the  unerring  scent  of  commerce  discovered 
the  direction  which  business  must  take,  and  Main 

*'  For  further  details  as  to  commerce  in  Utah,  and  the  development  of  the 
cooperative  system,  see  JloUister's  Res.  ami  Attract,  of  Utah,  48-52,  C7-9; 
Tultidge'a  Maq.,  Apr.  1881,  passim;  Contributor,  iv.  18J;  Fobiun's  Utah,  II- 
13;  S.  L.  C.  Tribune,  Jan.  4, 1872;  S.  L.  HerM,  in  S.  F.  Call,  Feb.  24,  1872; 
S.  F.  Alia,  Apr.  10,  27,  May  13,  1872;  S.  F.  BuUetin,  Feb.  22,  1872;  S.  F. 
Chronicle,  Oct  6,  1873;  S.  F.  Pout,  Apr.  12, 1875;  for  commercial  law,  Utah 
Gazetteer,  1884,  273-7. 

''* Richards'  Reminiscences,  MS.,  31.  At  this  date  the  firm  occupied  wli.it 
was  considered  the  most  convenient  house  in  the  city.  Later  it  was  pulled 
down.  In  the  Deseret  News  of  Sept.  28, 1854,  it  is  stated  that  Capt.  Grant  of 
Fort  Hall  was  the  first  outsider  who  brought  goods  to  the  Utah  market  for 
Bulc,  offering  sugar  and  coffee  at  f  1  a  pint,  calico  at  50  to  75  cents  a  yard, 
and  other  articles  in  proportion.  Livingston  &  Kinkcad,  who  came  with  tho 
intention  of  trading  for  live  years,  realizing  a  certain  net  profit,  and  ilicn  re- 
turning to  Egypt,  which  they  did,  sold  cofi'eo  and  sugar  at  40  cents  a  pound 
(a  little  more  than  a  pint),  calico  at  25  cents  a  yard,  etc.  At  tiiis  date  there 
were  few  eastern,  or,  as  they  were  termed,  states  goods  in  tho  market;  and 
if  we  can  believe  Beadle's  Life  in  Utah,  197,  the  firm  took  in  $10,000  in  gold 
the  first  day  their  store  was  opened.  As  this  amount  then  probably  repre- 
sented almost  the  entire  floating  capital  uf  tiie  Mormons,  tho  staten>cat  must 
be  taken  for  what  it  is  worth. 

'"In  1851  David  Smith  and  K.  N.  Cook,  liotmd  for  Oregon  with  a  large 
band  of  stock  from  St  Joseph,  stopped  at  Salt  Lake  City  for  three  weeks, 
trading  dry  goods,  etc.,  for  additional  cattle.  Clark's Sijhts,  MS.,  II. 


TRADE  AND  BARTER. 


763 


street,  then  dubbed  Whiskey  street,  the  denizens  of 
which  were  often  rebuked  in  the  tabernacle  for  their 
iniquities,  rapidly  became  the  business  quarter  of  the 
city,  John  and  Enoch  Reese,  the  third  firm  in  historic 
date,  building  a  store  on  the  ground  later  occupied  by 
the  express  office,  and  J.  M.  Horner  &  Co.,  the  fourth, 
occupying  a  portion  of  the  premises  of  the  Deseret 
News.^^  Among  the  men  who  had  become  prominent 
at  the  time  of  the  Utah  war  were  Gilbert  &  Gerrish 
and  William  Nixon,  the  latter  being  still  termed  the 
father  of  Utah  merchants.^'' 

Before  the  Utah  war  and  for  several  years  after- 
ward, internal  trade  was  conducted  mainly  by  barter 
and  the  due-bill  system.  At  this  period  the  settlers 
had  little  use  for  money,  and  preferred  taking  in  ex- 
change for  their  commodities  something  that  they 
could  eat,  or  drink,  or  wear,  and  which  could  not  bo 
had  at  home.  Thus  scores  of  well-to-do  farmers,  with 
families  to  clothe  and  educate,  while  living  in  greater 
comfort  perhaps  than  those  of  the  western  or  Pacific 
states,  seldom  possessed  a  dollar  in  coin.  Should  one 
of  them,  for  instance,  require  clothing  for  wife  or 
child,  he  consulted  the  store-keeper,  who  agreed,  per- 
haps, to  supply  him  for  so  many  loads  of  wood.  If 
he  should  have  no  spare  wood,  he  searched  out  some 
neighbor  who  had  a  surplus  and  offered  him  its  equiv- 
alent in  butter  or  poultry.  Perhaps,  however,  this 
neighbor  did  not  need  butter  or  poultry,  but  required 
a  few  loads  of  gravel  or  adobes.  In  that  case  the 
farmer  must  find  some  one  who  was  willing  to  exchange 


*'  Horner  &  Co.  reduced  the  price  of  sugar  to  three  pounds  for  $1,  where- 
upon Livingston  &  Kiukeod  sold  it  at  30  cents  a  pound,  calico  at  18^  cents  a 
yard,  and  marked  all  their  goods  25  per  cent  below  former  prices,  giving  a 
guarantee  never  to  exceed  these  rates.  Deseret  News,  Sept.  28,  IS^-i.  In  I8.>5, 
however,  coffee  and  moist  sugar  were  still  selling  at  40  cents  pur  lb.,  und 
domestics  at  25  cents  a  yard,  tea  being  worth  (2.25  per  lb.,  fluur  j$(i.2.)  per 
100  lbs.,  bacon  and  cheese  each  30  cents,  and  butter  3G  to  40  cents.  Ctutrntler'a 
Visit  to  S.  Liiix,  345.  Horner  &  Co.  continued  but  a  short  time  in  business, 
being  succeeded  by  Hooper  &  Williams. 

•*  Gilbert  &  Gerrish  were  a  gentile  firm,  and  William  Nixon  was  a  Mor- 
mon of  English  descent,  who  began  bis  commercuU  career  at  St  Louis. 
Among  hia  pupils  were  the  Walker  brothers. 


i 


7M 


COMMERCE  AND  COMMUNICATION. 


for  his  poultry  or  butter,  f^ravel  or  adobes,  which  he 
delivered  in  return  for  wood,  hauled  the  wood  to  the 
store,  and  thus,  at  length,  wife  and  child  were  clad. 
For  the  tuition  of  his  children  he  would  pay,  perhaps, 
so  many  dozens  of  eggs  per  quarter;  for  admission  to 
the  theatre,  a  score  of  cabbages ;  for  the  services  of  a 
laborer  or  mechanic,  a  certain  number  of  watermelons 
per  day ;  and  his  tithes  were  usually,  but  not  always, 
paid  in  kind. 

In  this  primitive  fashion,  until  the  advent  of  the 
railroad,  trade  was  for  the  most  part  conducted  in 
Utah;  and  notwithstanding  the  wisdom  and  economic 
system  of  their  rulers,  there  were  times,  as  will  be  re- 
membered, when  the  settlers  were  really  needy.  The 
country  was  relieved  only  by  a  train  of  fortunate,  or 
as  the  settlers  believed  providential,  circumstances. 
These  were,  first,  the  presence  of  the  army  of  Utah, 
which  after  disbursing  large  sums  among  the  com- 
munity sold  them  its  substance  at  nominal  rates; 
second,  the  arrival  of  a  second  army  under  Colonel 
Connor,  with  the  interchange  of  traffic  and  demand 
for  labor  thereby  occasioned;  third,  the  needs  of  the 
overland  mail  and  telegraph  lines. 

In  part  through  such  adventitious  aid,  the  mer- 
chants of  Utah,  putting  forth  their  might,  built  up  a 
commerce  as  wonderful  in  its  growth  and  develop- 
ment as  that  of  any  of  the  states  on  the  Atlantic  or 
Pacific  seaboard.  As  early  as  1864  there  were  several 
houses  in  Salt  Lake  City  that  purchased  in  New 
York,  St  Louis,  or  Chicago  goods  to  the  value  of 
$250,000  or  more  at  a  time,  among  them  being  Wil- 
liam Jennings,^  Godbe  &  Mitchell,  the  Walker  Broth- 

"  Isaac,  the  father  of  William  Jennings,  a  wealthy  batcher  of  Yardley, 
Worcester,  England,  was  licttcr  known  to  fame  as  one  of  the  claimauta  in  the 
Jennings  cliancery  suit,  in  which  millions  of  pounds  were  at  stake;  but  tiiough 
lie  proved  himself  a  lawful  claimant,  his  efforts  won  for  him  no  substantial 
result.  In  1847  William  Jennings,  then  some  14  years  of  age,  took  ship  for 
New  York,  where,  during  the  ensuing  winter,  he  was  employed  by  a  pork- 
packer  at  a  M'agc  of  90  &  week.  After  some  adventures,  being  at  one  time 
robl>cd  of  his  all  and  glid  to  find  work  as  a  journeyman  butcher,  and  on 
another  occasion  attacked  with  cholera,  which  left  him  with  a  shatterc-d  con- 
stitution and  $200  in  debt,  he  chanced  to  make  the  acquaintance  of  a  catbolie 


BANKING. 


76S 


ers,  and  Kimball  &  Lawrence,  than  whom  few  firms 
throughout  the  United  States,  outside,  perhaps,  of 
Boston,  ranked  higher  as  to  commercial  integrity. 
After  the  founding  of  Zion's  Cooperative  Mercantile 
Institution,  mentioned  elsewhere,  and  the  develop- 
ment of  its  banking  system,  the  trade  and  commerce 
of  Utah  assumed  a  more  homo<reneous  character.^* 


1 


In  1883  there  were  twelve  private  and  five  national 
banks  in  operation  in  Utah,  of  which  six  were  at  the 
capital,  three  at  Ogden,  two  at  Logan,  and  one  each 
at  the  several  towns  of  Provo,  Corinne,  St  George, 
Richfield,  Silver  Reef,  and  Park  City.  Their  aggre- 
gate paid-up  capital  was  estimated  at  $1,000,000,  their 
loans  at  $3,000,000,  their  deposits  at  $3,500,000, 
and  the  amount  of  their  exchange  business  at  from 
$12,000,000  to  $15,000,000.'' 

priest,  from  whom  he  borrowed  $50.  With  this  capital  Jennings  made  hia 
first  real  start  in  life,  and  turning  every  dollar  to  account,  soon  paid  off  hia 
debt  and  laid  the  basis  of  his  fortune.  In  1851  we  find  him  at  St  Joseph, 
where  he  was  married  to  Jane  Walker,  a  Mormon  emigrant  girl.  In  the  au- 
tumn  of  1852  he  arrived  at  Salt  Lake  City,  having  first  invested  all  his  means 
in  three  wagon-loads  of  groceries,  from  which  he  realized  a  considerable  profit. 
Joining  the  church,  he  engaged  in  business  as  a  butcher,  and  in  1855-6  as  a 
tanner,  boot  and  shoe  manu&turer,  and  saddle  and  harness  maker.  In  1850 
he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  Carson  Valley,  and,  returning  in  the  summer  of 
1857,  commenced  business  some  three  years  later  as  a  dry -goods  merchant  in 
Salt  Lake  City,  soon  becoming  the  leading  bubiness  m»n  in  Utah.  In  1864 
his  purchases  in  New  York  and  St  Louis  amounted  to  $300,000,  and  in  Salt 
Lake  City  to  f350,000,  his  business  thereafter  averaging  about  $2,000,000 
per  annum.  Mr  Jennings  assisted  in  organizing  the  Utah  Central  R.  R.,  of 
which  he  became  vice-president,  and  succeeded  Brighani  as  pres.'dent  of  the 
Utah  Southern.  He  was  also  one  of  the  founders  and  directors  of  v.he  Deseret 
National  Bank,  and  a  member  of  the  legislature  under  Governor  Loty. 

'*  Until  the  advent  of  the  railroad,  the  prices  of  all  commoditieri  continued 
extremely  high.  At  a  convention  held  at  the  Bowery,  S.  L.  C'ity,  Oct.  4, 
1864,  the  price  of  flour  was  fixed  at  $12  per  100  lbs,  of  wheat,  ccm,  aad  beans 
at  $5,  $4,  and  $10  per  bushel  respectively,  of  pork  at  30  ccucb,  an  i  of  dried 
apples  at  75  cents  jjer  lb.,  all  in  gold.  Desfrct  News,  Oct.  19,  1864.  Bowles 
says  that  in  June  of  the  following  year  lumber  was  worth  $100  per  thousand 
feet,  sugar  75  to  85  cents,  coffee  $1  to  $1.1(^  and  tea  3.50  to  $5  per  lb.  Across 
the  Continent,  101-2.     These  prices  were  in  currency. 

*^Utah  OazetUer,  1884,  115.  The  firm  of  Hooper,  Eldredee,  k  Co.— W. 
H.  Hooper,  H.  S.  Eldredge,  and  L.  S.  Hills — commenced  ousinesa  at  S. 
L.  City  May  1, 1869,  with  a  capital  of  $40,000.  They  were  succeeded  by  the 
Bank  of  Deseret,  incorporated  under  territorial  Uw  Sept.  1,  1871,  with  a 
capital  of  $100,000,  Bngham  Young  being  president,  H.  S.  Eldretlge  vice 
president,  and  W.  H.  Hooper,  W.  Jennings,  F.  Little,  and  J.  Sharp  the 
remaining  directors.  L.  S.  Hills  was  cashier.  Thii  institution  was  again  sue- 
ceeded  by  the  Deseret  National  Bank,  organized  under  the  act  of  Nov.  1, 


I 


If 


763 


COMMERCE  AND  COMMUNICATION. 


At  this  date  there  were  some  fifty  insurance  agen- 
cies liaving  business  with  Salt  Lake  City  and  Ogden, 
their  risks  on  buildings  amounting  to  $500,000,  and 
on  merchandise  in  stock  to  $3,500,000.^ 

Thus  with  her  1,143  miles  of  railroad,  her  agricul- 
tural and  stock-raising  interests,  now  valued  at  $12,- 
000,000  a  year,  her  manufactures  at  $5,000,000,  her 
mining  output  at  $7,000,000  or  $8,000,000,  her  com- 
merce at  $23,000,000,  and  her  seventeen  national  and 
commercial  banks,  it  will  be  seen  that  Utah  compares 

1872,  with  a  capital  of  $200,000,  and  with  the  same  directors  and  officials,  its 
deposits  iu  1880  being  about  $500,000.  The  Walker  Bros'  bank  was  estab- 
lished in  1871,  the  firm  having  at  that  date  largo  de])08its  of  cash  and  bullion 
to  their  credit,  notwithstanding  the  losses  caused  by  the  coctperative  move- 
ment and  by  the  opposition  of  the  church  dignitaries.  Walker's  Merchants 
and  Miners  of  Utah,  MS.,  4.  The  remaining  banks  at  S.  L.  City  in  1873 
were  tliose  of  Jones  &  Co.,  McComick  &  Co.,  Wells,  Fargo,  &  Co.,  and  the 
Zion's  Savings  Bank,  the  last  having  a  capital  of  $o0,000,  and  of  which  John 
Taylor  was  president. 

Tlie  Ogden  banks  were  the  Commercial  National  Bank,  the  Utah  National 
Bank  of  Ogden,  and  the  First  National,  of  which  last  H.  S.  Eldredgc  was 
president  in  1885.  The  business  of  the  Commercial  National  was  purchased 
from  J.  M.  Langsdorf  and  H.  O.  Harkness,  the  former  organizing  tho  firm 
of  J.  W.  Guthrie  &  Co.  at  Corinne  in  1874.  J.  M.  Langsdorf,  a  native  of 
Pittsburg,  Pa,  came  to  Utah  in  18G9.  His  first  occupation  was  to  sweep 
out  the  bank  at  Corinne,  of  which  he  was  soon  made  book-keeper,  and  after- 
ward manager.  Langsdorf  ^s  Stock-raising  in  Weber  Co.,  MS.  Guthrie  &  Co.'s 
business  afterward  fell  into  the  hands  of  R.  M.  Dooly,  by  whom  the  Utah 
National  Bank  of  Ogden  was  organized  in  1883.  Dooly,  a  native  of  111.,  came 
to  Cal.  in  1872,  removing  to  Utah  the  following  year,  and  being  employed  by 
Wells,  Fargo,  &  Co.  until  Oct.  1881.  In  1878  no  was  married  to  Mary  Eliza 
Helfiicli,  a  native  of  Grass  Valley,  Cal.  Dooly's  Ogden  Bniiks,  MS.  Among 
the  bankers  of  Ogden  may  also  be  mentioned  Watson  N.  Shilling,  a  native  of 
Ohio,  where  he  was  born  in  1840.  Removing  to  Michigan  when  he  was 
twelve  years  of  age,  he  enlisted  in  1861  in  the  Ist  Michigan  cavalry,  serving 
throughout  the  Mar,  and  being  mustered  out,  in  18G5,  at  Fort  Collins,  Col. 
Two  years  later  he  proceeded  to  Oneida  co..  Id.,  where  lie  engaged  in  farming, 
trading,  and  stock-raising,  and  where  in  1884  he  still  retained  his  interests, 
his  residence  in  Ogden  being  mainly  with  a  view  to  the  education  of  his 
family.  In  1883  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  national  republican  convention, 
throwing  iu  his  influence  to  secure  the  nomination  of  Blaine.  Utah  Biog. 
iS ketrhci,  MS.,  56.  The  Logan  banks  were  those  of  ChurJes  Frank  and 
Thatcher  Bros  &  Co.,  the  latter  having  a  capital  of  $75,000.  The  bank  at 
Provo  was  named  the  First  National,  its  capital  being  $50,000,  with  A.  O. 
Rmoot  as  president;  tho  one  at  St  George  was  condncted  by  WooUey,  Lund, 
&  Jndil;  ttic  one  at  Richfield  by  Jas  M.  Peterson;  and  the  one  at  Silver  Reef 
by  R.  T.  Gillespie.  For  further  particulars  concerning  Utah  banks,  see 
Tullklgc'a  Mag.,  i.  522-3;  lloiise  Ex.  Doc,  4Cth  Cong.  3d  Sess.,  cxciii.  713; 
Bescirt  News,  Nov.  C,  1872,  Aug.  27,  1873;  S.  L.  C.  Tribune,  Jan.  11,  1873; 
S,  F.  Post,  Aug.  9,  Oct  21,  1873;  S.  F.  Chronicle,  July  17,  1877;  SUver  Reef 
Miner,  Jan.  21,  1883. 

^^  Alex.  Daul  of  Ogden  opened  the  first  fire-insurance  agency  in  Utah. 
Mr  Daul,  a  native  of  Germany,  came  to  the  U.  S.  in  1862,  and  on  arriving  at 
S.  L.  City  was  for  tho  most  part  employed  as  a  missionary  until  1873. 


GENERAL  FINANCTAL  CONDITION. 


7C7 


see 

13; 

73; 

neef 

i.h. 

[at 


not  unfavorably  with  the  states  of  the  Pacific  slope. 
She  is  practically  free  from  debt,  and  nowhere  is  taxa- 
tion lighter  or  more  equitably  adjusted.  In  1865,  as 
we  have  seen,  the  territorial  and  county  taxes  were 
not  allowed  in  any  case  to  exceed  one  per  cent  of  the 
assessed  value  of  propert}',  while  for  school  purposes 
they  seldom  exceeded  one  fourth  of  one  per  cent.'^ 
In  1883  the  rate  was  but  six  mills  on  the  dollar  for 
both  territorial  and  school  purposes,'^  counties  being 
allowed  discretion  as  to  their  rate  of  levy,  provided 
that  it  should  never  exceed  six  mills  on  the  dollar." 
Cities  were  limited  to  five  mills  on  the  dollar  for 
municipal  expenses,  and  five  mills  for  the  making  and 
repair  of  streets.  The  assessed  value  of  all  property 
in  the  territory  was,  in  1883,  $30,834,425,*°  and  this 
was  considerably  less  than  50  per  cent  of  the  real 
value,  the  total  revenue  from  territorial  and  school 
tax  being  $185,000,"  or  little  more  than  $1  per  capita 
of  the  population.  That  this  sum  was  expended  eco- 
nomically for  the  public  benefit  is  shown  by  the 
number  of  public  buildings,  roads,  bridges,  and  other 
improvements  in  the  cities  and  counties  of  Utah.*' 

"  See  p.  608,  this  vol. 

^  A  property  tax,  not  exceeding  two  per  cent,  might  be  levied,  however, 
for  Bcliool  buildings  and  improvements. 

"*  For  amount  of  property  and  taxes,  and  financial  reports  of  the  several 
counties  at  various  dates,  see  Utah  Jour.  Legial.,  18o94K),  12-15;  1S60-1, 
19;  18G1-2,  29;  18G2-3,  35;  1865-6,  24;  1866-7,  22-3;  1868,  20,  66-73,  135 
-6,  141-2;  1809,  passim;  1876,  35-6,  45-6,  271-7;  1878,  51-2,  403-04;  1880, 
151-205;  Utah  Fin.  Jiepts  o/Coa.;  Mess,  of  Gov.,  1870,  10. 

'"As  shown  in  the  office  of  Auditor  Clayton,  titah  Gazetteer,  1884,  116. 
In  S.  L.  V.  Contributor,  Feb.  1883,  183,  it  is  given  at  $34,000,000. 

"  Mines  and  mining  products  were  exempt,  though  machinery  and  improve- 
ments were  liable  to  taxation.  The  county  assessors  were  allowed  to  make 
thuir  own  standard,  the  result  being  that  the  tax  was  but  20  to  50  per  cent  of 
the  cash  valuation.  Thus  r  steer  was  valued  in  one  county  at  $15,  m  another 
at  $0  or  $8,  whereas  the  cash  value  of  cattle  was  in  1883  $25  to  $30  per 
head.  Roads  bonded  at  $20,000  per  mile  were  assessed  at  about  $2,000,  and 
others  in  the  same  proportion,  the  rate  never  exceeding  one  sixth  of  the  in- 
debtedness. 

"  For  governors',  auditors',  and  treasurers'  reports  and  statements  as  to 
territorial  revenne,  expenditure,  and  appropriations,  see  Utah  Jour.  Lef/isL, 
1851-2  (joint  sess.),  110-13;  1853-4  (joint  sess.),  118-20;  1854-5,  94,  100-1, 
109-12;  1859-60,9-16;  1860-1,16-25;  1861-2,27-33;  1862-3,  33-9,  app.  xiii. 
-XV.;  1863-4,21-6;  1864-5,  14-19;  1865-6,  23-33;  1866-7,  22-31;  1868,  20- 
7;  1869,  20-7;  1876,  35-48,  266-79;  1878,  51-64,  316,  321-2;  1880,  23-46; 
Utah  Actt  LegUL,  1866,  84-6;  Utah  Laws,  1878.  11-23;  1880,  41-4;  Mm. 


701 


COMMERCE  AND  COMMUNICATION. 


This  amount  does  not  of  course  include  the  income 
from  tithes,  which  in  1880  was  estimated  at  |458,- 
000,"  a  sum  not  larger  in  proportion  to  population 
than  is  expended  for  religious  and  charitable  purposes 
in  other  states  and  territories  of  the  union. 

The  receipts  of  the  United  States  internal  revenue 
from  Utah  were  for  1883  about  $48,000,  and  for  the 
twenty  preceding  years  averaged  about  $40,000. 
Neither  tobacco  nor  spirituous  liquors  were  manu- 
factured in  the  country,  though  230,000  cigars  and 
some  18,000  barrels  of  malt  liquors  made  during  the 
fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1883,  yielded  revenue  to 
the  amount  of  $18,097.  Apart  from  these  items,  most 
of  the  internal  revenue  receipts  were  derived  from 
license  taxes." 


The  United  States  land-office  at  Salt  Lake  City  was 
opened  in  the  year  1869.  Up  to  the  31st  of  March, 
1884,  the  total  payments  made  through  this  office 
were  §831,209.08,  this  amount  representing  almost 
the  entire  sum  paid  for  lands  disposed  of  by  govern- 
ment. During  this  period  G,388  homestead  entries 
were  made,  covering  an  area  of  844,159  acres,  and 
2,773  final  proofs.  The  auuiber  of  mineral-land  en 
tries  was  1,023,  and  their  area  8,656  acres;  of  coal- 
land  entries  72,  with  an  area  of  10,423  acres.*" 

ofOov.,  1870,  9-15.  For  misccllaneons  matters  relating  to  taxation  and  rev- 
enue, SCO  Utah  Jour.  Lfgisf.,  1860-1,  70-7,  83-8;  1870,  111-13;  1870,  254-0; 
Uta/i  Acli',  1859-00,  33;  1872,  2;  1878,  11-12;  IJcspret  News,  Feb.  1,  1855, 
Feb.  13,  1850,  Dec.  21,  1865;  Utali  Directory,  1869,  07;  S.  L.  C.  Director!/, 
1869,  07. 

*'  Utah  /land-Book  of  Mormonism,  6,  40,  where  it  is  stated  that  the  total 
income  of  the  priesthood  exceeded  $1,000,000. 

**  Utah  Gazetteer,  1884, 117.  For  other  matters  relating  to  internal  revenue, 
see  liev.  1,'ept  Com.,  1863,  1864,  passim;  Deneret  Newa,  March  8,  1871.  In 
1862  a  memorial  was  presented  foi  a  remission  of  direct  federal  taxation,  for 
which  see  Utah  Acts  Legist.,  1861-2,  59-60.  In  1878  a  memorial  was  pre> 
sented  to  congress  asking  that  a  mint  be  established  in  S.  L.  City.  JI,  Misc. 
Doc.,  45tb  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  64,  97.  In  1868  tlie  Mormons  again  issued  a 
currency  of  their  own.  8.  F.  Call,  Nov.  29,  1868;  Qold  Jlill  News,  Nov.  14, 
1868;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  April  12,  1872. 

*^Utah  Gazftleer,  1884,  1 17.  For  list  of  Utah  land-offices  in  1882,  see  //. 
Ex.  Doc.,  47th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  x.  42.  For  patents  issued  to  gentile  as 
against  Mormon  applicants,  see  Sen.  Doc.,  46th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  v.,  no.  181. 
l^e  total  number  of  acres  disposed  of  in  each  year  will  be  found  in  //.  Ex, 


P08T0PFICB. 


760 


The  receipts  of  the  post-office  at  Salt  Lake  City 
for  the  year  ending  March  31,  1884,  amounted  to 
$39,294,  and  the  expenses  to  $12,871,  leaving  a  sur- 
plus in  this  department  of  $26,423.  The  first  post- 
office  was  established  in  March  1849,  letters  being 
usually  delivered  )»efore  that  date  at  the  conclusion 
of  divine  service  on  the  sabbath  at  the  several  places 
of  worship.  Of  mail  contracts  and  services  up  to  the 
close  of  1856  mention  has  already  been  made.**  At 
that  date,  it  will  be  remembered,  there  was  a  monthly 
service,  when  not  interrupted  by  severity  of  weather 
or  unforeseen  casualties,  connecting  eastward  with 
Independence  and  westward  with  Sacramento.  After 
the  reopening  of  postal  communication,  interrupted 
by  the  Utah  war,  there  was  little  regard  to  regularity 
or  promptness  in  the  delivery  of  the  mails,  letters 
and  -/-apers  being  often  lost,  mail-bags  wetted,  thrown 
carelessly  to  the  ground,  and  sometimes  purposely  de- 
Doe. ,  47th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  xix.,  no.  72,  146.  For  town  sites  patented  in 
1878-80,  see  II.  Ex.  Doc.,  47th  Cong.  IstScss.,  ix.,  pt  6,  187.  For  surveys 
and  stotistics  between  1869  and  1880,  see  U.  S.  LnndOff.  Bept,  1809, 108-74, 
2*25-42,  250-02,  .320-31,  400-5;  Sec.  Interior  Bepta,  42d  Cong.  2d  Seas.,  pt  i., 
42,  210-23;  42d  Cong.  3d  Sens.,  pt  i.,  12-13,  18;  43d  Cong.  Ist  Sess.,  i.  140- 
67,  257-03;  43d  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  i.  155-08,  208-84,  300-3;  44th  Cong.  1st 
Sess.,  37-40,  248-00,  .377-424;  44th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  32-3,  30-30,  130-52,  100- 
85,  277-03;  //.  Ex.  Doc,  45th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  viii.  00,  l.Vi-217,  290-311; 
45th  Cong.  3d  Sess.,  p.  x.,  x,-xvi.,  18-10,  55,  80-7, 95-0, 101,  213, 215, 319-33; 
Id.,  40lh  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  v.  2200-8,  2213-15;  Sen.  Doc.,  40th  Cong.  .3d  Sess., 
no.  12,  60,  07.  For  portions  of  surveyor- general's  reports  touching  Utali,  see 
JI.  Ex.  Doc,  46th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  ix.  871-807;  47th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  ix.,  pt 
fi,  141,  882-015;  47th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  x.  75-7.  For  legislation  of  congress 
upon  which  title  to  land  in  Utah  depends,  see  Id.,  47th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  xviii., 
no.  45,  071-8.  For  laws  relating  to  preemption,  homestead,  tinil)cr-land, 
desert,  and  oth<^r  lands,  see  U.S.  Stat.,  44th Cong.  2dSes.s.,.377;45Cong.  2d 
Sess. ,  88-9;  Staynrr,  Famwra'  and  Miners'  Manual,  For  further  discussions, 
measures,  proceedings,  and  appropriations  of  congress  for  Utah,  see  Conj/. 
Globe,  1808-9,087,754,781;  1809-70,  passim;  1872-3,  cclv.,  iii.-ix.,  ccxc, 
221,  .353;  1873-4,  21, 51,  84-5,  187,  201,  500,  1838;  U.  S.  Acts,  40th  Cong.  3d 
Sess.,  224;  42d  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  40,  223,  303,  5.30;  Home  Jour.,  40th  Cong.  3d 
Sess.,  617;  41st  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  317;  41st  Cong.  3d  Sess.,  024-5,  050-1;  42d 
Cong.  2d  Sess.,  657, 699,  701,  713,  725,  1219,  1290, 1.302-5,  1345-7;  43d  Coug. 
1st  Suss.,  154.'),  1559,  15S2-3;  43d  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  79.3,  800,  810,  812;  44th 
Cong.  1st  Sess.,  1736,  1775;  45th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  408,  431;  45th  Cong.  2d 
Sess.,  1054-5,  1708;  <9cn.  yuur.,  41st  Coug.  2d  Sess.,  1490.  1527-8;  41st  Cong. 
3d  Sess.,  603,  073;  42d  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  2.39,  240,  200.  277,  279;  42  Cong.  2d 
Sess.,  1234,  1380-2,  1419-20;  42d  Cong.  .3d  Sess.,  850,  870,  886;  43d  Cong. 
1st  Sess.,  1 121,  1141-2;  45th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  108;  4.5th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  077- 
8,  900,  1021;  //.  Comm.  Kept,  45th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  iv.,  no.  70S,  v.,  no.  949. 

'*See  pp.  500-502,  this  voL 
UisT.  UXAH.    49 


770 


COMMERCE  AND  COMMUNICATION. 


stroyed.  As  for  magazines  and  newspapers,  the  saints 
considered  themselves  fortunate  if  they  received  them 
four  months  after  date.  The  estabhshment  of  tlio 
pony  express  in  18G0,  and  the  persistence  with  whirh 
the  Mormons  advertised  their  grievances,  improved 
matters  considerably;  and  with  the  building  of  I'ail- 
roads,  lines  of  postal  route  were  of  course  established 
throughout  the  territory.  In  1879  there  were  109 
routes,  the  subsidies  for  which  amounted  to  nearly 
$200,000,*'  and  about  200  postmasters,  whose  com- 
pensation varied  from  18  cents  to  ^2,800  a  year." 

On  October  18,  18G1,  a  message  from  Brigham 
Young  was  received  by  the  president  of  the  Patilic 
Telegraph  Company  at  Cleveland,  Ohi;»,  of  which  the 
following  is  a  portion:  "Utah  has  not  seceded,  but  is 
firm  for  the  constitution  and  laws  of  our  once  happy 
country."*''  The  message  was  courteously  answeivd. 
The  same  dav  SiiTetarv  and  Actin<jf  Governor  Franic 
Fuller  thus  saluted  President  Lincoln  :  "Utah,  whose 
citizens  strenuously  resist  all  imputations  of  disloyalty, 
congratulates  tlie  president  upon  the  comi)letion  of  an 
enterprise  which  spans  a  continent. .  .May  the  whole 
system  speedily  thrill  with  tlie  quickened  pulsations 

"  For  list,  with  annual  payments  to  each,  sec  U.  S.  Off.  Itfi).,  1870,  ii. ;  /'. 
O.  Ih/it,  118-19. 

**  Names  of  jiost-ofiices,  postmasters,  and  the  ponipcnsation  paid  to  racli 
Mill  1)0  fnuul  ill  /'/.,  .Til  -'i.  For  further  items  concerning  mail  services,  .seo 
Jtirhcrilii'  IiiciilciiU  of  Ulnk  IlUt.,  MS.,  passim;  f..r  statistics,  //oiiie  Ex.  Jh>i\, 
3."»ih  Cong,  'id  Sess.,  ii.,  pt  iv.,  pp.  7'>7,  78.3,  8l!J,  S.3H;  :i7th  Cong.  Hd  Sess.,  iv. 
ir)J-.">,  170,  '214;  .'JSthCong.  1st  Sess.,  v.,  pt  ii.,  7:i;  .38th  Cong.  •J«lSess.,v. 
8U-».  82l»,  SJO-;U),  8GI;  41st  Cong.  'Jd  Se-ss.,  i.  4:»,  0(5,  88-!).  104,  114;  4Ut, 
Cong.  :»d  Sess.,  i.,  ptiii.,  v(d.  iii.,  4(5,  7:i,  147  0,  l.".(J,  I0!>-71;  4--M  Con,'.  :M 
Scs.s.,  i.,  pt  iv..  vol.  iv.,  .'>4,  1:MJ,  140,  '_»_»S,  •_';{7-4:i;  4:)th  Cong.  '2d  Sess.,\ii., 
pt  ii.,  0-7,  "20,  .'■)(),  (m,  '218;  Sen.  Ex.  hoc,  'MMh  Cong.  1st  Sess.  i.,  vol.  iii.,  [  t 
i.,  I  i:i'2-1440;  :<7tliCong.  •2d  Sess.,  i.,  vol.  iii.,  .'iSVli,  OOl-.'l,  U'21,  044;  M<sm. 
aii'l  />oi:,  3()th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  j.t  iii.,  14:{'2-7'2;  .19th  Cong.  1st  S(  s.s. 
(abridged),  4S-r>.3;  :19th  Cong.  '2d  Sess.,  /'.  .1/.  GnUUr/it,  18-19,  '24.  .".(),  S7: 
40th  ('ong.  ■2tl  Seas,  (ahriilged),  772-!».  For  routes,  expenses,  subsidies,  et.  , 
see  Pi,xfiitmtfr-<hii.  AV/</,  18.-|8,  pp.  4."),  G9,  71,  121 ;  lS.-)9,  40,  .")4,  SO;  ISliO,  T  I. 
7(i,  140;  IS(i.-.,  •2.'>,  40,  ."tS^,  8:1-4;  I8(i8,  4-2,  M,  '2(il-2,  '278;  |S7l,  17,  4;»,  17. 
8V(i,  1 10,  l'20-8;  1873,  ;13,  09,  1H4-.')  198,  •208-'20;  187.'),  77,  8:(, -210, '2:,.i. 
•241  .■.!;  1870, '20,  4l-.\  81,  89,  lS2-:»,  198. '201-9;  //.  Ex.  /W..  47ih  t^l^  r. 
'2d  Sens.,  xxii.,  no.  93,  pp.  2.">o-7;  .''/.,  4Sth  Cong,  iat  Scaa.,  i)t  4,  no.  '2,  pp. 
'I'i'l  '292  01*2. 
'  '«"/>?«'Tr<  A'«M)«,  Oct  '23,  1801. 


1 


TKLliORVril.  771 

(>f  the  heart,  as  the  pairicide  hand  is  palsied,  treason 
is  punished,  and  thu  entire  sisterliood  i)t"  states  join 
hands  in  glad  reunion  around  thu  national  fireside." 
The  president  answered:  ''The  goveinni(;nt  recipro- 
cates your  congratulations."  "  In  the  autumn  of*  this 
year  the  line  was  c()inj)lt.'ted  westward  to  Calii'ornia." 
The  charge  for  niessai'es  to  New  York  was  in  18GI 
at  the  rate  of  $7.50  for  10  words,  as  against  $1.50  in 
1880.*' 

At  the  for'uer  date  Brighani  had  already  resolved 
to  e<jnneet  the  1  wading  sutticinents  of  Utah  by  njcans 
of  a  honjo  tcle^^raph  system.  It  was  not,  however, 
until  the  autumn  of  18G5  that  the  matter  was  brought 
prominently  before  the  pi'o[»ie.  They  resjuwided 
cheerfully  and  proni|)tly,  as  they  ever  did  to  his  be- 
hests, contributiiig  fuuds  and  labor,  and  ab<»ut  a  year 
later  the  Deseret  Telegiaph  Co.  was  in  oj»eralion,  tlie 
line  opening  for  business  in  JJecmber  1^0(5,  connect- 
ing iirst  with  Ogden,  and  soon  afterward  with  Ihig- 
ham  City  and  l^ogan,  its  ,<.rtheiti  teiniinus.  In 
da'  uary  18(17,  500mdesof  \kire  had  betu'  laid,  extend- 
ing northward  to  Caclie  Valley  and  southward  to  St 
(jieorge,  with  a  branch  line  running  tlu'ough  Sanpete 
Valley.'^^'  During  this  tnonth  the  eoni|>any  was  organ- 
ized under  eiiarter  Iroin  the  legislatun;,  with  a  capital 
of   $500,000."     The    line    was    afterward    continued 

■■"1,1.  Sfo  also  rnlii(l,,,'.'<  //,^^  .9.  /..  C(7i/. '_» JO-.'. I ;  .S".  /'.  Bull' tin,  iht. 
'Jl,  ISul;  <!>'i<-.  (.'iiloii,  Ocl.  2.'i,  Nyv.  -J,  ISJl. 

"'  Ihm  nl  T<l.  '  ''>.  Mini.,  in  Ulnh  Jnllniiis,  MS.  In  18'i!)  an  net  was  panscil 
to  inci)i-|)iiralo  tlu;  I'lacurs  lUo,  lluinWuldt,  uml  8.  L.  C.  Tfl.  Co.  Soi.-  L'luk 
Arl<,   IS,iJi-'J,  L'l'i. 

'' l-'or  <liy  rato.     Tlu'  ni^[!it  rate  won  73  ucntu.  DeitrrH  T'l.  Co.  .Mem.,  iii 

UUll,   ./ntlill'j.^,    MS. 

'■■'  l<l.  Oil  tlii.H  tilt'  lirat  circuit  ."{'JO  pounds  of  wire  won-  usrtl  per  inilo,  tlio 
cost  licing  ;{.)  ciiits  jFor  Hi  ami  §l.'ili  per  mile.  Tul'i<hji'n  Li/r  ../"  ISri jIkiih 
Yotiri/,  Hnp]il.  <j7.  In  tlio  /><.<(n<  AVi/'jt  of  Jan.  'JI>,  1S(»7,  the  line  is  tcrnscil 
till!  Id'SfiH't  State  Telegraph. 

■'•'I'lio  ollicers  \\<re  ijii,iliarn  Yoiinj?  prcsiiloiit,  Dan.  II.  Wells  vice-presi- 
drnt,  «Ji.o.  Q.  Cannon  tn  asiirt  r.  uihI  Win  Clayton  Bcerctary,  tli>'  two  lii«t 
lii'in;^  ex  ollicio  nienilieis  ot  the  hoard;  the  rcniainin^'  dirertors  were  lldw.inl 
Hunter,  (loo.  A.  Sinilh,  A.  O.  Snioot,  .\.  II.  lliilcigli,  .John  Sharp,  .Ins.  .\. 
Yoiin!.',  Krtistua  Snow,  L<;ra  T.  iiensuu,  and  A,  M.  Munsei-,  the  last  nais'eil 
ljein;,'~nppoint«sd  snperiuteudeut.  Dtgtret   'J'tL  Co.   Mew.,  in   UUth  JoHiwjA, 


MS. 


Ainub  Miltou  Mu88cr,  u  reon^ylvar.iun  by  birth,  joiuud  the  Mumiona  iii 


w 


COMMERCE  AND  COMMUNICATION. 


through  Sevier  county  to  Monroe,  and  from  Toquer* 
ville  to  the  Kanab  country  in  south-eastern  Utah,  to 
Tintic,  Cottonwood,  and  Bingham,  and  to  Pioche  and 
other  towns  in  south-eastern  Nevada.  In  1880  it 
had  been  further  extended  to  Paris,  Idaho,  to  the 
mining  towns  of  Frisco,  Silver  City,  and  Alta,  and 
toward  the  south-east  as  far  as  Orden ville,  touchiiig 
Arizona  in  its  route.  At  this  date  there  were  955 
miles  of  pole  line,  1,130  of  wire,  and  68  offices  in  opera- 
tion. The  capita]  stock  was  held  entirely  by  Mor- 
mons, and  though  much  of  the  route  lay  through  a 
sparsely  settled  country,  where  the  expenses  were  out 
of  all  proportion  to  the  receipts,  the  enterprise  was 
sel  f-su  pport  i  ng. " 

In  1882  there  were  2,647  miles  of  telegraph  and 
600  of  telephone  wire,  with  560  instruments  in  Utah," 
and  communication  with  the  adjacent  states  and  ter- 
ritories was  being  rapidly  pushed  forward. 

The  people  of  the  United  States  seem  now  deter- 
mined tnat  polygamy  shall  be  suppressed.  During  the 
years  1885-7,  6nes  and  imprisonments  were  of  con- 
stant occurrence,  and  hundreds  of  heads  of  families 
went  into  hiding.  Some  voluntarily  came  forward, 
gave  themselves  up,  and  stood  their  trial.  Whether 
or  not  the  system  ?.s  destined  thus  to  be  wholly  rooted 
rnt,  it  is  impossible  to  say.     But  in  answer  to  tiio 

1H44,  and  together  with  )iiit  mother  and  sister  settled  at  Naiivoo  in  1840, 
remaining  in  that  neighl>orliood  after  the  oxpiiUiun  until  I8.'>I,  in  which  year 
ho  arrived  in  Utoli  and  wan  appointed  to  the  general  tithingoftice.  In  Iboi 
he  was  sent  on  niiMiun  to  llindotitim,  it  liuro  liu  labortMl  for  three  years,  prin- 
cipally in  Cal~!Utlaand  Uombiky,  and  was  afterward  employed  as  a  missionary 
in  England,  llcturningto  Utah  in  i8.';7i  he  took  an  outivo  part  in  promoting 
the  liome  industries  of  the  territory;  he  wus  also  travelling  agent  of  the 
church,  assisted  in  emigration  matters,  temple  building,  the  coiiperative 
movement,  and  wan,  in  brief,  one  of  iiriglmm's  most  trustworthy  agents. 

''^In  1880  Johr  Taylor  was  president,  Dan.  11.  Wells  vice-president,  Jaa 
Jack  treasurer,  and  W.  V.  Dougall  secretary,  all  of  them  being  directors. 
The  other  menilwni  of  the  biKird  were  John  >Siiarp,  F.  Little,  Kd.  Hunter,  H. 
P.  Kimball,  and  Ueo.  Reynidds.  MusHcr  having  i-esigned  the  superiiitendency 
in  1870,  Dougsll  was  appointed  in  hia  stcail.  Id.  In  1878  the  wires  were 
laid  to  the  houses  of  many  bishops  of  wards  throughout  the  territory.  Con 
yer's  lettonr  to  BoMon  Educ.  Jour. 

**t'o>UribHtor,  iv.  l»2.  For  list  of  tolegrbph  offioea,  see  Utah  OtutUtert 
1884.  !W8l 


GENERAL  CONCLUSIONS. 


778 


oft-r.3peated  accusations  of  those  who  regard  the 
Mc'  oions  merely  as  an  ulcer  in  the  body  politic, 
there  are  many  points  which  to  the  impartial  observer 
would  seem  worthy  of  being  noted  in  their  favor. 
Laying  aside  the  questions  of  religion  and  polygamy, 
we  find  recorded  in  their  annals  one  of  the  greatest 
achievements  of  modern  timf  n  ind  one  that  sheds  a 
lustre  on  the  dark  cloud  which,  to  gentile  gaze,  hangs 
like  a  funeral-pall  over  the  genius  of  this  singular  and 
long-suffering  community.  Driven  from  Far  West, 
from  Kirtland,  from  Nauvoo,  they  found  at  length, 
amid  the  farthest  west,  an  abiding-place — one  then  as 
remote  from  civilization  as  the  wilds  of  Senegambia. 
There,  within  forty  years,  has  been  established  a 
thriving  community;  there  has  been  built  one  of  the 
most  sightly  capitals  west  of  the  Mississippi,  an  oasis 
amid  the  great  American  desert,  and  with  hundreds 
of  settlements  depending  upon  it.  There  farms  and 
orchards,  flocks  and  herds,  factories  and  warehouses, 
cover  the  formerly  unpeopled  solitude,  abandoned  but 
a  few  decades  ago  to  the  savage,  the  coyote,  and  the 
wolf.  The  men  and  women  who  compose  this  com- 
munity, drawn  for  the  most  part  from  the  lower  strata 
of  European  society,  have  not  been  slow  to  learn  the 
practical  lessons  which  their  church  has  taught  them ; 
to  learn  how  to  exercise  forethought,  frugality,  and 
other  qualities  which  lead  to  success  in  life.*' 

*'  I  gire  herewith  aonie  further  biographical  notices.  Orson  Hyde,  a 
nativM  of  Oxford,  Conn.,  was  bom  in  1803,  commenced  life  by  working  in 
an  iron-foundery  for  six  dollars  a  month,  afterward  serving  for  a  year  or  two 
as  clerk  to  the  tinn  of  Gilbert  &  Whitney  of  Kirtland.  VVhile  at  Kirtlnnd, 
Hyde,  who  was  then  a  stanch  metliodist,  and  a  class-leader  in  a  cump- 
meeting  at  that  point,  heard  that  a  golden  bible  had  been  dug  out  of  a 
rock  in  the  state  of  New  Vork.  A  few  months  later  ho  was  converted  to 
Mormonism,  and  set  fortii  at  a  missionary,  beins  a  member  of  tho  Kiiglish 
mission  of  1837,  when  ho  wai  accomi>auiud  by  lleberO.  Kimball,  Wiliard 
Richards,  and  others.  In  ISIO  ho  went  to  Jerusalem,  where  ho  held  service 
at  the  mount  of  Olives,  and  consecrated  the  holy  land,  lieing  appointed  to 
thi«  duty  by  the  prophet,  who  declared  him  to  bo  of  tho  house  of  Judah. 
After  the  prophet's  assassination,  ho  again  proceeded,  in  company  with  I'urlvy 
I'ratt  and  John  Taylor,  to  (Sreat  Britain,  where  he  set  the  churches  in  order, 
luiving  now  l)eeu  chosen  one  of  the  twelve.  He  arrived  at  Winter  Quarters  a 
few  weeks  after  tho  departure  of  the  pioneer  band,  and  on  their  return  lal)orcd 
to  reoi^auize  the  first  presidency,  Bngbam  Young  being  appointed  Jose|)U's 
■uooessor,  partly  by  his  efforts.    After  the  aainto  were  gatuered  in  Utah,  h« 


774 


COMMERCE  AND  COMMUNICATION. 


remained  in  that  territory  as  presiding  apostle  at  various  settlements,  main- 
taining robust  hcaltli  until  about  hia  70tli  year,  and  continuing  to  labor  in 
the  ministry  until  Lis  decease  in  November  I87S.  For  further  details,  see 
Aiil'ihing.  of  Mrs  M.  A.  I'.  J/ifile,  MS.,  4;  JJyde'n  Travfla  and  MiuUlnj, 
passim;  TuUidije'a  Life  of  Brighnm  Young,  09-71;  Millennial  Star,  v.  !(];<; 
Dru'-ret  N<w»,  Mayo,  I'i,  1858,  March  2J,  1874,  Dec.  4,  11,  1878;  SmucLern 
Jlist.  Mot-vwnx,  297;  A'.  L.  Herald,  Nov.  30,  1878;  Prencott  Miner,  Dec.  in, 
1878. 

Edward  Hunter,  a  native  of  Newtown,  Pa,  was  descended  on  the  father's 
side  fi'oin  John  Hunter,  wlio  served  us  lieutenant  of  cavalry  under  William  III. 
at  the  buttle  of  tlie  lioync,  his  mother's  lineage  ))eing  traced  back  to  one  Rob- 
ert Uwen,  a  Welsh  ([uaker,  who,  refusing  to  take  tlie  oath  of  allegiance  after 
tlie  restoration  in  ItiiSo,  was  imprisoned,  and  afterward  emigrating  to  America, 
purchased  an  estJitc  near  I'hiladelphia.  Un  ins  father's  death,  Edward,  who 
was  tlien  only  "22  years  of  age,  was  oU'ered  his  position  as  justice  of  the  i)eaee, 
but  refused  it  on  account  of  his  youth.  A  few  years  afterward  ho  purcliascd 
a  tana  in  Chester  co. ,  Pa,  where  ho  was  visited  by  three  Mormon  elders,  wlio 
were  invited  to  make  his  house  tlicir  home,  though  he  had  not  yet  joined  the 
faith.  In  18:19  he  entertained  as  his  guest  the  prophet  Joseph,  who  was  then 
returning  from  his  errand  to  Wusliington.  In  the  following  year  he  was  bap- 
tized by  Orson  Hyde,  tlicn  on  his  way  to  Jerusalem.  In  the  summer  of  1841 
he  proceeded  to  Nauvoo  and  purcliased  a  farm  from  tho  prophet,  contributing 
the  lirst  year  no  less  than  $15,000  to  the  church.  In  1847  he  entered  the 
valluy  of  Great  Salt  Lake  with  tiic  first  companies  that  followed  the  pioneeis, 
and  on  tho  death  of  Newel  K.  Whitney  was  appointeil  presiding  bishop  of 
the  church. 

Of  tlio  early  career  of  Franklin  D.  Richards  mention  has  alrea<ly  been 
made  in  tliese  pages.  In  March  1809  he  was  appointed  probate  judge  of 
WulMjr  CO.,  and  removed  with  his  family  to  Ogden,  liis  sons  Franklin  S.  and 
Chai-les  being  in  1885  prosecuting  attorney,  and  county  clerk  and  recorder. 
Witli  the  advent  of  the  ruilro-nl  Ogden  was  clearly  destined  to  become  a  city 
second  in  importance  only  to  tlie  capital,  and  one  that  must  soon  ccmtain  a 
large  gentile  element,  whereby  the  commercial  and  [Mditical  control  of  noriii- 
crn  Utah  would  bo  im<'  rilled.  At  this  juncture,  also,  it  became  advisalilj 
that  the  Weber  stake  ^liould  bo  raised  to  the  dignity  of  an  apostolic  sec,  and 
fir  the  purpose  no  better  .selection  could  have  been  made  than  that  of  Frank- 
lin l>.  Kiehards.  Brought  into  contact  with  tho  business  world  during  tlie 
many  years  wlien  ho  directed  the  immense  European  migration  to  Utah,  a 
man  without  political  ambition,  kindly,  placable,  and  tolerant,  his  adminis- 
tration was  no  less  acceptable  to  the  gentile  than  to  the  Mormon  community. 
At  tliu  close  of  18S5,  though  at  that  date  in  his  U5th  year,  ho  still  discharged 
his  inaiiifolil  duties  with  all  the  vigor  of  a  man  yet  in  tho  prime  of  life,  and 
throughout  his  long  career  he  has  made  not  a  single  enemy.  As  I  have  .il- 
rcady  stated,  I  am  under  deep  obligations  to  Mr  Uichards  for  his  kindnes.s 
in  turni;diing  much  valuable  material  for  this  volume  that  would  else  have 
been  inaccessible. 

Lorenzo  Snow,  a  native  of  Mantua,  Ohio,  but  of  New  England  parentage, 
first  made  tho  ac(piaintancc  of  tho  Latter-day  Saints  while  visiting  his  sisters 
at  Ivirtland,  Lorenzo  having  just  completed  his  course  at  Olienin  college. 
Convinced  of  tho  truth  of  their  doctrines,  he  was  baptized,  ordained  an  cider, 
anil  sent  forth  to  preach.  As  a  missionary,  none  remained  longer  in  tho  field, 
or  travelled  more,  ids  journeys  between  1830  and  1872  cvtending  over  150,0tK) 
miles.  In  Feb.  1840  ho  crossed  tho  Mississippi  in  company  with  the  twelve, 
being  himself  ordained  au  apostle  some  three  years  later.  When  I>ox  Elder 
CO.  was  organized,  ho  was  mado  president  of  the  stake  ut  Ikigham  City,  and 
afterward  memlicr  of  tho  council  for  Box  Elder  and  Wolier,  botii  of  which 
podtious  he  hold  for  many  yeai-s.  He  was  an  active  promoter  of  the  co«f,)- 
ci-ativo  movement,  establishing  in  l80:)-4  a  coiipei-utivo  stoic,  and  afterward 
a  tannery,  a  woollen  factory,  and  several  cooperative  farms,  the  employes 
having  the  privilege  of  oouuting  the  vttlue  of  their  labor  as  so  uiucU  capital 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


775 


iavested  in  the  concern.  In  the  Jiioiiraphy  ninl  Fnmilij  lifcord»  of  Lorenzo 
Snow,  Wrillen  ami  Coni/iilrd  hi)  hU  Sinter,  El  ui  It.  Snow  Smith  (.S.  L.  L'ity, 
18i>4),  we  liavc  uit  account  of  his  travels  anil  missionary  labors,  together 
with  a  description  of  varions  incidunts  in  the  early  career  of  the  saints.  The 
liook  wan  written,  however,  :is  the  authoress  states,  for  tlic  iiur|>ose  of  In-'inK 
handed  <lowu  in  lineal  descent  %ont  generation  to  generation,  to  be  i»re»erve'l 
as  a  faiiuly  niemoual. 

Erastus  Snow,  who,  with  Orson  Pratt,  was,  as  the  reader  will  reineinlwr, 
tlie  Jirst  of  the  pioneer  liand  tliat  entered  tlie  valley  of  (ireat  Salt  l^ke, 
joineil  the  Mormon  church  in  IS.'W,  and  two  years  afterward  waa  ord;iined  an 
cider,  thougit  at  this  time  only  17  years  of  age.  Bidding  adieu  to  his  (larentit 
Rt  St  Johnsbury,  Vt— his  birtliplacc — he  journeyed  to  Kirtland,  and  lliencc- 
forward  liecanio  proiniacntly  identified  with  tlie  church,  sharing  in  all  its 
tribulations.  In  tiie  winter  of  1848-9  he  was  chosen  an  apostle,  tilling, 
with  Lorenzo  Snow,  F.  D.  Richards,  and  C.  C  Rich,  the  vacancies  caused 
Ly  the  reorganization  of  the  first  presidency,  and  the  ajMistasy  of  Lyman 
AVight.  So<m  afterward  he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  Scandinavia,  and 
througli  the  branches  of  the  churcli  which  he  established  in  that  country  it  lias 
lieen  claimed  that  nearly  '20,000  converts  were  gathereil  into  the  fold.  After 
the  close  of  his  missiouary  career  his  l.ibors  were  directed  to  the  founding  and 
development  of  various  settlements  in  southern  Utah,  over  which  ho  presiiled  u.s 
their  spiritual  head,  lieing  also  a  member  of  council  in  the  territorial  legislature. 

Like  Ileber  C.  Kimljall,  Charles  Coulson  Rich  came  of  puritan  stork, 
though  a  native  of  Kentucky,  where  he  waa  born  in  1809.  He  was  baptised 
into  the  church  in  1832,  receiving  his  endowments  at  Kirtland,  where  he  was 
ordained  a  high-priest  l)y  Hyrum  Smith.  Moving  to  Far  West  in  18;W5,  ho 
rcntlcrcd  good  service  during  the  persecutions  in  Missouri,  Iteing  afterward 
forced  to  tice  for  his  life  through  tlie  wilderness,  and  making  his  way  to 
Niiuvoo.  where  he  was  .appointed  a  memlK-r  of  the  high  council.  In  the  win- 
ter of  1810-7  he  was  president  of  the  stake  at  Mount  Pisgali,  and  set  forth 
iieui  Winter  Quarters  in  June  of  the  latter  year  in  charge  of  a  company  of 
saints.  !u  1849  he  was  chosen  an  apostle,  and  set  out  on  a  mission  to  Cali- 
fornia, returning  in  Nov.  1830,  and  the  following  year  taking  charge  of  tho 
Suu  Bernardino  colony.  His  first  mission  to  Kiiropo  waa  in  I8U0,  w  lien  he 
laliored  for  two  ycfirs  in  England,  again  reaciiiii'.|  Zion  in  18(i.'J,  when  he  set- 
tled in  Bear  Lake  Valley,  where  he  resided  for  tho  most  i>art  until  his  decease 
in  ISS.'t,  serving  for  several  terms  as  a  member  of  the  legialature.  t'ontriliiitor. 
Dec.  188.1,  114-15. 

Alljcrt  Carrington,  a  native  of  Royalton,  Vt,  and  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth 
college,  joined  the  Mormon  ciiurch  in  Wiota,  Wis.,  in  ISH,  and  reiiiDVeil  to 
Nauvoo  in  1844,  a  few  weeks  before  tiio  prophet's  assassiiiatioi>.  .\  meinlK'r 
of  the  pioneer  band,  he  returned  with  Brighain  Young  to  gather  u|i  the  iiiiuii 
body  of  tlie  saints,  and  journeyed  wiih  them  to  tho  valley  in  1S48.  After  the 
admission  of  Utah  as  a  territory,  he  was  several  times  elected  a  member  of 
the  council  until  1808,  >vheii  he  was  scut  to  England  to  preside  over  the  Eu- 
ropean missions.  For  twenty  years,  when  not  on  some  mission,  lie  acted  as 
rrivatc  secretary  to  Brighain,  and  Ids  ability  gained  for  him  among  auti- 
Alormons  the  sobrinuet  of  'The  Mormon  Wolsey.'  In  1870  he  was  ordained 
an  ajiostle,  and  for  scvural  years  afterward  presided  over  the  British  mission. 

Elias  Smith,  neplicw  to  Joseph  Smith,  t!ie  prophet's  father,  wa.s  lK)rn  at 
lioyalton,  Vt,  near  the  birthplace  of  the  forsii'r.  Joining  tiie  Monnoii  faitli 
ill  18^)4,  being  then  .'iO  years  of  age,  he  n.'moved  in  i8:<0  to  Kirtland,  and 
tiicnce  to  Nauvoo,  where  ho  was  business  manager  of  tlie  Time"  ami  .V"i-i";/.< 
ami  Xttiivoo  Xei(ihbor,  lilting  the  same  position  on  the  stall  of  the  Jhgiiei 
A'<  ici  after  his  arrival  in  Salt  Lake  City.  In  18'* I  he  was  ap|)oiuted  proiiute 
judge  of  S.'ilt  Lake  county,  wiiicli  oUice  he  retained  tor  many  years;  and 
tiiroughout  his  public  carter  it  miiy  ho  saiil  that  he  was  almost  without  an 
cnciny;  in  such  respect  were  his  decisions  held,  both  in  hiw  and  in  e(|uity, 
while  his  private  life  was  also  beyond  remoach. 

lu  coiuiectioa  with  the  judiciary  of  Utah  may  be  msationcd  Alexaudur 


776 


COMMERCE  AND  COMMUNICATION. 


Pyper,  a  native  of  Ayrshire,  Scot!..  <!,  who  in  1874  was  appointed  police 
court  judge  of  Salt  Lake  City.  His  administration  of  justice  uaa  soraowhat 
in  contrast  with  tliat  which  prevailed  in  the  third  judicial  district,  Jumcs  B. 
McKuan  being  in  oilice  during  the  same  year.  At  that  date  tlie  questions 
asked  by  the  prosecuting  attorney  of  jurora  and  applicants  for  citizenship 
were  of  such  a  nature  tliat  they  frequeutly  apccluded  persons  who  were  not 
polygamists  but  simply  believed  in  tne  Monnon  faith,  among  them  being, 
'Are  you  a  Mormon?  'Have  you  been  through  the  Monnon  Endowment 
House?'  'Do  you  believe  that  polygamy  is  a  divme  revelation?'  'My  educa- 
tion and  religion,'  remarked  Judge  Pyper,  'have  taught  me  to  deal  fairly  and 
justly  toward  all  men,  under  the  law,  irrespectiTe  of  their  conditions  or 
opinions.' 

David  0.  Calder,  a  native  of  Thurso,  Caithness,  Scotland,  joined  the 
Mormon  church  in  1840,  and  in  1851  started  for  Utah,  accomi*anied  by  his 
mother  and  her  family.  A  man  of  excelieul  business  ability,  his  talents  w  ere 
quickly  recognized.  In  1857  he  was  appointed  chief  clerk  to  the  trustee  in 
trust  of  the  church,  and  in  that  position  organized  a  system  of  accounts 
and  records  in  all  the  departments  of  the  church.  Between  1850  and  1870 
he  held  office  as  territorial  treasurer,  and  after  a  visit  to  his  native  country, 
where  he  also  labored  as  a  missionary,  was  chosen  business  manager  and 
managing  editor  of  the  Detierel  News,  and  a  director  of  Zion's  Cooperative 
Mercantile  Institute,  which  latter  position  he  held  until  his  decease  in  July 
1884. 

Among  the  prenidents  of  the  Utah  stake  of  Zion  may  be  mentioned  Harvey 
Harris  Cluff,  a  native  of  Kirtlaud,  whoso  ancestors  settled  at  Durham,  N.  H., 
a  few  years  after  tlie  arrival  of  the  Mayflower,  and  whose  father,  David  Cluff, 
served  in  the  American  army  during  the  war  of  1812.  Removing  from  Dur< 
ham  to  Ohio  in  \9^Vd,  David  and  his  family  joined  the  Mormon  faith,  and  pro- 
ceeding thence  to  Nauvoo,  shared  in  all  the  hardships  of  the  exodus,  arriving 
in  the  autumn  of  1850  in  the  valley  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  where  they  cast  in 
their  lot  at  Prove.  On  the  Gth  of  October,  1 850,  when  Brigham  Young  an- 
nounced t>efore  a  general  conference  of  the  church  the  threatened  disaster  to 
the  hand-cart  emigrants,  Harvey  Cluff,  then  only  in  his  twentieth  year,  was 
one  of  the  first  who  volunteered  to  go  to  their  aid.  On  this  occasion  he 
states  that  the  provisions  and  clothing  furnislied  before  nightfall  were  more 
than  sutficent  to  load  '22  teams.  In  1859  Mr  Cluff  was  elected  city  councillor, 
and  in  1875,  after  his  missionary  labors,  principally  in  Europe  and  the  Sand- 
wich Islands,  was  ordained  bishop,  and  assigned  two  years  later  to  the  charge 
of  the  fourth  ward  of  Provo  City.  Biog.  Hketch  q/"  //.  //.  fluff,  MS. 

Biographies  of  other  prominent  men  are  given  in  Richards'  Blbliofj.  o/ 
Utah,  MS.;  Utah  Biog.  Sketches,  MS.;  CftUributor;  Tullidge'sMag.;  JJeseret 
Newn;  S,  L.  C.  Tribune;  S.  L.  C.  Herald,  passim. 

For  further  references  to  authorities  consulted  in  the  last  chapters  of  this 
Tolume.  see  34th  Cong.  Ist  Sess.,  //.  Ex.  Doc.,  1,  pt  2,  504-7;  pt  3,  375,  431; 
Doc,  10,  235;  //.  Bept,  185;  8.  Doc.,  90,  vol.  xviii.,  559;  Id.,  3d  Sess.,  S. 
Doc,  6,837,877;  35th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  //.  Ex.  Doc,  2,  pt  2,  1053,  1096; 
Id.,  2d  Sess.,  1,  pt2,  12,  149-51,  202-6;  pt  3,  1300-3;  pt  4,  757,  78.3,  819, 
833;  S.  Ex.  Doc,  .39,  1-73;  40,  passim;  3Gth  Cong.  Ist  Sess.,  Mess,  and  Doc, 
pt2,  13-15,  121,  131-2,  194-5,  200-4,  207-20»  221-44,  589;  pt  3,  1432,  72; 
Id.,  S.  Ex.  Doc,  1,  vol.  iii.,  pt  1,  490-2,  556;  52,  417-98;  Id.,  2d  Sess.,  //. 
Misc.  Doc,  34;  //.  Ex.  Doc,  63,  vol.  ix.;  37th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  S.  Doc,  1, 
vol.  iii.,  585-6,  001-3,  621,  644;  Acts  and  Res.,  200;  Id.,  3d  Sess.,  //.  Ex. 
Doc,  1,  vol.  iv.,  l.')2-5,  170,  214;  38th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  //.  Ex.  Doc,  1,  vol. 
v.,  pt  2,  73;  Id.,  45,  vol.  ix.;  Id.,  2d  Sess.,  802,  822,  829-30,  861;  39th Cong. 
1st  Sess.,  Mess,  and  Doc,  4^-53;  //.  Com.  Rept,  96;  Id.,  2d  Sess.,  Mens,  and 
Doc,  18-19,  24,  50,  87;  //.  Jour.,  523,  73.3-5,  765;  S.  Jour.,  624;  Acts  and 
I'es.,  .303;  40th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  S.  Jour.,  307;  H.  Jour.,  365;  //.  Mixc.  Doc, 
26:  Id.,  2d  Sess.,  Mess,  and  Doe.  Abridg.,  772-6;  //.  Misc  Doc,  3.'»; 
Doc,  153,  25-8;  //.  Com.  Rept,  8,  79;  JI.  Jour.,  1407;  S.  Jour.,  1-240-1; 
Cong,  Direc,  41;  Id.,  3d  Sess.,  H.  Jour.,  671;  Mess,  and  Doc.  Abridg,, 


AUTHORITIES. 


777 


829-34,  1109,  1114,  1130, 1134,  1220-1;  //.  Ex.  Doe.,  54,  168;  S.  Jour.,  617, 
621;  Acta  and  Bet.,  224;  4l8tCoDg.  UtSesa.,  U.  Jour.,  317:  //.  JJinr.  Doc., 
20;  22;  23;  Id.,  2d  Sew.,  //.  Ex.  Doc.,  1,  pt  I,  43,  GO,  88-9,  104,  114;  Doc. 
68;  Doc.  207,  319-21;  Doe.  230;  IJ.  Com.  Jlrpt,  21,  pts  1  and  2;  S.  Jour., 
1490,  1527-8;  S.  JUiae.  Doe.,  112;  S.  Com.  litpt,  72;  //.  Jour.,  1539,  1542-3, 
1600-1;  Id.,  3d  Sess.,  //.  /our.,  024-5,  050-1;  H.  Ex.  Do,:,  \,  |>t  3,  40,  73, 
147-9,  156,  169-71;  pt  4,  iv.;  pt  1,  130-45,  443-6;  Doc.  52;  Doc.  71;  Utpt 
Com.  Educ,  328-83,  351,  558;  S.  Jour.,  003,  673;  S.  Com.  Kept,  302;  42d 
Cong.  Ist  SesB.,  //.  Jour.,  279;  If.  Ex.  Doc.,  10.  218-23;  S.  Jour.,  239,  249, 
200,  277,  279;  Id.,  2d  Sess.,  H.  Jour.,  1219,  1270,  1302-5,  1345-7;  //.  Ex. 
Doc,  211,  300-30;  Doc.  256;  Doc.  258;  Doc.  325, 179-86;  Z>»c.  320;  liept  Sec. 
Int.,  pt  1.  61-2;  If.  AfiHC.  Doc.,  155;  Doc.  105;  Doc.  208;  /?<?/)<  Com.  Eltic, 
21,  :}83-4, 000-4;  «.  Jour.,  1234,  1380-2,  1419-20;  5r.  Ex.  Doe.,  12;  S.  J/iV. 
Doc,  1 18;  Doc.  126;  Acta  and  Rts.,  40,  223,  303,  530;  /t/.,  3d  Sess.,  //.  Jour., 
657,  699-701,  713,  725;  //.  Ex.  Doc,  1,  pt4,  54,  136, 140, 228,  2.17-45,  21;  //. 
AfiHC  Doc,  95;  II.  Com.  Reitt,  98, 246-56, 325-6,  .365-7, 377, 414-58;  S.  Jou,:, 
850,  870,  880;  S.  Ex.  Doc,  44;  S.  Muc  Doc,  73;  Rejtt  Com.  Educ,  24-41,  55; 
379-80,  416,  608-13, 942-97;  43d Cong.  latScss.,  //.  /our., 1545.  1559,  1582-3, 
//.  Ex.  Doc,  96;  Doc.  141,  255-83;  Loc  157;  Doc.  193;  Doc.  197;  Doc.  193; 
i?epe  Com.  AWuc,  xxii.-cxxiii., 400-3, 475, 510-12,  728;  M,  2d  Sess.,  //.  Jour., 
793,  800,  810,  812;  //.  i/wc.  Doc,  49;  Doc.  120;  Doc.  139:  //.  Com.  Rept, 
484;  S.  Jour.,  593,  1121,  1141-2;  S.  Ex.  Doc,  42;  /(/,,  2d  Sess.,  //.  Ex. 
Doc,  177,  328-67;  Rept  Com.  Educ,  xiii.-cxxv.,  500-2,  507,  5-26-.14,  7:}3; 
P.  M.  ami  Rept,  69.  264-5,  278,  287-.300;  44tb  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  //.  Jour., 
1775, 1730;  //.  Ex.  Doc,  159,  207-81;  Rept  Com.  Educ,  xxvi.-c:xiii.,  610-14, 
548-54;  //.  Afisc  Doc,  42;  Sec  Intr  Rept,  591-2,  60ft-44,  675-SO,  859-<52; 
S<c  War  Rept,  44, 119-20,  148;  Id.,  2d  Sess.,  If.  Jour.,  811;  S.  your., 552-.$: 
Rept  Com.  Educ,  xx.-xxix.,  lix.-clv.,  458-01,  500-7, 700;  .V.  Com.  Rept,  008; 
Sec.  Intr  Rept,  5.32-5,  004,  010-58,  075-85;  .S^c.  War  Rept,  48,  07;  45tli  Cong. 
1st  Sess.,  S.  Jour..  168;  Id.,  2d  Sesa.,  //.  Jour.,  431,  408,  1054-5,  1708;  //. 
Ex.  Doc,  45,  071-8;  Doc  T2,  146;  Doc.  73,  1-163;  //.  Muc  Doc,  54,  97- 
100;  II.  Com.  Rept,  708,  949;  S.  Jour.,  977-8,  990,  1021;  S.  Ex.  Doc,  43; 
Eiitom.  Com.  Second  Rept,  322,  380;  Id.,  3d  Sess..  //.  Ex.  Doc,  8S,  passim; 
4Gtli  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  II.  Ex.  Doc,  46,  475-522,  632-7;  //.  Com.  R<pt,  1710; 
S.  Ex.  Doc,  18!  r  Id.,  3d  Sess.,  S.  Ex.  Doc,  12,  50,  67;  47th  Cong.  Ist  Sess., 
79,  04;  II.  Afisc.  Doc,  38,08-9,  120,  197-9;  Id.,  2d  Sess.,  //.  Ex.  Doc,  45, 
1181;  Doc  72,  153-5,  158;  Doc.  77,  64;  Doc.  93,  255-7,  1157-74;  //.  AIU. 
Doc,  44,  4-7;  //.  Com.  Rept,  1805;  8.  Ex.  Doc,  45;  S.  Alisc  Doc,  8,  pt  2, 
80;  Doc  40,  70;  48th  Cong.  1st  Sess.,  //.  Alisc  Doc,  1,  pt4,  no.  2,  252.  292, 
012;  Poore's  Cong.  Direc,  97,  102;  Cenxus  Rvpt,  1870;  Indus.,  passim;  Id., 
1880,  i.  .3-45,  351-3, 378-456;  Id.,  iii.  3-10, 25-9,  94.  1.36.  173,  208.  244,  318; 


Sec  Intr  Rept,  1871,  pt  1,  166-7,  219-20;  Id.,  1873,  pt  1,  1.50-1;  Id.,  1874, 
pt  1,  44-50,  156-60;  Id.,  1875.  pt  1, 89-100, 251-3;  Cong.  Globe,  1868-9,  687, 
754,781, 1364,  1620;  Id.,  1809,  83,86.  195;  App.,  47;  Id.,  1809-70,  41;  Id., 


1870-1,  329;  Id.,  1871-2,  127,  300;  Id.,  1872-3,  clviii.-ix.,  clx-i.,  clxxvi.- 
Ixxxii.,  cclxvi.-lxxii..  cuxc.  221,  353;  App.,  xxxii.;  Id.,  1874,  21,  43, 51. 85, 
187,  204,  218.3. 2838;  Id.,  1874-5. 144;  Id.,  1875-6,  44;  Id.,  1877-8,  176.  .'■)29; 
/./.,  1878-9,  45-53.  565,  1873;  Iiul.  Affrs  Rept,  1889.  20-1.  22(>-34,  270-6, 
400-532;  Id.,  1871.  033;  Id.,  1872,  78.  91,  93;  Id.,  1873,  336-40;  Id.,  1874, 
52-4,  104-79,  270-1.  276-7;  Com.  Gent  Land-Office  Rept,  1869, 168-74. 225-42, 
256-02.  326-31.  400-5;  Dtr^-c.  Alinl  Rept,  1881,  19;  Id.,  1882,  14;  Sur,j.-aui. 
CiVcno.  8,  1875,328-32,  .338-40,  .345;  llayden,  Oeolorj.  Surv.,  1872,  100-8. 
659-792;  Hague,  in  King'uSurv.,  iii,,  455-73;  King's  Surv.,  v.,  paaaim;  Gilbrrl's 
Rfpf,  in  Powell's  Oeolog.  Surv.  Rocky  Aftns,  1876,  passim;  Wlueler's  Suri\, 
1872;  Progress  Rept,  passim;  /(/.,  1878,  ii.,  iii.,  passim;  Smithsonian  Inst. 
Rept,  1877.67-82;  Meteorol.  Regis.,  1843-.')4;  U.S.  Offic  Register,  18/7;  Id., 
1879;  Complr  of  Currency  Rept,  1878,52,759;  /</.,  1881,  94-107,  112-19,  212; 
Id.,  1884.  128-41,  250;  Com.  o/ Educ  Rept,  1871,8,21,383.404;  Id.,  1875, 
510-14;  Id.,  1875,  510-14;  Id.,  1877.  291-2;  Id.,  289-91;  Id.,  1879,  28.V0; 
Id.,  1880,  382-5;  Id.,  1881,  301-2;  Id.,  188*^-3,  302-3.     Utah  Pub.  Doc.,  as 


i 


778 


AUTHOllITIES. 


follows:  Jour.  Le<iU.,  18C9,  13,  i»8-9,  101-2.  131-4;  Id.,  1809,  158-9;  /i., 
1870,  81-i.',  183,  185-7;  J<1.,  IST-',  30,  S.')-?,  104-5,  122,  149,  182. 'jai,  2;{7-'J; 
/</..  \hHi,  24-5,  31,  05-8,  104-5,  112-15,  197,  199-201,  200-8,  213,  23:», 
292;  /</.,  1877,  31,  35-0,  ,39-40,  101-4,  323,  392-402;  Id.,  1878,  339;  /./., 
1880.  1-S,  21-2,  241-3;  AcU  and  lien.,  1809,  2,  7,  17,  20-2;  /(/.,  1870,  2,  4.  8, 
12,  l.:7-8;  /(/.,  1872,2,  28-33,  40-2;  /./..  1874,  0;  Id.,  1878,  8,  11-20,  38,  41, 
43,  48;  Utah  Lawn,  1878,  i.,  28-37,  40,  00-105,  107-8;  Id.,  1880,  iv.,  2-5,  10- 
19,  2D-44,  o5-C5,  07-81,  84-8,  95-0;  Id.,  1882,  2-3,  23-4,  30-6,  40,  102,  100- 
7;  Com/iiled  Lawn,  184-890,  luissini;  Oov.  Mesfage,  1809,  passim;  Id.,  1870, 
6-7,  9-15;  /(/.,  1870,  5-8,  10,  12-13,  20-2,  23-4,  26-7;  Utah  EUetion  Lnia, 
187S,  1882,  passim;  Com.  Jtept  on  Oov.  Mesa.,  1882,  pussim;  Coiuriitulion  Staie 
<i/  Uluh,  passim;  Memora  of  Ler/Uilature,  1882,   1-8;   Memor.  to  L'uinjrcHK, 

1882,  passim;  Siipt  Schoolt,  I'ept,  1807-9,  passim;  Id.,  1874-5,  1-42,  01- 
70;  Id.,  1870,  1878,  passim;  Finance  liept  oj  Counlies,  1869,  |>a8sim;  Su/nn. 
Court  JJecis.,   1879,  in  I'cyiioldn'  Cane,  passim;  Black,  Argument  for  Utnh, 

1883,  passim;  llopt  va  People  of  Utah,  1884,  passim;  Cannon,  in  Haute  of 
Itt'p.,  1-15;  Defence  Conatit.  and  Ilelig.  liighta,  passim;  Bigamy  and  Poh/ij- 
amy,  passim;  Itdief  Sor.  L.  D.  Sainta,  1884,  imssim;  Burchard'a  liepl,  1880, 
127-32;  /(/.,  1881,  237-48;  Id.,  1882,  253-09;  Id.,  1883,  617-41.  Other  au- 
tlioritius  08  mentioned  below:  Taylor  and  Woodruff,  Beminpicencea,  MS., 
passim;  Bichardx'  Crime  in  Utah,  MS.,  1-15;  Id.,  Eiirop.  Emiijrulion,  M.S., 
passim;  Id.,  Xarraiive,  MS.,  59-00,  04-0,  74,  78,  82-0,  94.  96-105.  110-18; 
/(/.,  Utnh  Miaccllainj,  MS.,  passim;  Id.,  Bib.  of  Utah,  MS.,  l,'i-23;  luci- 
dinta  in  Utah  History,  MS.,  5,  81;  INchardx,  Mrs,  Beminincencea,  M.S..  9, 
II.  15,  17,  30,  44,  50-1;  Godbe,  Statement,  MS.,  12,  15,  ct  seq.,  19,  20;  Id., 
Minimi  Mem.,  MS.,  7-11;  Smoot,  Martjnret  S.,  Experience  of  n  Mormon 

tt'ife,  MS.,  8-9;  Cluff" a  Overland  in  Winter,  MS.,  1-14;  Tracy,  Mr$  N.  A'., 
Narrdlive,  .MS.,  8;  Olidden'a  Statement,  MS.,  1,  6-7,  11-12;  Utah  Bio<j. 
SLetrhea,  MS.,    1-55,   60-1;  IlarriMon'a  Critical  Notea,   MS.,  30-42,   51-9; 

Woodi  Ilerollecliona,  MS.,  39,  52-5,  59-00,  06-70;  Utah  Notes,  MS.,  jiassim; 
Jfoyt's  AriMna,  MS.,  29-31;  Staiiford'a  Brief  Iliatoric(d  Sketch,  etc.,  ilS., 
passim;  Woodruff,  Phelie,  Autohiog.  Sketch,  MS.,  passim;  King,  llannnh  T., 
Brief  Memoir,  etc.,  MS.,  jwssim;  Cobb's  Mormon  Problem,  MS.,  {lassim; 
Bleak,  iu  Utah  Co.  Ske'-fiea,  MS.,  78-80;  Madsen,  in  Id.,  12-13;  Poicera,  in 
/(/.,  19;  Huntsville  De-icihed,  M.S.,  0;  Utah  Miscellany,  MS.,  12;  Broan, 
Statement,  MS. ,  S-4;  Hill,  Mines  and  Mining,  MS. ,  1 ;  Stanford,  (Mfden  City, 
MS.,  1-10;  /(/.,  Brief  Hist.  Sketch  of  Weber  Co.,  MS.,  1-23;  Id.,  Hist. 
Deseret  Uniivrsity, MS.,  passim;  Dotson'a  Doings, MS.,  1-2;  Dalton'a  Autobiog., 
MS.,  4;  Ebefs  Journal,  MS.,  i.  177;  Clark's  Sights,  MS.,  pt  4,  7-9,  11-12; 
Cradlehangh's  Nev.  Biog.,  MS.,  4;  Chambers'  Hint.  Ft  Bridger,  MS.,  2;  Bar- 
foot,  Brief  Hist,  of  Pea.  Museum,  MS.,  pa-ssim;  Utah  Sketches,  M.S.,  27,  47- 
100;  Utah  Early  Records,  MS.,  5,  12,  17,  20,  24-9;  Description  of  //imls- 
ville,  M.S.,  0;  Jotv::,  Albert,  in  Utah  Co.  Sketches,  MS.,  1-170;  Anderson, 
It.  R.,  Letter  on  Halt  Lake  City  Street- Railroad,  MS.,  ]>as8im;  Statistical  Re- 
jyort  of  the  Slakes  of  Zion,  MS.,  passim;  Huffaker,  Early  Cattle-Trade,  MS., 
1-4;  Rept  of  Slakea,  etc.,  1880,  MS.,  passim;  Utah  Merchants  and  Mine*, 
MS.,  passim:  Gannon,  Geo.  Q.,  Sunday-schoola  in  Utah,  MS.,  passim;  /'/., 
Life  of  Hephi,  passim;  Snow,  Eliza  It.,  Incidents  in  My  Life,  MS.,  r>as- 
sim;  iJeaeret  Telegraph  Co.,  MS.,  passim;  Dorr's  Statement,  MS.,  3;  Millm- 
vial  Star,  ii.  1-5,  v.  195;  Id.,  viii.  170;  Id.,  xii.  159-00;  Id.,  xvi.  109;  A/., 
xviii,  315,  319;  Id.,  xix.  8-0;  Id.,  xx\.  74.3,  7(50,  792,  819;  Id.,  xxix. 
70-3;  Id.,  xxxi.  518-19;  /(/.,  xxxii.  120,  400.  467,  024,  068;  Id.,  xxxiii.  52»- 
35,  550-1,  C4:M;  Id.,  xxxiv.  0-7,  68,  70,  177-80,  296-8,  334-5;  Id.,  xxxr. 
68-70,  72-4,  5)9-100,  104-6,  122,  1.35-8,  14S  9,  191,  527,  580-3,  587-8,  671; 
/(/.,  xxxvi.  11-12,  88-90,  9.3-5,  252-5,  263,  2TK  5,  424-6,  741-2;  Id.,  xxxvii. 
204-5,  282-5,  510-11,  532-.3,  545-54,  576.  78S-91;  Id.,  xxxviii.  .36(i;  Id., 
xx.\iv.  127;  Id.,  xli.  190-8,666,698,811;  Timesand Seasons,  i.  92,96,  i-20~3, 
]tia-AO.  168. 179. 469;  Id.,  ii.  4(57;  Id.,  iii.  585, 710;  Id.,  iv.  16-2-3, 288,  .360-61; 
Id.,  V.  .•WJH-9;  Id.,  vi.  850,  914  15,  989;  /./.,  vii.  03;  I'ratt,  P.  P.,  Autobiog., 
334-5.  ;ii74,  370,  387-93,  498-502;  Id.,  i'oice  qf  Warning,  puuiu;  Id.,  io 


AUTHORITIES. 


W9 


Titnea  and  Srcutonf,  i.  64,  111;  iv.  1C2-3;  /(/.,  AVy  to  the  Scirnrf  of  I'/iioloij;/, 
paHsini;  I'rovo  Cifj/,  Rt-v.  Ordiiianft*,  iii.-v.  l-14.~i;  I'owdl't  LuikIk  <;/'  llie 
Arid  Jifijiuii,  pnssiin;  Parific  It.  It.  Jtrjtort,  ii.  77-88;  .Uiirjihy's  Minirnl  /.V- 
tour.,  1-7;  Aili's'  llnjister,  Ixxv.  ,"J83;  Zabrhkie'H  Land  Lawn,  sup.  I'J,  -i;(,  ■">7, 
8(j;  Warroi'H  Mem.,  in  I'ar.  It.  It.  Jte/it,  xi.  Ul;  Jiiirton'it  City  of  the  Sftints, 
C,  lJ-17,  171-2,  187-8,  20(>-87,  pjuwiin;  300-54,  420,  433,  ;'.00-50,  (U)O-Jl; 
BrowHi's  Min.  ItesourctM,  130-1,  240,  2j<>,  482-0;  Greek}/,  Horace,  Orer/and 
Joiirneij,  101-257;  Guunison,  The  Mormotm,  20,  80-1,  84-100;  Slnijinuii,  Ax-- 
ploralionn,  44-55;  Id.,  Shortest  Itoule  lo  Cut.,  ;W)-3;  Schotl,  /Jinfribiilion  ami 
t'uriiUion,  etc.,  82-3;  Id.,  I'reiijiitatioii,  etc.,  02-73,  110;  Smith,  7. ('.<(•,  I'ro- 
greMH,  etc.,  23-0,  27,  3;i-4,  ,3(^-7,  59-02,  05;  Ulenhoinw,  Mrx,  L'u'/>one  a/ 
I'olyn.,  132-45,  181,  108-205;  Id.,  Eivilishaoman  in  Utah,  107-S,  122.  200- 
23,  :i08-73;  /(/.,  Tell  It  Alt,  59,  180-8,  251-2,  209-70,  272,  201-4,  XiS-'J, 
3.S7-9,  552-3,  554-5,  577,  008-9;  SteuhoHse,  T.  Ii.  11.,  Ilo<ky  Mlu  Saints, 
507-80,  013-15,  022-08,  071-88,  691-0,  098,  701-0,  741-0;  Green,  .Murmoii- 
ism,  405,  408,  470;  Todd,  Suiiaet  Laud,  178,  181-2,  184-5;  Townsind'ti  Mur- 
moii TriaU,  lC-27,  29-30,  40-9;  Tucker,  MormonUm,  150-8,  240-7,  250-9, 
299-302;  TuUid'fe,  Women  of  Mormouium,  205,  278-82,  498-9,  501-15;  /d.. 
Hid.  S.  L.  City,  247,  249-59;  Id.,  L\Je  of  liriy.  Yonw},  99,  20;{-4,  207-8, 
359-82,  400-34,  430-40,  442-4,  448-9,  450-8;  Sai>plement,  37.  00-8;  Id., 
Quart.  Muqazine,  i.  1-0,  14-80,  90-110,  111-17,  177-90,  201-28,  244-..U,  .r.;{- 
432,  475-S4,  490-501,  522-3,  529-75,  534-5,  537,  5.39-43,  548-.')2,  .■)58-91,  054, 
0(i4-72,  078-84;  Id.,  1882,  1-8,  21-32,  ;M-8,  42-52,  62-7,  79-8.5,  91-2,  122- 
.34,  187-232,  243  0,  20O-2,  20.V84,  399-413,  420-54;  Id.,  1883,  3-25,  34-7, 
49-00,  4,")0-80,  493-0,  500-8,  577-600,  662-4,  075-0;  /(/.,  1S84,  113,  137-70, 
170-7,  225-80,  294-7;  Utah,  IttnourrtH  and  Attractions,\i-'M,4'i-Q'i;  MiVahe, 
Our  Country,  1100-10;  Prime,  Around  the  World,  30^1;  Jounuux,  L'Anie- 
rique,  228-30,  234-42;  Ward,  Ilfn^mdiu  Utah,  103-8,  201-8;  /(/.,  .Mai,-  Life, 
umonij  the  Mormons,  posaiin;  Roe,  Wealmanl  by  Rail,  108-92;  JJalt,  Mi/ 
Firtit  /lolidny,  84,  88-91,  97-103,  105-9;  Srri(iuer'»  Mn/jnzine,  ISSO,  013-10; 
ChandtDK,  Vimt  to  Salt  Lake,  .345;  Paddock,  Pate  of  Madam  La  Tour.  280-92, 
294-.'J()0,  308-30,  330-41;  Quiuley't  Irith  Race,  54.'>-0;  Waite,  Mrx,  The  .Mor- 
won  Profihet,  31-5,  1.32-52,  177,  270-7,  279-80;  Nordoff,  Northern  Cal.,  :\H- 
43;  XelioH,  Pictorial  Guide-Book,  14-25;  Xatioual  Almanac,  1K0.3,  531;  Aat. 
ij'iarl.  Iter.,  ix.,  2il  Scr.,  July  1879,  80-94;  A'icholaon,  The  Preeeptor,  pas- 
eiin;  The  Minimi  Industii/,  ii.  22;  The  Mine*,  Miners,  etc.,  30.'»,  489,  507,  512- 
13,  509,  571,  574-5,  591,  697-682,  788-9,  9.59,  902-0,  984-95;  New  .Mexico, 
Pointers  on  S.  W.,  54-5;  New  Mexican  Minimi  World,  Dec.  1882,  83;  Id., 
Nov.  1884,  136;  Mackay,  The  Mormonn,  48-51,  189,  237,  28(),  292-8,  .307; 
McClure,  Three.  ThouMml  Mile<,  etc.,  144,  140,  155.  105-0,  180,440;  .Mar- 
xhall,  Throuf/h  America,  150,  100,  163-82,  191,  19.V7,  2(Hi-l2,  219,  227-8, 
231-4,  2.37,  394-0,  409-24;  Utah,  Mi-rcanlile  and  Manvf.  Estuh.  of  Z.  C.  M. 
J.,  3-13;  Miller,  i'irst  Families,  etc.,  03;  Wentworth,  Great  West,  209-70; 
Mormon  I'oliticn  and  I'olici/,  passim;  Mormons  at  Home,  215-10;  Lyon, 
JJarjt  of  Zion,  2:1-7,  29-30,  31-3,  3!M0,  44-9,  07-8,  79-81,  84-7,  9»-4,  ilO- 
17,  1.35-42,  150;  Ludlow,  Heart  of  the  Continent,  aifi-'-i,  301-8,  :urt~'2'2,  .i-2-2-ri, 
.328-32,  XKi-l,  341-3,  .'105-73;  Linforth,  Route  from  Lirerpool,  09-75,  78,  97, 
99-101,  10.3-4,  110-15;  Life  among  the  M-rmons,  88-103,  179-80;  Leslie, 
Urerland  Trip  lo  Cat.,  74-5,  78,  91-5,  103;  Little,  Jacob  Hamblin,  3((; 
Youn,/,  Ann  Eliza,  Wife  No.  19,  2(i6-7,  349-51,  371-2,  378-82,  440-.V2, 
522-4,  532-0,  603;  Kelly,  Excursion  to  Cal.,  ii.  231;  Kneeland,  Wonders  of 
Yosemi'e,  19-21;  Lydia  Kniijht's  History,  itassim;  Kirchhitff,  Reiseltildi  r,  i., 
ptissiut;  Jaques,  John,  Cntichism  for  Children,  paasiin;  Goddard,  Ginri/e,  in 
Juirenile  Instructor,  xv.  89;  Ols/iausen,  Monnonen,  149-51,  l.")4-8,  103,  100- 
70;  Worthim/toH,  Women  in  Rattle,  .">87-S,  594-5;  Wolfe,  Mercnntili'  Guide, 
18.".-200,  2()2-.">7,  327-41:  Williams,  Puc  Tourist,  110-72,  295;  Wells,  Par<p, 
and  Co.,  Statement,  ISN^l,  ])U.S!iiiii;  WiHit-ru  .Monthly,  i.  290-3;  Ward,  Arte- 
viuH,  Chas  /'.  lirown.  Lectures,  20-40;  Utah  Mi<ctl.  Pamjihlets,  no.  v.,  vi., 
vii.,  viii.,  ix.,  passim.  Mormon  Pam/ihl<t.i,  »h  follows:  Circular  from  the. 
Twelve  ApoaUes,  uo.  3,  passim;  Epintle  oftlie  Twelve  Aponllen  and  CounndLrx, 


780 


AUTHORITIES. 


no.  4,  passim;  Ilufihe*,  El'izabtth,  Voice  from  the  Wf»t,  etc.,  no.  7,  paxsimi 
AltUHtr,  FnilU  of  Aiormonimn,  no.  8,  3-11,  'M-Si;  Yownj,  llixtory  if  the  Sfv- 
eiilies,  no.  10,  i^asaim;  Circular  of  the  Fimt  I'ratidrnry,  no.  I 'J,  &-();  i'taii, 
PumphItU,  Polilical,  no.  3;  I^tch,  Thou,  Speech,  paMiin;  Ji(.,  no.  5,  S  rfch 
of  A.  II.  Vraifin,  in  U.  S.  Seiinie,  1870;  /</.,  no.  6,  Correajtowletice  Itdtuimj 
to  Exjtenni't  of  U.  8.  JMa.  Ciiurtx,  paMiin;  Id.,  no.  7,  Fitch,  t'ourae  of  Judijn 
McKcan,  '.i-\h'.  Id.,  no.  8,  Cmatitution  of  State  of  DtHcret,  posaiin;  Id.,  no.  0, 
llooiH-r,  W.  II.,  Viudiealion  of  the  People,  of  Utah,  jpaasiro;  Id.,  no.  10, 
Vltvjftf,  IV.  II.,  Speech  agniiiai  AdrntMiioH  of  Utah  <u a  State,  fMaim;  l'..,uo. 
]'2,  Bateg,  Geo.  C,  Argument  on  Juri»diction  of  Probate  <'ourt«,  pv.88ii  i;  Id., 
no.  13,  Opinion  of  U.  S,  Jtiilire  Bradley,  etc.,  poMim;  Id.,  Paine,  II,  E., 
A  rfjumentin  t  Jaw  qf  Contented  Election,  paaaim;  Id.,  no.  14,  Woman  Snjfraije, 
Act  Relating  to,  8;  Id,,  U.  S,  Mcrahal*  and  Deputies,  DiUiea  of,  11-14;  /(/., 
no.  I«,  Int,  llev.  Tax  and  Z,  C,  M,  /.;  Id.,  Beligiowt,  no.  3,  Head,  L.  II., 
CharacU-r  of  lirig.  Young,  10;  Id.,  9,  Z,  C,  M.  I.,  Conatitution  and  Jiy-lawH, 
pasaim;  Id.,  no.  10,  Articlea  of  Incorporation,  noMim;  Id.,  no.  II,  Legida- 
lion  Concerning  Hailroada,  1-40;  Velromile,  A  Tour,  etc.,  12-5;  Bunch,  Mor- 
monen,  04-71;  Id.,  Oeach.  Mormon.,  299,  314,  327-32,  334-9;  Appleton, 
Guide,  Sol;  Id,,  Iliua,  lla)id-Book,  1861,  18G7,  passim;  Id.,  Journal,  1874, 
passim;  Atlantic  Monthly,  iii.  671,  C83-4;  Annala  of  Univeraity  of  IJexertt, 
1884-5,  passim;  Bowlei,  Acroaa  the  Continent,  100-102;  Id.,  Our  Slew  Went, 
202-3,  200-70;  Id.  Par.  "ailrowl,  49-5;  Bonwiib,  Mormona  and  Silver 
Mines,  1-219,  28:)-97,  339-41,  357-02;  Boadieea,  The  Mormon  Wife,  passim; 
Bertrand,  Mem,  Mormon.,  70-1,  7G-7,  81-2,  84-90,  219-20,  201-2;  UewUe, 
Life  in  Utah,  59,  190-200,  222-50,  281-8,  435-70.  508-10.  5.S2-8;  Id.,  Unde- 
reloiied  Weat,  108-C90,  passim;  Id.,  Weatern  Wilds,  63-5;  Utah  Pioneer*, 
S3d  Annir.,  1-40;  Utah  Iteview,  Feb.  1882,  243;  Croch-ron,  Augusta  J., 
Women  of  Deaeret,  1-9;  Brown,  J,  E.,  Speech  in  U,  S,  Senate,  1884,  passim; 
Annutds  University  of  Deaeret,  1882-3,  188.')-4,  1884-5,  passim;  lienuett'a 
Iliat,  of  the  SaintK,  passim;  Clemens,  S.  C,  {Murk  Twain),  Houghing  It,  120-0; 
Culmer,  in  8.  L,  Grocer,  ii.,  no.  2,  1,  3;  Dal)fs  Address,  in  Amer,  Geog.  Soc. 
Hepts,  1873,  15;  Dixon's  White  Conquest,  i,  l'98-200.  206-14;  Del  Mar's  Hist. 
Prec.  Metals,  108;  Elliott  dt  Co.,  Iliat.  Arizona,  I,  87, 151-2,  200,  282-4,  289; 
Faitl{ful'a  Three  Visits  to  Amer.,  159  et  seq.;  Goodrich's  Mormon  Kingdom, 
6-12;  Qreen'a  Mormonism,  etc.,  passim;  StiUman,  J,  W.,  Speech  at  lionton, 
1882,  passim;  Harris,  L.,  Faith  of  tlie  ZiiAis,  in  Spencer's  Labors  in  the 
Vineyard,  61-4;  Internal,  Review,  Feb.  1882,  181;  Kimball,  A.  A.,  Fuuling 
a  Father,  in  Do'a  Gems  fof  Young  Folks,  1-18;  Lee,  John  D.,  Murmonixm, 
etc.,  270,  234,  318;  McCUllnn's  Golden  State,  686-7.  592;  Merewether's  By 
Sea  and  by  Land,  264-71;  Muaser,  A,  M.,  Defence  of  Our  People,  passim; 
nelson's  Pict,  Guide- Hook,  passim;  Head,  Frank  II.,  iu  Overland  Montldy,  v. 
277;  Oakland  Monthlij  Review,  1.  16-22;  Pratt,  Orson,  and  Neicman,  J.  P., 
Public  Diicussion,  1877,  passim;  Plaifer-Frowd,  Six  Montlis  in  California, 
36-7;  Proceedings  Fimt  Natl  Conv.  Cattlemen,  12-13;  Preble's  Hist.  Steam 
Navigation,  244;  Filling's  Bib.  of  N.  Amer.  Languages,  nus.  84,  217,  2UG, 
207,  508,  509,  627,  623,  840,  1391,  1924,  1955.  2212.  2216,  2645,  2S59,  3079, 
3084,  3085,  3088.  3576,  3608,  3609,  3010,  4272;  Pop.  Science  Monthly,  Iii. 
486-90;  Id.,  Ivi.  156-62,  171;  Porter's  Census  of  the  Wed,  1880,  437-40; 
Rosa'  From  Wis.  to  Cal.,  29-32, 37-44, 48;  Gary,  The  Roaming  Badger,  in  Id., 
91-5,  117-23;  SturgW  The  Ute  War  of  1879,  7-8;  Smyth,  John  H.,  Law  of 
Homestead  and  Exemptions,  467;  Spencer,  Orson,  Letters,  etc.,  passim;  Slay- 
tier's  Farmers'  and  Miners'  Manned,  1-20;  Colfax's  Mormon  Question,  passim; 
Young,  Brig.,  Death,  etc.,  2-9,  12-35;  Woodruff's  Leaves  from  My  Journal, 
passim;  WelW  Woman's  Exponent,  Sept.  1, 1884,  53;  Id.,  15th,  63-4,  90-102, 
117-28,  164-81,  333,  470-606;  Barclay,  Mormonism  Exposed,  13,  15-16.  20, 
25-6;  Id.,  New  View  of  Morm.,  25-^;  Hyde,  Mormonism,  116-35,  137-8, 
185-6;  Ilubner,  Round  the  World,  72-125;  HoHister,  Resources  of  Utah,  \)aa- 
■im;  Hickman's  DeMroijing  Angel,  48.  112-17;  Ilittell,  Wash.  Scrap-Book, 
75-6;  Head,  in  Overland  Montldy,  v.  270-9;  Hayes,  Scraps,  Emigrant  Notes, 
663;  Id.,  Lo»  Angeka,  ii.  186-7,  viii  416,  xvii.  45,  xviii.  13-10;  Id.,  Mining, 


AUT'^!ORITIES. 


781 


I.  If),  Cl-3,  xi.,  passim;  /(/.,  nailromU,  ii.  7,  17-19,  2.'>,  iv.  JO-17,  53;  Id., 
San  Dfrtiardiiio,  i.  47-0;  Id.,  San  hicjo,  i.  'i02,  '_M3,  '1\:\  ii.  171-03;  liiwj-, 
in  JJicuH.  I}fpt  Trrrtl  Siqit  Ldiic,  1874-5,  43-00;  Jiienn.  lifptt   Terrtl  Supt 
SchooU,  lb74-5,  187S-0,  1880-1,  188J-3,  itassim;  liriiiham  Young  Acwiemif, 
Circular,  1880,  nasBiin;    llaydtn.  Great    Wfxl,  86,  3I(>-I0,  3'2;>-8;   Duffua- 
Jlardy,  Lady,  Thronqh  Citiea  and  Prairie,  dl-lOO,  108-0,  113-15,   117-10; 
JIarper'a  Mivjazine,  Oct.  1870,  642-4,  030-1;  Id.,  Oct.   1883,  705;  Id.,  Au«. 
18e4,  ;i88;  Jackaon,  Helen,  BiU  of  Travel,  etc.,  17-22;  Buyrr,  From  Orient  to 
Occident,  53-03;  Barnea,  From  Atlantic  to  Pacific,  54-60;  Prieto,  Viaiji",  etc., 
i.  C51-3;  llodl.  Great  Wrat,  19-03;  Greenwood,  Grace,  New  Life,  etc..  137-3, 
140-4;  Sola,  America  Reviailed,2~^'6\'i;  Simonin,  in  Bevitedea  Deux  A/oudea, 
Nov.  1875,  305;  Seward,  Wm  II.,  Travels,  etc.,  10-25;  Smith,  Joxeph,  Doc- 
trine and  Covenants,  passim;  Smith,  MiiHery  and  Crime,  etc.,  passim;  Snow, 
Eliza  It.,  Ilj/mn»  and  Songs,  passim;  Id.,  liecitationa,  etc.,  i.,  passim;  Id., 
Biog.   (if  Lorenzo  Snow,  1U7-8,  449-.')3;   /(/.,  Poems,  i.,  ii.,  posaini;  Utah, 
Scrapn,  1-5,  11-14,  24;  Hept  Ontario  Silv.  Ming  Co.,  passim;  Univ.  Deseret, 
Annual,   1884-5,  passim;  Id.,  Circulars,   1868-71,  1874-5,  1878-0,  1880-2, 
passim;  Smncker,  Ilia,  of  Mormons,  I,  83-4,  131,  174-3,  263-6,  273,  3?I-.3, 
349,  355,  433-5;  Sacred  llymna,  etc.,  passim;  Sai      tie.  My  Qui-en,  passim; 
Taylor,  Summer  Savory,  17-30;  Culmer,  TourisVa  Guide-BooL;  passim;  Gur- 
den  of  the  \yorld,  274;  Ooddant,  Where  to  Emigrate,  148,  152-3;  Codman, 
Hound  Trip,  173-4,  176,  182-255  etseq.;  Cole,  California,  16-0;  CuHis,  Dot- 
tings,  18-28;  Coyner'a  Letters,  etc.,  i.-v.,  passim;  Id.,  Iland-Iiook  of  Mor- 
monism,  passim;  Campbell,  Circular  Xotes,  i.  6i-3;  Cornaby,  Autohiog.  and 
Poema,  passim;  Camp,  Year-Book,  1809,  502-4;  Cradlebaugh,  Mormonism, 
passim;  Crofutt,  Overland  Touriat,  55,  05,  114-51;  Froiaeth,  Women  of  Mor- 
mondom,  315-16,  327,  372-0, 382,  384-9,  392-3.  .196,  398,  412-16;  Ferris,  Utah 
and  the  Mormons,  34-7.  39-40,  45-6,  75.  117,  204,  264-84,  289-302;  Tanner, 
Mary  J.,  Fugitive  Poema,  passim;  Fabian,  Utah,  4-15;  Emerald  Hill  Ming 
Co.,  By-laws,  passim;  Diltx,  Greater  Britain,  i.  122-7,  131-2,  142;  Deseret 
Sunday-school  Mxuic-Book,  passim;  Deseret  Agric.  and  Manvfac.  Soc.,  List 
of  Premiums,  1878,  passim;  Dickeson,  Amer,  Aumiamatic  Manual,  225;  IJc 
lUfiert,  California  and  Morm.,  123-40;  HandBook  to  Salt  Lake  Museum, 
passim;  Mormon  Metropolis,  7-16;  Horn  Silver  Ming  Co.  Hept,  1884,  passim; 
l/nioeraity  if  Deseret,  Catalogue,  1850,  passim;  Cummings,  B.  F.,  in   Utah 
Pion  33d  Anniversary,  30-4;  Robinson,  Sinnera  and  Saints,  71-3,  110-30, 
137,  139-43,  177,  183-4,  186-7,  189-90,  193-3,  234,  230,  243-5,  249-59;  Rich- 
ardson,  Beyowl  tlte  Mississippi,  347,  351,  358-9,  364;  Ilnsling,  Across  Amer- 
ica, l(>:t-6;  Richardt,  Willard,  with  Taylor^s  Govt  of  God,  no.  26,  passim; 
U.  P.  R.  /«'.  R.,  Reiit  of  Sam.  B.  Reed,  passim;  Remy,  Journeif  to  G.  S.  Lake 
City,  i.  53-4,  176,  189-90.  268-73,  450,  453-70;  Id.,  ii.  177-94,  239,  Ji.l-S, 
283-4,  323-4,  336, 343-4,  360-4;  Raymond,  Min.  Resources,  passim;  Id.,  Sta- 
tiatica  of  Mines,  1873,  242-64;  Sloan,  Gazetteer  of  Utah,  1874,  1884,  [tfissim; 
Salt   Lake  Contributor,  i.,  passim;  Id.,  ii.  13-10,  27-32,  48-86,  02,  94,  110, 
115-10,    142,  159.  179-80,  209-10,  2'22,  239-46,  270-3,  287,  302,  .333.  ^50, 
307-9;  Id.,  iii.  61-3;  Id.,  iv.  181-3,  270-8,  .320,  352-3,  .38.3-8;  Juvenile  In- 
structor, 1869,  etseq.;  CcUifornia  Ann.  Mng  Review,  154;  Cal.  and  Nev.  R.  R. 
Prospectus,  0;  Co/.  State  Register,  1857,  !10;  Coast  Review,   1872-9,  passim; 
Minmg  Review,    1876,  23;    Fiaher,  AJvertiser'a  Guide,    100-1;  Id.,  Amer. 
Statist  Annual,  1854,  101,  103,  114;  Direct  ry  Salt  Lake  City,  1860,  passim; 
Id.,  Utah,  1870-80,  passim;  Graliam,  Utah  Directory,  imaaim;  Directory  Pac. 
Coast,  1871-3,  38-42,149-53,  4l:{-29;  Histor.  Magazine,  iii.  85;  Price,   Two 
Americaa,  259-63;  Patterson,  Who  Wrote  the  Book  of  Mormon  P  Pettengitt, 
Newsiwper  Dinctory,  18'y-O.     From  hundreds  of  newspapers,  I  select  the 
followin^f:   S.  L.  City,  Deseret  Newa,  1869-81;  Tribune,  1871-84;  both  too 
voluminous  to  be  quoted  in  detail;  Herald,  1877,  Mar.  24,  May  12,  June  13, 
10,  Sept.  12,29,  Oct.  31,  Nov.  3,  7,  17,  21,  Dec.  12,  22;  1878,  Jan.  9,  16,  30, 
Mar.  20, 23, 30,  Apr.  13,  17,  Sept.  10.  13,  14,  26,  Oct.  3,  Nov.  22,  Dec.  8,  15, 
22.  29;  1879,  Jan.  1,  Apr.  1,  3,  6,  May  2,  24,  29.  June  21,  July  18,  19.  Aug. 
9,  Sept.  2, 0,  7. 21, 24,  23,  26,  Oct.  14,  17.  18,  22,  Nov.  0,  12,  26,  Dec.  0,  16, 


782 


AUTHORITIES. 


in.  '2S;  \m,,  .Tan.  1,  .1,  10.  17,  28,  Feb.  4,  V2,  Juno  17,  .Tulv  20,  Aug.  12,  19, 
2.',  2(»,  Sept.  Hi;  LHSI,  .Mur.  17,  24,  31,  .liino  2,  2.J,  'M,  July  2i,  tXt.  li.  Nov. 
17;  I>SS2,  Jan.  12;  J>aily  J,id< /x-ikUu'.,  1S7«,  l'Vl>.  2,';  /taity  Tih<ii-ni>li,  I  ..;•», 
Jan.  21,  .Mur.  22,  May  1(1,  18,  2»,  July  8,  20,  2.->,  Nov.  :tO,  Die.  If);  ISTO, 
Mai.  2,s,  Apr.  14:  1S7S,  Jan.  1;  Wr-U'.rn  Nininij  i.nzdtc,  1880,  Aujr.  2."i,  Sopt. 

1,  8,  1.-.,  2'.),  Oct.  «,  20,  27,  Nov.  10,  20,  Due.  2.');  Daili/  Mail,  lN7(i,  Jan.  (i, 
I'l,  2."i;  Aiili-l'oh/ijumy  Sinwiant,  Juno  I,  1880;  Unctr,  18S2,  Jiiiio  I,  :'.; 
Utah  /.et-i-w,  18, 1,  May  0.  10,  Au«.  1,  Sept.  2,  4,  a,  IJ,  Hi,  18,  21,  2;»,  21,  2.">. 
2(!,  Oct,  27;  1872.  Jan.  4,  U,  SO,  l-Vb.  10,  i:j;  Cvrinne,  Utah,  l!fi>orlrr,  July 
17,  iSCt);  Vi/drn  Freenmn,  1870,  Fib.  21,  28;  JnuctioJi,  1870,  Au>:.  27,  Sept. 
30;  Silrer  He,/  Miim;  1870,  May  14,  Juno  1,  4,  14,  25,  July  0,  10,  ;!0,  Anj;. 
l;»,  Dec.  27;  1880,  Jan.  10,  17,  Fob.  14,  28;  1881,  Juno  8,  Oct.  l.l,  2,),  Dec. 
31;  1KS2,  Jan.  21.  Mar.  15;  San  Francisco,  Alia,  180!)- 8.");  iiullHin,  IMJO  S."); 
(''(//,  1800-85;  all  too  voluuiiuoua  to  quuto  in  detail;  Chrunicle,  ISOO,  .Jan. 
2;»,  30;  IS72,  Aug.  2.'»,  Sept.  21);  1873,  Oct.  G;  1878,  July  17;  1H80,  .July  24, 
Oct.  14,  Nov.  (i,  14,  28;  18S1,  Sept.  4;  1882,  Jan.  1,  17,  Feb.  2.'.,  Aug.  22; 
188:1,  Apr.  2.'',  Aug.  2S;  I8S4,  Ja:;.  10,  27,  Fel).  21,  Juno  2,  Nov.  2S;"lS..."i, 
Jan.  l.l.  20,  :J1,  Feb.  3,  IT),  Mar.  5,  24,  Apr.  21,  30,  May  3,  10,  23;  L'.cnm- 
iiiir,  iSG'.t,  Jan.  30,  June  11,  Oct.  24.  30,  Nov.  1,  4,  18;  1871,  Feb.  1,  17,  21, 
Mar.  2;  1872,  Jan.  27,  Mar.  4,  7j  1874,  Nov.  13,  Doc.  10;  1877,  Nov.  :',;); 
1S7!»,  Mar.  0,  .May  7;  J>nil>/  l/rnilil,  1800,  Jan.  2."..  Feb.  .1,  II,  21,  Mav  ."..  !i, 
i:i,  I'.i,  June  2(1,  Aus,'.  17;  Uoldeii  L'ra,  1800,  July  17,  24;  1871.  Oct.  S;  17-', 
Mar.  .M,  .Sept.  22;  IS74,  .Sept.  27;  1878,  Jan.  l-J;  1870.  Dee.  27;  ISs;»,  May 
1.".;  .Monitor,  1800,  Mar.  27;  A'ciim  Lrller,  1800.  May  1.".;  IS70,  Dee.  17;  l''74, 
June  27;  AbeiiiWoM,  1800,  Feb.  10,  June  10;  l870,  Jan.  12;  ls72.  May 'J.., 
Juno  8,  Dec.  24;  1873,  .Ian.  15,  Apr.  23,  Aug.  9.  S-  pt.  8,  10,  2ll,  Oct.  2,  7, 
17,  21,  Nov.  II,  Dec.  20;  1874,  Jan.  20,  Apr.  4,  Juno  ;»,  .Sept.  22;   l87.'>,  Jan. 

22,  .Mar.  18.  Apr.  12,  May  28.  Juno  10;  1870,  Mar.  0,  Apr.  0,  Dec.  15;  1877, 
Feb.  21,  1S78,  Feb.  18,  Nov.  1.3,  30;  1870.  .Mar.  IS,  Dec.  22;  Occidnit,  l87i:, 
Apr.  21);  Sl,„lc  J,'f/,ort,  1874,  Aug.  4;  l87.>.  Apr.  20;  1870,  Sept.  17;  187!', 
Jan.  17,  Ani,'.  0,  Nov.  13,  27;  1880,  Jan.  1,  Feb.  5,  Juno  8,  July  21;  I8M, 
Feb.  h);  TiiwH,  iMiO,  Jan.  1,  8,  12,  1.5,  20,  Feb.  II,  10,  Mar.  2,  0,  10,  II,  17, 

23.  :{0,  Apr.  21,  Mav  8,  10,  11,  1.".,  17,  18,  10,  2»,  21,  22,  2t.  2.-),  20,  Juuo  0. 
July  (i,  0,  28,  M),  Aug.  10,  17,  10,  24,  .Sept.  0.  17,  20,  Oct.  0,  15;  Conrur  ile 
S'di  J'nt,i'-iM<.,  1800,  l)ee.  15;  1870,  Juno  11;  lS7l,  Mar.  4;  Joiini'il  «/  i'uni- 
VII-  re,  1870.  Nov.  8;  Pncijic,  I87:i,  Mar.  13,  Apr.  3;  Pacl/ic  linrnl  /Vr.sv,  I.s7!», 
Mav  3;  J)ircctorii,  iS73,  30-7;  H'ienti/ic  and  Minim/  PiC'oi,  1 870,  Jan.  I."), 
Sept.  3,  Nov.  20;  1871,  Oct.  8.  28;  1872,  Feb.  3,  Mar.  0,  30,  Apr.  13.  Oct. 
10;  1873,  Jan.  18,  Feb.  1.';,  22.  Mar.  I.  8,  Apr.  .'i,  .May  31,  July  17,  An-.  0, 
Oct.  4,  11;  Commercial  J hra!i I  and  Mnrl-et  Ihview,  1871,  Mar.  21,  Au','.  II; 
l.>74,  June  18;  1877,  Sept  0;  i'arijic  Buptint,  1875,  May  0,  1.3.  20,  .Nov.  II; 
Pncijli'  Vhiirchnvm,  1870,  Aug.  2."i;  (-'hrixliaii  Union,  Jan.  14,  ls7,");  J'lf.  A't- 
vi-rtiWr,  Dec.  21,  1872;  Pionnr,  1872,  Aug.  15,  Nov.  21,  Doc.  5;  Po^f,  IS72, 
Apr.  II,  12,  May  8,  July  3;  1873,  Apr.  0,  Aug.  7,  1<»,  Sept.  25.  Oct.  0;  187,'), 
Jan.  22,  .Mar.  II,  Apr.  1.3,  24;  1870,  Jan.  II,  Apr.  I,  Mav  .3,  July  l.\  IS77; 
Apr.  4,  May  .3,  4,  Aug.  .30,  Sept.  1.  17.  29;  1878.  Apr.  4;  1S70.  .May  17.  Nov. 
21.  Dec.  .30;  1S84,  .Mur.  27;  Stock  Exrhmnji',  Aiir.  10,  Sept.  0,  1877;  I'nnittj 
Fair,  Nov.  12,  1881;  Visitor,  May  24.  1873;  C(d.  (Jhrixt.  Adv  ca'c,  IsiJO, 
Nov.  II;  1870,  Apr.  28.  Aug.  4;  1871,  Jan.  10;  1872,  Aug.  15;  1874,  Aug. 
27,  Sept.  3;  Sacramento  Union,  1800-85,  too  voluminous  to  be  (|UolC(l  in  de- 
tail; Sirrmnenlo  lice,  1809,  May  ?;,  25;  1878,  Nov.  2;  1870,  Dec.  0;  18S0, 
Feb.  28;  .SV»«  llaj'ael  Wy  Ihruli,  1877,  Jan.  11;  Sonera  Union  Drmocra', 
Nov.  I."),  1870;  San  Jom'  Mircnry,  Nov.  23,  1871;  /</.,  Pioneer,  Mar.  3,  1877; 
Dec.  II,  1879,  Jan.  1,  1880;  Id.,  II, raid,  1877,  Apr.  12,  1.3.  16,  May  8.  Autr. 
20,  3);  Castrovitle  Arijni^,  Mar.  27,  18(10;  Iiidi'jieni'ence  Inw  Ii.dc/ieiidenf,  Nov. 

2.  1878;  Marijiom  <liizelte,  Apr. ;;,  >S75,  Sept.  8,  1877,  Oct.  12,  1878,  Jan.  2.'., 
lt*70;  I'allijo  Daily  Chronicle,  Mav  IJ  20,  1880;  Tmcbe  llepublicnn,  .May 
II.  1872;  llakerxjirUl  Culi/ornian,  Nov.  25,  1880;  Chico  tiutte  liicord,  Sept. 
4,  1875;  CreHcent  City  Courier,  1879,  Feb  19,  Deo.  17;  Duti:h  Flat  F,>rum, 
Sept.  0,  1877;  Oilroy  Advocate,  May  12,  1377,  Nov.  2,  1878;  IJeald^bur'j  Eh- 


AUTHORITIES. 


783 


(/f 


tfrprUe,  Feb.  9,  Sept.  fl,  18ft7;  Id.,  nii»*ian  7?,irr  F/nff,  Sept.  1.1,  1877; 
LnLi/wrl  Luke  Dtiiwcntt,  IH77,  .Sept.  i\,  'Jvi;  L<>»  Aiujrlea  H'y  .SM/-.  .Sept.  8, 
1S77;  /'/.,  Wij  ErjirfnK,  1877,  May  2(1,  Sept.  1;  yi/.,  th'tniinj  h'-r/mM",  iHl'.t, 
Sept.  IS;  1884,  Jan.  '2,  Mar,  .'l!,  Anr.  .''.;  Marin  Co.  Journal,  Auj:.  'Jl,  1871); 
MnryHvilU  />»/  Apjieal,  Sept.  tt,  1870;  Monltrty  JJrmocral,  .Sept.  I,  1877; 
AfiA)ft  lUijUtfr,  1877,  Sent.  1,  8,  'J*);  1878,  Feb.  ".»;  Oakland  TrihiiH>-,  Jan.  !», 
18,7;  Petahtma  Ar<ju»,  July  '27,  1877;  /</.,  Coiiriir,  Sept.  G,  1877;  AV(/  /Hull' 
Seiiliiiel,  Sept.  8,  1877,  Jan.  20,  1878;  .Van  tinrnaventura  Frre  J'rtiH,  Sept. 
8,  1877,  Jan.  10,  1878,  Jnno  28,  1879;  San  Difjo  Xewn,  1877,  Apr.  17,  Mny 
7,  Aug.  2,'>,  JJO,  Sept.  C,  II;  A/.,  Union,  Dec.  2."),  1873,  May  81,  1877;  Santi 
C'liiz  (.'oiirier,  Sept.  7,  1877;  /</.,  Seutiinl,  Sept.  8,  1877;  Santa  Itoxa  Wij 
Timf*,  Sept.  C,  1877;  Sonoma  Democrat,  Juno  2J»,  1878,  July  l!»,  187!!; 
Stockton  Indi-peudent,  1877,  May  12,  Juno  10,  July  14,  Aug.  4,  Sept.  1,  Nov. 
24,  1878,  June  29;  1870,  Anr.  2,  Aug.  8,  Nov.  18,  Dec.  0;  I8S1,  Sept.  :W,  Oct. 
.'I,  Nov.  1;  1883,  Jan.  1;  Siiisun  Hipultlican,  Sept.  0,  1877,  Sept.  4,  I87!>; 
Ukla/i  Democrat,  1877,  Sept.  8,  20;  Yuba  Wy  Banner,  Nov.  2,  1878;  Ana- 
hrim  Ouzftte,  1877,  May  12,  Juno  2,  Sept.  8,  1.");  Antioch  Lrdijer,  1874,  Nov. 
14;  1877,  May  12,  20,  Sept.  1;  Jarknon  Amador  Led'jer,  1877,  Sept.  8.  22; 
JitjHfbunj  I'laindi'altr,  1877,  May  20,  Oct.  0;  1870,  Aug.  10;  Yuma  SfiUinrI, 
Sept.  >*,  22,  1877,  July  20,  1870;  Quincij  J'liiiiKiit  Xutional,  Ju\y  10,  I,s7(); 
Amtin,  Xrv.,  Jleae  liii'.  Jleveil/e,  .Sept.  13,  1872,  Aug.  9,  1870;  I.ynn  f  >-. 
yVwrs,  Sept.  4,  1877;  Carbon  Vnllry  Xrwn,  May  DO.  1870;  ('iirxmi  Aii/x"!, 
1873,  Feb.  9,  Mar.  21,  Apr.  20;  1874,  Juno  3;  l87.'»,  -Mar.  IS,  July  27:  Issi), 
/\[>r.  1;  livlmont  Courier,  Nov.  II,  1870;  Carbon  State  Itiiiislir,  Is71.  Mar.  I, 
II,  Oct.  27,  Nov.  12,2.3;  1872,  Feb.  0,  Apr.  10,  Oct.  II,  N.-v.  8;  A/.,  r,/,/ 
Trihnne,  Sept.  20,  1870;  Cherry  Creek  White  Pine  NewM,  M:ir.  I'.l,  Issf; 
Como  Sentinel,  ,]\xly  9,  1804;  Dayton  Lyon  County  Sentinel,  Jn\y  Ki,  isOl; 
Elko  I iidt pendent,  I8(i0,  Aug.  18,  Sept.  22,  Oct.  0,  13,  Nov.  10;  1870,  .laii. 
21!,  May  4,  Juno  4,  2.'.;  1871,  July  15,  Sept.  0.  30,  Nov.  II,  Dec  2.;:  Is7-', 
Mar.  2,  Aug.  10,  iJoe.  28;  187.3,  Jan.  18,  Juno  22;  1870,  Jan.  31.  .\iig.  17; 
Eureka  Daily  Lender,  1880,  Juno  28;  Id.,  Sentinel,  1871,  June  13,  27,  Oci.  ."il; 
187.',  Mar.  17;  187.'),  Jan.  23;  1878,  Nov.  9;  ls70,  Jan.  30;  ISS2,  IM..  II. 
.Mar.  7,  July  14;  Gold  Hill  Xews,  1800,  June  o;  1871,  May  8;  Is74,  .luii.  :iO; 
187."),  Feb.  24,  Mar.  14;  1870,  Apr.  10;  1877,  Apr.  7,  10,  .May  17,  .Iuik'  I,  8. 
July  17,  Aug.  20,  .30,  Sept.  1,  10,  27;  1878,  ^lar.  I..,  Apr.  22,  Julv  .31:  iss|, 
JunV  24,  July  10,  Oct.  23;  Pioche  J-'urnal,  July  20,  I87-');  Id.,  Dni/i/  A'cor-/, 
187.3,  Feb.  18,  2.1;  lieno  Gazette,  1877,  May  ."i,  Sept.  l.l,  22;  !878.  .I:in.  4, 
Nov.  14;  1880,  Dec.  0;  1881,  Nov.  12;  18S2,  Jan.  24,  Mar.  .30,  Apr.  13,  Awj. 
5,  20;  188.3,  Jan.  24,  31,  Apr.  17;  Id.,  State  Journal,  1870,  Dec.  2:i;  1877, 
Sept.  22;  1879,  Juno  18;  1S80,  Aug.  3,  20;  liuby  Jlill  Minin;/  Neirx,  Sept.  10, 
1881;  TuMciirora  TimeH-Periew,  1870,  Feb.  1,  2,  3,  4,  23,  May  10,  Juno  17, 
Aug.  20;  Unionoillc  Silver  State,  Dec.  23,  1871;  Vir<jinia  Citij  Efen<j  ('hruni- 
e'e,  1877,  May  4,  1."),  Aug.  30,  .Sept.  3,  8,  10;  Tenitnrial Enterprise,  Nov.  2.1, 
1800;  Winnemurra  Silver  State,  Apr.  3,  1870,  .Mar.  1870,  Aug.  1882;  1878, 
Nov.  10;  1870,  July  11,  Aug.  20;  hoiiN<,  Id.,  Pepnblican,  Sept.  20,  1884;  Id., 
Statenman,  1870,  June  2.1,  Sept.  24;  1872,  Jan.  0,  June  1;  1873,  Jan.  4,  Feb. 
1,  1.1,  July  12;  1874,  July  11;  1870,  Mar.  18;  1870,  Mar.  4,  Aug.  10,  Nov. 
20;  Bonanza  City  Yankee  Fork  Herald,  Sept.  2"),  1879;  Oxford  Idaho  EnUr- 
prine,  1879,  Sept.  11.  18,  Oct.  10,  30;  Silver  City  Avalanche,  1870,  Sc|it.  17; 
1872,  May  4;  1873,  Dee.  0;  lS7o,  .Mar.  2;  1870,  Feb.  22,  20;  1877.  Sept.  8, 
1.1;  Omaha,  Neb.,  New  fVent,  Dec.  1870;  I'rescott,  Ariz.,  Miner,  Is72,  May  4; 
187.3,  Jan.  18,2.1,  Mar.  8,  May  17;  187.1,  Juno  4,  Aug.  27;  I87(i,  iHc.  22; 
1877,  Jan.  20,  May  18,  Juno  15,  Aug.  31,  Sept.  14,  Oct.  20;  1878,  Dec.  13; 
1S70,  May  9;  Tucson  Eronte.rizo,  dau.  27,  1882;  Galventun,  Tex.,  Ihii'y  S.v.i, 
Dec.  1,  1884;  /(/.,  lli  raid,  in  Wa'sonrille  Pnjaroninn,  Apr.  4,  lS7S;  Walla 
Walln  Statesman,  May  24,  1870;  Port  Towwend  Dimor.  Press,  Sept.  4,  Oct. 
3,  1870;  Seattle  I ntelli;;eii<er,  Nov.  15.  1800;  Pin/et  Sound  Wy  Counier,  Sept. 
7,  1877;  Olympia,  W<'ish.,  Standard,  .Sept.  8,  1877,  Aug.  1.1,  1870:  I<l.,  Trai- 
script,  Aug.  15,  1874;  Vanconver  J'tgister,  .luno  11,  1875;  Purliuiiil,  Or., 
Deutsche  ZeUumj,  1871,  Sept.  23,  Oct.  28;  1S72,  Aug.  31;  1870,  Oct.   21; 


7M 


AUTHORITIES. 


1877.  Apr.  28,  Jane  2,  23.  Jaly  U,  Oct.  iS;  1870.  Mar.  8.  Oct  2S,  Deo.  13, 
20;  Id.,  Wy  Standard,  1877,  Apr.  27.  8ept  7:  Id.,  Herald,  Jaly  10,  1870, 
Mar.  21,  1872,  Oct  27,  1874,  Jane  20, 1878;  Id.,  Ettng  TtUgnun,  1870,  Sept. 
8,  D6C.  8;  Id.,  Pac.  VhrM.  Advocate,  July  24.  1879;  Athland  Ti)Uvg>!,  Seut. 
7.  1877,  Nov.  1.5, 1878;  Attoria  Aetorian,  1880,  Apr.  23,  Oot  20;  Euuene  VUy, 
Or.,  SttU*  Journal,  Aug.  23,  1870;  JachmviUt  Demos.  Tima,  1877.  tkot  7, 
28,  Oct.  5;  Albany  Statu  BigkU  Dtmoe.,  Sept  6,  1879;  Salem,  Or.,  StcUa- 
man.  Mar.  13, 1875,  May  18, 1877.  May  12,  1879;  VhrginiaCUy,  Monta,  Mad- 
iaonian,  June  23,  1877;  Deer  Lodge  New  Hortkwnt,  1870,  Sept.  2:{;  1873, 
Feb.  22;  Helena  Dy  Oaartte,  1872.  Feb.  17,  Apr.  SO,  May  1;  1873,  Nov.  23; 
Id.,  Herald,  1873,  Deo.  11;  1876,  Mar.  23,  Sept  14;  N.  Y.  Tribune,  in  Cala- 
verat  Chronicle,  Oot  6,  1877;  N.  Y.  Herald,  1882,  Jan.  30,  Feb.  13;  Id.,  in 
Independence  Independent,  Aug.  16,  1879;  Pamamd  Star  and  Hentld,  Nov. 
18,  1869,  June  7,  1873,  Apr.  1,  1876,  Nov.  14,  1877;  J/edco  Diario  O/eial, 
2d  fol..  1880,  pMim. 


INDEX. 


Akronic,  priesthood  of,  841-2. 
Abiquiu,  uativea  with  expedt.  IV7b,  9. 
Abrahftina,  Levi,  Mwulton,  601. 
Adaini,  UamabM  L.,  pioneer  of  '47, 

272. 
Adamt,  Ezra,  Uid  out  town  site,  312; 

sriat-niill  uf,  327. 
Aoama,  Geo.  J.,  iniuionary,  402. 
Adama,  Jainea,  regent  of  univoraity, 

146. 
Adams,  J.  M.,  miuionary,  402. 
Adoption  for  etoniity,  dugniaof.  361. 
Agrivultural  un.l  Mauufaoturiug  oo. 

incori>oratcd,  008. 
Agriculture,    coniinunity    farm,    14i; 

Irrigation,  r>70-8<),  722-4;  pnxlucta 

and  yield,  720-2;  cJiarttcter  of  aoil, 

724;  annual  faint,  724-A. 
Aguaa  Colitntca.     ,Seo  ('urrant  Creek. 
Aitken,  murder  uf,  18A7,  M12-3. 
Aloxondcr,  Col,  atratvgio  movement 

of,  515;  Ilia  rt>trcat,  51.V1U. 
Allen,   Kl<ler,   tarred    and    feathered 

1833,  UH). 
Allen,   Cnpt.,  raiaee  Mormon  batil., 

241. 
Allen,  rharlofi,  capt.  in  legion,  147. 
A,lon,  Ira,  aottier  at  Hyniiii,  CltS. 
Allen,  Hutu.!,  pioneer  of  '47.  272, 
Alien,  NV.  C,  aottlea  in  A'f'nnn.  693. 
Allred,  .lamea,  at.  Sevinr  H;   «r,  316. 
AllrtHi,  W.  M.,  cnpt.  in  legiou.  147. 
Alpine  ("ity  fonnded,  'W'i, 
Alta,  mining;  tow.'  OW. 
Ami'ricaii  Fork  foui.<lrd,  r.}2;  mill  at, 

337;  inuorpiirated,  4,'iO. 
Aniiiriuan  Fork  diat,  ndnua  of,  value, 

743. 
Amivrat,  con'erence  at,  18.32,  00. 
Aiioie^.t    liliitr   Uuina,   Morniuna  at, 

'2M. 
Andei-aon,  Capt.,  acts  in  fight  at  Nau- 

voo.  220;  death  of,  2:t0. 
Audemou,  Andrew,  miaa.  to  Auatpi- 

lia,  410. 

UUT.  Vtab,    M 


Anderson,  Jamas  P.,  settler  in  Be«r 

ver  CO.,  S9H. 
Anderson,  Kosmoa,  mnrder  of,  560. 
Angel,  Truman  O..  pioneer  of  '47,  272 
Aathun,  Prof.,  characters  aulmiitted 

to,  1828,  iOi  letter  from.  1;«34,  40- 

fiO. 
Ansa,  Capt;.,  cxpeda  of,  1774-.'*,  8. 
Apostles,  tinit  quorum  clioaeu,  1835, 

111;  duties.  ,344-6. 
Appleby,  Wm  J.,  uuiv.  regent,  700. 
Arixona,  Mormon  aettlenienU,  ((iKi-4. 
Arkansas,  emigrant  {uirty  at  ■'^.   L, 

64A;  ill  feeling  towards,  547;  luas- 

sacre  of,  Ici57,  55O-0. 
Armstrong,  G.   \V.,  Ind.  agent,  478{ 

promotca  canal  co.,  48:1. 
Arvard,  Do  H.,  excum.,  126  7. 
Aahloy,  Col,  acts  in  Uaun's  mill  trag> 

cdy",  128. 
Ashley,    Wm  H.,    trapping    cx|M-dt. 

1825,  21  2. 
Att^liison,  Maj.-gen.,  actsaguin^'t  Mor- 
mons,  122  3;  resigns,  \W. 
Atlwood,  Millen,  puin<«'r  <>f  '17,  272. 
AuerW:h    liros,  uicrciiuntH,   iM-t-aecu* 

tiuU  of,  4i<'>4. 
Australia,  miss,  work  in,  410. 
Authorities  <|<iot  <l,  .'<32   :Ui4i,  38H-9S, 

436-8,  tM»7-4t».  77ii  h4. 
Axtell,  S.  U.,  upput  guvr.  667. 


lUhbitt,  Almon,  mlasionary,  402. 
liuliliitt,  A.  W.,  del.  to  ci>nn{ni«jt,  444| 

ueul  refiiiteil,  4.'i2;  sec.  of  tcr. ,  462. 
ItiK'kenstoa,  J.  '{.,  col  of  Ifgimi,  117. 
llii'lger,  lltMluey,  pioneer  of  '47,  '.'72. 
itaines,  .lolin  U,,  l>iog.,  700, 
linker  Jexac,  iiresdl  of  clilers,  100, 
linker.  Jos.,  settler  at  .Mcndoii,  .'tOT. 
liuldwiu,  Caleb,  trial  ut,  and  a«iattencs, 

131. 
Baldwin,  Wheeler,  sent  U*  Misiuturi 

lliai.  84. 

(TNtll 


I 


I 

,1 


m 


INDEX. 


Ball,  Joa.,  miuioury,  402. 
Bttllaiitine  Ilich.,  miaa.  to  Calontta, 

410. 
Dallinger,  Jeaae  0.,  aetUea  in  Arizona, 

093. 
Bunking.  7CJ-6. 
Bunks,  ,hio.,    preadt  of   Edinburgh 

conference,  400. 
Bannucki,  tha,  intent  of,  1803,  031; 

treiiiy  with.  634. 
Ba)>tiani,  ceremony,  337-8. 
lUrkcr,  John  I>..  sheria'  1848, 287. 
Iktmrs,  L.,  miaaionary,  402. 
Baruett,  John  T-,  regent  of  univer* 

aity,  146. 
Ikirnoy,  Lowia,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Ikirnhum,  C  1).,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Ikimunt,  Henry,  houae  at  Peva,  A05. 
Ikirou  Itt  IlouUn.  fablca  of,  1080.  18, 

lt». 
Iktrrctt,  Wm,  miaa.  to  Auatralia,  410. 
Bartliolomew,  Jainea,  founiia  Fayette, 

001. 
Bartleaon,  J.,  expedt.  of,  1841,  20. 
barton,  Juaenh,  Liug.,  700. 
Iktskin,  It.  N.,  attv  in  L<>o  triaS,  OO.'i. 
Bttluinan,  Wm,  at  Mtn  Mcadowamoa. 

aucre,  i).)!. 
ButfH,  atty  in  Leo  trial,  Wi. 
ButcK,  MareoUus,  cant,  in  legion,  147. 
Ikittlo  Crock.     Sue  rleuaant  Grove, 
liomllc,  J.  11.,  Li/e.  in  Utah,  037. 
IWiilicliI,  ahuoting  of,  O'JO. 
Buur  Hunter,  Chief,  killed,  031. 
Bi'ur  River,  courao,  20;  aaltneu,  30; 

Uiltloat,  I80:t,  U31-2. 
lU'ur  Ui\i!r  Iliiy,  aurvuycd,  403. 
BcuiitiKdit,  Charlea,  trader,  2.*t5. 
IWuvur  i'ity,  omi^rauta  at,  MS;  Loo 

trial,  ri)i.'i;  founding,  .'i08;  coty  a«at, 

UIHM  population,  IH80,  70.'). 
IkMivrr  (lily,  judicial  diat,  TtSOt  act- 

tli-iiirnta,  .'lOS-U;  aulpliur-lHidi,  739. 
Beaver  (. 'lit y  Record,  ncwapapor,  710. 
Bcikver  Knicrpriae,  nvwspajicr,  710. 
Biincr  River,  otlrnotion  nf,  MH, 
Bcekwitli,   lit  K.    U.,    in   ttunuiaon 

piirty,  408. 
Betlillu,  John,  founda  Kdcn,  001. 
Ik'elM',  C'ulvin,  of  council  of  twelve, 

los. 
BeMen,   Joaiah,   in  Bartleaon   party 

184 1,  ■J»:  HiM.  aiitlfinfui,  29,  JiO. 
Belliwii,   John,   of   Uuuniaun   i>arty, 

470. 
Ikinup,   (lilbert,   marahal  at  Ogdon 

1S->I,  :t08. 
BcMini-tt,  .1.  C,  ohancollnr  of  univor- 

aily,  140;  JliH,  qf  the  Haintt,  crit. 

on,  149-53. 


Bennett,  5!amnel,  regent  of  nniTeraity, 
140. 

Benaon,  Alva,  aettlea  at  Ilymm,  608. 

Banaon,  EzraTaft,  holdaaerv'-^e,  1847, 
20;<:  ineaaenger  to  I'ratt,  208;  pio- 
neer of  '47,  282;  lays  out  town  site, 
312;  apoatle  lO^i-GO,  .S4.*(;  grant 
to,  451;  of  council  1851,  458;  pro- 
motoa  water  co.,  483;  aettlea  at 
Millville,  598;  biog.,  075-6. 

Bent,  Samuel,  of  high  council,  108; 
nuaaionary,  402. 

Bornhiael,  I).,  bpvcial  agent  18.'iO,  325. 

Beruhiael,  J.  M.,  to  draught  constitu- 
tion, 440;  del.  to  congreaa,  484; 
univeraity  regent,  700. 

Berry,  John,  attacked  by  Inds,  474. 

Berubiwl,  Dr  J.  M.,  conunitteo  to 
govr,  174. 

BtMth,  Ezra,  aent  to  Miaaonri  1831, 
84;  anostatizea,  89. 

Bogga,  r'lancia,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Bug^s,  L.  W.,  huatility  to  Mormona, 
100;  treachery  of,  102-3;  govr  of 
Mo.,  IIU;  rcfuacs  iiclptu  Mormona, 
12:i-4;  tactica  of,  128-0;  attempt 
to  aasaasiuate,  150. 

Dolton,  L'urttH  E.,  miaa.  to France,41 1. 

Bordeaux,  Jnnics,  occupying  Fort 
Laramie  1817.  2.'m. 

Borcinuu,  Juilgo,  preadt  at  trial*  of 
J.  l.«c,  5(W-5. 

Botaford,  I>un. ,  miaaionary,  402. 

Bouutilul.  town,  700. 

Box  Elder  cuty,  organized,  450;  Ju- 
dicial diat,  539;  coty  neat,  600. 

Box  Elilcr  Creek,  aetllement  at,  317. 

lloyer,  Peter,  teatimouy  of,  01. 

Ikiynton,  John  F.,  airaailo  1835-8, 
344-5. 

Bracken,  Levi,  magintrato  1848,  287. 

Krudlcy,  U.  W.,  founds  Muroui,  001. 

Rraman,  S..  ndaaionary,  402. 

Brundolmry,  L.  H.,  chief  juHtice  of 
tcr.,  450;  di^putea  with,  4.'i8-00. 

Brandon,  (}.  II.,  missionary  402. 

Urannun,  8am.,  letter  of,  210;  colony 
of,  21.1,  593,  042;  meets  party  to 
Utah,  2.'»0. 

Braaslield,  Newton,  murder  of,  020-7. 

Urewater,  Elder,  uucs  to  Iowa,  012. 

Bridger,  Jituies,  diaeovers  (jrcat  .Salt 
Luke,  19- JO;  trading  poHt  of,  2.58. 

nri(;>;s,  E.  C,  Josuphitu  niistiionary, 
045. 

Bri^hani  City,  founded,  318;  cotjr 
acat,  018,  702. 

Bnghain  Young  Express  Co.,  501-2, 

Briuilmll,  Uco.,  rvpreaeutativu  Iti51, 
458. 


INDEX. 


•m 


Britiah  Ind!*,  miu.  work  in,  410. 
Brocchua,  Perry  E.,  associato  judgeof 

tor.,  4:16;  diaputea  with,  4o6-«0. 
Brockman,  Rev.,  acta  in  a  fight  at 

Naiivoo,  2-28-31. 
"Brooklyn,"  chartered  for  Cal.,  213. 
Bruuu,  Capt.,   with  detachiuent  in 

valley,  1M7.  264. 
Brown,  Benj.,  niiaaionary,  402. 
Brown,  Geo.,  pioneer  uf  47,  272. 
Brown,  Uiram,  e:  coinniuniuatcd,  107. 
Brown,  J.,  aaceut  of  Twin  Peak*  1847, 

265. 
iirown,  Jamea,  biahop,  290;  pnrchaaea 

Goodyear  tract,  .307;  le^'ialator,  458. 
Brown,  Juhn,  pioneer  of  '47,  272;  cut 

off  from  church,  300. 
Bniwn,  N.  T.,  pioneer  0/  '47,  272. 
Brown,  P.,  miaaionary,  402. 
Brown,  Samuel,  acta  at  election,  120. 
Browning,  Jamea  G.,  reprvaeutativo 

1801,  458. 
Bidwcll,  J.,  in  Bartleson  |Nirty  1841, 

29;  Cali/ornia,  IS4I-8,  29-;i0. 
Big  Blowout  Mine,  iron  deiHMita,  735. 
Big  Caaou  Craek,  wooUen-uiilla  on, 

Big  Elk,  Chief,  negotiationa  with,  237 
Bigler,    Jacob  G.,   magistrate   1848, 

287. 
BilUnga,  Alfred  N.,  founda  aettlement, 

001. 
BilUnga,  O.  P.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Billiuga,  Titua,  to  tliapoae  of  church 

property  I8:U,  88. 
Bing'.iam,  mining  town,  COO. 
Birmingham,  work  at,  4UU-7. 
Bi^liop,  Francia  G.,  niissiouary,  402. 
Bialiop,  W.  \V.,  atty  iu  Uo  trial,  405. 
Black,  Adam,  acta  towanla  Murniona, 

122. 
B*iick,  Geo.  A.,  aec.  of  ter,  001. 
Black  Hill,  Moniious  arrive  at,  255. 
Black,  J.  S.,  settli'S  at  Dciterot,  GUI. 
Black,  prioat,  miu.  to  Ireland,  410. 
Jlluir,  Seth  M.,  U.  .S.  atty  of  tur.,  4.(0. 
Blakslce,  Jus,  missionary,  402. 
B'oilgett,  Edgitr.  del.  In  WiihIi.,  447. 
Bloou  atonement,  tlieory  of,  34U. 
Buchanan,  Presdt,  txili'.-y  of,  .VJO. 
Buckmaater,  Col,  allays  fury  of  citi- 
zens, 100. 
Buflington,  Joa.,  chief  juatice  of  ter., 

450. 
Bullion  production,  741. 
Bullock,  Isaac,  aettlvaat  Fort  Supply, 

505. 
Bunch-graas,  value  of,  728. 
Burgeas,   Harrison,   councillor  S.   L. 

City  1851,  4oa 


Burk,  John  M.,  aigna  memorial,  134. 
Burnham  Jaa,   miaaionary  (o  Wales 

1840,  400. 
Buma,  Lt.  attacked  by  Ind«,  475. 
Burr,    David    U.,    aurveyor-guneral, 

485. 
Burton,  Lonia,  in  Wolfskill  cxpedt 

1 81)0,  24. 
Burton,  Col  R.,  corps  of  obaervatinn, 

012;    actions  in    Morrisite  di'f)>.it, 

010-18;  collector  iuteruul  revenue, 

010. 
Burton,  R.  F.,  works  of,  .Vi7. 
Burton.   R.   T.,   built  wuoUenmilh, 

732. 
BuHby,  Jofl.,  grant  to,  483. 
Butler,  John  L.,  grant  to,  009. 
Butterticltl,  Josiali,  presdt  of  aevMi- 

ties,  109. 
Byurd,  R.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 


Cache    oty,  judicial  dist,  5.10;  orisia 

of  '.laine,  5  M);  coty  scat,  008;  Hettla. 

ments  in,  702. 
Cacbo  Valley  surveyed,  404. 
Cahooi:.  Reyiiolds,  sent  to  MiHRouri 

18:11,  8f. 
Caine,  Joh.:  f.,  sec.  of  order  of  Kiioch, 

301;  prcscnta  constitution   to  ooa- 

grejs,  087. 
Cairns,  Juo.,  misa.  to  Scotland  1 843, 

400. 
Cultler,  D.  0. ,  sec.  of  order  of  Enoch, 

3(]l;  biog.,  770. 
CaUlwcU  coty,  Mormons  remuvs  to, 

117. 
California,  emigrations  to.  210,  213, 

207-304,  .'120;  Murnion  m<  uIliiu  uta 

in,   502-3,  003;  Gladdvuites   leave 

for,  044. 
California  volunteers,  arrival  of,  1802, 

Oil    12. 
Cull,  Anson,  settles  at  Fillmore,  314; 

builds  tort,  UUI. 
Campbell,  murder  of,  472. 
Campbell,  A.  G.,  del.  to  I'ongresg,  447; 

certifu'ute  granted  to,  di-A. 
Campbell,  Robt  L,  university  regent, 

;oo. 

Camp  Douglas,  U.  S.  troops  ot.  (i.'iO. 
Cump  Floyd,  troops  at,  A.'C;  sulu  of 

supplies,  575-0;  (  al.  voU  ut,  UIJ. 
Camp  lUwIiiis,  U.  .H.  triMps  ut,  059; 

bad  coniluet  <if.  0410. 
Cuni|>  Scott,  winter  at,  .VJO-l. 
Cuijudu,  missionary  work  in,  103-5. 
CauuU,  acta  to  cooatruct,  007. 


! 


788 


INDEX. 


Cannon,  Geo.  Q.,  apottle,  346;  biog., 
434;  chosen  lenator,  (i05;  director 
Z.  C.  M.  I.,  652;  arretted,  603; 
dcU  to  congreu,  665;  ureaided  at 
h.  Young's  funeral,  67 1-2;  on 
Young's  character,  673;  elected 
councillor,  680:  certificate  of  elec- 
tion refused,  688;  publiahea  Juve> 
nilo  Instructor,  715. 

Carbonate  mine,  745. 

Cardenas,  Carola  Lopez  de,  expedt.  of, 
1540,  I  5;  map  of^  route,  5. 

Carey,  VVm  C,  atty  in  Lee  trial,  665. 

Carlin,  Gov.  T.,  friendly  to  Mormons, 
155. 

Carlin,  Thomas,  causes  trouble  at 
Nauvoo,  227-9. 

Carn,  Elder,  ord.  to  leave  Berlin,  411. 

Carringtou,  Albert,  ascends  Twin 
Peaks,  265;  pioneer  '47,  272;  apos- 
tle, 345;  draughts  constitution,  440; 
assessor,  443;  university  regent, 
70i>;  hiog.,  775. 

Carrying  co.  established  1840,  298. 

Carson,  Geo.,  attacked  by  Inds,  477. 

Carson,  Kit,  in  Fr«iinont's  expedt. 
1S4:),  33. 

Ciirsou  coty  defined,  501. 

Carson  V'utlcy,  colony  at,  505;  settle- 
nientii  in,  51K)-2;  mines  of,  748. 

Cartliugc,  actions  of  authorities,  170- 
1;  di'iith  of  J.  iSmitii  at,  175-83; 
meeting  at,  21 1 ;  trouble  at,  225. 

Cartlittgu  (iroys  act  at  death  of 
8mith,  178  81. 

Cartvr,  John  S.,  sent  on  mission  1834, 
104. 

Carter,  iSimcon,  sentto  Missouri  1831, 
84;  of  council  of  twelve,  108. 

Carter,  Wni,  sent  to  Missouri  1831, 
84;  turns  first  furrow  at  Salt  Lake, 
201;  pioneer '47,  272. 

Carter,  Wm  F.,  miss,  to  Calcutta, 
410. 

Case,  Jnines,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Ca»tlu  V'ulley,  coal  deposits  in,  737. 

CuultiolU,  of  (iunnison  party,  470. 

Cavo  niiMo,  745. 

Cedar  City,  furnace  at,  317;  Iron- 
works, '317;  incurporateil,  450;  em- 
igrants at,  548;  population,  706. 

Cenliiil  Pacific  U.  It.,  building  of, 
7.>3-5. 

Centruville,  founded,  305-7;  mills  at, 
327. 

Chania  River,  expedt.  at,  1776,  9. 

Chaiiil>crlain,  8.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Chapman,  Jacob  K.,  missionary,  402. 

Chariton  Uiver,  Mormons  at,  1840, 
222. 


Charter  for  Nauvoo  granted  1840,  141. 
Chase,  Darwin,  capt.  in  lesion,  147. 
Chcasley,  A.  P.,  piorser  of  '47,  272. 
Chipman,  Stephen,  laid  out  town  site, 

312. 
Church,  n.  W.,  missionary,  402. 
Cibola.     See  Znni. 
Cincinnati,  missionaries  at,  78,  300. 
Circleville,  founded,  601;   coty  seat, 

608. 
Cisneroa,  I.  P.,  in  expedt  1776-7,  9. 
Civil  govnit,  need  of,  439. 
CUpp  Benj.,  missionary,  402;  coun* 

cillor,  450. 
Clark,  (ien.,  persecution  of  Mormons, 

1.30-3. 
Clark,  Isaac,  judge  of  probate  1848, 

287. 
CUrk,  W.  O.,  missionary,  402. 
('Uwson,  H.  B.,  biog.,  653. 
Clay  coty,    refuge    taken    in,    1833, 

102;  treatment,  115. 
Clayton,  V.  R.,  editor,  716. 
Clayton,    U'm,   clerk  to  Smith,  S3; 

pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Chniute,  (iOl. 
Clinton,  Jeter,  councillor  S.  L.  City 

1851,  450. 
Clowurd,  T.  P.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Cluff,  Harvey  11.,  biog.,  776. 
Coul    disuovured    1K.'>1,    317;    Green 

Riycr  basin,  322;  Summit  coty,  594. 
Coal  mines  of  ter.,  value,  73(>-8. 
Coalville,  Hcttiement  of,  18.VJ,  rt05. 
Coalville  Mines,  coal  deposits,  7.t7. 
ColoHville,  Joe  Smith  and  others  at, 

1830,  ()8. 

Colfax,  Schuyler,  visits  Utah.  6.'i6. 
Colonization,  system  of,  310-20. 
Collett,    Sylvanus,    murder,    Atkins 

IMirty,  6«2-3. 
Collins,  Lyons,  teacher  at  Salt  Lake, 

3J4. 
Colorado,  Mormons  in,  1880,  093. 
Coloratio  River,  expcilt.  at,  1770,  11. 
Coltrin,    Zebedce,   sent    to    Missouri 

1831,  84;  on  mission,  104;  pioneer 
•47.  'i72. 

Colville,  James,  accepts  the  faith  and 

recants  1831,  80. 
Commerce,  pioneer,   602-3;   stniggle 

for  control,  651-5;  of  ter.,  702-5. 
Commandments,    Book    of,    printed 

1832,  01. 

Common  roadways,  751-2. 
Ck>mp8tock,  Capt.  N.,  acts  in  Haun's 

mill  tragedy,  128. 
Conferences,  the  first,    1830,  60;   at 

Fayette,  80;  at  Amherst,    90;   al 

Nauvoo,  216. 


INDEX. 


m 


Confirmation,  ceremony  of,  .tHf). 
Connor,  Col,  comd.  of  Cal.  vols,  611; 

actions   toward   Munnons,   Ul'2-I.'i; 

defeats  Inds,  031-2;  diacoven  sil- 
ver mine,  742. 
Conover,  Col,   cxpedt  against  Inds, 

474. 
Consecrated  oil,  ceremony  of  anoint- 
ing, %iU  7. 
Constitution,    commt.   appointed    to 

draught,  1840,  440. 
Convention  at  8ult  LAke  City,  440. 
Conyei-8,  Dr,  in  Quiucy  deputation, 

22H. 
Cook,    Fred,    missionary    to    Wales 

1S40,  too. 
Cook,  I*.  \V.,  promotes  water  CO.,  483; 

founds  Gusheu,  (iOl. 
Cook,  Lt-col  8t  Iteorge,  general  order 

of,  243-4;  arrival,  519. 
Coon,  .los.,  missionary,  402. 
Cooper,  8umuel,  testimony  of,  01. 
Coiiley,  Lemou,  conversion  of,  1831, 

83-4. 
Copper,  discoveries  of,  738-0. 
Coray,  Howard,  sec.  of  the  council, 

18.) I,  4.iO. 
Coriniic,  bank  at,  7G.'j. 
Com  Creek,  eniigriuitH  at,  547. 
Corrill,  John,  historian,  83;  sent  to 

Missouri,  81;  in  jail,  102. 
Cuttoii,  attempt  to  ruiMc,  18j.>-!),  500. 
Coulsun,  (foo.,  col  of  legion,  14((;  loty 

comniitir,  2S7. 
Council  lUufTs,  Mormons  at,  1840,222; 

Mormon  buttle  raised,  241;  named, 

274. 
Council  of    twelve,   organized    1834, 

108. 
Counties,  boundaries  detiued,  GC8. 
Court  conflictH,  4H«  8. 
Covey,   lleui.,  bishop,  200. 
Cow«l«ry,  Oliver,  conversion  1820,  .V2; 

aidii  in  tiaiiHlatin^'  plat<>M,  r>7  0;  or 

dainetl   eliKr   1830,   04  .'i;    ordered 

west,  0!>-70;  work  of,  77-0,  8o  0: 

secedes,  1 18. 
Cov,  Orvillo  S.,  bishop  1840.  200. 
Cradlebaugh,  .lohii,  arisoc.  jiiilge,  500; 

actioiih  of,  r)31)-40;  oppuscrt  ailiiiiH 

Sinn,  000. 
Cragun,  .lauiON,  sergt-at-nrnist,  4.V.). 
Craig,  .laniis,  pioufcr  of  '47,  272. 
Creiitzlehlt,    1'.,   in   «!imuiHoii    party, 

killvMl,  108-70. 
Crickets  as  Ind.  f^Kxl,  202;  phigiio  of, 

27!>-.S2. 
Criitnion,    Charles,    bcilds   grist-mill, 

270. 
Crismou  nunc,  744. 


Critchellow,  Wni,  justice  of  praice  at 
Ogtlen,  :im. 

Crosby,  J.  R,,  apptd  aasociate  judga, 
004. 

Crosby,  .Jesse  W.,  missioniiry,  402. 

Crosby,  Oscar,  iiioiicer  of  '47   '.J72. 

Culloni,  anti  polygamy  bill,  '^Hl  7- 

Cummiug,  Alfred,  apptd  gov  18.'i7, 
500;  at  Salt  Lake  City,  520  V;  de- 
parture, 575. 

Cunningliam,  Artemae,  testimony  of, 
60. 

Currunt  Creek,  expedt.  at,  1770,  14. 

Curixsncy.  issue  1840,  2110-2. 

Curtis,  Lvman,  piom«rof  '47,  272. 

Curtis,  Theodore,  misu.  to  Ireland, 
410. 

Cushing,  Hoseo,  pionoer  of  '47.  27'-. 

Cutler,  Alpheus,  of  high  council,  108. 


Ptiily  Telegraph,  U'st.  of,  715. 

Dairy  products,  value  of,  7K0. 

Dame,  \Vm  H.,  at  Mtn  Meadows  ma»> 
saire.  .Vri;  intlicted  for  munlor,  504. 

Dana,  ('luis  H.,  icgitslator,  458. 

D.inn,  R.,  couucilii)r,  .108. 

Daniics,  rise  of,  ls:t7-8,  124-7;  mur- 
ders imputed  to,  .'MiO. 

l;fr.'f!>|x)rt.  .JuincH,  pi<meerof  '47, '27*2. 

Dav'iilsoi),  Mi-8,  tfstiiiioDy  uf,  02. 

Davis,  Amoii,  capt.  in  legi^)n,  147. 

DavicHM  ooty,  Mr,.,  Murnion  |>ersccu- 
tiuns,  122  -4. 

Davis  coty,  iHuimlaries  dctineil,  4.'iO; 
ju<liciul  di.st,  XW;  .oty  seat,  008; 
settlement  in,  7<H). 

DaviH,  Klisita  II.,  mi«8ionary,  402. 

Davis,  Ly)«ai:c|i;r  M.,  miiwKifmry,  402. 

Dawson,  John  \V.,  appttl  govr,  gal- 
lantry of,  im. 

Dav,  Ilitnry  K.,  Ind.  sub-agent  1851, 

478. 
Dean,  Ht'iirv.  iiii<!«ionary,  402. 
Dfikor,  ('.  {•'. ,  mail  service,  .'iOI. 
Detawart'H,  ihi-  Mormons  anions,',  183)1, 

7'.l.  4(H). 
Di'  Mill,  Oliver,  foundii  .Slii>eiiaburg, 

tm. 

Ui'iiiiiark,  Illicit,  wurk  in,  4M. 
Denny,  I'reHley,  atty  in  Lee  trial,  !\CA, 
Di'iivrr    iinil    liio  (irande    IC.    It   in 

I'tah,  7">!». 
Deseret,  ineaninji;  of,  440. 
Deseret    ul j.l>.»li«t,    hist,    of,   712  14; 

eharacti'iH.  713. 
Deseiit    Kveniii^   Xews,    first  new*- 

(•u|>er,  715. 


no 


INDEX. 


Deaeret  Iron  Co.  facorporated,  483. 

'Deseret  News,' published  1830,  326. 

Deaeret,  state  organized  1840,  440; 
fails  to  receive  rccoj^nition,  452. 

Deseret  Telegraph  Co.,  771. 

De  Troliriand,  Gen. ,  oommun.  on  con- 
duct of  troops,  660. 

Duvil's  Uat«,  army  of  Utah  at.  513. 

Dtwoy,  Beuj.  F.,  pioneev  of  '47,  272. 

Dtahman,  town  laid  out,  117. 

DilKe,  David  B.,  councillor. 308;  legia- 
iator,  4r>8. 

Dinwiddle,  Tboa,  director  of  order  of 
Knuch.  361. 

Dixon,  John,  pioneer  of  '47.  272. 

Dodd,  Rev.  Cephas,  testimony  of,  62. 

Dodd,  v.. ,  grave  of,  42i!. 

Dulorc's  River,  cxpedt.  at,  1776,  0. 

Duiiiinguez,  Franu  A.,  expedt.  of, 
177(5-7,8-18. 

Donaldson,  Wm,  miss,  to  Calcutta, 
410. 

Doniphan,  Gen.,  acts  towards  Mor- 
mons, 122-4.  131. 

Douly,  R.  M.,  biog.,  766. 

Dort,  David,  of  high  council,  108. 

Dotsou,  Peter  K.,  U.  S.  marshal  1857, 

nao. 

D)ty.  Gov.,  rule  of,  18C3-4.   621-2; 

biog..  02-2. 
Doty,   James    D,,    superdt    of   Ind. 

affairs,  604. 
Douglas,  Senator,  commis.  to  Nau^oo, 

211-12;  speech,  492. 
Drake,  Thomas  I.,  assoc.  judge,  605; 

indignation  of,  iJlO-11. 
Drig^s,  Starling,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Dnimmond,  W.  VV.,  assoc.  judge,  462; 

cliaractcr  and  actions,  490-2. 
Dul>ois,  Robt,  testimony  of,  01. 
Ducliosuo River,  expedt.  at,  1777,  II, 
Duiieau,  Chapiuau,  founds  Duncan's 

Retreat.  COl. 
Duncan's  Retreat,  founded  18(]i,  001. 
Dunklin,  Gov.  D.,  ^lormons  appeal  to, 

18:»,  101;  actions  of,  10.1. 
Dunyon,   John  L..   councillor  S.   L. 

V'ity,  450. 
Dui'fcu,  .Tames,  sent  on  mission,  104. 
Durfuc,  Robt,  founds  Saleui,  (iOl. 
Durkce,  CharlcR,  govr  1865-0,  biog., 

CJ2;  resigus,  058. 
Dutton,  Simou,  arrested,  664. 
Dykes,  Wm,  pioneer  '  i  '47,  -72. 


B 

Eagle  Vhi.,  settlements  in,  502. 
Earl,  S.  U..  pioneer  uf  '47,  272. 


Eastman,  Ozro,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Easton,  settlement  at.  308. 

Echo  Canon,  Gen.  Wells  at,  613. 

Eckles,  D.  R.,  chief  justice,  600,  639. 

Eden,  founded,  001. 

Edmunds  law,  305-6,  683. 

Edwards,  Esaias,  grist-mills,  315, 327; 

saw-mill,  506. 
Edwards,  F.  M.,  missionary,  402. 
Edwards,  Wm,  arrest  of,  602. 
£gl)ert,  Joseph,  pioneer  of  '47,  272; 

biog.,  700. 
Egan,  Howard,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Egan's  route,  751. 
Eluhbaum,  Mrs,  testimony  of,  62, 
Elden,  duties  of,  G5. 
Elder's  Journal,  issue  of,  1837,  115. 
Eldrcdgc,  H.  S.,   marshal  of   immi- 

grant  co.,  282;  brig. -gen.  of  militia, 

442;    elected   maraltal,    44.1;    Ind. 

expedt.,  472-3;  director  Z.  C.  M. 

I.,  652. 
Eldredge,  J.  S.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Eldridge,  H.  J.,  director  of   Enoch 

order,  361. 
Elkhorn  River,  rendezvous  at,  253, 

282;  ferry  on,  274. 
Ellcrbcck,  Tbos  W.,  sec.  of  order  of 

Enoch,  361. 
Ellsworth,  E.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Emery  coty,  organized,  705. 
Emery,  Geo.  £,  apptd  gov.,  policy 

of,  007. 
Emigration  Cailon,  Mormons  encamp 

at,  258;   carbonate  of  soda  found, 

740. 
Emma  mine,  production  of,  742;  swin- 
dles connected  with,  742-3. 
Empey,  Wm  A.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Enaowmcnt,  ceremony  of,  357-8. 
England,  miss,  to,  405-410;  number 

of  proselytes,  400. 
Enoch,  onler  of,  description  and  mem> 

bcrs,  3.'i9-01. 
Ensign,  Datus,  pioneer  of  *47.  272. 
Ensi>{n  IVak,  named,  203 
Ent.  rpi  ise.  toundrd  ISH'^,  596. 
Kpliruim  City,  ucct  of,  7'K). 
KiMscotMil  <  iiurch,  a<bool  of,  707-8. 
Escabaite,  ^.  V'.  de,  •xpedt.  of,  1770-7, 

a-lT. 
Eureka  Flill  mine.  744. 
Evans,  Davt.t.  legislator,  4'>(L 
Evans,    Col     >.  S.,    defeats   Indians, 

6.12. 
Evanstown,    bituminous   coal   found, 

7:t7. 

Evansville.     See  hekn. 
Evcniuc  and   Morning   Star,  started 
1831.H(»-02. 


INDEX. 


m 


ETerett,  Addison,  pioneer  of  '47»  272; 

bisliop,  290. 
Expcnsoa  of  terr.  1863,  482. 
Exports,  759-761. 


Fnckrell,  James,  settler,  307. 
Fairbanks,  David,  bishop,  2901 
Fairbanks,  N.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Fairview,  founded,  001;  incorporated, 

706. 
Fumington,  founded,  318;  coty  seat, 

008. 
Fambam,  A.,  miss,  to  New  Zealand, 

410. 
Farr,   Aaron,    pioneer   of    '47,    272; 

miss,  to  Jamaica,  410;  biog.,  755. 
Farr,  Lorin,  mayor  of  Ogden,   308; 

srist-mitl,    327;    legislator,    458; 

bioK.,  755. 
Far  West,  town  bid  out,  117;  cele- 
bration   at,    110-20;    pfnecutious, 

132,   138;  Mormons  arrested,   138; 

conference  at,  106. 
Fauna  of  ter..  323. 
Fayette,  conference  at,  1831,  80;  city 

founded,  601. 
Fell,  A.  G.,  biog.,  755. 
Felt,  N.  U.,  alderman,  450;  legislator, 

458. 
Fenncmoi-o,  James,  photographer  at 

Leo 'a  execution,  570. 
Fenniraore,  James,  settled  in  Carson 

Val.,500. 
Ferguson,  James,  lawyer,  489. 
Ferguson,  T.  H.,  execution  of,  540. 
Ferries  on  Missouri,  274;  acts  relating 

to,  483. 
Ferris,  Bcnj.  O.,  Utah  ami  t/te  Mor- 

montt,  3"jy;  sec.  of  ter..  461. 
Fc.iu\  iiics  ub  Suit  Lake  iS49,  '295. 
Field,  Joseph,  editor,  716. 
FiuKUug,  JtMvph,   miss,   to  EQ4:iand 

1H.37,  403. 
Fillmore  founded,  314;  incorporated, 

4o0;   npita!,  4<i2;  immigrauta  at, 

M7;  coty  seat,  608. 
Fiuauco,  revenue  and  expenses  1853, 

4K2. 
Fish  and   tishpnes  of  ter.,   322;  acts 

regulating,  tiU9. 
Fisher,  Joa.C.,  settled  at  Saako  River, 

«(>3. 
Fitigepsld,  Perry,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Flagdtutf  mine,  productions  <>i.  742 
Fluke,  Green,  pioneor  of  '4"   272. 
Fleniint;,  J>.wiah  W. ,    misb    to  New 

Zealand,  4ia 


Flenniken,  R.  P.,  aasoc.  judge,  604. 
Flood,  Maj.,  in  Quincy  deputation, 

228. 
Florence,  Mormons  at,  222;  named, 

274. 
Fobba,  Henry,  murder  of,  663. 
Foot],    poverty   of,    275-6;    supply, 

288-0. 
Foote,  T.  B.,  settler  at  Nephi,  313. 
Forbes,  James,  biog.,  755. 
Ford,  Gov.,  character,  155,  172;  acts 

in  arrest  and  death  of  Smith,  172-90. 
Fordham,  Elijah,  missionary,  401. 
Forney,  Jacob,  superdt  of  Ind.  afiaira, 

530. 
Fort  Ashley,  established  1825,  21. 
Fort  Uridger,  Mormons  at,  257;  sever* 

winter,  287;  march  to,  519-20;  T)ur- 

oliosed,  505;  coty  scat,  008. 
FortCalls,  founded,  001. 
Fort  Gunnison,  founded,  601. 
Fort  Hull,  route  to,  explored,  464. 
Fort  Supply,  settlement  at,  595. 
Fort  Utah,  settlement  of,  309. 
Fort  Walker,  building  of,  318. 
Foster,  Dr,  enmity  to  Smith,  I70i 
Foster,  J.  C,  attorney  in  Lee  trial, 

506. 
Foster,  James,  president  of  seventies, 

199. 
Foster,  Robt  D.,  regent  of  university, 

146. 
Fotheringham,  Wm,  miss,  to  Calcutta, 

410. 
Fowler,  John  S.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Fox,  Jesse  \V.,  surveys  town  site,  314; 

teacher,  324. 
Fox,  Samuel,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
France,  miss,  work  in,  411. 
Francklyn  smelting-works,  capacity, 

749. 
Freeman,  John  M..  pioneer  of  '47, 272. 
Fremont,  J.  C.  e.xpedts  1843-5,  32-1; 

at  Salt  Lake,  297. 
Frink,  H.  M.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Frontier  Giiardiun,  ne»spai)cr,  325. 
Frost,  Hurr,  pioneer  of  '47,  272;  starts 

niunuiuctiirc  of  iron,  317;  miss,  to 

New  Zealand,  410. 
Frost,  Sam.  B.,  missionary,  402. 
Fruit  culture,  value  of,  725-6. 
Fulkr.  K.  K.,  loft  forCal.,  273. 
Fuller,  Kdson,  sent  to  Missouri,  84. 
i''uller,  Frank,  apptd  b«!C.  of  ter.,  tMH. 
Fullmer.    David,   high  council,    l'J8; 

draughts   constitution,    440;    lcgis> 

lutiir,  4,">S.  iiiiiven«ity  treasurer,  70W. 
Fullmer,  John  !i.,  of  carrying  co. ,  298; 

draughts  constitution,   440;  col  of 

militia,  442;  legislator,  450. 


JUDEX, 


"t-'^'P'- "■•'•.  to  "M..HMO, 
O^d.  ;««,  .t<H,kh„M„  I.  Nm 

0.nto.rTrch     ™°"*'.'8M,2!a 

4I«  17  *""  Twelve,  1852, 

'•'i?r«-  ^"J-w  S..  ploteer  of  .47 

«!}-'•.  J"l.n  Ul,  ,uge  buHine,.  of. 


"TT'-""^. ""ton  minion  ,83^ 
,°wa.a^?*^''  ««»»-••  i-teniew 
Grant  ri^.,7i     -•  *•*''«••.  3:»8.  ' 

•nignmu  4'Ar^J*  '  ?*'"^*''e««m- 


fJiunHoii,  ,Ji,i„,  0     ..: 

oi:-  ^;^'^»-"o.rof  '47,  272. 

««lbeite  .„ove,..,„t,  .„cce«.  of,  047_ 

«^IJ-I.0co..«,e.oforclorofa.och. 

Sri"''  ,"•  ^*«»^««r  of  •47.27- 
«^<jl<l<?i8cov.rt.,liuCai;  301  o 

«n.fto„.  c.fy  8o„t.  008^     '•  '^«- 
»H>ok  jW);S       •  **""*•  Mormon 


motes  water  co  *,«^  ,'/*'*•  P«»- 
occupie.  Alorgi;  S  fe '  '^''' 
to.  600.  ^'  ****5  g'»nt 

«-;.oppe„rLuageL'  iTi^f  038. 

Great  «alt  Lake,  fimtacct  of  in    1 
covery  J824-'5    lol.i?        '  '"•  "'•• 

AIormo.;,i;  talley'?'?*^'  •"'--«• 
of  fort  •>?-.         '"y»  ^<'>-.»04;  man 

21 .  V      •  ■''"'*"'  """no  to  river  l«o-. 
315.  "  "••  ^"""'J*  Kay.ville, 

't^f;::r'i,^— w.2S7;.,ooi 

Ory.JohnI..;„gentofuni.en.ity. 
Frdmont  it    ff^   "••    "'"«•    "? 

„  coty  seat.  608  ^'  ""'"'*'  •^"'^'  ^^j 
W„woo<i.VVm.  laid  out  town  .ite. 
OH«in,  S.  J..  ,c„t  to  Mia«>uri  J83| 


fi^er^-^r^a^ssv-s? 


;     8.le«troycncW»l^i.VsX, 
;:""y.  N..  misHionarr  40^-  * 

1  ^".mell.  Fraud,.  «i'.S,,,,.^ 


INDEX. 


7ia 


Ounniaon,  Lt  J.  W.,  in  Rtansbary'M 
■urvov  1840-.')0,  4(i:{-4ti7:  aurvey 
expcilt.  and  musaacro  1853,  407- 
71;  The  Alormonn,  4i!4. 

Ounlock,  founded  1857,  601. 


B 


Hadlock,  Reuben,  preadt  of  EnglUb 

niU.,  408. 
Ilaefli^,  Leo,  editor,  716. 
Ilttiulit,  Isaac  C,  iniuinnary,  402;  at 

Altn  Mcodowi  maaiwcre,  552;  ac- 
cuses   immigrants,   540;    indicted, 

604. 
Ualo,  Emnu,  marries  Joe  Smith  1826, 

45. 
Ilule,   Isaac,    daughter   marries   Joe 

Smith  1826,  45. 
Hall,  Alfred,  missionary,  402. 
Hall,  Joseph,  editor,  710. 
Hall,  Will,  Ahnmiiialioiu  of  Mormon- 

Um,  crit.,  150,  152. 
Halscy,  W.  L.,  of  Uintah  Road  Co., 

000. 
Uamblin,  Jacob,  witness  in  I.«e  trial, 

607;    niiMS.   of,  500;    founded   Sta 

Clara,  GUI. 
Haniblin,  W.,  founded  Gunlock,  001. 
lluiiiilton,  cliurcit  organized  I8.'t0,  40.3. 
Hamilton,  of  Mtn  Mcatlow  party,  5.)!. 
Hancock,  .loHcpli,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Hancock,  Levi,  sent  to  Missouri,  84; 

pres.   of  sevcntiua,    100;   song   by, 

244 ;  kgiHlutur,  458. 
Hancock,  Uliver,  sent  to  Missouri,  84. 
Hancock,    Solomon,    of    council     of 

twelve,  108. 
Hand-curt  emigration,  acct  of,  sufler- 

inua  and  iniBlittps,  422-430. 
Hunku,  K.  K.,  mail  service,  501. 
HunkH,  Sidney  A.,  pioneer  of  '47, 272. 
HanHisii,  liana  C,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Hunltn,  cummia.  to  Nuuvoo,  211-12. 
Har<ling,  S.  S.,  anptl  gov.,  005;  rule, 

000;  snpcrHcdea,  G2I. 
Harmon,  A.  M.,  pi(-nci;r  of  '47,  272. 
Harmon,  Jcsho  1'.,  capt.    of  militia, 

442;  alilcnnun,  i'tO. 
Harney,  Brig. -gen.,  conid  of  expedt., 

407:  rcnmrk»,  512. 
Hur|KT,  C  A.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Harrinmn,  II  ,  acnt  onniisK.  IK.'U,  104. 
Harrington,  L.  K.,  laid  out  town  site, 

:U2. 
HarriM,  IJ.   P.,  hcc.  of  ter.,  45(5;  dis- 
putes witli,  4.KS-00. 
Harris,  (!   W.,  hi'^'iis  memorial,  134; 

of  liigli  cmuuil,  HKS.  \ 


Harris,  Martin,  aids  J.  Smith,  47-50; 
plates  shown  to,  50;  character,  63; 

Says  for   printing   Mormon    liook, 
3-4;  sent  on  miss.,   104;  secedes, 

118;  death,  075. 
Harris,  Muses,   founded   HorrisbuiKi 

001. 
Harriaburg.  founded  1800,  001. 
Horrison,  K.  L.  T.,  trial  of,  047-0. 
Harriaville,  founded,  318. 
Ilartnett,  John,  sec.  of  ter.,  630. 
Harvest  feast  in  1848,  'J82. 
Haalem,   James,   testimony   of,    544; 

witness  at  Lee  trial,  54i7. 
Haun'Hmill,  tragedy  at,  18.38,  128. 
Hawkins,  Thos,  convicted  of  polyg 

amy,  .303,  063. 
Ilawka,  Nathan,  at  Salt  Lake  from 

Cal..  28.->. 
Hawka,  Wm,  at  Salt  Lake  from  Cal., 

28.-.. 
Ilawlcy,  C.  M.,  assoc.  judge,  C()2. 
HuWH,  I'eter,  auperviaed  buildings  at 

NauT'jo,  145;  missionary,  402. 
Heotl,  Norwell  M.,  misHionary,  402. 
Ilelier  City,  coty  seat,  008. 
Hed<lrick,  lUshop,  goes  to  Missouri, 

042. 
Hcdiock,  Reul>en,  miss,  to  England, 

107. 
Ilcitz,    ('apt.    A.,    discovers   copper 

mine,  741. 
Hendrix,  James,  bishop  1840,  200. 
Ilenrie,  Wm,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
IKrrimun,    H.,    preadt  of   seventies, 

lOi). 
Ileud,  Simeon,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
lleywfKjd,  J,  L.,  bishop,  2!K);  Hcttlea 

ut  Neplii,  313;  drunglita   conatitu- 

tion,  440;  superviaor  of  touiIh,  443; 

V.  S.  marHlittl,  4."»0. 
Hihljurd,  Davison,  general  of  legion, 

140. 
Hickcnlooper,  Wm,  biHhop,  200. 
llickinan.  Win  A.,  arrested,  (!(i.3. 
Hickii,  .1  ihn  A.,  preadt  of  clilcra,  100. 
Hicks,  Sjmnel,  capt.  in  legion,  147. 
Higbee,  ('.  I...  col.  of  li';,'ion,  140. 
IligUe,  KliaH,  apptil  iuHtn   iS.'iN,  83; 

ciity  judg'j,   124;  univoraity  regent, 

140. 
lliglx!0,  F".  M.,  col  of  legion,  140;  en- 
mity to  Smith,  170. 
Higbee,  Isaac,    bishop,  200;    rejit  on 

IiiiU,  :«MI;  grist-mill,  :!27. 
IliglM'c,  .loliii    .M  ,  at  Mtn  Meadows 

tn:i.ssacre,  .'V.Vi-U;  indicted,  .'>ti4. 
IIit;lHo,  .lolin  S.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
lii;^liee,  Joseph,  killed  in  Ind.  fight, 

310. 


9M 


INDEX. 


Higgini,  Alfred,  in  chttrse  of  mail,  001. 
Higgina,  £(l«in,  aoo.  otter.,  658. 
Hiuj  Alex.,  settler  at  Mention,  507. 
Hill,  Kobt,  arttler  at  Mendon,  507. 
Hills,  U.,  publisher  of  Times  and  Sea- 
sons, loi). 
Hinckie,  O.  M.,  aots  of,  aoonaatiou 

against,  1.11. 
Himni,  Smith  rcmovea  to,  1831,  88. 
Hockaday  &  Magraw,  mail  contract, 

501  •-'. 
HofTniun,  Col,  at  Camp  Scott,  628. 
HoKc,  Jiulue,  atty  in  Leo  trial,  605. 
HoUuday,  lieu,  of  Uintah  Road  Co., 

000. 
Holland,  miss,  work  in,  411. 
Uulnmu,  Jacob  H.,  Ind.  agent  1851-4, 

478. 
Hohnun,  John  O.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Holmes,  Milton,  sent  on  roiuion  1834, 

104. 
Holmes,  Nathan,  missionary,  402. 
Ilonians,     Khuppard,     in     Gunnison 

|)arty,  4G8. 
Homer,  ltti8aell,  of  carrying  co.,  208. 
Hooi>or,  Wm  H.,  chosen  senator,  005; 

Umtaii  Road  Co.,  000;  director  Z. 

C.  M.  I.,  0.V2;  del.  to  congress,  005; 

biog.,  000;  director  silk  assoc.,  727. 
Hooitcrville,  settlement,  701. 
Hopkins,  Chus,  uraut  to,  483. 
Horno,  M.  J.,  director  Silk  Assoc., 

727. 
Horner,  J.  M.  &  Co.,  merchant*,  703. 
Horn  Silver  mine,  outcrop,  744. 
Houses    at    Salt  l.ake   1847.   270-7: 

deacription  of,  202. 
Houston,  laaac,  founds  Alpine  City, 

318. 
Howard,  Nahum,  teatimony  of,  GO. 
Howard,   Sunmcr,  diat  atty  in  Lee 

trial,  5C0. 
Howd,  Simeon  F.,  settler  in  Beaver 

coty,  598. 
Howell,  Wm,  mifia.  to  Franco,  411. 
Hudsou's  Bay  Co.,  traders  1848^1, 

327. 
Huitt,  W.,  miaaionary,  402. 
Hnniphri'V,  S.,  acntto  Miaaouri,  84. 
Hunt,  Jcltrraon,  pilots  co.  to  Cal.,  200; 

founds  Huutaville,  GOl. 
Huutir,  Kdw.,  biahop,  200;  order  of 

Enoch  treasurer,  .101;  biog.,  774. 
Hunter,  J.  D.,  miaaionary,  402. 
Huntington,  D.  D.,  capt.  in  legion, 

147;  trader  with  Inda,  310. 
Huntington,  Wilford,  of  high  council, 

109. 
Buntaville  founded,  001;  settlement, 

701. 


Hurlbut,  Dr,  trial  of.  05. 

Hurt,  Oarland,  report  on  Inda,  477t 
Ind.  accnt,  478. 

Huaton,  J.,  miaaionary,  402. 

Hyde,  John,  JJormottum,  crit,  125, 
150-2. 

Hyde,  Orson,  baptized,  80;  apoatlo, 
111,344;  secedes,  118;addreas,  102; 
of  travelling  council,  108;  dedicates 
temple,  206;  joins  immigranta,  218; 
miaaionary  work,  253;  lays  out  Og- 
den,  307;  editor  Frontier  Guardian, 
325;  miaaionary,  402;  promotes 
canal  co.,  483;  probate  judge,  501) 
biog.,  773. 

Hyde  Park  founded,  507. 

Hyde,  Wm,  miss,  to  New  Zealand, 
410. 

Uyrum  founded,  608. 


Idaho,  Josephites  in,  646;  Mormon  set- 
tlements, 003. 

Illinois,  tettlements  in,  130;  arbitrary 
acta,  210;  schiam  spreada  to,  044. 

Immigration,  Perpetual  Fund  Co., 
415;  ahips,  410;  overland  travel, 
420-2;  clasaes  of  emigrants,  421; 
hand-cart  emigration,  4U3-33. 

Importa,  750-01. 

Independence,  Mormons  at,  1831-2, 
78,  83,  80;  preaecutiona  at,  1833, 
101-2;  Mormons  in  prison,  1.19. 

Indian  agencies  established,  455. 

Indiana,  complaints  of,  273;  aeti  chil- 
dren, 278;  measles  among,  278;  ill 
feeling,  300;  attack  on,  300-10; 
fight  with.  312;  council  nt  S.  L. 
City,  313;  outbrcaka,  472-80,  630- 
2;  treaties  with,  477,  034;  in  Mtn 
Meadow  maaaocre,  550-5;  reser- 
vation, 0.14-0. 

Indnstrieaof  tcr.,  279,  327-8. 

lugtraoll,  Peter,  teatimony  against 
Smitha,  41. 

lusuiancc,  706. 

Iowa,  Morroona  in,  140,  003;  schiam 
apreads  to,  044. 

Iowa  City,  point  of  outfit,  423. 

Ireland,  miss,  work  in,  409. 

Iron,  deposits  in  ter. ,  322,  7.15. 

Iron  coty,  organized,  449;  judicial 
diat,  5:i0;  coty  seat,  608;  iron  de- 
posits,  735. 

Iron- works,  734-5. 

Irrigation,  co.  for,  incorporated,  608; 
results  of,  722-4. 

Ivory,  Matt.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 


XNDBX 


708 


Jark,  Jamei,  mc.  of  order  of  Enoch, 

361. 
Jackman,  Leri,  of  conncil  of  twelve, 

108:  pioneer  '47.  'J7'i. 
Jackson  coty,  peraecutiona  in,  1833, 

OS-104. 
Jackson,  H.  C,  saw-mill  of,  508. 
Jacobs,  Norton,  pioneer  of  '47.  272. 
Jacolis,  Sanford,  at  Salt  Lake  from 

Cal.,  285. 
Jamoa,  SamI,  missionary,  402. 
Jennings,  Wni,  Material  Progrtu  of 

Utah,  331;  director  Z.  C.  M.  I.,  625; 

firest  silk  asaoo.,  720;  vice-preat  U. 
;ent.  R.  R.,  756;  biog.,  704-5. 
Jerusalem,  Mormonism  preached  at, 

413. 
Johnson,  Aaron,  of  high  council,  108; 

legislator,  458;  grant  to,  600. 
Johnsou,  Artomoa,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Johnson,  Ben.  F.,  legislator,  458. 
Johnson,  Edward,  apostatized,  90. 
Johnson,  Eli,  apostatized,  00. 
Johnson,  Joel  H.,  bishop,  200. 
Johnson,  John,  apostatized,  00. 
Johnson,  Luke,  pioneer  of  '47,  272; 

apostle,  344;  founds  St  John,  001. 
Johnson,  L.  K,  apoatle,  344. 
Johnson,  Lyman,  sent  on  mission,  104. 
Johnson,  Nephi,  laid  out  Virgin  City, 

500. 
Johnson,  Philo,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Jolinson,  Col  Sidney,  in  comd  of  cx- 

pcdt.  1857,  512;  arrival  of,  518. 
Jones,  Cupt.  Dan.,  emigrant  party  of, 

207. 
Jones,  D.   W.,  miaaion   to  Mexico, 

412. 
Jones,  Henry,  murder  cf,  563. 
Jones,  James  N. ,  founds  Fairview,  601 . 
Jones,  Nathaniel  V.,   miss,   to  Cal- 
cutta, 410;  alderman,  450. 
Jordan  River,  naming  of,  266;  bridge 

over,  270;  surveyed,  406. 
Joseph,  settlement,  700. 
Juab  Cuty,   organized,  440;  judicial 

diat,  530;  coty  scat,  008. 
Jubilee  at  Sweetwater,  1847,  2G0. 
Justice,  administration  of,  447-8. 
Juvenile  Listruotor,  newspaper,  715. 


Kamas,  settlement  of,  50S. 
Kanab,  settlement,  707. 
Kane,  Col,  aids  Mormons,  241;  The 
ilormmu,  330;  miaaion  of,  &24r-0. 


Kane  coty,  jndicial  dist,  A30;  settl» 
menu  in,  500,  707:  cotv  seat,  608. 

Koneaville,  founding  of,  273. 

Kanosh,  Chief,  trialof,  403. 

Kay,  John,  attempt  to  coin,  201. 

Kay,  Wm,  founda  Kaysville,  315;  leg* 
islator,  458. 

Kaysville,  founded,  315;  conference 
at,  540:  origin  of  name,  700. 

Keams,  SamI,  wounded  in  Ind.  fight, 
310. 

Kearny,  Oen.,  orders  raising  of  bat* 
tie,  241. 

Kcelc,  Alex.,  murder  of,  474. 

Keller,  Alex.,  settlea  at  Slaterville, 
318. 

Kelly,  James,  presdt  of  univer.,  140. 

Kelsey,  Eli  U.,  aupporta  Godbeita 
movement,  649. 

Kelsey,  Stephen,  pioneer  of  '47,  282. 

Kendall,  Levi  N.,  pioneer  of  *47,  272. 

Keokuk,  Mormons  settle  at,  140. 

Kern,  R.  H.,  in  Gunnison  party, 
killed.  468,  470. 

Keyes,  Robt,  attempt,  murder  of,  SCO. 

Kimball,  Ellen  S.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Kimball,  H.  C,  apostle,  1 1 1.  314-5; 
signs  memorial,  134:  at  New  York, 
142:  university  regent,  14(!:  address, 
102;  miss,  to  'Endand,  107,  405;  of 
travelling  council,  108;  joins  imini- 
granta,  218;  holds  service  in  valley, 
20.');  at  Salt  Luke,  28:t:  lays  out 
Ogden,307;  biog.,  436:  chief  justice, 
44.'i;  grant  to,  451,  000;  legislator, 
458;  promotes  water  CO.,  483;  mail 
contract,  500-3. 

Kimball,  W.  H.,  overtakes  emigrants, 
425;  arrested,  063. 

King,  Judge  A.  A. ,  holds  court  of  in* 
quiry,  122,  1.32. 

King,  Imuic,  testimony  of,  01. 

King,  Wm  A.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Kinnamon,  R.  rt.,  missionary,  402. 

Kinney,  John  F.,  chief  justice,  402, 
004. 

Kirtland,  missionaries  at,  75-8;  con- 
fc-rence,  84;  persecutions,  01;  tem- 
ple, 01,  112;  mil.co.  or^aiiiiicd,  105; 
Safety  Soc.  Bk  ostubliahcd,  113; 
Josephites  at,  046. 

Klincman,  Conrad,  pioneer  of  '47.  272. 

Klingcnitmith,  P.,  indicted  for  mur- 
der, .')64;  scttlesntToqncrville,  500. 

Knight,  at  Mtn  Meadows  massacre, 
5.'>4. 

Knight,  Joseph,  aida  Joe  Smith  1829, 
58. 

Knight,  Lenoa  M.,  regent  of  uni* 
versity,  140. 


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INDEX. 


Knight,  Newel,  of  council  of  twelve, 

108,  198. 
Knight,  Vinson,  stockholder  in  Nau- 

voo,    145;   university   regent,    146; 

presdt  of  bishopric,  199. 
Kreymyer,  C.  M.,  captain  in  legion, 

147. 
Kudgerson,  Jacob,    bishop   at   Fort 

Gunnison,  601. 


Lafayette  coty,  refuge  taken  in,  1833, 
102. 

Lain,  Joaquin,  in  expedt.  1776-7,  9. 

Laird,  Jas,  settler  at  Wallsburg,  595. 

Lajeunesse,  F.,  in  Fremont's  expedt. 
1843,  32. 

Lak3,  Geo.,  settles  in  Arizona,  693. 

Lake,  Henry,  testimony  of,  60. 

I^ke  View  founded,  601. 

Lamanites,  hist,  of,  51-4,  69;  miss,  to, 
75,  79,  699. 

Lamareaux,  A.  L.,  missionary,  402. 

Lambdin,  Mrs,  testimony  of,  61. 

Lambsou,  A.  B.,  missionary  to  Ja- 
maica, 410. 

Lamoreaux,  Capt.,  trading  post  of, 
298. 

Lamoreaux,  A.  L.,  legislator,  458. 

Lancy,  \Vm,  attempted  murder  of, 
509. 

Langton,  P^obt,  settles  in  Cache  coty, 
547. 

Langton,  Seth,  settles  in  Cache  coty, 
597. 

Laramie,  hand-cart  emigrants  at,  425. 

Lark,  Hark,  pioneer  of  47,  272. 

Lathrop,  A.  A.,  left  for  Cal.,  273. 

Latter-day  Saints,  church  organized, 
65;  name  adopted,  107. 

Latter-day  Saints  Messenger  and  Ad- 
vocate, established  1833,  104. 

Law,  VVm,  stockholder  in  Nauvoo, 
145;  enmity  to  Smith,  170;  coun- 
cillor, 198. 

Law.  Wilson,  regent  of  university, 
14i8. 

Lawrence  supports  Godbeite  move- 
ment, 049. 

Lay  ton,  Clirict.,  director  Utah  Cent. 
R.  11. ,  756. 

Lee,  John  D.,  Mormonism  Unveiled, 
crit.,  150-3;  comd  of  hunting  co., 
287;  store  at  Tooele,  315,  locates 
rancli,  318;  missionary,  402;  Mtn 
Mcailowa  massacre,  548-55;  trial, 
504-8;  confession,  569;  execution, 
570-1;  biog.,671. 


Legislature,  actions  of,  483,  607-9. 
Lehi,  founded  1851, 311;  incorporated, 

450. 
Leonard,  Truman,  miss,  to  Calcutta, 

410. 
Lewis,  Albert,  founded  Richfield,  706. 
Lewis,  Tarlton,  poineer  of  '47,  272. 
Lewiston,  settlement,  702. 
Library  in  Salt  Lake  City,  325. 
Lincoln,  Presdt,  first  appointments, 

604;  funeral  exercises  at  S.  L.  City, 

625-6. 
Lindforth,  James,  works  of,  602. 
Liptoote,  of  Gunnison  party,  470. 
Little,    Andrew,    major   of    militia, 

442. 
Little,  Ferezmore,  direc.  of  order  of 

Enoch,    361;    mail    contract,    501; 

direc.  U.  Cent.  R.  R.,  756. 
Little,  Jesse  C. ,  seeks  U.  S.  aid,  240; 

pioneer '47,  272;  promotes  water  co., 

483;  atty,  489. 
Little  Salt  Lake,  explored  1849-50, 

315. 
Littleton,  coty  seat,  608. 
Liverpool,  work  at,  197,  407; 
Locust  Creek,  Mormons  at  184G,  222. 
Logan  City,  founded,  596:  coty  seat, 

008;  Zion'a  Cooperative  Mercantile 

Institution,  branch  at,  653;  college, 

708;  banks,  765. 
London,  work  at,  407. 
Losee,  John  G.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Loup    River,    Mormons    cross,    255; 

Pratt's  CO.  at,  267;  ferry,  274. 
Lovcjoy,  A.  L.,  in  Utah  1842,  32. 
Loveland,   Chancey,  pioneer  of  '47, 

272. 
Low  id  T.,  apptd  chief  justice, 

Ci 
Lo\'  L        ohn,  bishop,  290. 
Luaas,  Gen. ,  persecution  of  Mormons, 

130-3. 
Lucas,  Gov.  Robt,  friendly  to  Mor- , 

mons,  1.55. 
Lucero,  Juan  de  A.  y  S.,  in  expedt 

1776-7,  9. 
Luddington,  E.,  missionary,  402. 
Lumber,  scarcity  of,  262-3. 
Lyman,  Amasa,  in  jail,  139;  col  of 

legion,   146;  councillor,   199;  with 

immigrants,  218;  pioneer  of  '47, 272; 

apostle,    345;    missionaiy,   402;  at 

Lincoln's  funeral  exercises,  626. 
Lyman,  Francis  M.,  apostie,  345,  680. 
Lynne,  settlement  at,  1 849,  308. 
Lyon,    W.    P.,    general    of    legion, 

146. 
Lytle,  Andrew,  expedt  against  Inds 

1850,  309,310. 


INDEX. 


m 


of 
.'ith 
272; 

at 


M 


Mackley,  Jeremiah,  missionary,  402. 

Maddison,  John  F.,  settler  at  Provi- 
dence, 598. 

Maeser,  K.,  editor,  717. 

Mail  seiTice,  320,  500-4,  769-70. 

Mallory,  Elisha,  grist-mill  at  Willard, 
318. 

Mallory,  Lemuel,  grist-mill  at  Wil- 
lard, 318. 

Mammoth  mine,  744. 

Manchester,  work  at,  1839,  406-7. 

Mann,  S.  A.,  sec.  of  ter.,  058. 

Manti,  founded,  318;  grist-mills,  327; 
incorporated,  450;  coty  seat,  608; 
hist,  of,  705-6. 

Manufactu  res,  acct  and  value  of,  733-4. 

Maps,  mythical,  1605,  IGll,  6,  7;  Es- 
calante's  route  1770-7,  10;  Timpa- 
nogos  Val.,  13;  Utah  1826,  19; 
Green  lliver  country,  24;  Bonne- 
ville's, 26;  Utah  and  Nev.  1795,  27; 
Rector's,  1818,27;  Finley's,  1826,28; 
war  ill  Missouri,  121;  settlements 
in  Illinois,  136:  Mormon  route  1846, 
222;  about  tho  Missouri,  237;  Mor- 
mon route  1847,  254;  corral  of  wag- 
ons, 255;  fort  at  Salt  Lake  1848, 
277;  settlements  1852,  306;  seal  of 
ter.,  406;  Gunnison  massacre,  site, 
469;  Utah  campaign,  013;  Mtn 
Meadows,  550;  Salt  Lake  City  1860, 
580;  settlements  1802,  594;  Deseret 
alphabet,  characters,  713. 

Marble,  Saml  H. ,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Markhain,  Stephen,  actions  at  Nau- 
voo,  225;  col  of  pioneer  band,  253; 
pioneer  '47,  272. 

Marks,  Wni,  stockholder  in  Nauvoo, 
145;  university  regent,  146;  rejoins 
church,  641. 

Marriage,  ceremony  of,  353,  354. 

Marrion,  Francis,  biog.,  680. 

Marriotsville,  settlement  at,  308. 

Marsh,  T.  B.,  allowed  to  preach,  75; 
sent  to  Missouri,  84;  of  council  of 
twelve,  108;  seceded,  118;  excom- 
municated, 197;  apostle,  344. 

Marshall,  gold  discovery  in  Cal,,  302. 

Marshall,  Geo.,  founds  Lake  View, 
602. 

Martial  law,  declared  1857,  509. 

Martin,  Moses,  founds  Lake  View, 
601. 

Marvin,  Edward,  sent  on  mission  1834, 
104. 

Matthews,  Joseph,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Maugham,  Peter,  locates  Wellsville, 
690. 


Maugham,  Wm  H.,  saw-mill  of,  696. 

Maxwell,  Geo.  R.,  contests  election  to 
congress,  665. 

McArthur,  Duncan,  missionary,  402. 

McAulev,  Juo.,  miss,  to  Scotland, 
409. 

McCord,  Alex.,  Josephite  missionary, 
645. 

McCreary,  M.,  settler  at  Willard,  318. 

McCue,  Peter,  presdt  of  Glasgow  con- 
ference, 409. 

McCulloch,  Maj.  B.,  apptd  pence 
commis.,  531. 

McCurdj',  Solomon,  asso.  judge,  621. 

McDonald,  A.  F.,  treatment  by  mili- 
tary, 660. 

McDougal,  J.  A.,  commis.  to  Nauvoo, 
211. 

McFarland,  Dan.,  at  Mtn  Meadows 
massacre,  553. 

McFarland,  Wm,  founds  West  Weber, 
601. 

McFarlane,  John,  atty  in  Lee  trial, 
505. 

McGaffee,  Elder,  miss,  to  Ireland,  410. 

McKay,  Wm  H.,  stage  robbery  by, 
661, 

McKean,  James  B.,  apntd  chief  jus- 
tice, 662;  actions  anu  blunders  of, 
663-5. 

McKee,  Redick,  testimony  of,  62. 

McKeuzie,  David,  sec.  of  order  ot 
Enoch,  361. 

McKenzie,  T.,  store  of,  312. 

McLean,  Hector,  murders  P.  P.  Pratt, 
646. 

McClellan,  W.  E.,  rebuked,  88;  of 
council  of  twelve,  108;  apostle,  344. 

McLcod,  Rev.  Norman,  at  Linaoln's 
funeral  exercises,  626. 

McMurdy,  Sam.,  at  Mtn  Meadows 
massacre,  554;  witness  at  Lee's  trial, 
567. 

McRae,  Alex.,  trial  of,  and  sentence, 
131;  col  of  legion,  146. 

Mecyers,  Geo.,  settler,  307. 

Mehrteens,  of  Gunnison  party,  470. 

Mclchisedec  priesthood,  conferred 
1830,  64,  84;  acct  of,  341. 

Mendon,  settlement  at,  597. 

Merrill,  Ira,  killed  by  Inds,  597. 

Merrill,  Philemon  C,  settled  in  Ari- 
zona, 694. 

Methodists,  school,  708. 

Mexico,  miss,  work  in,  412;  settle- 
ment, 094. 

Micra  y  Pacheco,  B.,  in  expedt. 
1776-7,  9. 

Miles,  Albert,  wounded  in  lud.  fighti 
310. 


798 


INDEX. 


Milea,  Daniel,  presdt  of  scventiea, 
lOi). 

Mill  Creek,  bridge  built  1848,  279. 

Millard  coty,  organized,  449-50;  ju- 
dicial diat,  530;  coty  seat,  608;  set- 
ticinenta,  702. 

Miller,  D.  A.,  founds  Farmington, 
318. 

Miller,  George,  supervised  buildings 
at  Nauvoo,  145;  university  regent, 
14G. 

Miller,  John  N.,  testimony  of,  60. 

Miller,  Joseph,  testimony  of,  62. 

Miller,  W.,  legislator,  458;  treatment 
by  military,  660. 

Mills,  Geo.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Mills,  Wm,  killed,  475. 

Mills,  W.  G.,  song  by,  523. 

Millville,  founded  1860.  598. 

Milton  founded  1856,  596. 

Mincr.ils,  list  of,  322. 

Mineral  springs,  analyses,  330. 

Minersvillc  founded,  599. 

Mining,  resources  of  Summit  coty, 
594;  Cache  coty,  696;  hist,  of,  734- 
50;  discouraged  by  church,  740. 

Miracles,  the  first,  68;  limited,  75. 

Mirage,  description  of,  30. 

Missionaries  sent  to  Europe,  197,  270; 
duties  of,  354-6. 

Missions,  labor  of  missionaries  and 
work  done,  397-415. 

Missouri,  missionaries  in,  78-9,  236- 
251;  property  in,  96;  persecutions, 
98-105,  126-136;  march  to,  1834, 
105-8;  map  of  war,  121;  expul- 
sion from,  136;  afl'airs  in,  1847, 
Pl'^-4\  schism  spreads  to,  644. 

Mitchell,  Dr,  characters  submitted  to, 
49. 

Mitchell,  A.  J.,  left  on  Missouri,  274. 

Mojavcs,  the,  treatment  of  explorers 
18:«5,  23. 

Montana,  Mormons  in,  1880,  693. 

Montierth,  A.  M.,  settler  at  Paradise, 
J598. 

Montrose,  Mormons  at,  1846,  233. 

Moore,  David,  recorder  at  Ogden,  308. 

Moquis,  the,  expedt.  reed  by,  1776, 
17. 

Morgan  coty,  judicial  dist,  639;  ori- 
gin of  name,  596;  coty  seat,  608. 

Morlcy,  riot  at,  1845,  208-9. 

Morlcy,  Isaac,  sent  to  Missoari,  84; 
farm  sold,  88;  in  jail,  102;  signs 
memorial,  134;  settles  in  S.  Fete 
Val.,  308;  grist-mill,  327;  legisla- 
tor, 458. 

Mormon  battalion,  organization  of, 
1846,  241;  in  CaL  1846-7,  242-6. 


Mormon  book,  plates  discovered  1823, 
43;  translated,  47-61;  contents,  60- 
2;  printing  of,  1830,  63;  transla- 
tion continued,  88. 

Mormon  Island,  gold  discovered,  302. 

Mormons,  church  organized,  64-6; 
first  conference,  67;  period  of  pros- 
perity, 80-2;  persecutions,  98-104; 
expulsion  from  Missouri,  135;  at 
Nauvoo,  143-93;  expulsion  from 
Nauvoo,  209-35;  at  the  Missouri, 
236-51;  received  by  natives,  236; 
apply  for  U.  S.  aid,  240;  organize 
battf.,  241-2;  sufferings,  246-9; 
migration  to  Utah,  252-74;  map 
of  route,  254;  jubilee  1847,  269; 
affairs  at  Pueblo,  273-4;  emigration 
to  Cal.,  301;  prosperity  1850-52, 
321-30;  first  mission,  390;  work  in 
foreign  countries,  405-15;  accused 
of  Gunnison  massacre,  470;  treat- 
ment of  Inds,  471-80;  tactics  1857, 
511 ;  industrial  and  social  condition, 
576-90;  conference  1877,  677-80; 
disfranchised,  685;  population  1880, 
693. 

Mormonism,  story  of,  1820-44,  36- 
192;  what  is  it,  333-4;  tenets  of 
church,  334-41 ;  sacred  book^,  341; 
priesthood,  341-9;  tithing,  349- 
52;  polygamy,  352-96. 

Moroni,  appearances  of,  1820-7, 42-6. 

Moroni  City,  founded  1859,  601. 

Morrill,  Justin  S.,  bill  against  polyg- 
amy, 606. 

Morris,  Capt.  R.  M.,  in  Gunnison 
party,  468-9. 

Morrisito  troubles  1862-3,  615-21. 

Morris,  Joseph,  doctrine  of,  615;  war- 
rant against,  616;  defeat  and  death 
of,  617-18. 

Morse,  Justus,  captain  in  legion, 
147. 

Moses,  Julian,  missionary,  402. 

Mott,  Stephen,  laid  out  town  site,  312. 

Mountain  Meaidows  massacre,  acct  of, 
J857.  543-71. 

Mount  Pisgab,  Mormons  at,  1846, 222; 
camp  at,  246-8. 

Mount  Pleasant  incorporated,  706. 

Mowers,  Wilson  Q.,  settler  in  Beavei 
coty,  598. 

Muir,  W.  S.,  biog.,  700. 

MulholUmd,  James,  clerk  to  Smith, 
83. 

Mnlliner,  Sam.,  missionary  to  Scot- 
land, 409. 

Muniz,  Andres,  in  expedt.  1776-7,  9. 

Muniz,  Lucrecio,  in  expedt.  1776-7,  9i 

Muuroe,  Jamea,  murder  of,  460. 


INDEX. 


799 


Murdock,  Jolm,  sent  to  Missonri,  85; 
of  council  of  twelve,  108;  signs  me- 
morial, 134;  bishop,  290;  miss,  to 
Australia,  410. 

Murry,  Carlos,  pioneer  of  '47,  272; 
massacred  with  family,  477. 

Murray,  Gov.  E.  H.,  arrival  of,  687; 
official  actions  of,  688-90. 

Musser,  Amoe  M.,  miss,  to  Calcutta, 
310;  sec.  of  silk  assoc.  726;  biog., 
771-2. 


N 


Naile,  John  C,  farm   attacked  by 

Inds,  630. 
Nails,  manufacture  of,  317. 
National  aid,  appropriations  granted, 

48J-6. 
Nauvoo  founded,  141;  meaning,  141; 

described,  143-8;  population,  144; 

Smith's  death,  acts  of  citizens,  190- 

2;  prosperity,  206;   disasters,  207; 

charter  repealed,  208;  preparations 

to  leave,  209-13;  expulsion  from, 

214-35;  fight  at,  228-30;  condition 

184S-50,  235. 
Nauvoo  House,  building  of,  145-6. 
Nauvoo  Legion  organized,  14C-7,  509; 

called  out,  171;  end  of,  658. 
Nebcker,  John,  Early  Justice,  331; 

settles  at  Ft  Supply,  695. 
Nebraska,  Mormons  in,  693. 
Nctr,  John,  built  flouring  mill,  279; 

founds  Mill  Creek,  318. 
Nephi,   first  settlement    at,   312-13; 

school,  3'J4;  incorporated,  450;  coty 

seat,  608;  population  1880,  703. 
Nephites,  history  of,  51-5. 
Nevada,  Mormons  in,  ISSO,  603. 
Newman,  Elijah,  pioneer  of  '47, 272. 
New  Mexico,   trading  parties  from, 

trouble  with,  475-6. 
New  Orleans,  emigration  from,  1851- 

2,  274. 
Newspapers,  89,  92,  104,  115,  325-6, 

715-19;  list  of,  717-18. 
Newton,  settlement,  702. 
Now  York,  Mormons  in,  401,  693. 
Nichols,  Alvin,  grant  to,  609. 
Nichols,  Joshua  R.,  biog.,  748, 
Nicholson,  John,  editor,  716. 
Nidever,  George,  in  Walker  expcdt. 

1832-3,  25. 
Nixon,  Wm,  merchant,  763. 
North  Ogden,  town,  701. 
Norton,  J.  W.,  pioneer  of  *47,  272. 
Norwich,  work  at,  407. 
Nowland,  Jabez,  wounded    in    Ind. 

fight,  310. 


Ogden  founded,  307-8;  incorporated, 

450;    coty  seat,  608;   Z.  M.  C.  I. 

branch  at,   653;    account   of,  700; 

banks,  765. 
Ogden  Junction,  newspaper,  716, 
Ogden,  Peter  Skeen,  with  party  on 

Humboldt  River  1825,  21. 
Ogilbie  locates  mine,  741. 
Ohio,   church    established  in,    1833, 

04-5. 
Olivares,  Lorenzo,  in  expedt.  1776-7,9. 
Olney,  John  F.,  capt  in  legion,  147, 
Olds,  Luther,  arrest  of,  692. 
Omahas,  the  treatmeut  of  Mormons, 

2.%;  land  of,  274. 
Ontario  mine,  value  of,  744, 
Ophir  dist,  value  of  ores,  742. 
Order,  Loge,  establishment  of,  361-2. 
Ormsby,  Mayor,  attacked  by  Inds,  630. 
Orr,  wounded  in  lad.  fight,  310. 
Owen,  Robt,  miss,  to  Calcutta,  410. 
Owen,  Seely,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 


Pace,  James,  settler  at  Payson,  312. 

Pack,  John,  major  of  pioneer  band, 
253;  pioneer  '47,  272;  hunting  co., 
287;  miss,  to  France,  411. 

Packard,  Noah,  councillor,  199. 

Padilla,  Father  Juan  de,  cxped.  of, 
1540,  1. 

Page,  Edwin,  settler,  307. 

Page,  John  E.,  address,  192;  of  travel- 
ling council,  198;  apostle,  345;  mis- 
sionary, 402. 

Page,  Hiram,  plates  shown  to,  1829, 
59;  controversy  with  Smith,  69. 

Pah  Utes,  massacre  by,  185:1,  468-70, 

Palmyra  founded,  312;  school,  324; 
incorporated,  450. 

Papillon  Camp,  fever  at,  248. 

Paradise  founded,  598. 

Paragoonah  founded,  318. 

Parish,  Saml,  grist-mill,  .327, 

Park  City,  settlement,  702. 

Parker,  Zadock,  missionary,  402. 

Parks,  Gen.,  acts  towards  Mormons, 
122-.S. 

Parowan  founded,  216;  iron-works, 
327;  incorporated,  450;  iiuniigrants 
at;  548;  coty  seat,  609;  leading  in- 
dustries, 706. 

Parowan  agency,  455. 

Partridge,  Edw.,  conversion  and  hist., 
81;  miss,  work,  84-5;  tan'ed  and 
feathered,  100;  signs  memorial,  13i, 


800 


INDEX. 


Parvan,  oijcncy,  435, 

Patrick,  Mr,  meetings  at  house  of, 
404. 

Patten,  D.  \V.,  organizer  of  the  Dan- 
itcs,  124-.5;  apostle,  344. 

Patterson,  Ilol)ert,  testimony  of,  GO; 
Who  IVrolf  the  Book  of  Mormon  /"CI. 

Paysou,  niigr.-xtion  to  Cul.  from,  304; 
founded,  312;  incorporated,  450; 
inmiigi'ants  nt,  547. 

Peace  commissioners,  531. 

Peery,  David  H.,  biog.,  701. 

Peniston,  Wm,  attacks  Mormons,  120. 

Penrose,  C.  W.,  biog.,  719. 

Peoa  founded  1800,595. 

Perkins,  Andrew  U.,  coty  commisr 
1848,  'JS7. 

Perkins,  Wm  G.,  councillor  S.  L. 
City  1851,450. 

Perkins,  Wm  J.,  bishop  1849,  290. 

Perpetual  Emigration  Fund  Co.  or- 
ganized, work  of,  415-10. 

Peterson,  James  J.,  killed  by  Inds, 
633. 

Peterson,  Ziba,  miss,  work,  75-8;  pun- 
ishment, 80. 

Pettigrew,  David,  bishop  1849,  290. 

Petty,  A.,  missionary,  402. 

Phelps,  Judge,  allays  fury  of  citizens, 
190. 

Phelps,  W.  W.,  joins  church,  85; 
church  printer,  89;  starts  newspa- 
per, 89,  92;  of  council  of  twelve, 
lOS;  secedes,  118;  draughts  consti- 
tution, 440;  lcgisl&ix)r,  458;  univer- 
sity regent,  709. 

Philharmonic  Society,  585. 

Phillips,  Edw.,  founds  Kaysville,  315. 

Pickett,  Wm,  conduct  at  Nauvoo, 
220-7. 

Pied  Riche,  Chief,  reception  of  Mor- 
mons, 23U. 

Pierce,  Eli  H.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Piercy,  Fred.,  miss,  to  France,  411. 

Pioneer  anniversary,  celebrations  of, 
293-4,  504. 

Pitkin,  Geo.  0.,  bishop,  598. 

Pittsburg,  Rigdon  at,  U4I. 

Pittsburg  mine,  snlo  of,  743. 

Piute  cot:',  judicial  dist,  539;  coty 
scat,  Gv;9;  organized,  705;  sulphur- 
beds,  739. 

Plain  City  founded,  601. 

Piano,  b'^adquarters  of  Josephites, 
646. 

Plates,  the,  finding  and  description 
of,  42-4;  witnesses  to,  59. 

Pleasant  Grove  founded,  312;  incor- 
porated, 450. 

Pleasant  Valley,  coal  deposits  in,  737. 


Police  statistics  1882,  393-4. 

Polk,  Presdt.  Mormons  seek  aid  from, 
240. 

Polygamy,  revelation  on,  reception 
and  practice  1843,  158-08;  reve- 
latid>j  to  J.  Smith,  100;  as  a  church 
tenet,  370;  celestial  marriage,  370- 
1;  argument  of  civilization,  371- 
5;  reply,  375-95;  proposed  rem- 
edies, 395-6;  bills  against,  606-7i 
682-7 ;  attempts  to  suppress,  772-3. 

Polysophical  Society,  585. 

Pomeroy,  BVancis  M.,  pioneer  of  '47, 
272. 

Poole,  John  R.,  visit  to  Snake  River, 
693. 

Population,  census  returns  1850, 328- 
9;  1854-60,  484. 

Porter,  James,  saw -mill,  327. 

Porter,  W.  T.,  biog.,  700. 

Post,  Stephen,  missionary,  402. 

Pottaw&ttamics,  the,  treatment  of 
Mormons,  236. 

Potter,  arrest  and  killing  of,  628-9. 

Potter,  Wm,  of  Gunnison  party,  470. 

Powell,  David,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Powell,  L.  W.,  apptd  peace  commisr, 
531. 

Pratt,  AddisOn,  miss,  to  Sandwich 
Isl.,  412. 

Pratt,  Orson,  recorder,  83;  sent  to 
Missouri,  84;  of  council  of  twelve, 
108;  at  New  York,  142,  213;  prof, 
at  university,  146;  address,  192;  of 
travelling  council,  198;  witii  immi- 
grants 1846-7,  218,  258;  enters 
Salt  Lake  Val.,  260;  holds  service, 
263;  takes  observations,  264;  apos- 
tle, 344-5;  miss,  work,  402-5; 
founded  St  George,  COO;  death,  681; 
university  regent,  709. 

Pratt,  Parley,  conversion  and  hist., 
71-4;  miss,  work,  75,  84,  92,  197, 
253,  400-5,  408;  arrested,  78;  of 
council  of  twelve,  100;  apostle.  111, 
344-5;  trial  and  sentence,  131;  in 
jail,  139;  at  New  York,  142;  ml- 
dress,  192;  joins  immigrants  1846, 
218;  companies  of,  266-7;  in  churgo 
of  camp,  271;  letter  of,  1848,  284; 
explores  Little  Salt  Lake,  315;  mur- 
dered, 546-7;  denounces  Gladden- 
ites,  644. 

Presidency  organized  1833,  94. 

Preston,  W.  B.,  settler  at  Logan  City, 
597, 

Price  founded,  601. 

Priesthood,  otHcers  of,  1841,  198-9; 
order,  341-9. 

Prior,  opinion  of  Smith,  187-8. 


hist, 
I  197. 

78;  of 

Mn. 

il;  ia 
J;  atl- 
11846, 
liurgo 
284; 
linur- 
Idcn* 


-9; 


INDEX.                                                   801 

Provo  founded,  310:  school,  3'24,  70S; 

Richards,  Mrs  F.  T>,,Jifminijteenrf»o/, 

incornorated,   450;   immigrants  at, 
547;  U.  iS.  troops,  conduct  at,  OGO. 

240,  330. 

Richards,  Jos.,  miss,  to  Calcntta,  410. 

Provo  Canal  Co.  ineorporatod,  4S;}. 

Richards,    Phineas,    missionary,  402; 

Provo  Manufacturing  Co.  incorpora- 

legislator, 45.S. 

tion  of,  48.1. 

Richards,   Sam.,   miss,    in    Scotland, 

Provo  Kivcr,  cxpedt.  at,  1770,  14. 

409,  410;  councillor,  450;  university 

Public  buildings  at  Salt  Lako  1.S49, 

regent,  709. 

292-3. 

l^icliards,  Willurd.  recorder.  83;  maj. 

Fucblo,  Mormon  dctaclimcnt  at,  24;i; 

of  legion,  140;  confmed  with  Smith. 

affairs  at,  1847,  27a. 

17S-S2;    address.     189,     191-2;    of 

Pulsipher,  Zcra,  prcsdt  of  seventies, 

travelling  council,  19S;  joins  immi- 

199; councillor,  4.")0. 

grants  1840,  218;    holds  6cr^•ice  in 

Purisima  River,  cxpedt.  at,  1770,  11. 

valley,  203;  city  named  after,  318; 

Pyper,  Alex,  C,  director  silk  assoc.. 

editor    Deserc^    News.    320,    715; 

727;  biog.,  775-6. 

apostle,  344-5;  biog.,  4',\o;   elccte«l 

sec.  of  ttato,  44:!;  legislator,  458. 

Richardson,  Darwin,  miss,  to  Jamaica, 

Q 

410. 

Richardson  Point,  Mormons  at,  1846, 

Quincy,  Mormons  at,  1839, 1.36;  actions 

222. 

of  citizens  1845,  209-11. 

Richlield,  founding  of,  706. 

Richland  coty,  coty  seat  of,  COS. 

Richmond,  ^ionnonsin  prison  at.  1.39. 

R 

Rider,  Sinionds,  apostatized  18.32,  90. 

Rigdou,  Sidney,  conversion  1S:{0.  75: 

Railroad  overland,  mem.  for,  4G2-.3. 

miss.  work.  70-87;  vision,  90;  per- 

Riuidall, Pugslcy,  &  Co.,  facty  of,  7.3:). 

secution,  90;  a]ipid  councillor,  94-5; 

Randolph,  settlement,  702. 

lectures  by.  111;  oration,  120;  trial 

Rappelye,  Tunis,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Rayboult.  Bcnj.  G.,  biog.,  709. 

and  sentence.  131;  in  prison.  139; 

prof,  at  university,  140;  aspirations. 

Real    and    personal   property,    value 

trial,  excommunicated,  biog..  death, 

ISGO,  577. 

198-202. 

Reddin,  Jackson,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Rivera  of  tcr.,  .322. 

Reed,  Amos,  ace.  of  tcr.,  021. 

Road  companies  incorporated,  608-9. 

Reese,  .Jolni,  settles  in  Carson  V"al., 

Roberts,  Clark,  attacked  by  Inds,  474. 

590. 

llobins,  T.  F.,  founds  Scipio.  001. 

Reese,  John  and  Enoch,  busino.ss  of. 

Robinson,  K.,  publisher  of  Times  and 

703. 

Seasons,  109;  university  regent,  140. 

Rcid,  Lazarus  H.,  ch.  jus.  of  tcr.,  401. 

Robinson,  G.  W.,  church  recorder,  S.3; 

Remy,  Jules,  works  of,  002. 

in  prison,  139;  gen.  of  lo-jion,  146. 

Reorganized    Churcli    of    Latter-day 

Robinson,  King,  nuirder  of,  027-8. 

Saints,  creation  of,  044-0;  headquar- 

Robinson, Lewis,  councillor  S.  L.  City, 

ters,  040;  creed  of,  040. 

450. 

Revenue  of  tcr.  1853,  482. 

Rock  Salt,  mountain  of,  739. 

Reynolds,  Geo.,  conviction  of,  083. 

Rockwell,  0.  P.,  attempts  assassina- 

Rice, Joel,  in  Quincy  deputation,  228. 

tion  Gov.  Boggs,  150;  pioneer  '47. 

Rich,  C.  C,  gen.  of  legion,  140;  of 

272;  left  for  Cal..  273;  murders  by. 

high    councd.    198;    apostle,    345; 

502-3;  arrested,  00.3. 

draughts  constitution,  4-10;  advice 

Rockwood,  A.  P.,  gen.  of  legion,  146: 

to  emigrants,  547;  biog.,  775. 

pioneer  '47,  272;  legislator,  45J3. 

Rich  coty,  judicial  dist,  5'>9;  settle- 

Ilogeis, David,  conversion  of,  401. 

ments,  702. 

Rogers,  Noah,  miss,  to  Sandwich  Tsl., 

Richards,   F.   D.,  asst   recorder,    83; 

412. 

Xarrat'nr,  330;  apostle,  345;  prcs. 

Rogers,  Ri^ss  R.,  house  at  Prove,  311. 

of  church  in  Scotland,  409;  over- 

Kolfe, Bonj.  W.,  pioneer  of  '47,  27:2. 

takes  immigrants,  425;  biog.,  4:>0, 

RoUius,  J.  IL,  bishop  at  Mincraville, 

774;   director  of  Iron  co.,  483;  at 

599. 

Lincoln's    funeral    exercises,    020; 

Rooker,  Joseph,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

newspaper,  710. 

Rose,  Stephen  B.,  Ind.  sub-agent,  478. 

Hist.  Utah.    61 

INDEX. 


Rose  borough,  Judge,  disgust  of,  3G2-0. 

Roundy,  Shadracb,  preadtof  bishopric, 
199;  in  charge  of  cattle,  'Jtio;  pio- 
neer '47,  -72;  of  carrying  cc,  298. 

Rowberry,  John ,  explores  Jordan  Val. , 
314;  legislator,  4oS. 

Koyle,  Uoury,  miss,  to  Wales,  409. 

Ruddock,  S.  A.,  claim  of,  20. 

Rusli  Valley  dist,  mines  of,  742. 

Russell,  Aniasa,  erects  carding-ma- 
cLine,  279. 

Russell,  Isaac,  niiss.  to  England,  40.'>. 

Russell,  Wm  G.,  settles  at  Kamas, 
595. 

Rust,  W.  W.,  aaceut  of  Twin  i'eaks, 
265. 


S 


Safety  Society  Bank,  hist,  of,  1836-S, 
113-14. 

St  Charles,  coty  seat,  608. 

St  George  founded,  GOO;  coty  seat, 
60S;  described,  707;  banks,  705. 

St  John  founded,  001. 

St  Louis,  Mormons  at,  79,  '{99. 

San  Antonio  do  Padua  River.  See 
Provo  River. 

San  Bemai'diuu,  Mormon  colony  at, 
505. 592-3,  (542. 

San  Buenaventura  River.  See  Green 
River. 

San  Clemente  River.  See  White 
River. 

San  Cosmo  River  named  1776,  11. 

San  Diego,  Mormon  battal.  at,  245. 

Sandusky,  missionaries  at,  78. 

Sandwich  Islands,  missionary  work  in, 
412. 

San  Francisco,  Mormons  at,  285. 

San  Francisco  dist,  mines  of,  744-5. 

San  Juan  coty  organized,  705. 

San  Juan  River,  cxpedt,  at,  1770,  9. 

San  Pete  coty  organized,  449;  judicial 
dist,  539;  coty  scat,  608;  settle- 
ments, 705-6. 

San  Peto  Valley,  settleaiouts  in,  313- 
14;  coal  deposits,  737. 

.Santa  Clara  founded,  601. 

Santa  Fi,  cxpedt.  from,  1775,  9;  re- 
turn to,  1776,  17;  Mormon  battal. 
at,  243. 

•Santa  Isabel  River  named  1776,  16. 

.Santaquin  founded,  318. 

Salem  founded,  601. 

Salina  settlement,  706. 

Salt  Lake  City,  site  chosen,  264; 
named,  265;  immigrants  at,  297- 
301,  547;  jjopulation  1850,  .^28; 
warm  spring  baths,  .330;  hand-cart 


immigrants,  428;  convention,  440; 
election,  1849,  443;  incorporated, 
4.50;  peace  conimis.  at,  531 ;  advance 
of  army,  533;  city  ilcserted,  635; 
description  of,  580-5,  694-9:  charter 
amended,  608;  Lincoln's  funeral  ex- 
ercises, 626;  Josephito  niovcineut, 
645-6;  Godbeito  meeting,  648-9; 
constitutional  convention,  687;  hos- 
pitals, 693;  banks,  765. 

Salt  J^-tke  coty  organized,  449;  acot 
of,  699. 

Salt  Liiko  Daily  Herald,  715. 

Salt  Lake  Daily  Times,  710. 

Salt  Lake  Tribune  established,  654. 

Suit  Lake  \'alley,  co.  selected  to  go 
to,  1845,  215. 

Salt  Lako  water-works,  eo.  incorpo- 
rated, 483. 

Salt  Lake  and  Western  R.  R.,  building 
of,  758. 

'Saluda'  steamer  blown  up  18.")2,  274. 

Savage,  Levi,  opposition  of,  424. 

Saw-mills  at  S.ilt  I^ikc  1848,  279. 

Savers,  H.,  missionary,  402. 

Scucttler,  P.  A.,  sec.  of  order  of 
Enoch,  301;  treasurer  silk  assoc, 
726. 

Schiel,  Dr  James,  in  Gunnison  party, 
408. 

Sruiudle,  George,  col  of  legion,  140. 

Schisms  and  apostasies  1844-69,  641- 
55. 

Schofield,  Joseph  S.,  pioneer  of  '47, 
272. 

Scholes,  Geo.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Schools,  hist,  of,  707-15. 

Scientifio  society,  585. 

Scipio  founded,  601. 

Scotland,  miss,  work  in,  409. 

Scott,  Capt.,  light  with  Inds.  312. 

ocott,  Jacob,  sent  to  Missouri  1831, 
84. 

Scott,  John,  col  of  militia,  442. 

Scott,  Gen.  Winfie'd,  opinion  of 
expedt.,  497. 

Scovil,  L.  N.,  capt.  in  legion,  147. 

Searlo,  John  C,  settler  atPayon,  .TI2, 

Sericulture,  value  of,  720. 

Serra,  Junipero,  memorial  of  1773,  8 

Sessions,  Peregrine,  founds  Bountiful, 
307. 

Seventies,  duties  of,  346,  347. 

Sevier  coty,  judicial  dist,  5,')9;  coty 
seat,  608;  organized,  706. 

Sevier  Lake,  expedt.  at,  1776, 16. 

Sevier  River,  Gunnison  party  at,  4fiS: 
Aitkcii  murder,  .')62. 

Shaflfer,  J.  Wilson,  apptd  gov.,  658; 
career,  658-661;  death,  661. 


INDEX. 


17. 

^73,  8 
itiful, 


eoty 

4(18: 
iio8. 


Siiarp,  John,  director  order  of  Knocli, 

'Ml;  \\()ollcu-iiiill8,  I'M;  bicg.,  Ti'i.'i. 
Shaver,  Lcoiiidas,  asso.  judge,  401. 
Shearer,  Dun.,  inissioniiry,  ■iO'2. 
Shearer,  Norman  !>.,  ini.-aiouary,  40'-'. 
Sheota,    Elijah,    dircc.    of    order    of 

Enoch,  301. 
Sherwood,  Henry  G.,  stoekholdcr  in 

Nauvoo,  14.');   of  high  council,  198; 

pioneer  '47,  -72;  legislator,  4d8. 
Shilling,  \V.  N.,  biog.,  700. 
Shirtled',    Vincent,  councillor    S.    L. 

City,  450. 
ShirtlitF,  L.  A.,  missionary,  402. 
Shirts,  Fetor,  besieged  by  Inds,  033. 
Shocnsburg,  founded,  001. 
Shuahoncs,    hostility,    472;    treaties, 

477,  034;  attack  settleutents,  030; 

defeated,  031. 
Shumway,  A.  1'.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Shumway.   i'.,   pioneer  '47,   272;  at 

Sevier  River,  310;   saw-mill,   327; 

legislator,  458. 
Silver  Bell  mine,  richness  of,  743. 
Silver  Reef  City,  incorporated,  74(i. 
Simpson,  G.,  leads  mob  against  Mor- 
mons, 1833,  100. 
Simpson,  J.  II.,  explor.  expedt.,  7."'2. 
Simpson's  route,  7.'>1. 
Sinclair,    C.    E.,   assoc.    judge,    500; 

actions,  639-40. 
Singleton,  Col,  actions  against  Mor- 
mons, 227-8. 
Sioux,  the,  robberies  by,  208-9. 
Sirrinc,  M.,  missionary,  402. 
Skelton,  Robt,  miss,  to  Calcutta,  410. 
Slater,  Rich. ,  at  S.  L.  from  Cal. ,  285. 
Slatervillo,  settlement,  308,  318,  701. 
Sloan,  Edw.  L.,  editor,  710. 
Sloan,  James,  col  of  legion,  140;  dist 

clerk,  287;  miss,  to  Ireland.  410. 
Smelting-works,  production  of,  748-9. 
Smith,  Capt.,  pilots  co.  to  Cul.  1849, 

299. 
Smith,  A.  J.,  left  on  Missouri,  274, 
Smith,  Alexander,   at  Nauvoo  after 

exodus,  044;  Josephitc  missionary, 

045-0. 
Smith,  Alfred,  joins  Gladdcnites,  043; 

arrested,  044, 
Smith,  Alvin,  death  of,  1825,  44. 
Smith,  D.  15.,  col  of  Ifgion,  140. 
Smith,  D.  C.,  publisher  of  Times  and 

Seasons,    109. 
Smith,  Dan.,  settles  at  Uintah,  319. 
Smith,  David  Hyrum,  at  Nauvoo  after 

exodus,  G44;  Joaephite  missionary, 

645-6. 
Smith,  Don  Carloa,  presdt  of  high- 

prieata,  190. 


Smith.  Elios,  univoraity  regont,  709; 
biog.,  775. 

Smith,  Emma,  hymn-book  of,  74. 

Smith,  Geo.  A.,  recorder,  83;  address, 
192;  ordained  elder,  197;  of  travel- 
ling council,  198;  joins  immigrants, 
218;  holds  service  in  valley,  263; 
pioneer  '47,  272;  building  at  I'rovo, 
311;  lays  out  town  site,  312;  builds 
fort,  310;  apostle,  345;  promotes 
canal  CO.,  48.3;  grant  to,  451;  legis- 
lator, 450;  director  Z.  C.  M.  I.,  652; 
biog.,  671-2. 

Smith,  Ilyrum,  baptized,  58;  plates 
shown  to,  59;  receives  V.  I'ratt, 
71-4;  sent  to  Misso\iri,  84;  trial  and 
sentence,  131;  in  prison,  139;  stock- 
holder in  Nauvoo,  145;  university 
regent,  14(i;  niTcsted,  175;  death, 
179;  patriarch,  198. 

Smith,  James  A.,  grist-mill,  327. 

Smith,  Jedediah  S.,  trapping  expedt. 
1820,  22-3. 

Smith,  Jesse,  sent  on  mission,  104. 

Smith,  John,  biog.,  079. 

Smith,  John  G.,  bishop,  597. 

Smith,  John  H.,  a(M)stlo,  biog.,  340, 
681. 

Smith,  John  S.,  biog.,  700. 

Smith,  Joseph,  parentage  and  birth, 
40;  spiritual  manifestations,  mar 
riagc,  persecutions,  transLites  plates, 
organizes  church,  1820-30,  40-70; 
missionary  work  1830-34,  74-110; 
tarred  anil  feathered,  92;  banking 
operations,  113;  starts  newspaper, 
115;  persecuted,  122-31;  in  prison. 
139;  founds  Nauvoo,  141;  actions 
at,  1840-4,  14;i-88;  revelation  on 
polygamy,  IGO;  candidate  for  presi 
dency,  108;  arrest  and  murdei, 
175-83;  character,  184-88. 

Smith.  Joseph,  Sr,  character  and 
family,  40,  41;  revelation  to,  50; 
conversion,  58;  plates  shown  to,  59. 

Smith,  Jos.,  Jr,  missionary,  402;  es 
tablishcs  reorganized   church,  64-1: 
pres.  Joaephites,  040. 

Smith,  Joseph  E.,  apostlo,  345;  biog.. 
434;  actions  against  Josuphites,  Mt't; 
councillor,  080. 

Smith,  Maj.  Lot,  operations  of,  .")l."i 
10. 

Smith,  Oliver,  testimony  of,  00. 

Smith  (I'eg-leg),  in  J.  .S.  Smith's  <'x 
juidt.,  23. 

Smith,  S.  II.,  sent  to  Missouri,  81: 
university  resent,  146;  death,  189; 
converts  B.  Yoong,  195;  pres.  oi 
bishopric,  100. 


INDEX. 


Smith,   Samuel,    baptized    lSi!9.   58; 

plates  shown  to,  fi9. 
Smith,  T.  L.,  mouuUiuccr,  offer  of, 

291. 
Smith,  W:n,  legislator,  14J;  address, 

192;    of    travelling    council,    r.<S; 

apostle,  344-5;  goes  to  Illinois,  04-'. 
Smith,   W.  U.,  Bcttler  at  CoalviJc, 

595. 
Smithficld,    founded,    597;    Lcn.atite 

beds,  7;i5. 
Smoot,  A.  O.,  assists  imniigraiits,  '283; 

bishop,     290;     mecta    army,    5i,.'.; 

woollen-mill,  732. 
Smoot,  WmC,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Snako  River,  lirst  Mormon  visit  to, 

G93. 
Sncll,  Geo.  D.,  biog.,  704. 
Snider,   J.,   supervised   buildings    at 

Nauvoo,  145;  univereity  regent,  140; 

miss,  to  England,  405. 
Snider,  Sam.,  settles  in  Summit  coty, 

594. 
Snow,  B.,  amateur  actor,  5S4. 
Snow,  Eliza  R.,   biog.  and   bibliog., 

719;  vico-presdt  silk  assoc.,  720. 
Snow,  Erastus,  enters  .Salt  Lake  Val., 

260;  pioneer  '47,  272;  apostle,  345; 

missionary,  402-11;  draughts  con- 
stitution,   440;    director   iron   co., 

483;  founds  St  George,  COO;  biog., 

775. 
Snow,  Lorenzo,  prcsdt  of  camp,  247; 

aids  immigrants,  2S3;  founds  Brig- 
ham  City,  .118;  apostle,  315;  miss. 

to  Switzerland,  412;  jtresilt  I'oly- 

sophical  Soc,  5S5;  biog.,  774. 
Snow,  Willard,  maj.  of  miliiiu,  442; 

legislator,  443,  45S. 
Snow,  Wm,   magistrate,   287;  alder- 
man, 450. 
Snow,  Zcrubbabcl,  assoc.  judge,  45G; 

university  regent,  709. 
Snyder,   J.    A.,   in  Gunnison  party, 

468. 
Snyder,  Sam.,  grant  to,  009. 
Soda  Springs,  military  post  at,  620; 

Z.  C.  M.  I.  branch,  053. 
Soil,  character  of,  322,  724. 
Sorrow,   John  C,   survivor  of    Mtu 

Meadows  massacre,  55S. 
Sotomayor,    Pedro  de,    in  Cardeua's 

expedt.,  1,  4. 
Southern  Utonian,  newspaper,  710. 
South  Pass,  Mormons  arrive  at,  250. 
South  Weber,  first  located,  318. 
Spaniards,  discoveries  of,  1540-1777, 

1-17. 
Spanish     Fork     incorporated,     450; 

founded,  GOl;  settlei-sat,  704. 


Spanish  Tork  reservatica,  630. 
.S|iaiii.-ih  River,  c.xpedt.  ut,  1770,  14. 
Spaulding,  Joim,  testimony  of,  00. 
.Sp.-juldiug,  Rev.  S.,  lictitious  hist,  by, 

00-2;   7'Ae  Manuaci'ipt  Found,  00. 
•Spencer,   Daniel,  deposed  as  mayor, 

200;  legislator,  458;  university  re- 
gent, 709. 
Si^fnoer,   Orson,  professor  at  univer^ 

Bity,  140,  709;  legislator,  458. 
•Spicer,  Wells,  atty  in  Leo  trial,  505. 
Spiers,  J.,  founds  Plain  City,  001. 
Spring  City,  incorporated,  706. 
Spiingville,   founded,    318;    incorpo- 
rated, 450;  immigrants  at,  547. 
Staines,  A.  W.  C,  adopted  by  Brig- 

liani  Young,  301. 
Staines,  WmC,  librarian  1852,325. 
.Shakos  of  Ziou,  divisii.i;,  347-8. 
Sumsbury,  Cipt.  II     survey  c.xpedt. 

1S49-50,  403- V:    An  Expedt.  to  the 
I'cd'ei/  of  the.  Gt  ■■>.  L.,  405. 
SUxyner,  Arthur,  iiil-s.  to  Prance,  411. 
btenhouse,  T.  B.  II.,  works  of,  030-7; 

supports  Godbeites,  049;  editor  D. 

Telegraph,  715. 
Stcptoe,    Lt-col,    investigations    by, 

492-4. 
■Stevens,  wounded  in  Ind.  light,  310. 
Stevens,  Roswcll,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Stevens,  Sidney,  biog.,  710. 
Stewart,   And.   J.,  settler  at  Payon, 

312. 
.•^tewart,  Benj.  P.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272, 
Stewart,    Ivin,   occupies  Uarrisville, 

318. 
.Stewart,  Levi,  missionary,  402. 
Stewart,   James  W.,  pioneer  of  '47, 

«i ... 
Stiles,   Geo.    P.,   assoc.   judge,    462; 

chief  justice,  488;  character,  489. 
Stoal,  Josiah,  Joe  Smith  works  for, 

1825,  44. 
.Stock-raising,  description  and  value 

of,  729-32. 
Stotldard,  John,  biog.,  733. 
Stokes,  Rev.  G.,  at  Lee's  execution, 

570. 
Stoker,    John,    representative    1851, 

458. 
Stout,  Hosea,  maj.  of  legion,  140;  capt. 

night  guard,   282;   legislator,   458; 

att}',  4b9;  arrested,  00;{-4;  univer- 
sity regent,  709. 
.Strang,  J.  J.,  revelations  of,  641. 
Strangitcs,  the,  sect  of,  041. 
Strickland,  O.  P.,  assoc.  judge, 002. 
Striugham,  Briaut,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
■Sugar    Creek,     tirst     Mormon    camp 

1840,  218. 


INDEX 


•06 


•f  '47, 

462; 
189. 
for, 

•alue 


bapt. 
|45S; 
ivcr- 


Sulphur,  discoveries  of,  739. 
Summc,  Gilburd,  pioiii;cr  of  '47.  -"-. 
Summit  coty,  judicial  diut,  uM;  cuty 

scat,  COS;  linuta,  70*2;  coaldcposiu, 

737. 
Supply  trains,  burning  of,  515-16. 
iSutlierland,  atty  in  I^e  trial,  565. 
Sutter's   Mill,   gold    discovery   1848, 

301-2. 
Sutter's  Fort,  cannon  from,  278. 
Sweden,  miss,  uork  in,  411. 
Sweetwater,  emigranta  encamp  at,  42(5. 
Switzerland,  miss,  work  in,  412. 


Tabernacle,  services  in,  358,  ."iSS-tf. 

Taft,  Scth,  pioneer  of  '47,272;  bishop, 
290. 

Tanner,  Thomas,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Taxation,  767-8. 

Taylor,  ilohn,  signs  memorial,  I'M; 
university  regent,  146;  confined 
with  J.  Smith,  wounded,  1844, 
178-83;  address,  189-92;  of  travel- 
ling council,  198;  joins  immigrants, 
218;  missionary  work,  25J,  408, 
410-11;  in  charge  of  camp,  271; 
lieminuce.HCfs, 330;  apostle,  ,'515;  con- 
verson,  40;}-5;  biog.,  433;  draughts 
constitution,  440;  aaa  ',•.  judge,  443; 
olccteil  pres.  of  church,  *»7S-80;  ap- 
pearance aud  mien,  6&2. 

Taylor,  Norman,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Taylor,  P.  G.,  reoccupies  Han'isvillc, 
318. 

Teasdalf,  Geo.,  apostle,  345,  681; 
biog.,  681. 

Telegraphs,  first  message,  770;  lines 
in  operation,  771-2. 

Temple  at  Kirtland,  94,  112-13;  Zion, 
95-6;  Nauvoo,  144,  206-7;  «alt  Lake 
City,  264,  582. 

Territorial  Inquirer,  newspaper,  716. 

Territory,  admission  as,  453-4;  seal 
of,  460. 

Texas,  Mormon  settlement  in,  642. 

Thatcher,  Aaron,  settler  at  Logan  City, 
597. 

Thatcher,  Hezekiah,  wealth  of,  597. 

Thatcher,  John,  settler  at  Logan  City, 
597. 

Thatcher,  Moses,  apostle,  345;  di- 
rector order  of  Unuch,  361. 

Theatricals  at  Salt  Lake,  1849,  295. 

Theobald,  Wm,  relocates  Dunc.m'.s  re- 
treat, 601. 

'Tho  Revenue  Cutter,'  leathern  boat, 
255. 


The  Tni<-  Latter-day  Saint's  Herald, 

Joscphiic  newspaper,  046. 
Tliompson,  Clus,  misaionary,  402. 
Thompson,    Elder  R.    B.,   death   of, 

1841,  S3. 
Thomas,  Robt  T.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Thoi  ington,  Wm,  execution  »>f,  592. 
Thoi  uley,  John,  settles  in  Cache  eoty, 

597. 
Tiiorntoii.  II.  M.,  pioneer  of '47,  2T2. 
Thorpe,  M.  15.,  piomer  cf  '47,  272. 
Thurston,    T.   J.,    occupies    Morgan 

eoty.  596. 
Timber,  scarcity  uf,  323,  727. 
Times  and  .Se.isons,  hist,  of,  109. 
Timpanogos  Lake.     8co  tjtah  Lake. 
Tiiiiio  dist,  mines  in,  value,  743-4. 
Tippitts,  I.  H.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Tithing,  law  of,  349-  ."2. 
Titus,  John,  chief  justice,  621. 
Tizon  Ri\cr,  discovery  of,   1540,  3,  4. 
Toljar,  IVdrodo,  t'.\|)cdt.  of,  1540,  1-4. 
Tobin,  Lt,  attempted  murder  of,  569. 
Tolnian,  Cvrus,  explores  Jordan  Val., 

314. 
Tooele  City  founded,  315;  mills,  327; 

incorjx)rated,  450;  population  1880, 

703. 
Tooele  coty  organized,  449;  judicial 

dist,  539. 
Toquerville  founded,  599. 
Townsend,  hotel-keeper,  5!S2. 
Trade,  578-9. 


i: 


1846,  18- 
ut    I'eoa, 


Trapi)eis,  expedta  ol, 
j      35. 

j  frumau,  Jacob   M.,   house 
I      595. 

I  Truthteller,  periodical,  642. 
I  TuLidgo  Bros  support  Godbeite  move- 
ment, 649. 

Tullidge,  E.  W.,  works  of,  636. 

Tulliilge's  Quarterly  Magazine,   lirst 
appearance,  716. 

Turley,  Tlicoilore,  signs  memorial,  134. 

Turpin,  Jesse,  miss,  to  Jamaica,  410. 

Tusayan,  iSpaniards  at,  1540,  1,  2. 

Twin  I'eaks,  a.scent  of,  1847,  265. 

Tyler,  Daniel,  Ili-nt.  cf  Mormon  UaUl., 
215;  missionary,  402. 


Uintah,  .settlement,  319,  701. 
Uintah  a^'ency,  455. 
Uintah  mty  organized.  704. 
Uintali  dist,  mines  of,  744. 
Uint^iii  reservation,  Indians  at,  635-6. 
Uintah   Kiver,   expedition    at,    1776, 
11. 


806 


INDEX. 


University  at  Nauvoo,  oliiccrs,  14(5; 
Deseret,  3-':<-4,  709-15. 

Utah,  origin  of  nuiiic,  'M-ii;  migration 
to,  1S47, 'Jr>--T4:  Kuttlementand  ou- 
cupatiuu,  1847-")-,  ;}05-'20;  lioun<Ia- 
ries,  3'_'l;  phynioal  features,  ',i'2'2; 
land  and  waters,  .t'J'J;  flora  and 
fauna,  :{J3;  as  a  ter.  1S4'.>-.M,  43l»- 
8();  .socks  stuto  admission,  483-4 ; 
ti87;  ix[)edt.  to,  1807,  4!»(>-S;  mar- 
tial law,  f)09;  war  Ksr)7-!S,  .">l'_'-4(); 
reformation,  540--;  niiii>  of  Hettle- 
meiita,  C>*M;  refused  statu  admission; 
(SCO;  limits  curtiiiled,  it'2',i;  disturb- 
unce8,02l>-0;comnien-ialeontrol,0ol 
-5;  climate,  CiOl ;  population,  1 88(.>-3, 
G9'2-4;  towns  aiul  settlemeuts,  (»i(4- 
707;  schools,  707-ir>;  journalism, 
715-lU;  agriLulturo,  7-0-S;  utoik- 
raising,  7-9-3-;  manufactures,  733- 
4;  mining,  734-.'">0. 

Utah  Central  H.  11.,  building  of,  7.'i(i. 

Utah  coty  orj^janized,  449;  judicial 
dist,  539;  coty  seat,  OOH;  descrip- 
tion of,  703-4. 

Utah  Eastern  K.  R.,  building  of,  758. 

Utah  Lake,  expedt.  at,  1770,  11-13; 
fort  built,  18-.'5,  '-M ;  Freuiont  at,  33; 
outlet,  -03;  surveyed,  4Uo. 

Utah  Magazine,  otlenco  tochurcii  dig- 
nitaries, 047;  acct  of  tJodbe  trial, 
049. 

Utah  and  Northern  R.  R.,  building  of, 
757. 

Utahs  attack  settlers,  .305-0;  disturb- 
ances with,  474-0;  outbreak  of, 
032-3;  treaty  with,  034. 

Utah  Silk  Association  incorj)orated, 
720. 

Utah  Southern  R.  R.,  building  cf, 
756-7. 


Vance,  Wm  P.,  pioneer  of  '47,  27-. 

Van  Cott,  John,  marshal  of  Pi'att"s 
comps,  207. 

Vuix  Cult,  James,  direc.  of  order  of 
Enoch,  301. 

Van  Vliet,  ('apt.,  at  S.  I^.,  actions  of, 
505-9. 

Vaughn,  Vernon  H.,  appointed  gov., 
001. 

Vazipiez  de  Coronado,  Francisco,  jour- 
ney of,  1540,  1. 

Vermilion,  settlement,  700. 

Virgin  City  founded,  599. 

V'irgiuia  City,  origin  of  name,  590. 

Voice  of  VVarning,  issue  of,  1837, 
116. 


war,    1S53,  471^5;   cost  of, 


W 

Wads  worth,   A.,   bishop  at  Easton, 

308. 
Wages,  578. 
Waite,  Chas  U.,  associate  judge,  605; 

resigns,  021. 
Waite,    Mrs    C.    V.,     The    Mormon 

Pmphit,  037. 
Waki'liehl,  Joseph,  sent  to  Missouri, 

84. 
Wales,  miss,  work  in,  409. 
Walker,  a'lest  and   escape   of,    628, 

029. 
Walker,  chief  of  Utes,  313;  eliaracter, 

47.'>-4;  treatment  of  Mormons,  474; 

war  with,  474  5;  death,  477. 
Walker  Bros  8up|iort  Codbeito  move- 
ment, 049;  persecution  of,  052,  054; 

tirst  shippers  of  ore,  741. 
Walkei-,  lleason,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Walker,   Joseph,  expedt.    of  1S32-3, 

25. 
Walker 

479. 

Wall,  Wm,  settler  at  Wallsburg,  595. 
Wallsburg,  settlement  at,  695. 
Walton    Alfred,  settler  at  Willard, 

318. 
Walton,  Mrs,  conversion  of,  404. 
Wandell,  C  W.,  miss,  to  Australia, 

410. 
Wandell,  Wesley,  missionary,  402. 
Wauship,  coty  seat,  008. 
Ward,  Austin    N. ,   The    Husband   in 

Utah,  002. 
Ward,  Elijah,  at  Sevier  River,  310. 
Wardel,  Ceo.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 
Wadsworth,  Abiah,  grant  to,  483. 
Warner,  .John  E.,  killed,  475. 
^   urren,    Major,    protects    Mormons, 

J23-4. 
Warren,  W.  IJ. ,  com.  to  Nauvoo,  21 1. 
Wasatch  coty,  judicial  dist,  539. 
Washington  coty  organized  1S.V2,  450; 

judicial  dist,  539;  settlements   in, 

000  1;  coty  seat,  008. 
Washington  ter..  Mormons   in  1880, 

093 
Washoe  Val.,  settlement  in,  592. 
Watts,  Robt,  settles  at  .South  Weber, 

319. 
^Veaver.  Franklin,  grant  to,  609. 
Webb,  Edw.  M.,  missionary,  402. 
Wcbei',  C.  M.,  in  lijirtleson  party,  29. 
Weber  coty  organized,  449;  judicial 

dist,   539;    coty  seat,   G08;    settle- 
ments in,  700-1. 
Weber  River,  Fremont's  expedt.  at, 

32. 


INDEX, 


Wciler,  Jacob,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Weld,  John  F..  col  of  K-f^inn,  14(5. 

Wells,  Daniel  H.,  university  regent, 
140,  709;  coincl  of  Murinona  nt 
Nauvoo,  228;  call  for  vols,  ',iW; 
Ncirratiiv,  Xi\;  victi-prcs.  oriler  <it 
Knoch,  301;  in  jail,  .MOlt;  niaj.-gen. 
of  militia,  442;  atty-^,'i'ii.,  44.S;  loj;- 
islator,  4."iS;  fi^rry  nglit,  48;t;  ai- 
tiona  at  Echo  Caaon,  f>l.VI.">;  wit- 
ness in  Leo  trial,  ."i()7;  jx)3tpoiio.H 
militia  mustering,  (i."il);  arrt'sti-il, 
003-4;  atH.  Young's  funeral,  ti7l-2; 
biog.,  078-9. 

Wells,  J.  S.,  settles  at  Willard,  318. 

Wells,  Lyman  B.,  settler  at  Willard, 
318. 

Wellsville,  founded,  590. 

West  Indies,  miss,  work  in,  410. 

Western  Monitor,  incendiary  articles 
of,  1S33.  101. 

Weston,  tlohn,  murder  by,  509. 

West  Weber  founded,  001. 

Wheeler,  John,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

White,  O.,  mi.ssiouary,  402. 

White  River,  cxpedt.  at,  1770,  11. 

Whitlock.  Uurvey,  sent  to  Missouri, 
84 

Whitman,  Marcus,  ui  Utah  1842,  32. 

Whitmcr,  Christian,  plates  shown  to, 
69;  of  council  of  twelve,  108. 

Whitmer,  David,  baptized  1829,  58; 
plates  shown  to,  59;  sent  to  Mis- 
souri, 84;  pros,  council  of  twelve, 
108;  secedes,  118. 

Whitmer,  Jacob,  plates  shown  to,  59. 

Whitmer,  John,  plates  shown  to,  59; 
church  historian,  82;  cxconmauni- 
cated,  83;  asst  pres.  council  of 
twelve,  108. 

Whitmer,  Peter,  baptized,  58. 

Whitmer,  Peter,  Jr,  plates  shown  to, 
59;  miss,  work,  75,  78. 

Whitney,  Koraco  K.,  pioneer  of  '47, 
272. 

Whitney,  N.  K.,  at  Kirtlaud,  89; 
bishop,  89-90;  university  regent, 
146;  treasurer  of  ter.,  443. 

Whitney,  Orson  K.,  iiioneer  of  '47, 
272. 

Whipple,  Edson,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Wight,  Lyman,  sent  to  Missouri,  84; 
of  council  of  twelve,  iOS;  arrested 
and  released,  122;  dispenses  mob, 
123-4;  trial  and  sentence,  131;  su- 

Serviaes  Nauvoo  buildings,  145;  ad- 
ress,   192;  apostle,  345;   leader  of 
Texas  colony,  042. 
Wild,  H.  B.,  settler  at  Coalville,  595. 
A\'ild  beasts,  depredations  by,  277-8. 


Willurd  City  founded,  318. 

Willcs,  Wm.  nuM.  to  Calcutta,  410. 

Williams,    acta    at    assassination    of 

Smith,  178-8.3. 
Williams,  A.  B.,  settler  at  Coalville, 

505. 
Williams,  Alex.,  trading  with  Inds, 

.'tU9;   in  Ind.   tight.   310;  saw-mill, 

327;  legislator,  4.'i8. 
Williams,  Almou  K.,  pioneer  of  '47, 

Williams,  Christopher,  bishop,  25H); 

Willinins,  F.  G.,  conversion,  78;  re- 
mains at  Kirtlanil,  88;  councillor, 
94;  jinymaster  Kirtland  co.,  106. 

Williams  S.,  y)rcsdt  of  elders,  199. 

WillianiH,  Thomas,  murder  of,  489. 

Willie,  James  0.,  capt.  of  hand-cart 
CO..  423  7. 

Willow  Creek,  en  .,  r  aits  buried  at, 
427. 

Wilson,  arrest  and  killing  of,  028-9. 

Wilson,  Alex.,  U.  .S   aUy,  5.39. 

Wilson,  Dunbar      f  hi^h  council,  IT:,. 

Wilson,  (».,  1  it  of  Twin  P  aks, 
205. 

Wilson,  (rcu.  ,1.,  cniis"itation  with 
YoiMig,  440;  Ind.    'geni,  •i78- 

Winchester,  Bcnj.nuiii.  missionary, 
40'. 

Wolfskin,  Wm,  trapping  i  xpedt.  1830, 
23-4. 

Morn>on'.-i  Exponent,  woman's  right 
paper,  710. 

Won)an  suflrage,  tirst  instance,  282; 
granted,  057. 

Wootl,  '•.  D,,  mayor  of  Springville, 
704. 

Wood,  John,  in  Quincy  deputation, 
228. 

Woodward,  Geo.,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

WoodrulT,  Wilford,  asst  recoriler,  83; 
address,  192;  ordained  elder,  197; 
of  travelling  council,  198;  dedicates 
temple,  206;  joins  immigrants,  218; 
holds  service  in  valley,  203;  pioneer 
'47,272;  Joiimaf.^i-M;  apostle, 345; 
biog.  4,35;  legislator,  458;  pres.  sci- 
entific soc,  585. 

Woods,  Geo.  L.,  appttl  gov.,  001; 
character,  ()01-2;  career,  002-'t;  re- 
tired from  otlice,  007. 

Woodson,  Sam.  H.,  mailcontract,  501. 

Woodworth,  L.,  col  of  legion,  147. 

Wool  business,  value  of,  731-2. 

Woollen-mills,  hist,  of,  732-3. 

Woolley,  Sam.  A.,  miss,  to  Calcutta, 
410. 

Wooli.'v,  Edwin  D.,  missionary,  402; 
legislator,  458. 


808 


INDEX. 


Woolsey,  Thomas,  pioneer  of  '47.  272. 

Wordsworth,  Wm,  pioneer  of  '47,  272. 

Workman,  Oliver  G.,  delegate  to 
Wash.,  447. 

Wright,  Aaron,  testimony  of,  60. 

Wright,  Alex.,  miss,  to  Scotland,  409. 

Wnght,  Jonathan  C,  magistrate,  287. 

Wyandos,  the,  miss,  labors  among, 
390. 

Wyoming  ter.  organized,  623;  Mor- 
mons in,  693. 


Xongopabi,  Spaniards  at,  17" 6,  17. 


Yates,  Rich.,  murder  of,  393. 

Yearsley,  David  D.,  coty  com.,  2S7. 

Young,  A.,  missionary,  402. 

Young,  Ann  Eliza,  suit  for  divorce, 
393. 

Young,  Brigham,  sent  to  Missouri, 
104;  apostle,  111,  344-.");  signs 
memorial.  i;54;  at  New  York,  142; 
issues  address,  192;  pres.  of  church, 
biog.,  actions  of,  1844-5,  19o-213; 
circular,  21.");  joins  immigr.ants,  218; 
activity,  240-51;  at  Salt  Lake, 
1847,  2G1,  2,Si];  rcbaptizcd,  20."); 
revelation,  207;  suptot  camps,  282; 
thanks  battl.,  2S0;  issues  currenc}-, 
291;  denounces  Cal.  emigration, 
.303-4;  founds  Ogdcu,  .307;  message, 
1852,  .S27;  grist-mill,  .327;  in  Eng- 
land, 406;  gov.  of  tcr.,  44.3,  455- 
0;  grants  to,  451,  COO;  opposes  U. 
S.  survey,  404;  as  a  dictator,  4S 1-2; 
promotes  CO. ,  483;  reappointed  gov., 
403;  actions  for  defence,  .'")05;  re- 
ception of  Van  V^lict,  .")05-9;  proc- 
lamation, 509;  invo'Uigates  Mtn 
Meadows  massacre,  5.58;  thrnancncd 


arrest,  572-3;  disputes  with  U.  S. 

officials,  610;    denounces  Gladden- 

ites  and  Godbeite  movement,  644- 

8;   last  days  of,  6.56-70;  arrested, 

603;  death,  609:  character,  072-4; 

will,  675-6;  wool!en-mill,  732;  pres. 

U.  Cent.  R.  R.,  756. 
Young,  lirigham,  Jr,  apostle,  345. 
Young,  Mrs  C.   D.,  pioneer  '47,  272; 

A   ifoman's  Experience,  .331;  biog., 

331. 
Young,    Harriet   P.,  pioneer  of   '47, 

272. 
Young,  Isaac  P.   D.,  pioneer  of  '47, 

272. 
Young,   John,    first    patriarch,    195; 

pres.    of    Pratt's    companies,   267; 

death,  675. 
Young,  John  W.,  atBrigham  Young's 

funeral,  671;  sec.  U.   Cent.  R.  R., 

750. 
Young,  Joseph,  presdt  of  seventies, 

190;  legislator,  458. 
Young,  Lorenzo  D.,   pioneer  of  '47, 

272. 

Young,  Lorenzo   Z..  pioneer   of    '47, 
.)-.i 

Young,   Phineas  H. ,  pioneer  of  '47, 

Seraph,   first  woman    V(jter, 

057. 
Young,  Zina  D.,  director  silk  .assoc, 

727: 
Yount,  Geo.  C,  in  Wolfskill  expedt. 

18.30,  24. 
Yut.as,    the,    reception   of    Spaniards 

1776,  10-13. 


Ziou  City  founded,  87. 

Zion's  Cooperative  Mercantile  Insti- 
tution, extent  of  operations,  652-3. 

Zuni,  Spaniards  at,  1540,  1-5;  expedt. 
at,  1770,  17. 


^4  - 

Yoliii 


es  with  U.  S. 
nces  Gladden- 
ovement,  644- 
-70;  arrested, 
racter,  C72-4; 
nill,  732;  prea. 

)oatle,  345. 
neer  '47,  272; 
:e,  331;  bics-, 

oneer  of   '47, 

ioneer  of  '47, 

triarch,    195; 
npanies,   267; 

[ham  Young's 
Cent.  R.  R., 

of  seventies, 

oneer  of  '47, 

ineer   of   '47, 

oneer  of  '47, 

oman    voter, 

•  silk  aasoc, 

skill  cxpedt. 

)f   Spaniards 


antile  Insti- 
tions,  652-3. 
1-5;  expedt. 


